ISSN 09655441, Petroleum Chemistry, 2014, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 397–404. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2014. Original Russian Text © D.Yu. Chirkova, N.A. Krasnoyarova, O.V. Serebrennikova, Wu Wang Khai, 2014, published in Neftekhimiya, 2014, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 407–414.
Characteristic Features of the Hydrocarbon Composition of Paleozoic Oils from the Southeast of Western Siberia D. Yu. Chirkovaa, N. A. Krasnoyarovaa, b, O. V. Serebrennikovaa, b, and Wu Wang Khaia a
Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia b National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia email:
[email protected] Received May 7, 2014
Abstract—The biomarker composition of eight samples of Western Siberia Paleozoic oils collected from deposits dated to the Pudinskii megaswell, the Nyurol’ka depression, their junction zone, and the Krasnolen inskii dome has been studied. Several indicators of oil composition have been identified, whose value varies depending on the geological structure that accommodates the oilfield. These differences may be evidence for different local environments of the formation of petroleum hydrocarbons. According to data on the compo sition of aromatic hydrocarbons, the original organic matter (OM) of all the test oils was deposited in a marine environment, and the OM of the Nyurol’ka through and the junction zone accumulated in the photic zone euxinia, as evidenced by the presence of aryl isoprenoids. Data on the composition of saturated hydrocarbons suggest brackish, littoral, suboxidizing sedimentary environment and marine algae as the main biological pro ducer. Keywords: Paleozoic oils, Western Siberia, saturatedhydrocarbon composition, aryl isoprenoids DOI: 10.1134/S0965544114060036
The question of the origin of oil in Paleozoic sedi ments of Western Siberia is still under debate, although speculations about the prospects of the oil–gas poten tial of these deposits have a long history [1]. The oil– gas potential of erosiontectonic protrusions of Paleo zoic rocks can be associated with a high oilandgas generation potential of overlying Lower to Middle Jurassic sediments [2, 3]. On the other hand, the Pale ozoic deposits may have their own source rocks with an organic matter (OM) depositional environment quite different from that of Jurassic rocks. The answer to this question determines to a great extent the effi ciency of search and exploration of new areas and enhancement of the production rate of already explored areas. In connection with this, it is still important to study the specifics of the composition of oils that occur in the Paleozoic sediments and the weathering crust of Western Siberia. A comparative study of the geochemistry of Paleo zoic oils confined to the Nyurol’ka sedimentary basin and the PreYenisei part of the West Siberian oil and gas province was performed on the modern molecular level in [4, 5], in which saturated hydrocarbon biom arkers were identified and the oils were grouped into families with similar properties: marine oils, oils of mixed origin, and terrigenous oils. However, data on the composition of monoaromatic biomarkers in the oils are lacking; meanwhile, this group of compounds in combination with saturated structures can provide
more accurate knowledge about special features of the source of Paleozoic oils in Western Siberia. In this paper, we discuss the results of a detailed study of the molecular composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons of seven Paleozoic oils from the southeast of Western Siberia. For comparison, the oil that occurs in the west of the territory was also investigated. EXPERIMENTAL The objects of study were oils from the Gerasimo vskoe (well 18) Kalinovoe (wells 10, 21), Urmanskoe (wells 10, 11), SeveroOstaninskoe (well 5), Maloichs koe (well 6), and Pal’yanovskoe (well 53) fields located within the Nyurol’ka depression, Pudinskii megaswell, their junction zone, and the Krasnolenin skii dome. A hydrocarbon (HC) concentrate was isolated by adsorption chromatography on a grade IV alumina column (mobile phase hexane). A detailed analysis of the component composition was performed using a Thermo Scientific DFS magnetic gas chromatogra phy–mass spectrometry instrument (Germany). The gas chromatograph had a Thermo Scientific fused sil ica capillary column (inner diameter, 0.25 mm; length, 30 m; TR5MS stationary phase film thick ness, 0.25 µm; carrier gas, helium) and both evapora tor and interface temperatures of 250°C. The column
