Climate Change - SAARC Disaster Management Centre

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in

SAARC Region Implementation of the Thimphu Statement on Climate Change A Comprehensive Study of the Policy, Institutional Landscape and Resource Allocation for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in South Asia (Disaster Prevention, Preparedness & Management, Linkages with CCA)

UNISDR

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction

ISBN 818530563-3 Copyright © 2014 United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Asia and Pacific, Thailand, SAARC Disaster Management Centre, New Delhi and Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNISDR, SAARC, including SDMC and their member states. Prepared by: Prof. R K Mall, BHU and Prof. Santosh Kumar, SDMC Research Team: Geetika Sonkar, Diva Bhatt, T. Banerjee (BHU) and Ranjan Kumar (SDMC) Suggested citation: UNISDR/SDMC (2014). Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region: Implementation of the Thimphu Statement on Climate Change-A Comprehensive study of the policy, Institutional Landscape, and Resource Allocation for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in South Asia) (Disaster prevention, Preparedness & Management, Linkages with CCA) ”, 260 pages. Cover Photographs: Inside Photographs: Published by : Printed by :

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in

SAARC Region Implementation of the Thimphu Statement on Climate Change A Comprehensive Study of the Policy, Institutional Landscape and Resource Allocation for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in South Asia (Disaster Prevention, Preparedness & Management, Linkages with CCA)

Prepared by: Prof. R K Mall and Prof. Santosh Kumar

Contents Foreword : Mr. Arjun Bahadur Thapa Foreword : Mr. Santosh Kumar

5 7

1. Introduction

11-14

2. Conceptual Background

17-20

3. Overview of SAARC region 3.1 Human Development Perspective 3.2 Disaster and Climate Change Vulnerability 3.2.1 Disaster Vulnerability 3.2.2 Climate Change Vulnerability 3.3 Evolution of Policies Responding to DRR and CCA 3.4 Regional Cooperation & Initiatives 3.5 Regional Cooperation

23-48

4. Policy and Institutional Landscape of DRR & CCA in SAARC Member States

49-126

4.1 Afghanistan 4.1.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.1.1.1 Evolution of DRR 4.1.1.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.1.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.1.2.1 Evolution of CCA 4.1.2.2 Present Institutional Framework

51-59

4.2 Bangladesh 4.2.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.2.1.1 Evolution of DRR 4.2.1.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.2.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.2.2.1 Evolution of CCA 4.2.2.2 Present Institutional Framework

62-70

4.3 Bhutan 4.3.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.3.1.1 Evolution of DRR 4.3.1.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.3.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.3.2.1 Evolution of CCA 4.3.2.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.4 India 4.4.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.4.1.1 Evolution of DRR 4.4.1.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.4.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA

71-75

77-89

4.4.2.1 Evolution of CCA 4.4.2.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.5 Maldives 4.5.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.5.1.1 Evolution of DRR 4.5.1.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.5.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.5.2.1 Evolution of CCA 4.5.2.2 Present Institutional Framework

91-99

4.6 Nepal 4.6.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.6.1.1 Evolution of DRR 4.6.1.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.6.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.6.2.1 Evolution of CCA 4.6.2.2 Present Institutional Framework

101-109

4.7 Pakistan 4.7.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.7.1.1 Evolution of DRR 4.7.1.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.7.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.7.2.1 Evolution of CCA 4.7.2.2 Present Institutional Framework

111-118

4.8 Sri Lanka 4.8.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.8.1.1 Evolution of DRR 4.8.1.2 Present Institutional Framework 4.8.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.8.2.1 Evolution of CCA 4.8.2.2 Present Institutional Framework

119-126

5. Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in the SAARC Region 6. Convergence and Divergence of Policies and Institutions 7. Future Prospects & Recommendations

129-144 147-150 153-154

Annexure 1: Contact Addresses of SAARC Member States & Regional Centers Annexure 2: List of Organization with CCA & DRR activities in SAARC Regions Annexure 3: Inventory of Projects & Programs in SAARC Region Annexure 4: Progress in Implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) References Abbreviations & Acronyms

157-159 163-169 173-233 237-243 247-252 255-260

Foreword

South Asia is highly exposed to a variety of natural as well as human induced hazards. SAARC Member States in the last one and half decades have experienced major disasters, which caused great human and economic losses. The major reasons for increasing vulnerability of the peoples and the countries in the region are largely related to the demographic conditions, rapid technological and socioeconomic changes, lower level of human development and rapid urbanization. In addition, the region is also particularly sensitive and exposed to impact of climate change and variability. The fourth assessment report of the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 2007, highlighted that climate change would bring same challenges to South Asia, such as (i) melting of glaciers in the Himalayas would increase flooding and this in turn would affect long-term water resources and availability in South Asia, (ii) compound pressure on natural resources and environment owing to rapid urbanization, industrialization and economic development, (iii) crop yields would likely decrease up to 30% by the middle of the twenty-first century, (iv) periodic floods and droughts would impact on the health of the population, and (v) rising sea level would exacerbate inundation, storm surge, soil erosion and other coastal hazards. Disaster is predominantly an indicator of unsustainable development. If we make right development choices, our development gains will remain protected from the impact of natural hazards and climate risks. Also there is an increasing consensus across the world that disaster risk prevention and disaster risk reduction are development issues and should be embedded in the development planning process itself. The relationship between Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Sustainable Development is inextricable and there cannot be a compartmentalized approach to address them. The need of the hour is to have convergence of DRR, CCA and Development in all our Policies, Plans, Strategies and Programmes for a sustainable and resilient development. These challenges will further intensify the hydro-metro logical disaster in the region. The intensity and frequency will further challenge to sustain their development investment and also the life and property of the people of the region. The present study has indicated that in most of the SAARC Member States both subjects are dealt separately with no or very limited common programmes being executed jointly to address such issues. The government organizations, dealing with disaster management on one hand and with environment and climate change on the other, are addressing issues separately without much convergence both at the policy, programme and institutional levels. There are no formal institutional arrangements to discuss and attain synergy in policies and programmes of these organizations. As such there is a great need to address the issue for integration at regional, sub-regional and local levels. I understand that SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC) will soon be bringing out a Road Map for DRR-CCA Integration. I am sure this will facilitate the Member States in integrating interventions for risk reduction. I compliment SDMC, for bringing out such an important study at an appropriate time when the region is also developing a position paper for 2015 and beyond for making development sustainable in the region. I strongly believe the study, in light of IPCC Report IV & V, will be useful for the Member States in addressing the issues both at the regional and national levels. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) has been a crucial partner and supporting the efforts of SDMC. I thank UNISDR for extending support to SAARC/SDMC. I would like to thank Banaras Hindu University for providing technical and research support to SDMC in this initiative. 1 would also like to congratulate Director, SDMC and his team on bringing out the study with its road map of implementation at an important juncture when the World Conference to chart a global, regional and national agenda for HFA-2 (Hyogo Framework of Action) is due to take place in 2015. This is one of the important initiatives taken by SAARC/ SDMC to fulfill its commitment towards Thimpu Statement on Climate Change 2010. I wish SAARC and SDMC every success in their endeavors for DRR and CCA integration for the well-being of the peoples in the region.

