Sep 10, 2012 ... Advanced Placement United States History .... GR #13-20 (up to The Two-Party
System). 26 ... Chapter #20 “Girding for War; North and South”.
BALLSTON SPA HIGH SCHOOL Advanced Placement United States History FALL SEMESTER September 2011
AMERICAN PAGEANT (13th Edition) Identifications and guided reading questions Chapters #1-22 Answer Key
CLASS WEBSITE: www.bscsd.org/webpages/rhengsterman
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Ballston Spa High School Advanced Placement United States History PACING GUIDE – FALL SEMESTER 2011
Class # 1 2 3 4 5 6
Class # 7
8 9 10 11 12
Class # 13 14 15 16
17 18
Topic #1 1400 -1740’s The Colonial Period Talking Points Guided Reading/HW TP - Why Study History Chapter #1 “New World Beginnings” GR #1-12 (part of summer assignment) TP - Exploration and Discovery Chapter #2 “The Planting of English America “ GR TP- Spanish, French, and Dutch #1-12 (part of summer assignment) TP- Gentlemen in the Wilderness (Jamestown) Chapter #3 “Settling the Northern Colonies “GR #1TP-Radicals in the Wilderness (Plymouth) 17 (part of summer assignment) th TP- Traders in the Wilderness (The Middle Colonies) Chapter #4 “Life in the 17 Century “ GR #1-11 TP- Talking Points: Maryland, Carolinas and Georgia (part of summer assignment) TP- Rebellion and Resistance Chapter #5 “Colonial Society on the Eve of TP- The First Great Awakening Revolution” GR #1-12 Test #1 The Colonial Period Chapter #6 “The Duel for North American” 70 AP style multiple choice questions (1 hour block) GR #1-9 Topic #2 The Revolutionary Period Talking Points Guided Reading/HW TP - The Great War for Empire; North American Alliances Chapter #7 “The Road to Revolution” GR #1-9 (up to Seditious Committees of Correspondence) TP- Rejection of Empire - Time line 1754 to 1776 Chapter #7 “The Road to Revolution” GR #10-15 (up to Thin Line of Heroes) TP-Toward/Independence Chapter #8 “America Secedes from the Empire” GR #1-9 (up to Loyalists exodus) TP- Revolutionary War Highlights Chapter #8 “America Secedes from the Empire” GR CHART: Revolutionary War Tally Sheet #10-18 (up to Whose Revolution?) Process Revolution Analysis; Five interpretations of Revolution Test #2 The Revolutionary Period Chapter #9 “The Confederation and Constitution” 35 AP style multiple choice questions and Free Response GR #1-9 (up to the Horrid Specter of Anarchy) essay (1 hour block)35FR on Revolution Topics #3 and 4 The 1780s and 1790s Talking Points Guided Reading/HW TP- Post Revolutionary War America Chapter #9 “The Confederation and Constitution” GR #10-17 (up to A Conservative Triumph) TP - Articles of Confederation Chapter #10 “Launching the New Ship of State” TP - Compromises at the Convention GR #1-11 (up to Washington’s Farewell) TP - George Washington Domestic Policy TP George Washington's Foreign Policy Chapter #10 “Launching the New Ship of State” GR ##12 to 17 (up to Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans) TP The John Adams Presidency Test #3 The 1780’s and 1790’s Chapter #11 “Triumphs and Travails of the Jefferson 80 AP style multiple choice questions (1 hour block)on and Republic” GR #1-11 (up to The Hated Embargo) 1790s)
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Class # 19 20
Topics #5 and 6 Jefferson to Jackson Talking Points Guided Reading/HW TP - The Revolution of 1800 TP -Jefferson's Second Term Chapter #11 “Triumphs and Travails of the CHART State's Rights 1798Jefferson Republic” GR #12-14 (up to Mr. Madison’s War)
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TP - Presidency of James Madison
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TP- Post War Economic Growth TP- The Presidency of James Monroe
23 24 25 26 27
Class # 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Class # 38 39
Chapter #12 “The Second War for Independence” GR #1-7 (Second War for Independence) Chapter #12 “The Second War for Independence” GR #8-18 (up to Monroe Doctrine Appraised)
The Era of Good Feelings (DBQ essay /45 minutes) TP - John Quincy Adams and the election of 1824 TP : Andrew Jackson's Presidency (Day #1)
Chapter #13 “The Rise of Mass Democracy” GR #1-12 (up to Birth of the Whigs) Chapter #13 “The Rise of Mass Democracy” GR #13-20 (up to The Two-Party System)
TP : Andrew Jackson's Presidency (Day #2) Test #4 Jefferson to Jackson 80 AP style multiple choice questions Jefferson to Jackson (1 hour block)
Chapter #14 “Forging the National Economy” Read and Review GR #1-19 (answers provided)
Topic #7 Antebellum Reform and Expansion Talking Points Guided Reading/HW TP – Antebellum Rise of the North (Industry) and South Chapter #14 “Forging the National Economy” (Agriculture) Read and Review GR #1-19 (answers provided) TP - The Market Economy and Northern World View Chapter #15 “The Ferment of Reform and Culture’ GR #1-8 (up to Women in Revolt) TP - Antebellum Reform: Utopias and Transcendentalists Chapter #15 “The Ferment of Reform and Culture’ GR #9-17 (up to Portrayers of the Past) Chapter #16 “The South and the Slave Controversy” GR #1-12 (all) TP - Plantation Slavery and the Southern Word View Chapter #17 “Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy” GR #1-12 (all) TP - Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy TP: Polk the Purposeful and Evolution of Political Parties Chapter #18 “Renewing Sectional Struggle” GR #1-14 (all) TP- The Legacy of 1848 - What did the Mexican War unleash? Test #5 - Antebellum Reform and Expansion 80 AP style multiple choice questions (1 hour block)
Chapter #19 “Drifting Towards Disunion” GR #1-6 (up to ”Old Buck vs. The Pathfinder”
Topics #8 and #9 Slavery and the Coming of War Talking Points Guided Reading/HW TP - A Hell of a Storm" 1850 to 1854. Chapter #19 “Drifting Towards Disunion” Compromises 1820-1854 GR #7- 18 (up to Farewell to Union) TP - The Impending Crisis 1854 to 1860 Chapter #20 “Girding for War; North and South” The Dred Scott Case GR #1-13 (up to a Crushed Cotton Kingdom)
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40 41 42 43
44 45 46
TP - The Election of 1860 Manifest Destiny and the breakdown of the Union TP - And then the War Came -1861 TP-The Problem with Numbers TP The Problem with Numbers (con't) CHART: Civil War battles and impact
Chapter #21 “The Furnace of the Civil War” GR #1-8 (up to Lee’s Last Lunge) Chapter #21 “The Furnace of the Civil War” GR #9-17( up to The Aftermath of the Nightmare)
Antietam and Emancipation; Lincoln's Mandate Constitutional issues . Civil War and Foreign Policy Test #6 Slavery and the Civil War 1857 to 1865 an 80 AP style multiple choice questions (1 hour block)
Chapter #22 “The Ordeal of Reconstruction’ GR #1-6 ( up to Presidential Reconstruction)
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Topics #10 Reconstruction Talking Points Guided Reading/HW TP - The Election of 1864 and Surrender, Assassination and Chapter #22 “The Ordeal of Reconstruction’ Reconstruction GR #1-6 ( up to Presidential Reconstruction) TP - The Legacy of the Civil War
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TP - Andrew Johnson and the Radicals
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TP - Realities and Legacies of Reconstruction and The New South Written assessment on the New South
Class # 47
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Chapter #22 “The Ordeal of Reconstruction’ GR #7-13 ( up to the Realities and Legacies of Reconstruction)
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Chapter #1: New World Beginnings – Big Picture Themes 1. The New World, before Columbus, there were many different Native American tribes. These people were very diverse. In what’s today the U.S., there were an estimated 400 tribes, often speaking different languages. It’s inaccurate to think of “Indians” as a homogeneous group. 2. Columbus came to America looking for a trade route to the East Indies (Spice Islands). Other explorers quickly realized this was an entirely New World and came to lay claim to the new lands for their host countries. Spain and Portugal had the head start on France and then England. 3. The coming together of the two world had world changing effects. The biological exchange cannot be underestimated. Food was swapped back and forth and truly revolutionized what people ate. On the bad side, European diseases wiped out an estimated 90% of Native Americans IDENTIFICATIONS: Chapter #1: New World Beginnings (pages 4 – 24) 1. Marco Polo Italian explorer; spent many years in China or near it; his return to Europe in 1295 sparked a European interest in finding a quicker route to Asia. 2. Montezuma Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries. 3. Christopher Columbus An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. 4. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east.
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5. Mestizos The Mestizos were the race of people created when the Spanish intermarried with the surviving Indians in Mexico. 6. Spanish Armada "Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance. 7. "Black legend" The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were. 8. Conquistadores Spanish explorers that invaded Central and South America for it's riches during the 1500's. In doing so they conquered the Incas, Aztecs, and other Native Americans of the area. Eventually they intermarried these tribes. 9. Joint stock company These were developed to gather the savings from the middle class to support finance colonies. Ex. London Company and Plymouth Company. 10. Encomienda system The Spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them.