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Table 1. Group composition of hydrocarbon fractions of test oils Content, rel % Structural element
Oilfield alkanes
AC
terpanes
steranes
arenes
Pudinskii megaswell
SeveroOstaninskoe 5
86.02
6.54
0.94
0.14
6.36
Pudinskii megaswell junc tion zone to Nyurol’ka de pression
Gerasimovskoe 18
73.35
5.31
5.6
1.53
14.21
Kalinovoe 21
77.56
4.88
1.94
0.24
15.38
Kalinovoe 10
70.9
9.49
3.37
0.12
16.13
Maloichskoe 6
85.41
3.85
0.92
0.18
9.65
Urmanskoe 11
73.52
12.02
1.08
0.04
13.33
Urmanskoe 10
78.37
8.87
2.03
0.09
10.64
Pal’yanovskoe 53
69.14
1.11
0.04
18.21
Nyurol’ka depression
Krasnoleninskii dome
11.5
oven was programmed at Tinit = 80°C, isothermal holding for 2 min, and heating at a rate of 4°C/min to Tmax = 300°C. The ionization mode was electron impact at an ionizing electron energy of 70 eV, an ion ization chamber temperature of 250°C, the mass recording range of 50–500 amu, and the spectrum sweep time of 1 s. Total ion current (TIC) and selectedion monitor ing (SIM) chromatograms of hydrocarbons were recorded. Individual hydrocarbons were identified using a computer search in the NIST05 library of the National Institute of Standards, published data, and reconstruction of structures according to the pattern of electron impactinduced ion fragmentation. The contents of individual HC groups was calculated from the total area of individual peaks with correction fac tors determined for the characteristic ions of each class of compounds: molecular ions of biaromatic (m/z 128, 142, 156, 170, 184), triaromatic (m/z 178, 192, 206, 220), tetraaromatic (m/z 202, 216, 230), and pentaaromatic (m/z 252, 266) HCs; fragment ions of tri, tetraand pentacyclic terpanes (m/z 191); bicyclic terpanes and secohopanes (m/z 123); alkanes (m/z 57); alkylcyclohexanes (m/z 83 and 97); steranes (m/z 217 and 218); and nalkyl benzenes and arylisoprenoids (m/z 92 and 133, respectively).
In aliphatic hydrocarbons of the test oils, normal alkanes make 69–86% (Table 1) with predominance of the С12–С15 lowmolecularmass homologues, sug gesting that algae have largely contributed to the for mation of the original OM. A decreased concentration of the С19 homologue was found in all oils. The carbon preference index (CPI) is close to 1 (0.96–1.07), indi cating that the OM is mature, pristane prevails over phytane (1.1–3.84), and the nС27/nС17 ratio is less than unity (0.15–0.46). The contribution of С10–С37 alkylcyclohexanes (AC) is as high as 12% of total amount of identified hydrocarbons. Methylalkylcy clohexanes (MAC) are represented by the С11 to С36 homologues and are in relatively high concentrations (2.8–4.7 rel %) in the hydrocarbon fraction.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Quite a high concentration of С23 tricyclic terpane was found in the Kalinovoe21 oil, a feature that may indicate its calcareous sedimentary environment [8, 9]. The С26/С25 tricyclic terpane ratio, which increases with an increase in the contribution of lacus trine organic matter [5], is in the range of 0.46–0.64 for the junction zone, 0.6–0.72 for the Nyurol’ka
The fields of the oils in question are confined to dif ferent geological structures distinguished in the Juras sic sedimentary complex [6]. The use of Jurassic relief structures for grouping Paleozoic oils is substantiated by the fact that the Jurassic complex repeats the pale orelief of the preJurassic basement.