(Arjun Bahadur Thapa) Secretary General, of SAARC

AFGHANISTAN

BANGLADESH

BHUTAN

INDIA

MALDIVES

NEPAL

PAKISTAN

SRI LANKA

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

Foreword

Sub Regions of South Asian countries gets affected with multitude of climate related hazards, such as cyclones, foods, drought, extreme temperature, storm surges and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). The Fifth Assessment Report of IPCC has highlighted the risk of increase in intensity and frequency of climate related hazards. It indicates the greater variability in monsoons and emergence of new hazards turning into major disasters that will be manifested in the form of sea level rise and new vulnerabilities. The impact will be disastrous on the population of the SAARC countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). The climate variability is now identifed as one of the most threatening causes for the fragile eco-systems of the South Asia. To address to these challenges, the 16th Summit of the SAARC Heads of the State held in Thimpu in 2010 and adopted Climate Change as the theme of the Summit. The ‘Thimpu Statement for Climate Change’ a milestone for making South Asia sub region Disaster Risk Resilient under the changing scenario of the climate was adopted. To operationalise the Thimpu statement, SDMC commissioned a SAARC Inter-Governmental Climate – related Disasters Initiative on the integration of Climate Change Adaptation with Disaster Risk Reduction. SDMC, in collaboration with UNISDR, the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, has under taken the study and completed the process with participatory approach involving all stakeholders and Member States. I compliment the team from BHU, lead by Prof R. K. Mall, for bringing out this DRR – CCA convergence document. I also take this opportunity to thank all the focal points and representatives of Member States in giving their feedback, which resulted in this comprehensive document. UNISDR has been a crucial partner supporting the efforts of SDMC, which would go a long way in strengthening the South Asia region as a whole. I thank Ms. Madhavi Ariyabandu, UNISDR for extending support to SAARC/SDMC as and when needed. I also express my gratitude to all the Governing Board Members for guiding the efforts of SDMC and their constant support to achieve higher echelons. This is an important initiative taken by SAARC, SDMC to fulfll its commitment towards Thimpu Statement on Climate Change, 2010. I also extend my deepest gratitude to HE, the Secretary General, SAARC, in placing the responsibility with confdence to SDMC for the accomplishment of the study.

Santosh Kumar Director SAARC Disaster Management Centre

1

Introduction

1

Introduction The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organization of South Asian countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka), which was established in 1985 for the promotion of economic and social progress, cultural development within the South Asia region and also for friendship and cooperation with other developing countries. It is dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development of the region with an emphasis for collective self-reliance. The region is home to an astounding variety of geographical features, such as glaciers, rainforests, valleys, deserts, and coastal area that are typical of much larger continents. It is surrounded by three water bodies — the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. The climate of this vast region varies considerably from area to area i.e. from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north. The region extends from the arctic temperatures of the Himalayas to the arid areas of southeastern Pakistan and western India to the intense tropical humidity of Sri Lanka, Maldives, southern India and Bangladesh. The variety is influenced by not only the altitude, but also by the factors such as proximity to the sea coast and the seasonal impact of the monsoons. Although South Asian countries contribute to very little global warming, yet they are generally made to acknowledge as the most vulnerable countries to climate change and climate variability. The region is host to one of the most threatened eco-systems from the effects of the climate change. The SAARC region is one of the most disaster-prone region of the world. Statistics on the different disaster events shows that out of 728 natural disasters (i.e. Drought, Floods, Cyclones/storms, Extreme temperature, Earthquake, Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) etc.), 376 incidences of flooding have been recorded between 1985 and 2009 in this region. About 91% of these disasters are related to hydro-meteorological origin. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan recorded significantly higher frequencies of natural disasters. Nearly 43,02,62 deaths have been reported due to these events in the region. During 2011, the region witnessed number of natural disasters of varying frequencies and magnitudes. A total of 291 natural disasters, which occurred in South Asia, constituted about 96.5% of total global natural disasters (EM-DAT, 2011 a,b; South Asia Disaster Report, 2011). It is understood that every aspect of nature is subject to seasonal, annual and sudden fluctuations, which may prove to be disastrous to the people because the timing, frequency and magnitude of such occurrence are mostly unpredictable. Most of the natural disasters create problems at a short notice. In such situations, the social and economic coping mechanisms of the country are inadequate to restore the normalcy. Although no region of the world is completely spared by natural disaster, the poorest countries are hit the most, due to poor coping capacity. The vagaries of nature leave behind death and destruction with huge impact on the developing economy. There has, however, been growing awareness and concern about the impacts of the disaster and therefore over recent years better mobilization of resources have taken to tackle the problem of natural disasters on part of all the stakeholders such as scientists, policy makers, NGOs, and states.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

Climate Change is an emerging major threat to the existence of the world, which may trigger more disasters in future. The fifth assessment report of IPCC and other regional reports has confirmed that in future climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of current climate related hazards and the emergence of new hazards turning into disaster. The anticipated global warming may lead to sea level rise and emergence of new vulnerabilities with differential socio-economic impacts in terms of the spatial spread on communities in SAARC region, which consists of eight states of different sizes and capabilities (Stern, 2006). This unprecedented change is expected to have severe impact on the hydrological cycle, water resource leading to drought, flood, scarcity of drinking water, impacting the forest & ecosystems, rise in sea level, submergence of coastal area and losses of coastal wetlands, glacial retreat and depletion of mangroves. The impact on water resource may lead to food security, health, human settlements and on other related areas. The increasing frequency and intensity of the above mentioned hazards in combination with the socio economic parameters of the sub-continent might result in high levels of vulnerability to the population, physical and economic assets. The impact of climate change would enhance the vulnerability of the poor communities, which constitute half of the population of countries of SAARC. The challenge faced by SAARC is unparalleled given the size of population directly affected (over 1.6 billion people), the level of under-development as nearly 600 million people in South Asia still survive on less than USD 1.25 a day, agriculture continue to employs more than 60% of the population, and the rapid rate of migration of the people from the rural to urban area giving rise to an unplanned urbanization. More than half of the member states of the SAARC i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal are classified as Least Developed Countries (LDCs). These countries continue to struggle to the issues of poverty, health-care and education and are expected to face new vulnerability on account of climate change and extreme events, as they lack economic strength, institutional capabilities and continue to remain dependant on the climate-sensitive resources (SAARC, 2008, UNDP, 2013). With the region's population poised to rise in future by another 800 million by 2050, these problems are going to be further compounded. At the Eleventh SAARC Summit held at Kathmandu in 2002, the SAARC leaders expressed their satisfaction over the growing public awareness of the need for protecting the environment within the framework of regional cooperation. At the Thirteenth SAARC Summit organized in Dhaka in 2005, the member states emphasized the need for assessing and managing the risks and impacts of such events and called for adaptation of initiatives and programmes as well as cooperation in early forecast and warning and to evolve the mechanism for monitoring and sharing of the knowledge on consequences of such climate change for pursuing a climate resilient development in South Asia. The summit declared year 2007 as the Year of 'Green South Asia'. In August 2006, the first South Asia Disaster Report was released at the South Asia Policy conference on DRR in New Delhi. In October 2006, the SAARC Disaster