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Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution – Big Picture Themes 1. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called “Americans.” 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were “established” meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the “backwoods” faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening The Great Awakening was a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the colonial America. Motivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.
George Whitfield Whitefield came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening, which was a religious revival that spread through all of the colonies. He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy. Jonathan Edwards An American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon. Old and New Lights In the early 1700's, old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary. New lights were the more modern- thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening. These conflicting opinions changed certain denominations, helped popularize missionary work and assisted in the founding educational centers now known as Ivy League schools.
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Phyllis Wheatley (this id was added to the answer key – worth including) Born around 1753, Wheatley was a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. Although she had no formal education, Wheatley was taken to England at age twenty and published a book of poetry. Wheatley died in 1784. Age of Reason/Enlightenment A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. John Peter Zenger A New York newspaper printer, was taken to court and charged with seditious libel (writing in a malicious manner against someone). The judge urged the jury to consider that the mere fact of publishing was a crime, no matter whether the content was derogatory or not. Zenger won after his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, excellently defended his case. The importance—freedom of the press scored a huge early victory in this case.
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies?
A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2.
What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England?
The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies.
Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics?
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Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies.
Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America?
Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain?
The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference?
Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times?
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A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain.
Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important?
The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary colonies, self-governing colonies, colonial assemblies, power of the purse, Town Meetings, property qualifications 12.
How democratic was colonial America?
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Chapter #6: Duel for North America – Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer who sailed to the West Indies, Mexico, and Panama. He wrote many books telling of his trips to Mexico City and Niagara Falls. His greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and his latter settlement of Quebec. William Pitt William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him. Pontiac Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763; the Proclamation angered the colonists. Albany Plan of Union A conference in the United States Colonial history form June 19 through July 11, 1754 in Albany New York. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.
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Proclamation of 1763 The Proclamation of 1763 was an English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British citizens after the enactment. The Proclamation of 1763 caused the first major revolt against the British.
Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763 An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. Five Nations of the Iroquois The federation of tribes occupying northern New York: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Senecca, the Onondaga, and the Cayuga. The federation was also known as the "Iroquois," or the League of Five Nations, although in about 1720 the Tuscarora tribe was added as a sixth member. It was the most powerful and efficient North American Indian organization during the 1700s. Some of the ideas from its constitution were used in the Constitution of the United States.
Salutary Neglect Prime Minister Robert Walpole’s policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies.
French and Indian War (1754-1763) Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. The Battle of Quebec 1759 James Wolfe, handsome at 32 years old, scored a major victory at the Battle of Quebec. Quebec was considered impenetrable with its bluffs. But, Wolfe's men snuck up the cliffs, then surprised and defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham. Both Wolfe and his French counterpart Marquis de Montcalm were killed in the battle
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies?
New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement
of
New
The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain.
George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War?
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France?
Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, “America was conquered in Germany?
Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War?
Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War?
Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country?
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War’s Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British?
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Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots’ activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North 1770's-1782 King George III's stout prime minister (governor during Boston Tea Party) in the 1770's. Lord North's rule fell in March of 1782, which therefore ended the rule of George III for a short while. Internal/External taxation According to this doctrine, the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; they should add to its wealth, prosperity, and self-sufficiency. The settlers were regarded more or less as tenants. They were expected to produce tobacco and other products needed in England and not to bother their heads with dangerous experiments in agriculture or self-government. George Grenville George Grenville was the British Prime Minister from 1763-1765. To obtain funds for Britain after the costly 7-Years War, in 1763 he ordered the Navy to enforce the unpopular Navigation Laws, and in 1764 he got Parliament to pass the Sugar Act, which increased duties on sugar imported from the West Indies. He also, in 1765, brought about the Quartering Act, which forced colonists to provide food and shelter to British soldiers, who many colonists believed were only present to keep the colonists in line
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Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania A declaration of colonial rights and grievances, written by John Dickinson in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. Gaspee Incident In June, 1772, the British customs ship Gaspée ran a ground off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence. Charles Townshend Charles Townshend was control of the British ministry and was nicknamed "Champagne Charley" for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonist were greatly against and was a near start for rebellions to take place. Baron Von Steuben A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British. Mercantilism According to this doctrine, the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; they should add to its wealth, prosperity, and self-sufficiency. The settlers were regarded more or less as tenants. They were expected to produce tobacco and other products needed in England and not to bother their heads with dangerous experiments in agriculture or self-government. "Virtual" representation Theory that claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament. Sons of Liberty An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements.
Admiralty courts British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.
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Committees of Correspondence Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and a few years later almost every colony had one. This is another example of the colonies breaking away from Europe to become Americans. First Continental Congress a convention and a consultative body that met for seven weeks, from September 5 to October 26, 1774, in Philadelphia; it was the American's response to the Intolerable Acts; considered ways of redressing colonial grievances; all colonies except Georgia sent 55 distinguished men in all; John Adams persuaded his colleagues toward revolution; they wrote a Declaration of Rights and appeals to British American colonies, the king, and British people; created the Association which called for a complete boycott of English goods; the Association was the closet thing to a written constitution until the
Loyalists (Tories) Colonials loyal to the king during the American Revolution.
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore?
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies.
3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy?
The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies?
5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government?
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The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies?
Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?
The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties?
The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work?
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Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance?
Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts?
Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress?
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Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?
American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?
A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution?
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Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire – Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nation’s interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. Three delegates added to the Congress were Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock. The Congress took on governmental duties. (United all the colonies for the war effort.) They selected George Washington as Commander in Chief. They encouraged the colonies to set themselves up as states. On July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence. The Congress ended March 1, 1781 when a Congress authorized by the Articles of Confederation took over. Hessians They were German mercenaries who were comprised of approximately 30,000 soldiers in the British army during the Revolutionary War. They fought among 162,000 other Britons and loyalists but were outnumbered by the 220,000 troops of the Continental Army. Thomas Paine/Common Sense Common Sense written in 1776 was one of the most potent pamphlets ever written. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. The author Thomas Paine introduced such ideas as nowhere in the universe sis a smaller heavenly body control a larger. For this reason their is no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America. The pamphlet with its high-class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a few months. Natural Rights Theory theory that people are born with certain "natural rights." Some say these rights are anything people do in the pursuit of liberty--as long as the rights of others are not impeded.
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George Washington He had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command. Marquis de Layfette A wealthy French nobleman, nicknamed "French Gamecock", made major general of colonial army, got commission on part of his family.
John Burgoyne Burgoyne is best known for his role in the American War of Independence. During the Saratoga campaign he surrendered his army of 5,000 men to the American troops on October 17, 1777. Appointed to command a force designated to capture Albany and end the rebellion, Burgoyne advanced from Canada but soon found himself surrounded and outnumbered. He fought two battles at Saratoga, but was forced to open negotiations with Horatio Gates. Although he agreed to a convention, on 17 October 1777, which would allow his troops to return home, this was subsequently revoked and his men were made prisoners. Burgoyne faced criticism when he returned to Britain, and never held another active command. Benedict Arnold He was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor. Treaty of Paris, 1783 The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians.
Battle of Trenton (Dec 26, 1776) Washington crossed the Delaware river going south and surprised the British by coming back across the river; Washington split his 2400 men into two divisions and attacked the British from two sides The colonials were successful and the victory gave the troops a great boost of confidence and the colonies a great positive push
Battles of Lexington and Concord ( April 19, 1774) General Gage, stationed in Boston, was ordered by King George III to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The British marched on Lexington, where they believed the colonials had a cache of weapons. The colonial militias, warned beforehand by Paul Revere and William Dawes, attempted to block the progress of the troops and were fired on by the British at Lexington. The British continued to Concord, where they believed Adams and Hancock were hiding, and they were again attacked by the colonial militia. As the British retreated to Boston, the colonials continued to shoot at them from behind cover on the sides of the road. This was the start of the Revolutionary War.
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Battle of Saratoga British General John Burgoyne felt overwhelmed by a force three times larger than his own, and surrendered on October 17, 1777. This forced the British to consider whether or not to continue the war. The U.S. victory at the Battle of Saratoga convinced the French that the U.S. deserved diplomatic recognition. Battle of Yorktown Washington, along with Admiral de Grasse’s French fleet, trapped British General Cornwallis on the Yorktown peninsula. The Siege of Yorktown began in September of 1781, and ended when Cornwallis realized that he lost three key points around Yorktown and surrendered.
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army?
Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why?
The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain.
Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important?
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Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic?
Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say?
Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists?
Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war?
The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war?
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Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant?
Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence?
The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause?
Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain.
The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war?
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Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important?
Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris?
A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain.
Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain.
