Climate Change and Global Energy Security
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Climate Change and Global Energy Security Technology and Policy Options
Marilyn A. Brown and Benjamin K. Sovacool
The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England
© 2011 Massach usetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information on quantity discounts, email
[email protected]. Set in Saban by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brown, Marilyn A. Climate change and global energy security: technology and policy options I Marilyn A. Brown and Benjamin K. Sovacool. p.em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01625-4 (ha;dcov"" alk. papec)-ISBN 978-0-262-51631-0 (pbk. ,alk. paped 1. Renewable energy sources. 2. Power resources. 3. Energy policy. 4. Environmental policy. S. Greenhouse gas mitigation-International cooperation. 1. Sovacool, Benjamin K. II. Title. TJ808.B76 2011 363.738746-dc22 2011001927 10
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A fundamental principle of a civilized society is to protect people from harm done by others. If we are to call ourselves a civilized species, there is nothing for it but to change the way we produce and consume energy. David Archer and Stefan Rahmstorf, The Climate Crisis: An Introductory Guide to Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 228
Contents
Acknowledgments
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1 Motivation and Organization of the Book 1 1.1 Socio-Technical Approach 2 1.2 Climate Change and Energy Security 4 1.3 Preview of Chapters 8 2 A Tale of Five Challenges 13 2.1 Electricity 16 2.2 Transportation 25 2.3 Forestry and Agriculture 33 2.4 Waste and Water 42 2.5 Climate Change 53 2.6 Conflicts and Complementarities
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3 Technologies for Mitigating Climate Change 65 3.1 Energy End Use 69 3.2 Energy Supply 84 3.3 Capturing and Sequestering Carbon 102 3.4 Reducing Other Greenhouse Gases 110 3.5 Integrated Systems 116 3.6 Synthesis 123 4 Technologies for Geo-Engineering and Adaptation 4.1 Geo-Engineering 127 4.2 Adaptation 139 4.3 Synthesis 146
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5 Barriers to Effective Climate and Energy Policies 147 5.1 Public Goods, Market Failure, and Policy Failure 149 5.2 Barriers to Cost Effectiveness 153
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5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
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Fiscal, Regulatory, aud Statutory Barriers 160 Iutellectual-Property Barriers 165 Other Cultural, Social, aud Iustitutional Barriers Toward Carbon Lock-In 175
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6 Overcoming Barriers to Effective Climate and Energy Policies 179 6.1 The Risk Paradigm versus the Precautionary Principle 181 6.2 Types of Public Policies and Ways to Evaluate Them 185 6.3 Putting a Price on Carbou 191 6.4 Complementary Policies 199 6.5 The Need for Synergy 213 7 The Case for Polycentric Implementation 7.1 The Beuefits of Global Action 224 7.2 The Benefits of Local Action 233 7.3 The Case for Polycentrism 236 7.4 Challenges to Polycentrism 238 7.5 Couclusion 239
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8 Case Studies 241 8.1 Denmark's Electricity Policy, 1970-2001 246 8.2 Germany's Feed-in Tariff, 1990-2009 253 8.3 Brazil's Proalcool Program and Promotion of Flex-Fuel Vehicles, 1975-2009 260 8.4 Singapore's Urbau Transport Policy, 1971-2009 274 8.5 Bangladesh's Grameen Shakti, 1996-2009 284 8.6 China's National Improved Stove Program, 1983-1998 292 8.7 The Oasis Project in the Atlantic Raiuforest of Brazil, 2006-Present 301 8.8 The Toxic Releases Inventory in the United States, 1988-2007 307 8.9 Conclusion 316 9 Conclusions 317 9.1 The Socio-Technical Nature of Climate and Energy Challenges 9.2 Justification for Government Intervention 320 9.3 Speed, Scope, and Scale 325 9.4 The Power of Polycentrism 327 9.5 Coordinated, Progressive, and Consistent Policies 327 Appendix A Experts Contacted and Interviewed for Case Studies Appendix B Methodology for Case Studies 339 Notes 343 Bibliography 403 Index 413
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Acknowledgments
Many people and organizations helped make this book possible. Marilyn's husband Frank Southworth (a scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Georgia Institute of Technology) offered encouragement and technical insights, particularly on transportation issues. Numerous other scholars and practitioners provided valuable background information. Panl Barter of the National University of Singapore and Kian Keoug Chin of the Singaporean Land Transport Authority imparted helpful comments in revising our case study on Singapore. Dipal C. Barna of Grameen Shakti provided excellent assistance and comments for our case study on Bangladesh. Laurenz Pinder of the Funda,ao 0 Boticario de Prote,ao it Natureza and Thais Cercal Dalmina Losso of Losso, Tomasetti & Leonardo Advogados Associados kindly offered to review our case study on the Oasis Project. All who participated in our research interviews have our deepest gratitude for taking time out of their busy schedules to meet and speak with us. Also helpful were the staff of the Newman Library at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University---especially the wonderful people in the interlibrary loan department who helped us collect hundreds of hard-to-find artides and research materials. Financial support for the book was provided by several organizatious, including the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts at the Georgia Institute of Teclmology and the Centre on Asia and Globalisation of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. Financial support was also provided by the Bipartisan Policy Center, by the Natioual Security Coordination Centre and the Centre for Strategic Futures at the Singaporean Prime Minister's Office, by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grants SES-0522653, ECS-0323344, and SES-0522653j, by the Singaporean Ministry of Education (grant T208A4109j, by the Rockefeller Foundation (grant RES2009315), by the National University of Singapore (faculty start-up grant 09-273), and by the MacArthur Foundation Asia Security Initiative (grant 08-92777-000-GSS). The financial assistance allowed us to acquire the services of a veteran copy editor, Charlotte Franchuk, who deserves special credit for formatting all nine chapters. Valuable assistance with fact checking was provided by Kelly
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Siman of the National University of Singapore and by Matt Cox of Georgia Tech. Beth Daihl and Lizzie Noll of Georgia Tech helped with compnter graphics, and Marty Sung with GIS and computer cartography. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of any of the sponsoring organizations.