12 |

INTRODUCTION Management Centre (SDMC) was setup as a regional unit to deal with disaster related issue and dedicates itself as a resource center on the subject in South Asia and also help member states for their capacity development. The Fourteenth SAARC Summit (New Delhi, 2007) expressed its “deep concern” over the global climate change and agreed to commission a team of regional experts to identify collective actions in this regard. As a follow up action, the New Delhi Declaration-2007 called for pursuing a climate resilient development in South Asia. The declaration further re-affirmed the regional commitment to the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) while highlighting a number of areas of specific concern to the risk reduction agenda in the region. Action Plan on Climate Change was adopted during the SAARC Ministerial Meeting on Climate Change on July 3, 2008 at Dhaka, which was endorsed later on by Fifteenth SAARC Summit on August 3, 2008 at Colombo. The objectives of the Action Plan were to identify and create opportunities for activities achievable through regional cooperation and south-south support in terms of technology and knowledge transfer. During third Asian Ministerial Conference on DRR in 2008 at Kuala Lumpur, the leaders revisited the issues of climate change and to make public-private partnership as one of the mechanism for promoting further action in applying the technology, tools and methodology for DRR. It considered the issue of empowering the local governments and civil society and also to mobilize the resources; engage the media and strengthen the mechanism for the public awareness and education. The 16th SAARC Summit held at Thimphu, Bhutan in April 2010 was dedicated to the theme of climate change where an agreement was to establish an Intergovernmental experts group on climate change to develop policy, direction and guidance for regional cooperation as envisaged in the SAARC Plan of Action on Climate Change. The leader of member states also agreed to commission a SAARC Inter-governmental Climate-related disaster initiative on the integration of CCA and DRR to be supported by SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC), New Delhi. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a concept and practice for reducing the disaster risks through systematic efforts by analyzing and managing the causal factors of disasters. It includes the measures adopted for reduced exposure to hazards and measures for lessening the vulnerability, management of land and the environment, and the improved preparedness for adverse events (UNISDR, 2009). Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), on the other hand, refers to the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, in order to contain harm or exploit beneficial opportunities (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change-UNFCCC). Both DRR and CCA represent policy goals; the former is concerned with a widely known problem of disasters and the other with an emerging issue of climate change. While these concerns have different origins, they overlap a great deal through the common factor of weather and climate and the similar tools used to monitor, analyze and address their adverse consequences. It makes sense, therefore, to consider them and implement in a systematic and integrated manner.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

There has been very little information in public domain as to how the regional DRR and CCA are carried out in South Asia. Whether these are dealt separately or as embedded components of each other. Without such knowledge, it would however be difficult to develop an enabling environment and a roadmap for the practical integration of these two areas of practice, for reducing the adverse impacts of events which do not recognize the geographic and political boundaries. This study has therefore been carried out as a first step to shed light on the practices on the fronts of DRR and CCA. It will provide a snapshot on as to how DRR and CCA are undertaken and integrated, if at all, in the region. It does so by taking stock of past and the ongoing regional initiatives and by looking into the role of certain organizations in the implementation process. It will also discuss the key developments in the areas political thought processes and at the level of policy and institutional mechanism, which are considered to be instrumental in facilitating the integration of DRR and CCA agendas in the region. This study aims to operationalize the Thimphu Declaration on Climate Change by contributing to improve regional planning and programming for DRR and CCA, and highlights areas for cooperation among regional and sub-regional organizations. It also aims to support both national and regional stakeholders engaged in the field of DRR and CCA, such as governments, non-governments organizations, intergovernmental agencies research and technical organizations, U.N. agencies etc. for enhancing the regional planning, programmes and cooperation.

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2

Conceptual Background

2

Conceptual Background Climate related disasters are becoming more frequent, deadly and costly (UNISDR, 2011). During 1900-2010, there has been increase in the number of climate related disasters with the number peaking during the 2000-2010 period (EM-DAT, 2011a, b). The costs of hydro-meteorological disasters have increased sharply since the 1980s and the average costs peak at just below US$ 100 billion by 2010 (EM-DAT, 2011a, b). While there is a gradual reduction in the number of death, the number of people reported to be affected increased rapidly in the last 40-50 years, and has averaged at more than 300 million by 2010 (EM-DAT, 2011a,b; Djalante and Thomalla, 2012). Due to geographic location (In the north HKH mountain range, in south Indian ocean, in the east Bay of Bengal, and in the west Arabian sea located), high population density, large population under poverty line, and poor infrastructure, SAARC countries are historically vulnerable to natural and manmade disasters. Now climate change has added a new dimension to the region's existing socioeconomic and environmental vulnerability. Until very recently, disaster managers and policy planners have hardly engaged with climate change debates, but now finding clear evidence for an observed change in extreme temperatures, heavy rainfall, heat waves, floods, droughts, the intensity of tropical cyclones, and higher sea levels, the climate change is beginning to get an importance as a significant environmental challenge leading to disaster. Vulnerability to these hazards is also increasing, due to continuing poverty and social vulnerability, poorly planned urbanisation, environmental degradation, and population growth. These impacts will affect the whole region adversely and the poor particularly. CCA is therefore not an option but a requirement. It is more so during post disaster programme. Thus, the focus is clearly on the DRR – preparedness, mitigation and prevention. Many of the risk reduction measures particularly those related to hydrometeorological disasters, such as drought proofing, flood protection, cyclone warning and shelters, malaria eradication, crop varieties resistant to weather related risk, mangrove conservation and saline embankment, alternative livelihood development etc. have similarities with CCA programmes. We need therefore to alter the way we approach future DRR programme drastically in order to avoid the duplication and derive optimal benefits from scarce resources but also to add value to the projects through lessons learnt from respective perspectives (Mall et al., 2011). The anticipated increase in the frequency, intensity and severity of climate-related disasters therefore calls for better integration of DRR and CCA to reduce the vulnerability and increase the resilience of the community and Nation as a whole to the natural disasters. It is therefore pertinent to understand the CCA and DRR before hand it is subjected to integration. The “Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters” was adopted in 2005 as the international framework for DRR (UNISDR, 2007). CCA is defined by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as “an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities” (IPCC, 2007a, b). Integration of DRR and CCA The conceptual background of the study is based on contemporary research ideas, approaches and institutional developments for DRR and CCA in the SAARC countries. Various researchers, practitioners, policy makers and organizations focused on the similarities

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region and differences and how the two can contribute to each other (Thomalla et al., 2009; Schipper, 2009; Birkmann et al. , 2009; Mercer, 2010; Mitchell et al. , 2010; Djalante and Thomalla, 2012; Hasan et al, 2013 ). Some discuss the integration with social protection (Davies et al. , 2009), human security (O'Brien et al. , 2008) and development (Ireland, 2010; Kelman, 2010). There are also increasing contributions to developing tools and methods for integration (Mercer et al., 2009; Prabhakar et al., 2009; McBean and Rodgers, 2010; Birkmann et al., 2011; Collier et al., 2009;), and analyzing how integration could take place in developing or developed countries (Prabhakar, 2010; Setiadi et al. , 2010; Gero et al. , 2011, Djalante et al. , 2012; Hasan et al, 2013). It has widely now been recognized that there are significant similarities in the theory, policy and practice of DRR and CCA (Figure 2.1). Both for example focus on managing the climate related hazards by reducing the vulnerability and building the resilience (O'Brien et al., 2008; Mitchell and vanAalst, 2008), also promote approaches that are pro-active, holistic and long-term either before or after hazards occur (Schipper, 2009) and both focus on sustainable development. Researchers advocate the increased convergence, whilst recognizing the difference between DRR and CCA agendas (Djalante and Thomalla, 2012, Hasan et al., 2013). The discussions have occurred across academics, governments, NGOs and developmental agencies on finding the tools to achieve the sustainable integration (Mercer, 2010, Birkmann and von Teichman, 2010, Gero et al., 2011). One conceptual distinction between the two however, is that DRR addresses all types of disasters including the natural and manmade hazards and employ the multi–hazards approach while CCA manly addresses the climate related disasters and will focus not only on extreme events but also the changes in average climatic conditions and climatic variability. Adaptation is viewed as a long-term process for adjustments to both extreme events as well as incremental changes, which are not necessarily always negative; whereas disaster is always negative (Schipper, 2009). In practice some key terms are being used and understood differently by different communities practicing DRR and CCA, which has created confusion. For example measure of mitigation under CCA context means “reduction of greenhouse gas emission”, while in DRR means the set of activities to reduce expected impacts of hazards” (Schipper, 2009).