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FIVE EXPLANATIONS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1. Political Conflict: A struggle between tyrannical control of England & the libertyloving Americans who saw an opportunity to carry out the beliefs of the Enlightenment thinkers 2. Practical: the impossibility of England’s maintaining colonies 3,000 miles away as part of its empire as well as the internal political conflicts in British government 3. Economic Conflict: between the growing American free enterprise system & the English mercantile system 4. Religious Conflict – between the variety of religions that settled in the colonies & the Church of England, the dominant religion of English officials & aristocrats 5. Social Conflict: The development of a new class structure in the colonies due to the ending of heredity, birthright status, & primogeniture, & the availability of land & the expansion of the the right to vote as social “level-ers”
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Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution – Big Picture Ideas 1. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays’ Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesn’t get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: Articles of Confederation The first "constitution" governing the Untied States after the Revolution; it was ratified in 1781 and it provided for a "firm league of friendship;" the legislative branch (Congress) had no power to regulate commerce or forcibly collect taxes and there was no national executive or judicial branch; it was an important stepping-stone towards the present constitution because without it the states would never have consented to the Constitution
Annapolis Convention (1786) A precursor to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. A dozen commissioners form New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Virginia met to discuss reform of interstate commerce regulations, to design a U.S. currency standard, and to find a way to repay the federal government’s debts to Revolutionary War veterans. Little was accomplished, except for the delegates to recommend that a further convention be held to discuss changes to the form of the federal government; the idea was endorsed by the Confederation Congress in February, 1878, which called for another convention to be held in May that year in Philadelphia.
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Shays’s Rebellion (1786) 1786- Led by Captain Daniel Shays, Revolutionary war veteran. An uprising that flared up in western Massachusetts. Impoverished backcountry farmers, many of them Revolutionary war veterans, were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. They demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage fore closures. Hundreds of angry agitators attempted to enforce these demands. Massachusetts authorities, supported by wealthy citizens, raised a small army under General Lincoln.
Philadelphia Convention Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison.
John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government (1690) He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property and that governments exist to protect those rights. He believed that a contract existed between a government and its people, and if the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people could rebel and institute a new government. The Federalist Papers The Federalist was a series of articles written in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is better to have a stronger central government. The papers turned out to be a penetrating commentary written on the Constitution.
Federalist #10 This essay from the Federalist Papers proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy (anarchy, rise of factions which disregard public good).
Land Ordinance of 1785 A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income; promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land.
Land Ordinance of 1787 The Northwest Ordinance took place in 1787. They said that sections of land were similar to colonies for a while, and under the control of the Federal Government. Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 then congress would admit it as a state. The original thirteen colonies were charters. Slavery was prohibited in these Northwest Territories. This plan worked so good it became the model for other frontier areas.
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Anti-Federalists People against federalists in 1787; disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people's rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights; also did not agree with annual elections and the non-existence of God in the government.
Necessary and Proper Clause Section 8 of Article I contains a long list of powers specifically granted to Congress, and ends with the statement that Congress shall also have the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the forfegoing powers." These unspecified powers are known as Congress' "implied" powers. There has long been a debate as to how much power this clause grants to Congress, which is sometimes referred to as the "elastic" clause because it can be "stretched" to include almost any other power that Congress might try to assert.
The Interactive Constitution – http://ratify.constitutioncenter.org/constitution/
The Federal System of Government Delegated Powers Powers given to the national government Levy tariffs and taxes Regulate trade (interstate and foreign) Coin money maintain armed forces Declare war establish post offices Establish courts
Concurrent Powers Powers shared by the national and state governments Maintain law and order Levy taxes Borrow money Take land for public use Provide for public welfare
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Reserved Powers Powers given to state governments Tax citizens Control public education Punish criminals Protect public health and safety
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1.
What social changes resulted from the American Revolution?
Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions?
Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America?
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The Critical Period WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION Weaknesses No Chief Executive – Congress used committees to Get their work accomplished Passing a law took approval of 9 of the 13 states
Amending the document required approval of 13 of the 13 states
Consequences No one leader to organize things, no one person for a foreign nation to deal with, committees didn’t work well together With 5 “small” and 8 “large” states it was almost impossible to get an agreement, delegates from all states weren’t around very often This never happened, so even when changes were needed, they couldn’t happen
Congress could request the states pay taxes, but they couldn’t force them to pay. Congress could borrow money.
Most states had debts of their own and were slow to pay the requested amount if they paid it at all. Congress borrowed money from foreign nations, but all that did was increase our national debt
Congress possessed no power to control commerce – foreign or domestic
Made it difficult for nations to trade with the US because of the different state regulations. Congress had no power to protect US industries with duties.
Congress could make treaties but had no power to require the states to follow them
Couldn’t force the states to live up to the Treaty of Paris
Congress could make laws but had no power to force the states to abide by them
They could ask, but they couldn’t force. So if a law had been passed the 4 states that disagreed could just not follow it No way to settle disputes between states
No National court system
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A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government?
Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war?
The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it?
Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7.
Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance.
The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section.
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The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain.
A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government?
Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers.
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Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.
Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written?
The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution?
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The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why?
The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution?
A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."?
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Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State – Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the “Democratic-Republicans” and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the “Federalists.” 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washington’s Cabinet A body of executive department heads that serve as the chief advisors to the President. Formed during the first years of Washington's Presidency, the original members of the cabinet included the Sec. of State, of the Tres. and of War. The cabinet is extremely important to the presidency, because these people influence the most powerful man in the nation.
Judiciary Act of 1789 The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice, along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office. This Act created the judiciary branch of the U.S. government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.
Federalists Known as Federalists, they were mostly wealthy and opposed anarchy. Their leaders included Jay, Hamilton, and Madison, who wrote the Federalist Papers in support of the Constitution. Democratic-Republicans one of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jefferson and stemming from the antifederalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states' rights.
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Hamilton’s vision vs. Jefferson’s vision
TYPE of GOVERNMENT
WHO SHOULD RULE?
ROLE of the COMMON MAN ECONOMY
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
HAMILTONIAN FEDERALISTS
JEFFERSONAIN REPUBLICANS
Supported a strong central government to maintain law & order; crush democratic excesses (Shays’ Rebellion)
Democratic-Republicans believed the best government was one that governed least. The bulk of power should be retained by the states. Limit federal authority via strict interpretation of Constitution
Federal government should protect life & property of the wealthy. Believed in gov't by upper class (the "best people") The rich had more leisure time to study problems of governing and enjoyed the advantages of intelligence, education, & culture. John Jay: "Those who own the country ought to govern it." Distrusted the common people. Regarded democracy as a "mobocracy" and believed democracy too important to be left to the people. Federal gov't should encourage business, not interfere with it. The Federalists were dominated by merchants, manufacturers, & shippers Most lived in urban areas of the eastern seaboard where commerce & manufacturing flourished. The Federalist were Pro-British in foreign policy WHY? Foreign trade with Britain was key in Hamilton's plan. Many Federalists were mild Loyalists
Advocated the rule of the people; government for the people However, only by those who were literate enough to inform themselves. Believed in the wisdom of the common people; teachability of the masses
Biggest appeal was to the middle class and the underprivileged -- yeoman farmers, laborers, artisans, and small shopkeepers. Jeffersonians themselves were primarily agrarians and insisted on no special privileges for special classes, esp. manufacturers. They believed Farming was an ennobling profession.
The Jeffersonian Republicans were basically proFrench They supported liberal ideas of the French Revolution. Believed in freedom of speech to expose tyranny.
SOURCE LINKS: www.historysage.com www.teach12.com
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Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit (1791) Hamilton's "Report on Manufactures" laid forth economic principles rooted in both the Mercantilist System of Elizabeth I's England and the practices of Jean-Baptiste Colbert of France. The principal ideas of the "Report" would later be incorporated into the "American System" program by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and his Whig Party. Abraham Lincoln, who called himself a "Henry Clay tariff Whig" during his early years, would later make the principles outlined in the "Report" and furthered by Clay's "American System" program cornerstones, together with opposition to the institution and expansion of slavery, of the fledgling Republican Party.
Jay’s Treaty (1794) a treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. Jay was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. Because of this, many Southerners especially, were angry and rioted and called John Jay the "Damn'd Arch traitor." Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish. Free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida. (helped America to have unexpected diplomatic success) Jay Treatyhelped prompt the Spanish to deal with the port of New Orleans.
Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) The Farewell Address was a document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but was printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. The document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France.
Midnight appointments Nov 1800 – Adams and the Federalist lost control of the Presidency and Congress as Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans were to take office in March. In order for the Federalists to keep any control they had to dominate the only remaining branch – the Judiciary. Federalist Congress then passed a new law Judiciary Act of 1801. Reduced the number of Supreme Court Justices. Created new judgeships – including Justice of the Peace. Some of the last commission were signed at midnight prior to Jefferson’s Inauguration (“Midnight Judges”)
Revolution of 1800 The two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams, but tied with each other. The final decision went the House of Representatives, where there was another tie. After a long series of ties in the House, Jefferson was finally chosen as president. Burr became vice-president. This led to the 12th Amendment, which requires the president and vice-president of the same party to run on the same ticket. Revolution of 1800
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Jefferson’s election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to DemocraticRepublican, so it was called a "revolution."
