Chapter 1 is intended as an introduction to the subject. It defines the wind process, introduces the main meteorological elements, the wind velocity, electrical ...
Chapter1 : Wind Applications Overview
Abstract: Chapter 1 is intended as an introduction to the subject. It defines the wind process, introduces the main meteorological elements, the wind velocity, electrical generators used in wind energy conversion system and presents an overview of wind systems (stand-alone systems and grid connected systems). Parameters which influence on total costs of wind energy conversion systems are presented. This chapter includes also pre-sizing and maintenance of wind systems.
Contents of chapter 1 Chapter 1 Wind Applications Overview ............................................................................................................ 7 1.1 Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Global structure of a conversion wind system ................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Wind speeds..................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Aerogenearator................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.2.1 Wind turbine axis ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.2.1.1 Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) ............................................................................................ 9 1.2.2.1.2 Vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT)................................................................................................ 10 1.2.2.2 Mechanical Gearbox ...................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2.3 Power coefficient ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2.3.1 Power coefficient in term of axial induction factor (a) ..................................................................... 12 1.2.2.3.2 Power coefficient in term of the tip speed ratio (TSR) ..................................................................... 12 1.2.2.3.3 The power coefficient in terms of TSR and pitch angle beta ................................................ 13 1.2.2.3.4 Power coefficient in term of wind speeds ........................................................................................ 16 1.2.2.4 Wind power expression .................................................................................................................. 16 1.2.2.5 Turbine control: ............................................................................................................................. 19 1.2.2.6 Electrical generator (EG) ................................................................................................................ 20 1.2.2.6.1 Fixed-speed wind turbine systems .................................................................................................. 20 1.2.2.6.2 Variable speed wind turbine system ................................................................................................ 21 1.2.2.6.2.1 Squirrel-Cage rotor Induction Generator ......................................................................................... 21 1.2.2.6.2.2 Dual-stator induction machine (DSIM) ........................................................................................... 21 1.2.2.6.2.3 Douby fed induction generator (DFIG) ........................................................................................... 22 1.2.2.6.2.4 Self-cascaded machine or brushless doubly-fed machine (BDFM)................................................... 22 1.2.2.6.2.5 Dual stator winding induction machine ........................................................................................... 23 1.2.2.6.2.6 Double-fed induction machine with wound rotor............................................................................. 23 1.2.2.6.2.7 Synchronous generator with external field excitation ...................................................................... 26 1.2.2.6.2.8 Permanent magnet synchronous generator ...................................................................................... 26 1.2.2.6.2.9 Other electrical generators used ...................................................................................................... 27 1.2.3 Power electronics interface ............................................................................................................. 29 1.2.4 Load .............................................................................................................................................. 29 1.2.4.1 Isolated or autonomous load ........................................................................................................... 29 1.2.4.2 Utility grid ..................................................................................................................................... 30 1.2.4.2.1 Basic grid properties....................................................................................................................... 30 1.2.4.2.2 Grid connection requirements ......................................................................................................... 30 1.3 Introduction to wind Systems ......................................................................................................... 30 1.3.1 Stand-alone wind systems............................................................................................................... 30 1.3.2 Direct-coupled wind system ........................................................................................................... 31 1.3.2.1 Synchronous machines ................................................................................................................... 31 1.3.2.1.1 Wound rotor synchronous machine ................................................................................................. 31 1.3.2.1.1.1 Permanent magnet synchronous machines ...................................................................................... 31 1.3.2.1.1.2 Diode rectifier structure.................................................................................................................. 