Terpanes in the mixture of identified hydrocarbons are represented by bi (sesquiterpanes), tri, tetra, and pentacyclic structures, and their total content var ies from 0.92–5.6% (Table 2). The terpanes were iden tified according to the procedure given in [7]. Sesquit erpanes include nordrimane, drimane,and homodri mane isomers. Their contribution to total terpanes reaches 97.14% in Pal’yanovskoe oil and varies from 39% to 96% in the oils of southeastern West Siberia. All of the test oils are characterized by prevalence of drimanes; predominance of homodrimanes was found only in oil from the Pudinskii megaswell
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Table 2. Terpanes in the test oils Content, rel % Structure
Pudinskii megaswell
Oil tricyclic
61.6
6.8
0.6
28.9
2.1
52.9
8.9
1.5
35.3
1.3
79.9
8.1
0.6
10.4
1.0
Kalinovoe 10
90.8
2.3
0.1
6.5
0.3
Maloichskoe 6
39.2
12.5
1.1
47.2
Urmanskoe 11
96.2
0.9
0.1
2.7
0.2
Urmanskoe 10
91.1
4.0
0.2
4.3
0.4
Pal’yanovskoe 53
97.1
1.0
0.0
1.6
0.2
SeveroOstaninskoe 5
Pudinskii megaswell junc Gerasimovskoe 18 tion zone to Nyurol’ka de pression Kalinovoe 21
Nyurol’ka depression
Krasnoleninskii dome
depression, and 0.87 for the Krasnoleninskii dome oils and reaches 0.99 for the Pudinskii megaswell. Pentacyclic terpanes are represented by com pounds of the hopane series and gammaceranes. The hopane composition parameters are used to assess the degree of catagenetic transformation in oils, since the temperature does not cause rearrangement of the car bon backbone of hopanes, although some hopanes dif fer in thermal stability [10]. In terms of the 27Ts/27Tm index (5.3), the Pal’yanovskoe oil is thermally trans formed to a greater extent and the other oils are less mature (0.7—2.2). 8,14Secohopanes С27 and С29С32 were found in all of the oil samples, except the Maloichskoe oil. They make no more than 2.1% of total terpanes in the test oils (Table 2). The ratio of secohopanes (at m/z 123) to С30 hopanes (at m/z 191) is maximal for the Kalinovoe area to be as high as 12.8, whereas this ratio for the other oils does not exceed 3.9. The ele vated level of secohopanes compared with hopanes can be due to their greater thermal stability. The ther mal transformation of oil is accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of hopane structures [11]. The data indicate a high degree of catagenetic trans formation of oil from the Kalinovoe area as compared with the others. Such a difference in the definition of thermal maturity of oils in terms of the 27Ts/27Tm and secohopanes to hopanes ratios may be due to the influ ence of the depositional environment of the source organic matter on the 27Ts/27Tm index [12]. PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
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tetracyclic pentacyclic
seco hopanes
bicyclic
0
The value of the homohopane index C35/(C31–C35) is low. It is 0.03 for Pudinskii megaswell oil, 0.06– 0.08 for Nyurol’ka depression oils, 0.09 for oil of the Krasnoleninskii dome, or 0.10–0.11 for the junction zone oils. This is an indication of suboxidizing deposi tion and burial environment of the original OM. The presence of gammacerane in all of the oils indicates the sedimentation basin with normal salinity [13]. The absence of oleanane in the oils may be due to an ancient age of source sediments older than the Creta ceous when angiosperms containing oleanane struc tures appeared [14]. The total amount of steranes in all of the crude oils is significantly lower than that of terpanes (Table 1). The individual oils differ in the relative amount of reg ular steranes and diasteranes. The ratio of cholestanes to diacholestanes for oils from the Pudinskii megaswell and the zone of its junction to the Nyurol’ka depression is on average 3.8, whereas it does not exceed 2 for the rest of the samples. This may be due to a slightly higher thermal maturity. Regular steranes in the oils of the Pudinskii megaswell and the junction zone are characterized by a predominance of sitostanes, the С27/С29 ratio is on average 0.85; the oils from the Nyurol’ka depression and Krasnoleninskii dome show a predominance of cholestanes (С27/С29 ratio is on average 1.2). The dis tribution of С27, С28, and С29 steranes is customary to use as a diagnostic signature of the composition of source organic matter and its depositional environ ment [15]. It is believed that the predominance of
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CHIRKOVA et al. 100
0 10
90
20
40
60
50
,%
Rare (diatomaceous)
29
20
60
Urmanskoe 11 Urmanskoe 10
Pal’yanovskoe Coastal marine Kalinovoe 21 Kalinovoe 10
30
0 100 90
50
High seas Maloichskoe
40
10
30
С es ran
Iso ster ane sС
70
Plankton/ algae
ste Iso
27 , %
80
70
Gerasimovskoe Severoо Ostaninskoe
Deltaic terrigenous
80 90
Coals
100 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Isosteranes С28, % Fig. 1 Distribution isosteranes in the test oils (interpreta tion according to [15]).