Judiciary Act of 1801 The Midnight Judges Act (also known as the Judiciary Act of 1801; 2 Stat. 89) represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the justices of the Supreme Court to “ride circuit” and reiterate decisions made in the appellate level courts.[1] The Supreme Court justices had often voiced concern and suggested that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided.
XYZ Affair Requests of bribes in exchange for negotiations by France. French ships were seizing U.S. vessels carrying British goods since the two countries were at war. 1797 President Adams sent a delegation to Paris in 1797 (including John Marshall). The U.S. delegates secretly approached by three French agents- XYZ . They demanded a large loan and a bribe of $250.000 for the privilege of talking to French foreign minister Talleyrand. Negotiations broke down and Marshall came home—seen as a hero War hysteria swept the U.S.
Chisholm v Georgia In 1792 in South Carolina, Alexander Chisholm, the executor of the estate of Robert Farquhar, attempted to sue the state of Georgia in the Supreme Court over payments due him for goods that Farquhar had supplied Georgia during the American Revolutionary War. United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph argued the case for the plaintiff before the Court. The defendant, Georgia, refused to appear, claiming that, as a "sovereign" state, it could not be sued without granting its consent to the suit. In a 4 to 1 decision, the Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, with Chief Justice John Jay and Associate Justices John Blair, James Wilson, and William Cushing constituting the majority; only Justice Iredell dissented. (In that time, there was no "opinion of the Court" or "majority opinion"; the Justices delivered their opinions individually and in ascending order of seniority.) The Court argued that Article 3, Section 2, of the Constitution abrogated the States’ sovereign immunity and granted federal courts the affirmative power to hear disputes between private citizens and States.
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain.
The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress?
Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia?
Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America.
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Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton?
Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain.
The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad?
The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists?
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Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.
Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans?
Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty.
John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John
Adams
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face
as
he
became
president?
Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13.
What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century?
Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career?
The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16.
Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain.
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Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans?
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Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic – Big Picture Themes 1. Jefferson’s election was considered a “revolution” because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jefferson’s actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the “free seas.” They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison (1803) Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did. This is judicial review.
Henry Clay Clay was a Political Scientist during the 1820's. He was also a Congressman from Kentucky. He developed the American System which US adopted after the War of 1812. The American System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canal for better transportation. (The American System started a cycle to trading for US market) Essex Junto (a junto is a group of persons joined for a common purpose) 1812 A group of lawyers and merchants from Essex County, Massachusetts. These Federalists supported Alexander Hamilton and the Massachusetts radicals. When Hamilton was offered a place in the plot to secede New England from the Union, he denied the offer. Consequently, the Essex Junto tried to vie support from Aaron Burr, who accepted the offer from the Junto. The first attempt to break off New England from the Union failed since it was unable to gain support from the major power brokers in the state of New York.
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Burr Conspiracy After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr’s punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr. Impressment British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident (1807) The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. Non-intercourse Act (1807) In the last four days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the United States Congress replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March 1809. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. The intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France. Like its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812. In addition, it seriously damaged the economy of the United States. The NonIntercourse Act was followed by Macon's Bill Number 2. It was signed on March 1, 1809. This with the Embargo Act also stimulated national economy and helped industrialize America during this time period. Additionally, Thomas Jefferson also created neutrality rights which posed the opportunity, that if British Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) Intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well.
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William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought on November 7, 1811, between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation led by his younger brother Tenskwatawa. In response to rising tensions with the tribes and threats of war, a United States force of militia and regulars set out to launch a preemptive strike on the headquarters of the confederacy. While camping at the confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, outside Prophetstown, awaiting a meeting with tribal leaders, Harrison's army was attacked in the early morning hours by forces from the town. Although the tribal forces took the army by surprise, their assault was ultimately repulsed as the attackers' ammunition ran low.
War Hawks originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812. The term has evolved into an informal Americanism used to describe a political stance of being for aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country, or organization. This term is usually contrasted with the term dovish, which alludes to the more peaceful dove. The term war hawks, in modern use, describes those who seek war on a country or region.
Battle of Horseshoe bend (1812) United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.
Hartford Convention (1814) During the War of 1812, New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed. The end of the war — with a return to the status quo ante bellum — disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places.
Treaty of Ghent (24 December 1814) signed in Ghent (modern day Belgium, then in limbo between the First French Empire and United Kingdom of the Netherlands), was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Because of the era's slow communications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, and the Battle of New Orleans was fought after it was signed.
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Treaty of Greenville (1795) Signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), between a coalition of Native Americans & Frontiers men, known as the Western Confederacy, and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. The United States was represented by General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, who led the victory at Fallen Timbers. In exchange for goods to the value of $20,000 (such as blankets, utensils, and domestic animals), the Native Americans turned over to the United States large parts of modern-day Ohio.
Battle of New Orleans (1815) The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814, but news of the peace would not reach the combatants until February. The battle is widely regarded as the greatest American land victory of the war.
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.
3.
If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"
Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess.
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The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6. What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?
The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States.
Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?
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America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States?
The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why?
Madison’s Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?
Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?
"Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?
.
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Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism – 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the “American System” to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to “stay away!” IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement (1818) A treaty between the United States and Britain ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1818. The treaty provided for a large demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained. The treaty stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel (no more than 100 tons burden) as well as one cannon (no more than eighteen pounds) on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. The remaining Great Lakes permitted the United States and British North America to keep two military vessels "of like burden" on the waters armed with "like force". The treaty, and the separate Treaty of 1818, laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America.
Second Bank of the United States It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819. Francis Cabot Lowell An American businessman for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, United States is named, and who was instrumental in bringing the Industrial Revolution to the United States. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from New England farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the Lowell system. He paid these "mill girls"(also known as Lowell girls) lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities
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Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)
The years of Monroe's presidency, during 1817-1825 people had good feelings caused by the nationalistic pride after the Battle of New Orleans and second war for Independence with British, only one political party was present, on the surface everything looked fine, but underneath it all everything was troubled, conflict over slavery was appearing and sectionalism was inevitable, Missouri Compromise had a very dampening effect on those good feelings Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Transcontinental Treaty or the Purchase of Florida, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (now Mexico). It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy
Panic of 1819 In 1819 the boom that had followed the War of 1812 ended. The downturn that followed was triggered by the revival of European agriculture after the ending of the Napoleonic Wars and by the contraction of credit instituted by the Second Bank of the United States, which was paying off loans that had been made to finance the Louisiana Purchase. Sales of undeveloped land on the frontier then slowed to a trickle, and the price of cotton and other crops dropped sharply. Many farmers were unable to pay their debts, and this led to foreclosures and to numerous bank failures. The bad times lasted until about 1822. Although the Bank of the United States was not really responsible for the troubles, many Westerners blamed it. Among them was Andrew Jackson, who took his revenge, so to speak, by vetoing a bill to extend the charter of the bank in 1832.
Tallmadge Amendment (1819) A bill proposed on 13 February 1819 by Rep. James Tallmadge of New York to amend Missouri enabling legislation by forbidding the further introduction of slavery into Missouri and declaring that all children born of slave parents after the admission of the state should be free upon reaching the age of twenty-five. The bill provoked heated debate in Congress and nationwide agitation, marking the beginning of sectional controversy over the expansion of slavery. The slave section was convinced of the necessity of maintaining equal representation in the Senate. The House adopted the amendment but the Senate rejected it. The Missouri Compromise (1820) settled the issue.
Missouri Compromise (1820) An act passed by the U.S. Congress admitting Missouri to the Union as the 24th state. After the territory requested statehood without slavery restrictions, Northern congressmen tried unsuccessfully to attach amendments restricting further slaveholding. When Maine (originally part of Massachusetts) requested statehood, a compromise led by Henry Clay allowed Missouri admission as a slave state and Maine as a free state, with slavery prohibited from then on in territories north of Missouri's southern border. Clay's compromise appeared to settle the slavery-extension issue but highlighted the sectional division.
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John Marshall Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, appointed in 1801 by President John Adams. In the 34 years that Marshall presided over the Supreme Court, the federal powers of the judicial branch were defined and strengthened.
Monroe Doctrine (1823) U.S. foreign-policy statement first enunciated by Pres. James Monroe on Dec. 2, 1823, declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. Concerned that the European powers would attempt to restore Spain's former colonies, he declared, inter alia, that any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S.
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada.
Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain.
The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do?
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The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812?
Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the
War
of
1812?
"The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the postwar years?
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?
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The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819.
Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?
Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11. Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?
The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.
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John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13.
Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."
Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.
Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.
The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16. How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?
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Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17. How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?
Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.