31 1.3.2.1.1.3 Structure with diode rectifier bridge and chopper ............................................................................ 32 1.3.2.1.1.4 Bridge structure with a differential control ...................................................................................... 32 1.3.2.1.1.5 Structure with PWM rectifier.......................................................................................................... 33 1.3.2.1.1.6 Variable reluctance machines ......................................................................................................... 33 1.3.2.1.1.7 Induction machines with squirrel cage ............................................................................................ 34 1.3.2.1.1.7.1 Self-excited induction machine with fixed capacitors.......................................................... 34 1.3.2.1.1.7.2 Self-excited induction machine by a single fixed capacitor ................................................. 34 1.3.2.1.1.7.3 Self-excited induction machine by a fixed battery bank ...................................................... 35 1.3.2.1.1.7.4 Self-excited asynchronous machine by a fixed capacitor with a compensation system ......... 36 1.3.3 Standalone wind system with storage.............................................................................................. 39 1.3.4 Hybrid system ................................................................................................................................ 40 1.3.4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of stand-alone wind system ............................................................. 40 1.3.4.1.1 Advantages of hybrid system: ......................................................................................................... 40 1.3.4.1.2 Disadvantages of a hybrid system: .................................................................................................. 40 1.3.5 Grid-wind systems ......................................................................................................................... 41 1.3.6 Sizing of wind turbine .................................................................................................................... 41 1.3.6.1 Determination of load profile.......................................................................................................... 41
1.3.6.2 Analysis of wind velocity ............................................................................................................... 42 1.3.6.3 Calculation of wind energy............................................................................................................. 42 1.3.6.4 Size of wind ................................................................................................................................... 42 1.3.6.5 Size of storage................................................................................................................................ 43 1.3.6.5.1 Battery storage ............................................................................................................................... 43 1.3.6.5.2 Others storage system (see chapter 4) ............................................................................................. 44 1.4 Maintenance of wind Systems ........................................................................................................ 44 1.4.3 Large Maintenance ......................................................................................................................... 44 1.4.4 Low maintenance ........................................................................................................................... 44 1.5 Total costs for wind turbine installation .......................................................................................... 44 1.6 Onshore and Offshore wind power technologies ............................................................................. 45 1.6.1 Onshore wind power technologies .................................................................................................. 45 1.6.2 Offshore wind power technologies.................................................................................................. 45 1.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 45 References of chapter 1: .................................................................................................................................. 46
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. 1. STRUCTURE OF A CONVERSION WIND SYSTEM ................................................................................ 7 FIGURE 1. 2. WIND VARIATIONS UNDER MATLAB/SIMULINK .............................................................................. 8 FIGURE 1. 3. WIND SPEED PROFILE OBTAINED UNDER MATLAB/ SIMULINK .......................................................... 8 FIGURE 1. 4. TYPICAL CURVE FOR A WIND TURBINE ........................................................................................... 9 FIGURE 1. 5. HORIZONTAL WIND TURBINE DESCRIPTION .................................................................................... 9 FIGURE 1. 6. VERTICAL SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE DESCRIPTION ....................................................................... 10 FIGURE 1. 7. VERTICAL DARIUS WIND TURBINE DESCRIPTION .......................................................................... 10 FIGURE 1. 8. POWER COEFFICIENT FOR DIFFERENT WIND TURBINE AXIS ............................................................ 12 FIGURE 1. 9. WIND VELOCITY DIRECTION THROW THE ROTOR PLANE OF WIND TURBINE .................................... 12 FIGURE 1. 10. POWER COEFFICIENT IN TERM OF TSR ..................................................................................... 13 FIGURE 1. 11. PITCH CONTROL ..................................................................................................................... 14 FIGURE 1. 12. POWER COEFFICIENT FOR DIFFERENT PITCH ANGLE BETA.......................................................... 14 FIGURE 1. 