С29 sterane is an indicator of the contribution of ter restrial vegetation to the original OM [13, 16]. How ever, there is information that marine sediments deposited in the pelagic zone far from the influence of terrestrial vegetation, also show the predominance of С29 sterane, the source of which was found in blue– green and diatomaceous algae. Substantial amounts of С29 sterane of this origin were also observed in OM of Lower Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks [16]. According to the ratio of isosteranes, the original OM of oils of the Pudinskii megaswell, junction zone, and Krasnoleninskii dome deposited in a shallow sea and Nyurol’ka depression oils were generated by OM of high seas (Fig. 1). Within the southern section, an increase in the contribution of the С29 isomers to total steranes is observed in the northeasterly direction along the Nyurol’ka depression and further along the Pudinskii megaswell. Information on the degree of thermal maturation of oils can be obtained not only from the data on the composition of terpanes, but also from the ratio of ste reochemical epimers of regular steranes (К1 = С29ααS/C29ααR). During catagenesis, 20Rsteranes are transformed into more stable 20Ssteranes. The ratio between isosteranes newly formed in catagenesis and original steranes (К2 = ββ(20S + 20R)/αα20R) is also one of the most important indicators of catage netic transformation of oils [16]. In terms of these parameters, all of the test oils can be categorized as mature. The amount of aromatic compounds among hydrocarbons varies from 6.4 to 18.2 rel % (Table 1). The arenes are dominated by the bicyclic compounds
(Table 3), of which trimethylnaphthalenes prevail (Fig. 2a), a feature that is characteristic of Paleozoic oils according to published data [17]. The isomer ratio of trimethylnaphthalenes (TMN) is used to assess the contribution of land plants to the original OM [18]. The calculated parameters TDE1 (1,2,5TMN/1,2,4TMN), TDE2 (1,2,7TMN/ 1,2,6TMN) and the 1,2,7 TMN/1,3,7TMN ratio show that the original OM of all Paleozoic oils from the southeast of Western Siberia did not form in the continental environments. Increased values of these parameters, indicating a greater contribution of higher plants to the source OM, have been observed only for the Pal’yanovskoe oil. Dimethylated compounds dominate among tri and tetracyclic arenes, and unsubstituted structures are the most abundant among pentacyclic arenes (Table 3). The methylphenanthrene index MPI = 1.5 × (2MP + 3MP)/(P + 1MP + 9MP) (Fig. 2b) and the vitrinite reflectance Rc = 0.6 MPI + 0.4 (Peters, Moldowan, 1993) calculated from the distribution and composition of phenanthrenes corresponds to the cat agenesis stages MC1–MC2 (main phase of oil gener ation). The maximum concentration of alkylbenzenes (AB) was found for oils from the junction zone (5.3% of total hydrocarbons on average), and the minimum concentration appeared in oil from the Pudinskii megaswell (1.6%). Identified among alkylbenzenes were compounds with one unbranched alkyl substitu ent (nAB) in the molecule; those with an additional methyl group in the meta, ortho, or paraposition (MAB); and trimethylalkylbenzenes (TMAB) with an isoprenoid or, in part, normalchain alkyl substituent. The proportion of nAB relative to total alkylben zenes