Long-term adjustment to changing average climate conditions (including benefits)

Adaptation to Climate change

Climate risk management (including weather extremes) Risk Management of geophysical hazards

Disaster risk reduction

Figure 2.1: Overlap between DRR and CCA (Mitchell and vanAalst, 2008)

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CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND Similarly the key actors of CCA and DRR are different. The Climate change research and programs are highly influenced by academics, scientists, donor agencies, and some specialized NGOs. On the other hand for the DRR it is at the level of local government from where all the planning and programs starts. Due to difference in the proponents of the climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, there appear differences in legislation and approaches. Integrating DRR and CCA in practice therefore poses a challenge because they are incubated and nurtured by different set of communities. This is perceptible in implement action also. They tend to receive fund from different sources (Venton and La-Trobe, 2008; Birkmann et al., 2009; Schipper, 2009; Mitchell et al., 2010). It has been advocated by many (Patwardhan, 2007) that while the theoretical differences between the two themes can be addressed by an appropriate policy framework, there is a need to attend the issue of the institutional gaps that exist in the two themes. It is within a coherent institutional structure that an integrated policy framework for action on climate change adaptation and disaster management can be developed. During recent years, considerable progress in understanding the mechanism for integrating DRR and CCA has been made. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP 13) held in Bali in 2007 recognized the linkages between disasters and climate change, as stated in the UNFCCC Decision 1/CP.13 and UNFCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, paragraph

DIFFERENCES DRR Relevant to all hazard Types

CCA Relevant to climate related hazards

Origin and culture in humanitarian assistance following a disaster event

Origin and culture in scientific theory

SIGNS OF CONVERGENCE N/A Climate change adaptation specialists now being recruited from engineering, Watson, agriculture, health and DRR sectors

Most concerned with the present - Most concerned with the future -i.e., DRR increasingly forward -looking. Existing i.e., addressing existing risks addressing uncertainty/new risks climate variably is an entry point for clima te change adaptation. Traditional/Indigenous knowledge at community level is a basis for Resilience

Traditional/Indigenous knowledge at community level may be insufficient for resilience against types and scales at risk yet to be experienced

Examples wher e integration of scientific knowledge and traditional knowledge for DRR provides learning opportunities.

Traditional focus on vulnerability reduction

Traditional focus on physical exposure

N/A

Community-based process stemming from experience

Community-based process stemimng from policy agenda

N/A

Full range of established and developing tools

Limited range of tools under development

Increasing recognition that more adaptation tools are needed and must learn from DRR

Incremental development, low to moderate political interest

New, emerging agenda, high political interest

None, except that climate -related disaster events are now more likely to be analysed and debated with reference to climate change

Funding streams often ad hoc and insufficient

Funding streams sizeable and DRR community engaging in climate change increasing, though still not proportionate adaptation funding mechanisms to size of problem | 19

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 1(c) (ii and iii) (UNFCCC, 2007). The UNFCCC and the UNISDR are actively engaged in linking the two issues (UNFCCC, 2007). In this direction the SAARC Ministerial Declaration on Climate Change (2008) and the Thimphu Statement on Climate Change (2010) based on the SAARC action plan of Action on climate Change adopted during July 2008 are major achievement in South Asia. To operationalize the Thimphu Statement, the SDMC, New Delhi has proposed a plan of action and terms of reference to address the clause xiv. of the Thimphu Statement on Climate Change ‘Commission a SAARC Inter-governmental Climate-related Disasters Initiative on the integration of CCA with DRR and it is to be supported by SAARC Disaster Management Center’.

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3

Overview of SAARC region

3

Overview of SAARC region Overview of SAARC region During the recent decade countries in the region have faced a series of catastrophic disasters compounding their problems of poverty and poor performance in various sectors of human development with devastating floods, cyclones, extreme temperatures and droughts playing havoc with poor communities. Considering that the countries in the region have shared water resources and are facing trans-boundary climatic impacts, need for enhanced regional cooperation would attain greater importance in the coming years. Climate change particularly is an emerging threat that may trigger more severe disasters in future. Several reports and studies around the globe confirming that SAARC region is facing biggest risk from climate change. Fast melting Himalayas pose serious risk for water resources in the region. Very large populations in these countries owe their sustenance to water resources. Himalayan fed rivers in these countries shape economy and society in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Hence any threat to Himalayan glaciers would have serious socio-political implications for the region. Regional cooperation becomes even more desirable in the wake of climate related disasters.

3.1. Human Development Perspective SAARC region is home to more than one –fifth of the world population. With a very large population of 1.75 billion (region accounts for 34% of Asia and 16.5% of world's population) and covers an area of roughly 10% of Asia and 2.4% of world's land surface. Due to ever increasing development deficit, countries in the region are scrambling to meet the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Climate change is a growing challenge, which is manifesting itself in frequent disasters. Excruciating devastations is overshadowing gains of economic performance. Terrorism, conflicts, political instability, poor governance, lack of efficient service delivery and chronic poverty has already impeded human development. Disasters are leveling off the meager gains accumulated over the decades. Some of the broad human development indicators of the SAARC member States are shown in table 3.1. Table 3.1: Some broad human development indicators of the SAARC member States (UNDP, 2013) Population (Millions) 2012 2030

Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Total

Note:

33.4 152.4 0.8 1258.4 0.3 31.0 180.0 21.2 1753.0

53.3 181.9 0.9 1523.5 0.4 39.9 234.4 23.1 2141.8

GDP (2005 PPP $ billion)

GDP per capita (2005 PPP $)

37.2B 236.0 3.8 3976.5 2.5 33.6 428.4 102.9 5586.1

1083B 1568 5096 3203 7834 1102 2424 4929 3241

HDI rank

175 146 140 136 104 157 146 92 -

*Poverty

line (%) $1.25 per day 43.3 10.2 32.7 24.8 21.0 7.0 -

Land Area (Thousa nd Sq. Km) 652 130 47 3287 0.3 147 796 65.6 5124.9

Forest Area (% of Total Land Area)

2.1 11.1 69.1 23.0 3.0 25.4 2.2 28.8 14.5

Agricultural Land (% of total land) 58.1 70.3 13.2 60.5 26.7 29.6 34.1 41.6 33.9

Number of deaths due to natural disasterA 11 6 1 2 0 6 3 2 2

Population of 2030: Estimated A: Annual average per million people (2005/2011) B: Refers to 2010. C: Lower bound estimate.HDI ranks are of 2012. Poverty: Percentage of Population leaving below the international poverty line $ 1.25 per day (India and Sri Lanka data of 2002-2006 and for rest is 2007-2001). - Data not available *

| 23

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region While SAARC countries population is 22 % of the world's, it is home to more than 40% of the world's poor. Nearly half a billion of people earn below $1.25 per day. Over 37 % of the adult population is illiterate. Over 62% of population is without access to the basic sanitation, more than 50% of women are illiterate and more than 40% of the children under five are malnourished. The high rates of population growth, and natural resource degradation, with continuing high rates of poverty and food insecurity make South Asia one of the most vulnerable regions to the impact of climate change. Land use, land degradation, urbanization and pollution, affect the ecosystems in this region directly and indirectly through their effects on climate. These drivers can operate either independently or in association with one another. Natural resources are very poorly managed in the region. The SAARC region has only 14.5% of the forest coverage of total land area. It is among the water stressed regions of the world, and melting Himalayas pose serious risk to sustainability of water resources of the region. The region accounts for more than one-fifth of the world population yet must make do with barely 8.3 per cent of the global water resources.

3.2 Disaster and Climate Change Vulnerability 3.2.1 Disaster Vulnerability in SAARC Countries Table 3.2 shows the potential risks from different sources. A major threat comes from the fast melting Himalayas. The Himalayan system shapes the monsoon dynamics in the region. The system is the spinal cord of river networks in the region that impacts the economy, culture, livelihood and life in the region. Flood plains of major rivers e.g. Brahmaputra, Ganges, Indus, and Meghna draw their sustenance from the Himalayan ecosystem and support life for over 1.5 billion people. The Ganges river basin alone is home to about 600 million people. In this context retreating glaciers of the Himalayas could pose far-reaching challenge to the region. Some of the glaciers in Himalayas are receding more rapidly than the global average. This is also causing increased threats of glacial lake outburst floods in certain countries especially in Bhutan and Nepal. Melting Himalayas pose serious risk to sustainability of water resources of the region.