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Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy – Big Picture Themes 1. Andrew Jackson felt he’d been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the people’s sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to “nullify” or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted banks—he thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that it’s known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System (1824) A plan proposed by Henry Clay, in 1824, to work on economic reform. Henry Clay wanted to help stabilize the country and begin the pursuit for worked recognition. The plan called for a protective tariff to be put in place for the manufacturers, a new Federal Bank to be put in place, and to begin work on many internal improvements. Corrupt Bargain Immediately after John Quincy Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as Secretary of State. Jacksonians were furious because all former Secretaries of State became Presidents. This "corrupt bargain" occurred after the Election of 1824 when Andrew Jackson had the most electoral votes, but not majority. Then, Henry Clay (having the least of the electoral votes) gave them to John Q. Adams, giving him the majority and making him President. Jacksonians question whether John Q. Adams made Henry Clay Sec. of State for payback in giving his votes. Tariff of Abominations (1828) In 1828, the US Congress passed the first import Tariff, a protective tax. The tariff increased the cost of imported goods, and thus protected some of the new industries of the North. The South, whose economy was based on the export of the cotton and did not manufacture significant products opposed the tariff, as a result, the tariff became known as the "tariff of Abominations". today
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Nullification What: states that any law passed by the federal government can be declared null and void by the states When: 1828; the South was extremely upset about the extremely high Tariff of Abominations. " The South Carolina Exposition" written by John C. Calhoun denounced the tariff as unjust and unconstitutional. The document bluntly proposed that the states should nullify the Tariff. Why: The theory of this nullification was further publicized. The even more dangerous doctrine of secession was foreshadowed.
Force Bill The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
Five Civilized Tribes The Five Civilized Tribes were the five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers during the colonial and early federal period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. George Washington and Henry Knox proposed cultural transformation for Native Americans; the Cherokee and Choctaw were successful at integrating aspects of European-American culture which they found useful. The Five Civilized Tribes lived in the Southeastern United States before the government forced their relocation under Indian Removal to other parts of the country, especially the future state of Oklahoma.
Trail of Tears (1838) The Trail of Tears was the relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the present-day United States. It has been described as an act of genocide. The removal included many members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, and Choctaw nations among others in the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (eastern sections of the present-day state of Oklahoma). The phrase originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while on route to their destinations, and many died, including 4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee.
Nicholas Biddle An American financier who served as the president of the Second Bank of the United States. 1832 - Jackson, in his veto message of the re-charter of the Second Bank of the U.S., said that the bank was a monopoly that catered to the rich, and that it was owned by the wealthy and by foreigners.
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South Carolina Exposition and Protest A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War. Martin Van Buren The eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the 10th Secretary of State under Andrew Jackson (1829–1831). He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president not of British descent—his family was Dutch. He was the first president to be born an American citizen, his predecessors having been born British subjects before the American Revolution.
Specie Circular (1836) The Specie Circular (Coinage Act) was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.
Webster-Hayne Debate (1830) A famous debate in the U.S. between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 regarding protectionist tariffs. The heated speeches between Webster and Hayne themselves were unplanned, and stemmed from debate over a resolution by Connecticut Senator Samuel Foote calling for the temporary suspension of further land surveying until land already on the market was sold (this would effectively stop the introduction of new lands onto the market). Webster's "Second Reply to Hayne" (1830) was generally regarded as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress .
The Battle of the Alamo (1836) A pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar (modern-day San Antonio, Texas). All but two of the Texian defenders were killed. Santa Anna's perceived cruelty during the battle inspired many Texians—both Texas settlers and adventurers from the United States—to join the Texian Army. Buoyed by a desire for revenge, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the revolution.
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain” or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?
A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain.
Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election.
“Old Hickory” as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people?
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The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System.
The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations” Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations?
"Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 7. Describe the nullification crisis.
The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8.
What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?
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The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddle’s nickname, “Czar Nicholas I?” Explain.
"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832?
Burying Biddle’s Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess.
The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with “the common man?”
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The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836.
Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14.
Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular?
Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it?
Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans?
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The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both?
The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 18. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time?
The Two-Party System 19. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs?
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Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy – Big Picture Themes 1. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves. 2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitney’s “interchangeable parts” Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture. 3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home. 4. The nation became “smaller” and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express. IDENTIFICATIONS: American Industrial Revolution Began in the 1750's in Britain with a group of inventors perfecting textile machines. These British developments eventually found their way into American Industry. Factories were made to work with the South's raw textiles Industrialization started in the North because of its dense population, reliance of shipping, and its number of seaports The rapid rivers of the North also provided power for turning the cogs of machines The majority of the industrialization occurred between the 1790's and the 1860's Nativist One who advocates policies favoring native-born citizens and displays hostility or prejudice toward immigrants. “The invasion of this so-called immigrant “rabble’...inflamed the prejudices of American ‘nativists.’” Canal Age The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without quick, inexpensive transportation. Yet in the early 19th century, the rapidly expanding nation and the lack of road and navigable waterways isolated much of America's interior from the markets in the east and west. Canals were an important step in creating transportation route from the natural resources to the factories and markets. Inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, the Delaware & Raritan Canal was built at the height of the canal building era (1790-1860). In 1817, there were barely 100 miles of canals in America, but by 1840 more than 3000 miles had been dug.
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Samuel Slater British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin The cotton gin is a machine that would separate the seed from the short-staple cotton fiber that was fifty times more effective than the handpicking process. It was constructed by Eli Whitney. It was developed in 1793 in Georgia. It was used all over the South. The cotton gin brought a miraculous change to the U.S. and the world. Practically overnight the production of the cotton was very profitable. Not only the South prospered, but the North as well. Many acres were cleared westward to make more room for cotton. Elias Howe American inventor and sewing machine pioneer. Howe spent his childhood and early adult years in Massachusetts where he apprenticed in a textile factory in Lowell beginning in 1835. After mill closings due to the Panic of 1837, he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to work as a mechanic with carding machinery, apprenticing along with his cousin Nathaniel P. Banks. Beginning in 1838, he apprenticed in the shop of Ari Davis, a master mechanic in Cambridge who specialized in the manufacture and repair of chronometers and other precision instruments. It was in the employ of Davis that Howe seized upon the idea of the sewing machine. Lowell/Waltham System A labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th Century. The system used domestic labor, often referred to as mill girls, who came to the new textile centers from rural towns to earn more money than was possible at home, and to live a cultured life in "the city". They lived a very regimented life - they lived in company boardinghouses and were held to strict hours and a rigid moral code.
Commonwealth v. Hunt The Massachusetts Supreme Court (1842) legalized unions for peaceful and honorable protest however, the effectiveness of unions was small (due mostly to their threat of a strike was always undermined by the management’s ability to simply call in “scabs”, plentiful immigrants eager to work)
Erie Canal A waterway in New York that runs about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, at Lake Erie, completing a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. The canal contains 36 locks and encompasses a total elevation differential of around 565 ft. (169 m). First proposed in 1807, it was under construction from 1817 to 1825 and officially opened on October 26, 1825. 74
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Westward Movement Know: "Self-Reliance" 1. What were settlers of the frontier like?
Shaping the Western Landscape Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin 2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain.
The March of the Millions Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters 3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860?
The Emerald Isle Moves West Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail 4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an IrishAmerican became president in 1960? Explain.
The German Forty-Eighters Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer 5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain.
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Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party 6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated?
Creeping Mechanization Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution 8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States?
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton 9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain.
Marvels in Manufacturing Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse 10.
Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain.
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Workers and "Wage Slaves" Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt 11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's?
Women and the Economy Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes 12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.)
Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cashcrop Agriculture 13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers?
Highways and Steamboats Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton 14.
Why were turnpikes and steamboats important?
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"Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York Know: Erie Canal 15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain.
The Iron Horse 16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads.
Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express 17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain.
The Transport Web Binds the Union Know: Division of Labor 18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis.
The Market Revolution Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility 19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War?
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Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture American politics and the transformation or the American economy A third revolution accompanied the formation of American politics and the transformation or the American economy in the mid nineteenth century - the desire to improve the character of ordinary citizens and make them more upstanding and god-fearing and literate. What is the Antebellum Period? The time belonging to the period before a war, especially the American Civil War.
POLITICAL, SOCIAL, and ECONOMIC ISSUES of the ANTEBELLUM PERIOD 1. many Americans were excluded from the political Unfavorable process POLITICAL 2. Women were disenfranchised conditions 3. Free blacks were disenfranchised 4. In some states, property ownership was a requirement for voting
Unfavorable ECONOMIC conditions
Unfavorable SOCIAL conditions
1. There were no stay laws (preventing people from going to prison for indebtedness) 2. Oppressed urban workers were attempting to protect themselves by forming unions 3. Unfair tax laws discriminated against small farmers and urban working poor 4. Land was not attainable for many inhabitants of the US 5. Many farmers could not afford their own farm 6. the market economy was susceptible to fluctuations inherent in the business cycle (Panics!!!) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Women were second class citizens Racial discrimination was pervasive Slavery was becoming intolerable Treatment of the mentally ill was inhumane Urban decay – poor housing, sanitation, crime, and disease 6. Working conditions were unsafe and unhealthy 7. Limited public education system, learning was only available to those that could afford it 8. The Native American population was being systematically disseminated by the Indian Removal act
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Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture – Big Picture Themes 1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers. 2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake. 3. Free public schools began in large measure. 4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol. 5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal. 6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening A Christian religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, which expressed every person could be saved through revivals. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.
Shakers A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist. Mormons A religious and cultural group founded by Joseph Smith, Jr.. Mormons have developed a unique culture and cohesive communitarianism apart from the rest of American society Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844. He translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.