13. POWER COEFFICIENT FOR DIFFERENT PITCH ANGLE BETA.......................................................... 15 FIGURE 1. 14. POWER COEFFICIENT AS A FUNCTION OF TIP SPEED RATIO AND PITCH ANGLE ............................. 15 FIGURE 1. 15. POWER COEFFICIENT OBTAINED WITH AN APPROXIMATION FUNCTION USING POLYNOMIAL INTERPOLATION ...................................................................................................................................... 16 FIGURE 1. 16. AERODYNAMIC POWER VERSUS WIND SPEEDS .......................................................................... 16 FIGURE 1. 17. AERODYNAMIC POWER OBTAINING WITH POLYNOMIAL INTERPOLATION ................................... 17 FIGURE 1. 18. TORQUE COEFFICIENT ............................................................................................................. 17 FIGURE 1. 19. POWER CONVERSION IN A WIND TURBINE ................................................................................. 18 FIGURE 1. 20. MAXIMUM POWER FOR DIFFERENT WIND SPEEDS ...................................................................... 19 FIGURE 1. 21. IDEAL THEORETICAL MAXIMUM POWER COEFFICIENT ............................................................... 19 FIGURE 1. 22. INDUCTION GENERATOR.......................................................................................................... 20 FIGURE 1. 23. FIXED-SPEED WIND TURBINE SYSTEM BASED ON SCIG ............................................................. 20 FIGURE 1. 24. WIND ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON SQUIRREL INDUCTION MACHINE WITH VARIABLE FREQUENCY 21 FIGURE 1. 25. WIND ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON DUAL-STATOR INDUCTION MACHINE .................................... 22 FIGURE 1. 26. WIND SYSTEM BASED ON A DOUBLE-FED INDUCTION MOTOR WITH VARIABLE FREQUENCY ........ 23 FIGURE 1. 27. DUAL STATOR WINDING INDUCTION MACHINE (DSWIM) ......................................................... 23 FIGURE 1. 28. DOUBLE-FED INDUCTION MACHINE WITH ENERGY ROTOR DISSIPATION ..................................... 24 FIGURE 1. 29. DFIG WITH KRAMER STRUCTURE............................................................................................ 24 FIGURE 1. 30. SCHERBIUS STRUCTURE WITH CYCLOCONVERTER. ................................................................... 25 FIGURE 1. 31. SCHERBIUS STRUCTURE WITH PWM CONVERTERS ................................................................... 25 FIGURE 1. 32. SCHERBIUS STRUCTURE WITH MATRIX CONVERTERS................................................................ 26 FIGURE 1. 33. WIND ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE WITH VARIABLE FREQUENCY ............................................................................................................................................ 27 FIGURE 1. 34. SWITCHED RELUCTANCE GENERATOR IN A WIND TURBINE ........................................................ 28 (A) DIRECT-DRIVE WIND TURBINE WITH SRG........................................... (B) INDIRECT- COUPLING WITH GEARBOX 28 FIGURE 1. 35. CLAW-POLE GENERATOR ........................................................................................................ 28 FIGURE 1. 36. WIND ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON BRUSHLESS DOUBLE FED INDUCTION GENERATOR ................. 29 FIGURE 1. 37. EQUIVALENT SCHEME ............................................................................................................. 30 FIGURE 1. 38. PMSG CONNECTED TO A WIND TURBINE .................................................................................. 31 FIGURE 1. 39. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE WITH DIODE RECTIFIER ..................................................................... 32 FIGURE 1. 40. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONNECTED TO A DIODE RECTIFIER AND BUCK CHOPPER .................... 32 FIGURE 1. 41. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE WITH CONVERTER DIODE BRIDGE AND CHOPPER ................................ 33 FIGURE 1. 42. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONNECTED TO A PWM RECTIFIER ................................................... 33 FIGURE 1. 43. VARIABLE RELUCTANCE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONNECTED TO BANK CAPACITORS .............. 34 FIGURE 1. 44. SELF-EXCITED ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE WITH A SINGLE CAPACITOR ...................................... 35 FIGURE 1. 45. SELF - EXCITED INDUCTION MACHINE WITH A CAPACITOR BANK ............................................... 35 FIGURE 1. 46. SELF-EXCITED MACHINE WITH SHORT-SHUNT CONNECTION ...................................................... 36 FIGURE 1. 47. SELF - EXCITED INDUCTION MACHINE WITH A CAPACITOR BANK AND GRADUATORS .................. 36 FIGURE 1. 48. STRUCTURE WITH PWM CONVERTER IN PARALLEL WITH THE LOAD.......................................... 37 FIGURE 1. 49. STRUCTURE WITH DIODE BRIDGE AND CHOPPER ...................................................................... 38 FIGURE 1. 50. STRUCTURE-BASED TWO PWM CONVERTERS .......................................................................... 39 FIGURE 1. 51. MAIN COMPONENTS OF A STANDALONE WIND SYSTEM WITH STORAGE ..................................... 40 FIGURE 1. 52. BASIC POWER CONVERSION WIND TURBINE SYSTEM CONNECTED TO THE GRID .......................... 41 FIGURE 1. 53. EXAMPLE OF A LOAD PROFILE DURING A SUMMER DAY ............................................................ 42 FIGURE 1. 54. EXAMPLE OF THE AVERAGE WIND VARIATIONS DURING A YEAR ................................................ 42
LIST IF Tables TABLE1. 1. TABLE1. 2. TABLE1. 3.
WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................................. 11 TIP SPEED RATIO NUMBER ........................................................................................................... 11 VALUES OF THE COEFFICIENTS c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 , c5 AND c6 ............................................................ 13
TABLE1. 4.
FACTOR FT CALCULATION [85] ................................................................................................... 43