Table 3.2: Potential Risks From Different Sources Sea Level Rise

Glacier Retreat & GLOFs

Increase in Intensity of Flood

Increase in Intensity of Drought

Temperatur e Rise

Cyclone

Afghanistan Bangladesh

No Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes In some Parts

Yes Yes

No Yes

Bhutan India

No Yes

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

No Yes

Yes Yes

No Yes

Maldives Nepal

Yes No

No Yes

Yes Yes

No No

Yes Yes

No No

Pakistan Sri Lanka

Yes Yes

Yes No

Yes -

Yes No

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Source: IPCC AR5

Melting ice results in rising sea levels. South Asia has a long and densely populated coastline with low-lying islands (the Maldives, coastal areas of Sri Lanka and islands of Bangladesh) that are vulnerable to sea level rise. Having a coastline of 12,000 kilometers and a number of islands, the region is highly vulnerable to cyclones, storm surges, tsunamis and sea level rise. Major coastal cities like Chennai, Karachi, Kolkata, Mumbai, and Cochin are exposed to increased risks of climatic disasters e.g. sea intrusion, tsunami and cyclones. 24 |

Overview of SAARC region In May 2011, the Secretary General of SAARC presented a draft SAARC Agreement on Rapid Response to Natural Disasters to the Intergovernmental meeting in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Quoting global statistics, he pointed out that over the past forty years, South Asia faced as many as 1,333 disasters that killed 980,000 people, affected 2.4 billion lives and damaged assets worth US$ 105 billion. This loss is by far the highest among the recorded disasters in various geographical regions. During 1970–2011, floods accounted for half of the total number of events reported, while droughts accounted for 2 percent but that affected more than 50 per cent of the total number of affected. The arid and semi-arid regions of Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan experience significant drought. Drought does not claim too many lives or does not bring large-scale destruction, yet it has significant effect on livelihood, especially for communities dependent on agriculture and livestock. Poor communities in arid areas lose their livelihood resources and ground water that constrains them to migrate to irrigated areas. Droughts cause water shortages that unleash numerous conflicts between upper and lower riparian communities. These conflicts are spread across the region both within and between the countries. Droughts and floods both sharpen these conflicts and call for larger trans-boundary cooperation frameworks. From 1974 to 2011, SAARC countries have witnessed huge disasters that affected millions in the region. Table 3.3 and 3.4 provide a summary of the disasters reported during the time period. Table 3.3: Number of Disaster Event in South Asia 1974-2011 1974-79

1980-89

1990-99

2000-08

2009-2011

Afghanistan

6

6

36

78

43

Bangladesh

33

54

91

76

29

0

1

4

2

2

63

115

116

168

71

Maldives

1

1

1

2

2

Nepal

8

22

27

21

115

Pakistan

8

20

44

65

24

Sri Lanka

8

17

19

19

5

127

236

338

431

291

Bhutan India

Total

(Source : South Asia Disaster Report, 2007-2011)

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Table 3. 4. Number of disaster during recent years 2007

2008

2009

Afghanistan

7

4

5

Bangladesh

7

4

6

Bhutan

0

0

2

20

10

17

Maldives

1

0

0

Nepal

1

2

5

Pakistan

10

4

3

Sri Lanka

3

4

4

49

28

42

India

Total

2010 3 4 0 16 0 4 5 2 34

2011 43 29 2 71 2 115 24 5 291

Source :-South Asia Disaster Report -2007-2011

3.2.2 Climate Change Vulnerability Observed: In general, past and present climate trends and variability in SAARC region can be characterized by increasing air temperatures which are more pronounced during winter than in summer. During recent decades, the observed increases in some parts of this region have ranged between less than 0.5 – 1.0 °C per century. Across the region, inter-seasonal, inter-annual and spatial variability in rainfall trend has been observed during the past few decades. It has also been observed that intensity of rainfall is increasing and number of rainy days is decreasing. The current rate of sea level rise in coastal areas of Asia is reported to be 1-3 mm/year, which is marginally greater than the global average (Cruz et. al., 2007). Evidence also suggests an accelerated rate of sea level rise over the past decade (3.1 mm/year) compared to that over the 20th century as a whole (1.1 to 2.4 mm/year) (Cruz et. al., 2007). Cyclone frequency increased in the month of November and May in Bangladesh. During recent decades in Bhutan, Glaciers retreating at a rate of 30-60 meters/year caused GLOFs, and landsides. Table 3.5 provides a detailed list on observed characteristics in surface air temperature and rainfall for the member countries of SAARC. Table 3.5 Summary of key observed past and present climate trends and variability for member countries of SAARC (Cruz et al. 2007, UNDP, 2008; IPCC, 2007; MoEF, GoB, 2005)

Country

Change in temperature

Change in precipitation

Afghanistan

Since 1960, average Temperature increased by 0.6° C and there were 25 more hot days and night than usual. Annual mean maximum temperature increased in 1961-1990 at 0.05° C per year; Increasing trend of about 1°C in May and 0.5°C in November from 1985 to 1998

A shortfall of 2% per decade, particularly during the months of March, April and May declining by 6.6% per decade since 1960. Decadal rain anomalies above long term averages since 1960s; Rainfall increased and became irregular causing recurring floods.

No log term data; increase in mean monthly temperature during 1990-2012 0.68°C increase per century with increasing trends in annual mean temperature and warming more pronounced during post monsoon and winter Annual sea surface temperatures increasing 0.2 to 1.6° C at different places

Increase in rainfall variability during last two decades causing drought and floods Increase in extreme rains in northwest during summer monsoon in recent decades and lower number of rainy days along east coast No significant trends

Bangladesh

Bhutan India

Maldives

26 |

Overview of SAARC region Nepal

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

All Nepal maximum temperature increased by 1.8 °C during 19752006 i.e. 0.6 °C per year; increased annual frequency of hot nights by 2.5% and decline in the annual frequency cold days and cold night by 19 days and 32 nights 0.57°C increase in mean annual temperature over the period 1901-2000; 0.24° C per decade during 1960-2007; Annual frequency of hot days and hot nights increased since 1960 by 20 days and 23 nights. 0.016°C increase per year between 1961 to 90 over entire country

Annual rainfall decreased by 10 mm per decades

Rainfall increased by 25% during last century; increase in the intensity of rainfall; Increase in Extreme events, decrease in rainy days. An increase trend in February and decrease trend in June

Projected: Climate models show greater than average warming in the SAARC region in summer. There is a general consistency among the models in their output for winter, while the agreement is less for summer. The IPCC AR4 found that warming in this region is projected to be at least 2–40 C by the end of the century (Christensen et al. 2007 ). There is a clear elevational gradient in warming rates in the Himalayan range (e.g., Bhutan, Nepal, and Himachal Pradesh) similar to that in the observed historical temperature data. Sabade et al. (2011) projects a significant increase in South Asian monsoon precipitation with global warming. The IPCC (2007) envisages an increase in the occurrence of extreme weather events including heat wave and intense precipitation in South Asia this century; Inter-annual variability of daily precipitation in the South West Monsoon is also projected to increase (Cruz et. al., 2007). An increase of 10-20 % in tropical cyclone intensities (for a rise in sea surface temperature of 2-40C relative to current threshold temperature), amplification of storm surge heights (due to stronger winds), with increase in sea surface temperatures and low pressures associated with tropical storms could contribute to enhanced risk of coastal disasters (Cruz et. al., 2007). Table 3.6 provides a detailed list on projected surface air temperature and rainfall for the member countries of SAARC.