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Brigham Young A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons. Transcendentalists Believed in Transcendentalism, they included Emerson (who pioneered the movement) and Thoreau. Many of them formed cooperative communities such as Brook Farm and Fruitlands, in which they lived and farmed together with the philosophy as their guide. "They sympathize with each other in the hope that the future will not always be as the past." It was more literary than practical - Brook Farm lasted only from 1841 to 1847. Ralph Waldo Emerson American lecturer, essayist and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Henry David Thoreau He was a poet, a mystic, a transcendentalist, a nonconformist, and a close friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson who lived from 1817-1862. He condemned government for supporting slavery and was jailed when he refused to pay his Mass. poll tax. He is well known for his novel about the two years of simple living he spent on the edge of Walden Pond called "Walden" , Or Life in the Woods. This novel furthered many idealistic thoughts. He was a great transcendentalist writer who not only wrote many great things, but who also encouraged, by his writings, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
Utopia is an ideal community or society possessing a perfect socio-politico-legal system. The term has been used to describe both intentional communities that attempt to create an ideal society, and fictional societies portrayed in literature. It has spawned other concepts, most prominently dystopia. Brook Farm An experiment in Utopian socialism, it lasted for six years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, Massachusetts.
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New Harmony A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up. Oneida Community A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. Temperance Crusade/ American Temperance Society An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.
Seneca Falls Convention July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. American Colonization Society Founded in Liberia 1816 by Robert Finley. The founding purpose of the society was to assist freed Southern American slaves to emigrate to Liberia, in an effort to remove them from the United States.
Hudson River School In about 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones.
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney 1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century?
Denominational Diversity Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists) 2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion?
A Desert Zion in Utah (Website of interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view) Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young 3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors?
Free Schools for a Free People Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers 4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850?
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Higher Goals for Higher Learning Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines 5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years?
An Age of Reform Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorothea Dix 6. How and why did Dorothea Dix participate in the reform movements?
Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder" Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851 7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers.
Women in Revolt Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments 8.
Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century.
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Wilderness Utopias Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers 9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America?
The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon 10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain.
Makers of America: The Oneida Community Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism 11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain.
Artistic Achievements Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster 12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess.
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The Blossoming of a National Literature Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant 13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American?
Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman 14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain.
Glowing Literary Lights Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson 15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each.
Literary Individualists and Dissenters Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville 16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places?
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Portrayers of the Past Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman 17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote?
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Chapter #16: The South and the Slavery Controversy – Big Picture Themes 1. Cotton ran the South before the Civil War— it was "King Cotton." The entire southern economy was based on cotton. 2. The South had developed a pyramid-like social structure. From top-to-bottom: planter aristocrats, small farmers, the white majority (who owned no slaves), free blacks, slaves. 3. Life as a slave could be wildly varied—some slave owners were kind toward their slaves, some were immensely cruel. In all situations, slaves were not free to do as they pleased. 4. Abolition (move to abolish slavery) began with the Quakers. Frederick Douglass became the main spokesman against slavery. And William Lloyd Garrison printed "The Liberator", a radical abolition newspaper. 5. Southerners countered that northern workers were treated even worse than slaves. Slave owners, they said, had a vested interest in their slaves. Northern factory workers exploited then fired their workers. IDENTIFICATIONS: Nat Turner Black priest; led a revolt in Virginia 1831, killed 60 people (mostly women and children). This scared the Southerners because it was the first really violent action of the slaves. As a result slave codes were made stricter. Sojourner Truth A freed slave who lived in America during the late 1800's. She was also known as Isabella. From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. She was also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights.
Theodore Dwight Weld Theodore Dwight Weld was a prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. He was selfeducated and very outspoken. Weld put together a group called the "Land Rebels." He and his group traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is.
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Harriet Beecher Stowe An American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) depicted life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote more than 20 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day.
William Lloyd Garrison A prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement. David Walker He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: "Cotton is King!" Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin 1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have?
The Planter "Aristocracy" Know: Chivalry 2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?"
Slaves and the Slave System Know: One crop economy 3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton?
The White Majority Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly 4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery?
Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters Know: Emancipate, mulattoes 5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain.
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Plantation Slavery Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe 6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves.
Life Under the Lash Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South 7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible?
The Burdens of Bondage A Quick Timeline of Major Slave Rebellions 1712 to 1831 New York City, 1712 Like many later revolts, this one occurred during a period of social dissension among whites following Leisler's Rebellion. The rebels espoused traditional African religion. Stono Rebellion, 1739 The Spanish empire enticed slaves of English colonies to escape to Spanish territory. In 1733 Spain issued an edict to free all runaway slaves from British territory who made their way into Spanish possessions. On September 9, 1739, about 20 slaves, mostly from Angola, gathered under the leadership of a slave called Jemmy near the Stono River, 20 miles from Charleston. 44 blacks and 21 whites lost their lives. South Carolina responded by placing import duties on slaves from abroad, strengthening patrol duties and militia training, and recommending more benign treatment of slaves. Prosser’s Rebellion, 1800 When the day of the revolt arrived though, a violent storm washed out the roads and bridges leading to Richmond. The rebels broke up and Prosser was betrayed by one of his followers. The state militia captured Prosser and he and many of his followers were hanged. Denmark Vesey's Conspiracy, 1822 This failed insurrection was organized soon after the contentious debate over the
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admission of Missouri as a slave state. Like Gabriel, Vesey consciously looked to Haiti for inspiration and support. Nat Turner, 1831 This insurrection took place at a time when slaves in Jamaica had staged one of the largest revolts in history, when radical abolition had arisen in the North, and Britain was debating slave emancipation.
The Burdens of Bondage Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner 8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement?
Early Abolitionism Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe 9. Describe some of the early abolitionists.
Radical Abolitionism Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass 10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be?
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The South Lashes Back 11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists?
The Abolitionist Impact in the North 12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success?
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Chapter #17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy – Big Picture Themes 1. A boundary dispute with England over Maine was settled peaceably. In the long run, the U.S. likely got the better end of the deal. 2. Texas finally joined the U.S. Since the Texas revolution, it’d been hanging in the balance. American lawmakers finally decided it was too good of a prize to let slip by, so it was annexed in 1845 3. Oregon was next on the list of lands to seal up. It was shared land, mainly between the U.S. and England. After some negotiating over the border, the 49th parallel was agreed upon. Again, the U.S. likely got the better. 4. The election of 1844 saw James K. Polk run on a Manifest Destiny platform. Americans liked the idea, voted him in, and he went after California. 5. When the Mexican-American war was over, the prize of California that Polk had wanted, was obtained. So was all of the modern American Southwest.
IDENTIFICATIONS: John Tyler An after-thought Vice President to William Henry Harrison in the election of 1840. He was a democrat but switched over to the Whig Party because he didn't like Andrew Jackson. After Harrison died after a month in office, Tyler took over. Since he was a Democrat in his principle he was against many of the things the Whigs tried to do. He became the first Vice President to take office because of a presidents death. Slidell’s Mission American and Mexico were on unfriendly terms with each other. The disagreement came over boundaries along Texas and in California. John Slidell was sent to Mexico in 1845 as a minister, He was given instructions to offer $25 million to the Mexicans for California. He was rejected by the Mexicans and they called this offer "insulting". After Mexico refused it lead to the Mexico American war. John C. Fremont A captain and an explorer who was in California with several dozen well-armed men when the Mexican War broke out. He helped to overthrow the Mexican rule in 1846 by collaborating with Americans who had tried to raise the banner of the California Bear Republic. Fremont helped to take California from the inside.
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Manifest Destiny The Manifest Destiny was an emotional upsurge of certain beliefs in the US in the 1840's and 1850's. Citizens of the US believed they should spread their democratic government over the entire North America and possibly extend into South America. The campaign of 1844 was included in this new surge. James Polk represented the Democrats while Henry Clay was nominated by the Whigs. The campaign and mudslinging was as harsh as ever and spread all over the continent.
James K. Polk Polk was the surprise ("dark horse") candidate for president in 1844, defeating Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party by promising to annex Texas. Polk was a leader of Jacksonian Democracy during the Second Party System. Polk was the last strong pre– Civil War president and the first president whose photographs while in office still survive. He is noted for his foreign policy successes. He threatened war with Britain over the issue of which country owned the Oregon Country, then backed away and split the ownership of the region with Britain. When Mexico rejected American annexation of Texas, Polk led the nation to a sweeping victory in the MexicanAmerican War, which gave the United States most of its present Southwest. He secured passage of the Walker tariff of 1846, which had low rates that pleased his native South, and he established a treasury system that lasted until 1913. Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) A compromise over the Maine boundary; America received more land but England got the Halifax-Quebec route; it patched up the Caroline Affair of 1837 Spot Resolution Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. After news from president James K. Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American territory, Abraham Lincoln, then a congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldier's blood had been shed. In Polk's report to congress the President stated that the American soldiers fell on American soil, but they actually fell on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to. The Tariff of 1842 A protective tax that was used to create more money for the government. It was reluctantly passed by President John Tyler. The tariff was made to get the government out of a recession.