varies from 6.8 to 22.6% (Table 3), their molec ularmass distribution has a very similar pattern with a distinct maximum in the range of С15–С19 (Fig. 3). Of the MAB isomers, the orthosubstituted forms were found to dominate for all of the samples (Table 3). Trimethylalkylbenzenes, aryl isoprenoids with an isoprenoid chain length of С4 to С12, were detected in varying concentrations in all oils of the Nyurol’ka depression and the junction zone and were not found in the uplifted structures. The С13–С15 homologues with the alkyl chain containing 4–6 carbon atoms are in the maximum amount among TMAB (Fig. 4). Compounds of this structure have been found in Pale ozoic oils in Canada, China, and the Republic of Komi (Russia) [19–21]. Their presence in the Western Siberia oils is reported for the first time. A low concentration of the С17 homologue is due to the structure of the isoprenoid side chain of the aro matic carotenoids isorenieratene and βisorenier atene, biological precursors of aryl isoprenoids (Fig. 4). These isoprenoids are present in photosyn thetic green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae), which PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
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Table 3. Aromatic hydrocarbons in the test oils Pudinskii Pudinskii megaswell junction zone megaswell to Nyurol’ka depression SeveroOs taninskoe
Nyurol’ka depression
Krasnolen inskii dome
Gerasimo Maloichs Pal’yanov Kalinovoe Kalinovoe Urmanskoe Urmanskoe vskoe koe skoe 21 10 11 10 18 6 53
Mono Bi Tri Tetra Penta
24.9 60.4 12.8 1.8 0.09
nAB 1,3MAB 1,4MAB 1,2MAB TMAB
12.5 25.5 14.5 47.4 0.0
Naphthalene C1naphthalene C2naphthalene C3naphthalene C4naphthalene Biphenyl C1biphenyl C2biphenyl
1.3 13.6 29.9 30.4 12.1 1.1 3.3 8.3
Fluorene C1fluorene Phenanthrene C1phenanthrene C2phenanthrene C3phenanthrene Retene
2.7 6.2 6.6 21.6 41.1 21.0 0.8
Fluoranthene Pyrene C1(Fl + Pyr) C2(Fl + Pyr) Benzanthracene + chrysene (Ban + Chr) C1(Ban Chr) C2(Ban Chr)
1.2 5.0 22.1 35.6 9.0
Proportion in arene mixture, rel % 34.8 36.8 39.8 33.9 46.6 44.2 53.8 44.5 16.0 17.6 6.4 20.0 2.5 1.4 0 1.6 0.08 0.02 0 0.03 Composition of monoarenes, rel % 21.9 8.5 14.8 6.8 16.5 9.9 17.8 6.2 13.0 4.6 4.1 4.4 33.1 18.8 37.3 3.9 15.4 58.2 25.9 78.7 Composition of biarenes, rel % 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 8.3 4.8 4.3 7.6 17.7 21.6 20.7 28.3 39.8 38.6 43.3 39.8 19.3 23.0 21.5 18.2 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.5 4.2 2.8 2.0 1.9 9.1 8.4 7.8 3.5 Composition of triarenes, rel % 1.3 1.8 3.5 1.2 5.5 6.0 12.6 4.5 6.8 7.1 9.5 4.1 18.8 22.0 25.9 18.0 33.4 38.7 34.5 42.4 33.1 23.1 13.8 28.7 1.1 1.1 0.3 1.1 Composition of tetraarenes, rel % 1.5 3.8 0.0 1.2 5.7 6.6 0.0 4.4 25.6 30.6 0.0 21.7 33.7 43.1 0.0 41.8 6.4 4.5 0.0 9.6
11.3 15.7
11.0 16.1
Benzofluoranthene (BFl) Benzopyrene (BP) C1BP + BFl
37.0 51.8 10.9 0.3 0.01
25.3 36.1 36.6 1.9 0.07
16.3 44.4 36.6 2.7 0.06
11.3 8.3 9.2 64.6 6.6
15.1 11.6 13.4 56.7 3.2
22.6 14.8 9.3 53.1 0.0
0.1 7.5 29.8 35.0 12.1 1.4 4.9 9.2
6.0 20.1 15.4 12.7 7.3 2.3 10.0 26.2
0.1 8.2 25.5 37.5 11.0 2.3 5.9 9.4
7.4 14.9 12.0 25.4 30.2 9.9 0.2
1.8 11.6 2.7 16.9 40.6 25.8 0.6
2.0 6.5 7.3 27.0 41.9 15.0 0.3
2.9 8.9 27.0 30.9 7.7
3.1 6.9 14.4 27.2 10.3
1.9 9.7 24.3 34.9 8.5
9.8 12.8
19.3 18.8
11.0 9.7
29.1