Country

Change in temperature

Change in precipitation

Afghanistan

Increase in annual mean surface temp. of 1.4 to 4.0 C by 2.060 and an increase of 2.0 to 6.2 by 2090s; increase in hot days and hot nights by 2060s and 2090s Annual mean temp. Increase by 1.0by 2030 and by 2.4 by 2100.

Mean annual rainfall will decline by 10% in 2030-2049 compared to 1980-99 level.

Increase in temperature during early to middle of 21st century by 0.2 to 4.0 C depending on season; during winter months will be higher i.e. 1.5-4.0 C by 2050s . Increase in Annual mean surface temperature from 1.7 o c to 2 o C by 2030s. The daily extremes in surface tempe rature may intensify in the 2030s. The warming in night temperatures is more over south peninsula, central and northern India, whereas day time warming is more in central and northern India. Increase in temperature Average annual temperature will increase by 1.3-3.8 C by 2060 and by 1.8-5.8 C by 2090s. More hot days and hot nights projected.

Rainfall will be more intense and erratic; glacial retreat will continue; causing floods; runoff will increase

Pakistan

Average annual temperature will increase by 1.4-3.7 C by 2060 and by 1.9-6.0 C by 2090s. More hot days and hot nights projected.

Rainfall during monsoon will increase; increased frequency and Intensity of rainfall, less rainy days

Sri Lanka

Wet season average mean temperature will rise by 1.3-1.6o C by 2050

Average annual rainfall will increase 5% by 2050. Spatial and temporal variability will be there.

Bangladesh Bhutan

India

Maldives Nepal

Rainfall increase by 5 % by 2030 and 10 % by 2100; more pronounced in summer monsoon

3% to 7% overall increase in all India summer monsoon rainfall in 2030s with respect to the 1970s; frequency of rainy days will decrease in most part of the country and intensity of rain is going to increase. No significant trend Rainfall during monsoon will increase.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

3.3 Evolution of Policies Responding to DRR and CCA AFGHANISTAN The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in partnership with the UN and other development organizations has developed key policy documents responding to climate change and disaster management. Action for responding to climate change and disaster management initiatives began simultaneously on the international front; Afghanistan presents an interesting case for identifying linkages between disaster management and climate change. The country has been prone to climatic risks such as flood, mudslides, snow melt, glacial melt, drought, dust storm, extreme weather events causing losses of lives, livelihoods and property and are among the major threats that can jeopardize gains made over the last few years. In recent decades, this has led to massive problems of food insecurity and population exodus from the worst-hit areas. Vulnerability to disaster risk has increased significantly as coping capacities have been eroded due to the prolonged conflict. Disaster management action started formally in 1971 in Afghanistan and whereas in 1992 after signing the UNFCCC as a Non-Annex I party, climate change action started. The development of formal structures addressing action on climate change and for disaster management began after 1991. The timeline, for Afghanistan, similar to global developments, suggests parallel but disconnected evolution of the two frameworks as shown in figure 3.1.

BANGLADESH In the past, the GoB had mostly been reactive to addressing natural disasters that focused on relief and rehabilitation activities. This began to change in the 1990s, when the need for a more proactive approach geared towards disaster preparation, prevention and preparedness rather than post disaster management, became apparent. Awareness of the potential effects of climate change in Bangladesh occurred comparatively earlier than many other LDCs, with knowledge of impacts existing in the academic community as early as the mid-1980s. In the 1990s Action for responding to climate change and disaster management initiatives began simultaneously in Bangladesh and Parallels can also be drawn in the shifting emphasis of policy action in both these fields (Figure 3.2).

BHUTAN Action for responding to climate change and disaster management initiatives began simultaneously after 1999. Adoption of a disaster risk management framework assumes importance due to emerging trends pointing towards climate change and global warming at an alarming rate. The potential threat from some of the existing hazards viz. GLOFs, flash floods, landslides, forest fires etc. is likely to exacerbate. At the same time, the rapid pace of urbanization as witnessed during the past two decades is causing larger concentration of people and resultant economic activity in hazard-prone areas further compounding the risk. The existing and proposed disaster management policies in Bhutan are based on the principles of sustainability, ecological stability and cultural acceptability where the local communities play a central part in the implementation. Recognizing the need for making systematic efforts towards managing climate related disaster risks, Bhutan responded the climate change and disaster management by developing several policies and plan during last decades as shown in the figure 3.3.

INDIA India presents an interesting case for identifying linkages between disaster management and climate change. The country is prone to extreme climatic events such as heavy rainfall leading to floods, monsoon failures leading to drought and water scarcity. Consequently, disaster management in India evolved from the initiatives taken for dealing with climatic variability and resultant extreme events. However, in its recent incarnation, climate change has been looked at as an 'environmental problem', therefore featuring under the domain of a different institutional setup (Patwardhan, 2007). The development of formal structures addressing action on climate change and for disaster management came in the decade of 1990's. The timeline, for India, similar to global developments, suggests parallel but disconnected evolution of the two frameworks as shown in figure 3.4 28 |

Overview of SAARC region MALDIVES As shown in figure 3.5, actions responding to disaster management and climate change taking place since 1998 after signing the kyoto procol in 1998. The country is vulnerable to sea level rise and extreme events. The Government of the Maldives has fully endorsed the world's first Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) that integrates DRR and CCA. SNAP is guided by both the Hyogo Framework of Action, a global blueprint for reducing disaster risks which was adopted in Kobe Japan in January 2005, as well as the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Based on broad consultations with key sectors such as housing, construction, environment, health, education, media, development planning and tourism, SNAP builds upon lessons learned from past disasters. It promotes good governance, empowers local communities, builds resilience, and promotes risk sensitive regional and local development. A unique feature of SNAP Maldives is its focus on aspects of governance, and decentralisation, as key for successful DRR and CCA (MEE, 2011; UNISDR, 2011). Strategic National Action Plan that integrates DRR and CCA describes four Strategic areas of acts on: 1. Enabling environment towards good governance 2. Empowered and capable communities 3. Resilient communities with access to technology, knowledge and other resources 4. Risk-sensitive regional and local development There are 10 strategic act of programmes under these four strategic areas. These proposals, however, do not attempt to encompass the wide range of possible climate change adaptation measures. As the outcome of the consultation process, the strategic action programmes and proposed specific activities are detailed in Table 3.7. Table 3.7 Strategy action programmes and proposed specific activities Sl. No. 1.

2.

3.

4.

Program/ Project Institutional Framework - Institutional alignment and decision making

Objectives To strengthen institutional capacity to reduce disaster and climate risks.

Capacity building for Disaster preparedness and recovery at all levels: institutions, local authorities, communities End to end early warning system.

To enable all stakeholders to manage and reduce disaster and climate risks To enhance the early warning system nationwide.

Community based disaster risk management

To enable island communities to deal with disaster risks

Lead Institutions

Strategic actions

The President’s Office, Steering Committee, NDMC, all government ministries, local government units, Private sectors and Business groups Parliament, NDMC, national Government agencies, local Government offices, private sector

Mainstream disaster and climate risk reduction into development policies, plans and programs of government. Strengthen the legal framework for DRR and CCA

Enhance early warning Facilities and equipment. Establish a network system for community based epidemiological surveillance and efficient exchange and dissemination of early warning information at all levels. Conduct risk and resource Mapping in communities. Establish methodology for Identify and understanding the risks at the community and household levels

NDMC, Maldives Meteorological Service, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Ministry of Tourism, local government offices

Establish institutional and Agency mandates& OP on Disaster& climate risk Reduction and disaster risk management. Develop disaster management plan.