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) Mexico sold the United States all of the southwest for 15 million dollars in agreement that the rights and religion of the Mexican inhabitants of this land would be recognized by the United States government. It was drawn up by Nicholas P. Trist and sent to congress. The anti slavery congressmen passed the treaty and signed it on February 2nd, 1848. Wilmot Proviso (1846) Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Accession of "Tyler Too" Know: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler 1. "Yet Tyler...should never have consented to run on the ticket." Explain this quote from your text.
John Tyler: A President Without a Party Know: "His Accidency," Henry Clay 2. What proof can you give of Tyler's unpopularity? What did Tyler do that made Whigs so angry with him?
A War of Words with England Know: Caroline, Creole 3. Explain at least four causes of tension between the US and Great Britain in the 1830's and 1840's.
Manipulating the Maine Maps Know: Aroostook War, Lord Ashburton, Daniel Webster 4. What was the result of the Ashburton-Webster Treaty?
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The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone Know: Lone Star Republic 5. How did Mexico view Texas from 1836 to 1845?
The Belated Texas Nuptials Know: Conscience Whigs 6. Why did some hesitate to annex Texas? Why was it finally admitted to the Union?
Oregon Fever Populates Oregon Know: 54 40', Willamette Valley, Oregon Trail 7. What change with Oregon from 1819 to 1844 caused the British to become more willing to negotiate a final boundary?
A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny Know: James K. Polk, Dark Horse 8. What part did Manifest Destiny play in the 1844 election?
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Polk the Purposeful 9. What were Polk's four goals? Assess his degree of success.
Misunderstandings with Mexico Know: John Slidell, Nueces River 10. What were the sources of the strained relationship between the U.S. and Mexico?
American Blood on American (?) Soil Know: Zachary Taylor, Spot Resolutions 11. Explain some of the reasons Congress declared war on Mexico.
The Mastering of Mexico Know: Stephen Kearney, John C. Fremont, Bear Flag Republic, Winfield Scott 12. What battles were fought to defeat Mexico?
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Fighting Mexico for Peace Know: Nicholas P. Trist, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 13. Why did some people oppose the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
Profit and Loss in Mexico Know: Wilmot Proviso 14. What positive and negative outcomes resulted for the United States from the Mexican-American War?
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Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle – Big Picture Themes 1. The main question facing the nation was, “Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free?” 2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands. 3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasn’t enforced. This angered the Southerners. 4. The North—South rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In it’s place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slaveland issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark. IDENTIFICATIONS: Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. Clay could not get the compromised passed because neither party wanted to pass it as a whole since they would be passing things for the opposite party as well as their own. Douglas split the compromise up to get it passed. Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce was elected president in the 1852 election as the second Democratic "dark horse." He was a pro-southern northerner who supported the Compromise of 1850 and especially the Fugitive Slave Law. He also tried to gain Cuba for the South as a slave state, but was stopped because of Northern public opinion after the incident in Ostend, Belgium. He also supported the dangerous Kansas-Nebraska Act pushed for by Senator Douglas. He was succeeded in 1856 by James Buchanan. Zachary Taylor Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk’s orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylor’s forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.
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John C. Calhoun leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist and proponent of protective tariffs; later, he switched to states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as a positive good, for his promotion of minority rights, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union.
Matthew C. Perry He was the military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan. Henry Clay Dubbed the "Great Compromiser," he brokered important compromises during the Nullification Crisis and on the slavery issue, especially in 1820 and 1850, during which he was part of the "Great Triumvirate" along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun. He was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests. Free-Soil Party The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party. Fugitive Slave Law a law passed just before the Civil War also called the "Bloodhound Bill", slaves who escaped could not testify in their behalf and were not allowed a trial by jury. If the judge in the case freed the slave they would receive five dollars, if not they would get ten dollars. Those found helping slaves would be fined or jailed. This added to the rage in the North. Harriet Tubman was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the American Civil War. After escaping from slavery, into which she was born, she made thirteen missions to rescue more than 70 slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era struggled for women's suffrage.
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Compromise of 1850 This compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with disputed territory, and the controversy of whether California should join. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The compromise benefited the North more than the South.
Ostend Manifesto The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought. Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act, set forth in 1854, said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty. Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced it, and it pushed the country even closer the Civil War. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Popular Sovereignty Panacea Know: Mexican Cession, Fire-eaters 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of popular sovereignty?
Political Triumphs for General Taylor 2. Why was the Free-Soil party formed? Was it important? Explain.
"Californy Gold" 3. Did the California Gold Rush make people rich? Explain.
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Sectional Balance and the Underground Railroad Know: Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman 4. "The South was in a politically weak position in the 1850's." Assess this statement.
Twilight of the Senatorial Giants Know: Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster 5. What effect did Webster's speech have?
Deadlock and Danger on Capitol Hill Know: William H. Seward, Higher Law 6. How did William Seward contribute to the tension between North and South in 1850?
Breaking the Congressional Logjam Know: Compromise of 1850 7. What factors led to the acceptance of the Compromise of 1850?
Balancing the Compromise Scales 8. Explain the quote, "No single irritant of the 1850's was more consistently galling to both sides...."
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Defeat and Doom for the Whigs 9. What was important about the election of 1852?
Expansionist Stirrings South of the Border Know: William Walker, Commodore Matthew C. Perry 10. Explain the Ostend Manifesto, and what consequences it had.
The Allure of Asia Know: Treaty of Wanghia, Caleb Cushing, Commodore Perry 11. Is China or Japan more important to American trade today?
Pacific Railroad Promoters and the Gadsen Purchase 12. What was the reason for the Gadsen Purchase?
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Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Scheme Know: Stephen A. Douglas 13. Why were northerners so opposed to popular sovereignty?
Congress Legislates a Civil War 14. What were the effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
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Chapter #19: Drifting Toward Disunion – Big Picture Themes 1. Uncle Tom’s Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each section’s feelings on the issue. 2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted. 3. The Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands. 4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty. 5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there. 6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded. IDENTIFICATIONS: The Impending Crisis of the South A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book. George Fitzhugh The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology for the South (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery.
John Brown John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas".
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Charles Sumner He was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious. This violent incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South. Dred Scott Scott was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court. Abraham Lincoln Nicknamed "Old Abe" and "Honest Abe"; born in Kentucky to impoverished parents and mainly self-educated; a Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas (a Democrat) in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he loss victory to senatorship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in ten southern states).
John Crittenden A Senator of Kentucky, that fathered two sons: one became a general in the Union Army, the other a general in the Confederate Army. He is responsible for the Crittenden Compromise. This augments the fact that the war was often between families, and its absurdity. Kentucky and other states were split up between the Union and Confederacy, and both in the North and South sent people to the other side. This makes it clear that the war is primarily over slavery. “Bleeding Kansas” Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. American or “Know-Nothing” Party Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the expresident Fillmore. These super-patriots were anti-foreign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America!" Remaining members of the Whig party also backed Fillmore for President.
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Panic of 1857 The California gold rush increased inflation; speculation in land and railroads "ripped economic fabric"; hit the North harder than South because the South had cotton as a staple source of income; the North wanted free land from the government; drove Southerners closer to a showdown; caused an increase in tariffs; gave Republicans an issue for the election of 1860. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to a series of 7 debates. Though Douglas won the senate seat, these debates gave Lincoln fame and helped him to later on win the presidency. These debates were a foreshadowing of the Civil War. Freeport Doctrine (1858) The Freeport Doctrine occurred in Freeport, Illinois during the debates of Lincoln and Douglas for senator. This was a question that Lincoln asked Douglas that made Douglas answer in such a way that the South would know that he was not truly supporting them. Harper's Ferry Raid Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause. Constitutional Union Party A political party in the United States created in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. These former Whigs (teamed up with former Know-Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against disunion to form the Constitutional Union Party). Its name comes from its extremely simple platform, a simple resolution "to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution...the Union...and the Enforcement of the Laws."
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper 1. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain.
The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas?
Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party?
"Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 5. What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South?
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"Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party 6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election.
The Electoral Fruits of 1856 7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856.
The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 8. Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive?
The Financial Crash of 1857 8. How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely?
An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background.
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The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South?
The Disruption of the Democrats Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860?
A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward?
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The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincoln’s election, or were they helpless?
The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 16. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why?
The Collapse of Compromise 17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail?
Farewell to Union 18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to?
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Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South – Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abe’s top concern. These were slave states that hadn’t left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to “keep them happy.” The border states never left. 2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cotton’s dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Tom’s Cabin had convinced the English people of slavery’s horrors. 3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nation’s first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out. IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860 set the stage for the Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of expanding slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, this issue finally came to a head, split the political system into four parties. The Democratic Party broke into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared, The Republican Party was dominant in the North and won the electoral votes to put Abraham Lincoln in the White House with very little support from the South. The Southern response was declarations of secession by South Carolina and six other southern states, but secession was rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln. Eight other southern states did not secede before the Battle of Fort Sumter. William Seward Senator from New York. Senator who was for antislavery, was very religious, would not compromise. Later became the major rival of Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. When Lincoln won the presidency, he became the secretary of state for him. Had a nickname called "Higher Law" due to his religious beliefs in Christianity. Edwin M. Stanton He was a politician who seceded Simon Cameron as secretary of war c1860. He caused a kind of civil war within Congress by opposing Lincoln at almost every turn. This only added to the problems that Lincoln had to deal with during the Civil War.