5.5 0.0 10.4 5.9 0.0 10.8 Composition of pentaarenes, rel % 52.6 28.1 0.0 23.5
28.2
26.0
36.4
21.9 49.0
47.4 0.0
7.4 64.3
15.2 58.9
14.4 49.2
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0.0 0.0
27.8 48.7
402
CHIRKOVA et al. (а) Kalinovoe 21 С2 Naphthalenes С3
(b) Maloichskoe 6 С2 Phenanthrenes С1 9MP
С0
(c) Pal’yanovskoe 53 Chr Benzanthracenes and С0 chrysenes С1
С3
2MP1MP 3MP
С4 С1
С2 Ban
С0 15
20
25
30
30 32
34
36 38
40
45 47 49 51 53
Time Fig. 2. Typical mass fragmentograms of arenes of the test oils: (a) naphthalenes (m/z 128, 142, 156, 170, 184), (b) phenanthrenes (m/z 178, 192, 206, 220), and (c) benzanthracenes and chrysenes (m/z 228; 242 and 256).
Amount of nAB homologues in oils Urmanskoe 10
С16 С17 С18
С15
С19 С11 С13 С15 С17 С19 С21 С23 С25 С27 С14 С13 С12 10
15
20
С20
25
30
35
С21
С22
40
45
Fig. 3. Typical mass fragmentograms of nalkylbenzenes (m/z 92) of the test oils.
exist in strictly anaerobic environments and need light and H2S for their metabolism [22]. Consequently, the presence of aryl isoprenoids in crude oils is the evi dence that the OM responsible for the subsequent gen eration of all of the oils occurred in the photic zone euxinia. Thus, saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified by gas chromatographic–mass spec trometric analysis of the hydrocarbon fraction of West ern Siberia Paleozoic oils. A number of composition indicators whose value varies depending on the geo logical structure of the oilfield have been revealed: these are the cholestane/diacholestane, С27/С29 ster ane, and С26/С25 terpane ratios; the homohopane index; and the proportion of monocyclic arenes in the mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons. Differences in the composition of the test oils can be an indication of the
different local environments of generation of petro leum fluids. New data on the composition of aromatic biomarkers have been obtained, which in combination with saturated structures make it possible to more accurately judge the source of Western Siberia Paleo zoic oils. According to the isomeric composition of TMN, the original OM of the test oils was deposited in a marine environment. All oils, except those of the SeveroOstaninskoe and Pal’yanovskoe fields, contain arylated isoprenoids in varying concentration, thereby indicating the deposition of the source organic matter of oils in the Nyurol’ka depression and the zone of its junction with the Pudinskii megaswell in photic zone euxinia. The composition of saturated hydrocarbons of Paleozoic oils in the southeast of West Siberia and in Khanty–Mansi autonomous okrug suggests brackish, littoral, suboxidizing sedimentary environ PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
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Isorenioratene С40 С13
С14 С15 С14 С16 С18
С19 С20 С21
С17
20
22
24
26
28
С22
30
32
34
36
38
40
Fig. 4. Structure of a biological precursor of aryl isoprenoids and a portion of m/z 133 mass chromatogram of Maloichskoe oil.
ment of the source organic matter and algae as its main biological producers. According to the composi tion of nalkanes, hopanes, secohopanes, steranes, and phenanthrenes, the test oils are thermally mature. REFERENCES
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PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
Vol. 54
No. 6
2014