NDMC, Maldives Meteorological Service, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Ministry of Tourism, local government offices

| 29

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 5.

Knowledge management capacity building

To build knowledge management capacity

6.

Awareness raising

7.

Connecting inland communities to technology, knowledge and resources

8.

Regional development focused on vulnerable communities

9.

Risk sensitive policy and regulations in Construction and industry Disaster resilient community housing & infrastructure

To increase public awareness of disaster risks To ensure that community has the access the technology, knowledge and resources To create adequate safe places for vulnerable communities To minimize the disaster risks in building and construction To promote the construction of safe housing and infrastructure

10.

Hold public corporate, and Sectoral forums on DRR and CCA, including dialogues among government and private sector professionals technical experts on DRR and CCA Incorporate DRR and CCA in school programmes

NDMC, Local governments and all key stakeholders

Conduct drills and exercises on the use of communications Technology for disaster and Climate risk management

NDMC, Maldives Meteorological Service, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Tourism, local government offices

Undertake special planning. Promote island ecosystem protection.

National planning council

Ensure wise land use planning

The president’s office Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment

Enforce sound building code Study the feasibility report Establish Govt.-private sector programme

Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment; NDMC, Ministry of Finance, private sectors

Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, UNDP, UNICEF, MRC, me dia

Source: MEE, 2011

NEPAL Action for responding to climate change and disaster management initiatives began simultaneously in Nepal as shown in Figure 3.6. For Disaster Management Natural calamity act in 1982 and for climate change establishment of natural resources and environment committee in 1990 may be considered as the starting points for action. The development of formal structures addressing action on climate change and for disaster management came in the decade of 1990's. Parallels can also be drawn in the shifting emphasis of policy action in both these fields.

PAKISTAN As shown in figure 3.7, actions responding to disaster management and climate change taking place since 1992 after ratifying UNFCCC. The timeline for Pakistan, similar to global developments, suggests parallel but disconnected evolution of the two frameworks as shown in figure 3.7

SRI LANKA After ratified UNFCCC in 1994 and establishment of National Disaster Management Center in 1996, Sri Lanka developing their policies and plan responding to climate change and disaster Risk Reduction action. The country has prone to climatic risks such as droughts, floods and uneven rainfall. In Sri Lanka, climate change has been looked at as an environmental problem, whereas disaster management as evolved from the initiatives taken for dealing with climatic variability and resultant climatic extreme weather events, therefore featuring in different institutional set up. Therefore Coordination between the two set up is still weak. After 2000's formal structure addressing CCA and DRR kept momentum and now it is taking the place into important action point. Figure 3.8 shows the timeline of development of plan and policies for responding to CCA and DRR which is parallel but disconnected coordination between two frameworks. 30 |

Overview of SAARC region

3.4 Regional Cooperation and Initiatives Increasing frequency and intensity of disasters and emerging threat of climate change in the region has galvanized the SAARC countries to enter into regional cooperation mode. After establishing SAARC in 1985 regional cooperation for natural Disaster was being prioritized and called for strategies and policies to be implemented for sustainable development and poverty alleviations. SAARC Disaster Management Centre(SDMC) The SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC) was setup in October, 2006 in New Delhi. The 15th SAARC Summit at Colombo in August 2008 entrusted to the SDMC to develop a Natural Disaster Rapid Response Mechanism (NDRRM) for coordination and planned approach to meet emergencies. The SDMC would serve the Member Countries by providing policy advice and facilitating capacity building services including strategic learning, research, training, system development, expertise promotion and exchange of information for effective disaster risk reduction and management (http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/index.asp). The functions of the SAARC Disaster Management Centre are: a. to collect, compile, document and disseminate data, information, case studies, indigenous knowledge and good practices relating to disaster management particularly from the Member Countries; b. to analyze information, undertake research and disseminate research findings on disaster management among the Member Countries; c. to develop educational materials and conduct academic and professional courses on disaster management; d. to organize training and awareness programmes for various stakeholders on disaster management for the Member Countries; e. to develop training modules on various aspects on disaster management and conduct programmes of Training for Trainers including simulation exercises; f. to provide assistance in the formulation of policies, strategies, disaster management framework and any other assistance as may be required by the Member Countries or organizations and institutions nominated by the Member Countries; g. to undertake, organize, facilitate and participate in workshops, conferences, seminars, lectures etc on various aspects of disaster management in the Member Countries; h. to undertake publication of journals, research papers and books and establish and maintain online resource centre in furtherance of the aforesaid objects; i. to collaborate with other SAARC Centres, particularly SMRC, SCZMC and SAARC Forestry Centre to achieve synergies in programmes and activities SAARC Cultural Center (SCC) SAARC Cultural Center (SCC) was set up in May 2009 at Colombo, Sri Lanka to promote cultural cooperation in order to bring the people of South Asia closer and to project the distinct identity of South Asia. The Centre is intended to function as a major meeting point for the artistic communities of the member states. The Centre will provide the necessary facilities and conditions for individuals and groups in various fields of interest to meet and interact in a conducive environment. It is intended to cater to all forms of art such as performing arts (e.g. dance, music, drama, theatre, puppetry and folk culture), visual art (e.g. painting, sculpture, film making, photography) and literature as per the provisions made in the SAARC Agenda for Culture. (http://www.saarcculture.org/)

SAARC Forestry Center (SFC) SAARC Forestry Centre was established in November 2007 and officially inaugurated on June 2008 in Thimphu, Bhutan. The centers vision is to protect, conserve and prudent use of forest resources by adopting sustainable forest management paradigm through research, education and coordination among the SAARC member countries to contribute towards sustainable development and conservation of global environment. The center consists of four divisions 1) Information and Knowledge Management Division 2) | 31

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Sustainable Forest Management Division 3) Mountain Ecology Division 4)Participatory Forest Management Division. (http://saarcforestrycentre.org)

SAARC Energy Centre (SEC) SEC was set up in Islamabad, Pakistan in March 2006. The goals of the Centre are to strengthen South Asian's capacity to collectively address regional and global energy issues to facilitate energy trade within the SAARC region and to enhance more efficient use of energy within the region. The primary objective for the establishment of the Centre is to put in place, a regional institution of excellence for the initiation, coordination and facilitation of SAARC programs in energy. (http://saarcenergy.org)

SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre (SZMC) SZMC was set up in Male, Maldives in June 2005.Five SAARC nations, India, Maldives, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka represent the coastal zone as an essential part of the life support system in the region and are very sensitive to adverse effects on the coastal environment. he SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre (SCZMC) is a focal institution of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation which promotes regional cooperation in planning, management and sustainable development of the coastal zones, including research, training and promotion of awareness in the region. The SCZMC deals with relevant coastal resources management issues and facilitates interaction amongst institutions (ministries, coastal authorities, intergovernmental organizations, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, funding agencies, etc.) and other stakeholders involved, promotes coordination and cooperation on ICZM issues among the Member States. Also the SCZMC provides support for the promotion and development of concepts and standardizes the planning methodologies for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). (http://www.sczmc.org)

SAARC Human Resources Development Centre (SHRDC) SHRDC established in Islamabad, Pakistan in 2002 with an objective to undertake research, training and dissemination of information on human resources development issues. The activities of the Centre include development of a database in the areas of education, health, gender, poverty, children and environment; preparation of a directory of HRD institutions in SAARC countries; development of a SHRDC website; publication of a SHRDC newsletter; and holding of a training programme on poverty alleviation. (http://www.shrdc-isb.org.pk)