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Emancipation Proclamation September 22, 1862 - Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law. Trent Affair A Union frigate stopped the Trent, a British steamer and abducted two Confederate ambassadors aboard it. The Alabama was a British-made vessel and fought for the Confederacy, destroying over 60 Northern ships in 22 months. The Laird rams were ships specifically designed to break blockades; the English prevented them from being sold to the South. Merrimack and Monitor First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Cheasepeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor - Union. Merrimac - Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even though the official Confederate name for their ship was the CSS Virginia. Anaconda Plan The name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War. Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by the vociferous faction who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name. Border States States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. Appomattox Robert E. Lee, refusing to see his troops suffer any further, surrenders to Grant. Southern troops given generous terms of surrender Appomattox Court House, Virginia April 9, 1865
Election of 1864 Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.) Lincoln received 55% of the popular vote and 212 electoral votes. Republicans made sure the Union soldiers had a chance to vote, which put Lincoln over the top. “With malice toward none…” Lincoln appealed to the country to not seek revenge
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GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession 1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson 2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have?
Brothers' Blood and Border Blood Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb 3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?
The Balance of Forces Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson 4. What advantages did the South have? The North?
Dethroning King Cotton Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn 5. Why did King Cotton fail the South?
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The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Know: Trent, Alabama 6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?
Foreign Flare-Ups Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian 7. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?
President Davis Versus President Lincoln Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln 8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?
Limitations on Wartime Liberties Know: Habeas Corpus 9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power?
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Volunteers and Draftees: North and South Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers 10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.
The Economic Stresses of War Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation 11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?
The North's Economic Boom Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix 12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom 13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.
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Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War – Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on “the Peninsula” at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation”, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the South’s back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the “Union Party” made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, “You don’t change horses midstream.” 4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS Draft riots of 1863 The New York City draft riots (July 13 to July 16, 1863; the largest civil insurrection in American history apart from the Civil War itself. President Abraham Lincoln sent several regiments of militia and volunteer troops to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly working class men, resentful, among other reasons, because the draft unfairly affected them while sparing wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 commutation fee to exclude themselves from its reach. Charles Frances Adams Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South. Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted around Georgia during November and December 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army in the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. It inflicted significant damage, particularly to industry and infrastructure (per the doctrine of total war), and also to civilian property. Military historian David J. Eicher wrote that Sherman "defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the South's potential and psychology to wage war."
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Clement L. Vallandigham Copperhead Democrat and Ohio ex-congressmen was a Southern partisan who publicly demanded an end to the " wicked and cruel" war. The civil courts in Ohio were open, and he should have been tried in them. But he was convicted by a military tribunal in 1863 for treasonable utterance and was sentenced to prison. Lincoln decided to banish Vallandigham to the Confederate lines. Vallandigham ran for governorship of Ohio on foreign soil and polled a substantial but insufficient vote.
Andrew Johnson Andrew was chosen by the Republican party to run with Abraham Lincoln as Vice President in the 1864 election. Johnson was chosen to balance the ticket. Because he was a Southern Democrat, before the South seceded, and Lincoln was a Northern Republican. These too covered almost all issues of the election. John Wilkes Booth An American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. He was also a Confederate sympathizer vehement in his denunciation of the Lincoln Administration and outraged by the South's defeat in the American Civil War. He strongly opposed the abolition of slavery in the United States and Lincoln's proposal to extend voting rights to recently emancipated slaves.
C.S.S. Alabama Built for the Confederate States Navy. The Alabama served as a commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her two-year career, during which she never laid anchor in a Southern port. She was sunk by the USS Kearsarge in 1864. National Banking Act The banking system was used to create the sale of government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency. The system could purchase government savings bonds and money to back the bonds. The National Banking Act was made during the Civil War, and was the first real step taken toward a singular, unified banking system since1836. Union Party The Constitutional Union Party was a political party in the United States created in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. These former Whigs teamed up with former Know-Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against disunion to form the Constitutional Union Party. Its name comes from its extremely simple platform, a simple resolution "to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution...the Union...and the Enforcement of the Laws." They hoped that by failing to take a firm stand either for or against slavery or its expansion, the issue could be pushed aside.
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GUIDED READING Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War” Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson 1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?
"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan 2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.
The War at Sea Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor 3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?
The Pivotal Point: Antietam 4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"
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A Proclamation Without Emancipation Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region 5. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.
Blacks Battle Bondage Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow 6. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.
Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address 7.Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?
The War in the West Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg 8. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.
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Sherman Scorches Georgia Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea 9. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?
The Politics of War Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham 10. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.
The Election of 1864 Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta 11. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?
Grant Outlasts Lee Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse 12. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?
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The Martyrdom of Lincoln Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Booth 13. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.
The Aftermath of the Nightmare Know: Lost Cause 14. What was the legacy of the Civil War?
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Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction – Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, “What to do with the southern states?” The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South. 2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the North’s stipulations were met. 3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress. 4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery. 5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their own—southern whites reasserted their power. IDENTIFICATIONS Ku Klux Klan In 1866, Tennessee formed one of the most notable anti-black groups. They were against any power or rights a black might have. They were violent and often times they killed blacks "to keep them in their place." Force Acts These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its forces to physically end the problems. Tenure of Office The Tenure of Office Act was passed by Congress in 1867 -stated that the president cannot fire any appointed officials without consent of Congress - Congress passed this act knowing that Johnson would break it - Johnson fired Stanton without asking Congress, thus giving Congress a reason to impeach him Military Reconstruction Act It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law
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Fifteenth Amendment An incorporation of black suffrage into the federal Constitution. The Amendment was passed in congress in 1869 and was ratified by the required number of states in 1870. Before ratification, Northern states withheld the ballot from the black minorities. The South felt that the Republicans were hypocritical in insisting that blacks in the South should vote. The moderates wanted the southern states back in the Union, and thus free the federal government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights. Civil Rights Act In 1866 the Civil Rights Act was created to grant citizenship to blacks and it was an attempt to prohibit the black codes. It also prohibited racial discrimination on jury selection. The Civil Rights Act was not really enforced and was really just a political move used to attract more votes. It led to the creation and passing of the 14th amendment. Scalawags Southerners who were former Unionist and Whigs who helped the radical Republicans in the South because they accepted the consequences of the war. Carpetbaggers During the reconstruction period after the Civil War this nickname was given to Northerners who moved south to seek their fortune out of the destruction.
Moderate/Radical Republicans Moderate republicans agreed with Lincoln's ideals. They believed that the seceded states should be restored to the Union swiftly and on the terms of Congress, not the President. The radical republicans believed that the South should pay dearly for their crimes. The radicals wanted to social structure of the South to be changed before it was restored to the Union. They wanted the planters punished and the blacks protected by federal power. They were against Abraham Lincoln. Black Codes The Black Codes were laws that were passed in the southern regimes in the south after the Civil War. The laws were designed to regulate the affairs of the freed blacks. They were aimed to ensure a stable labor supply and they sought to restore, as closely as possible, the pre-freedom system of racial relations. They recognized freedom and a few other rights, such as the right to marry, but they still prohibited the right to serve on a jury, or renting or leasing land. No blacks were allowed to vote. Sharecropping After the Civil War former landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore tied to the land.
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Fourteenth Amendment First called the Civil Rights Bill, then turned into the Fourteenth Amendment proposed by Congress and sent to the states in June of 1866. 10% Plan This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction. Andrew Johnson What: President after Lincoln's assassination When: 1864-1868( president) Why: " An accidental president" who was an ex-Tennessee Senator. Johnson was Lincoln's vicepresident. He was a Southerner who did not understand the North, a Tennessee who had never been accepted by the Republicans, and a president who had never been elected to the office. Republicans feared that Southerners might join hands with Democrats in the North and win control of Congress. If the South ran Congress blacks might be enslaved once again. Alexander Stephens He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.
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GUIDED READING The Problems of Peace Know: Reconstruction 1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.
Freedmen Define Freedom Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association 2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?
The Freedmen's Bureau Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard 3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.
Johnson: The Tailor President Know: Andrew Johnson 4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.
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Presidential Reconstruction Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans 5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?
The Baleful Black Codes Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage 6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?
Congressional Reconstruction 7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)
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Johnson Clashes with Congress Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment 8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?
Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson 9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?
Republican Principles and Programs Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans 10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?
Reconstruction by the Sword Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule 11. Describe military reconstruction.
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No Women Voters Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment 12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?
The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers 13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement?
The Ku Klux Klan Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise 14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?
Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton 15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?
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A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens 16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?
The Purchase of Alaska Know: William Seward, Russia 17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.
The Heritage of Reconstruction 18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.
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