SAARC Agricultural Information Centre (SAIC) SAIC was established in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1988 and is the first Regional Centre of the SAARC. SAIC serves to network relevant national agricultural information centres in Member States with a view to exchanging regionally generated technical information to strengthen agricultural research and development activities. SAIC has brought out several publications, which contain information on agricultural institutions in SAARC countries as well as on fisheries, forestry, livestock and crops. The publications of SAIC include Directory of Agricultural Institutions, Directory of Agricultural Scientists and Technologists and Agricultural Periodicals of the SAARC Countries. SAIC also completed a Bibliography of Women in Agriculture and a Bibliography of Agro-forestry in the SAARC Region. It maintains databases respectively on Fish Diseases and on Potato Cultivation in the SAARC Region. It also publishes quarterly newsletter highlighting its activities. (http://www.saic-dhaka.org)

SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC) SMRC was established in January 1995 at Dhaka, Bangladesh. To undertake/promote research for better understanding of the various meteorological phenomena of particular interest to the SAARC Region, with a view to enhancing the capability of National Meteorological Services (NMSs) of the Member States, particularly in the field of early warning to provide support for preparedness and management of natural disasters. (http://www.saarc-smrc.org)

SAARC Tuberculosis Centre (STC) STC was set up in 1992 in Kathmandu, Nepal to work towards the prevention and control of TB in the region by coordinating the efforts of the National TB Programmes of Member States. Among its objectives are to initiate, undertake and coordinate research and training 32 |

Overview of SAARC region in technical, biomedical, operational and other aspects related to tuberculosis control programmes in the region; to ensure adequate supply at low cost of anti-tuberculosis drugs and other related supplies in all the Member States; to monitor incidence, prevalence and emergence of drug resistant strains of tuberculosis in the region; to promote action on issues relating to HIV related tuberculosis in the SAARC region; and to carry out any other functions related to tuberculosis at the directive of the Technical Committee on Social Development. (http://www.saarctb.com.np)

SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC), New Delhi, India SDC established in New Delhi in May 1994 to meet the need for ready access to information on SAARC and its member countries. SAARC Documentation Centre, established in the year 1994, is one of the Regional Centre of SAARC . It acts as an effective information system for the SAARC member states that enables exchange of information in the areas of biological, physical, chemical, engineering and life sciences as well as in developmental matters. SAARC Documentation system comprises a central facilities i.e. SDC and its sub-units in all the member states i.e. National Focal Points, which act as the repositories of the centre.SDC acts as a repository of documents/reports produced in the region and on the region in scientific, technical, economical, industry-related and developmental matters. Publications of the SDC include the Directory of Research and Industrial Institutions in the SAARC Region and Select Bibliography on Alternative Systems of Medicine in the SAARC Region. Human resource development is an important activity of SDC. It conducts short term and attachment training programmes in information technology applications for library/documentation/information professionals in the Member States. The Centre also offers information services for research scholars in the Member States.(http://www.sdc.gov.in)

SAARC Information Centre (SIC), Kathmandu, Nepal The SAARC Plan of Action on Media and Information adopted by the Information Ministers at their first meeting in Dhaka in 1998 called for the establishment of a SAARC Information Centre. This was approved by the Tenth Summit. However the Centre could be set up only recently. The objectives of SIC are to act as a nodal agency for collection of information of SAARC and its member states, work as facilitator in professional matters for print and electronic media, coordinate radio and TV productions, facilitate research and conduct training and skill transfer activities, act as an Information Bank of SAARC and its member countries, forge stronger intra-regional links for co-operation and collaboration among the media of SAARC countries, and interact with the (SAARC Audio-Visual Exchange) SAVE, SAARC Regional Centres, SAARC Apex and recognized bodies and other programmes within SAARC. http://www.saarc-sic.org South Asian University (SAU) South Asian University (SAU) is an international university established by the eight member nations of South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) viz. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.SAU started its operations from the academic year 2010. The university now offers post-graduate courses in various disciplines that include Development Economics, Computer Science, Biotechnology, Mathematics, Sociology, International Relations and Law. It will ultimately have 11 post-graduate faculties and a faculty of undergraduate studies. SAU attracts students from all member nations and its degrees are recognized by all the eight SAARC countries. The university is currently functioning from Akbar Bhawan Campus in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi before it eventually moves in to its 100-acre campus in Maidan Garhi, South Delhi where the construction is starting very soon. (http://www.southasianuniversity.org/) Many of the elements of the SAARC declaration resonate well with some of the actions required in the region as whole, although these could definitely be more ambitious. Table 3.8 lists the various events and programmes undertaken through SAARC declarations. | 33

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Table 3.8 : Events and Programmes Undertaken Through SAARC Declarations Nature of Events/Programme

Thematic Areas Making Joint tools and projects

Capacity Building and bridging of knowledge gap

•

Structure and movement of tropical cyclone over the North Indian Ocean simulated by the WRFARW model were studies

•

Vertical properties of convective system in and around Bangladesh derived from TRMM perception radar data were studied

•

Seasonal weather forecasting in Bangladesh using the Climate Predictability Tool (CPT) was begun

•

SAARC STORM pilot field experiment in 2009

•

A tool to simulate the climatology of thunderstorm over the SAARC region was created

•

SAARC Workshop on Coastal and Marine Risk Mitigation Plan for South Asia, Goa, India (March 27-28, 2008)

•

SAARC Workshop on Climate Change and Natural Disasters, Kathmandu, Nepal (August 21-22, 2008)

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SAARC Regional Workshop on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Development, Colombo, Sri Lanka, (14-15 November 2008)

•

SAARC Regional Workshop on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Development, Colombo, Sri Lanka, (14-15 November 2008).

•

Expert Group Meeting on Regional Natural Disaster Response Mechanism in 5-6 February, 2009

•

International Conference on Making Cities Resilient and launching a Global Campaign on Resilient Cities at New Delhi in 8-9 June 2010

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SAARC Regional Framework for Action "Children and Disasters " at Hyderabad India 7-11 February 2011

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SADKN Review cum Training Program 1-3 November 2011 at New Delhi India

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A Training Program on "Techniques for Earthquake Resistant Structures for Engineers and Architectures" June 18-29 , 2012 Roorkee, India

•

A Training Program on River Erosion & Embankment Safety Management in South Asia Region" July 12-18, 2012 Dhaka, Bangladesh

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A Training Program on "Role of Media in Disaster Risk Reduction in South Asia" July 16-27, 2012, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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A Regional Workshop on " Flood Risk Management in South Asia" at Islamabad , Pakistan 910 October 2012

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A Regional Training Program on ROLE OF INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM for Disaster Response (for Senior Emergency Responders) October 15-19, 2012, Patna, India.

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A training program on "Forest Fire Disaster Management in South Asia" at Bhutan from 5 - 9 November 2012

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A training program on "Climate Change and Water Resources Management for Drought prone areas of South Asia" at Kabul, Afghanistan from 15-26 November 2012

34 |

Overview of SAARC region Joint Research establishment

Funds and fund management

•

SARC Disaster Management Centre, New Delhi

•

SAARC Cultural Center (SCC), Colombo, Sri Lanka

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SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre (SZMC), Male, Maldives

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SAARC Human Resources Development Centre (SHRDC), Islamabad, Pakistan

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SAARC Agricultural Information Centre (SAIC), Dhaka, Bangladesh

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SAARC Tuberculosis Centre (STC), Kathmandu, Nepal

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SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC), New Delhi, India

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SAARC Information Centre (SIC), Kathmandu, Nepal

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SAARC Energy Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan

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SAARC Forestry Centre, Thimphu, Bhutan,

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SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC), Dhaka, Bangladesh

•

South Asian University (SAU), New Delhi, India

•

The SAARC Secretariat receives the following funds in addition to the country contributions. The funds are primarily:

•

South Asian Development Fund (SADF): It has a corpus of USD 300 million of which India has earmarked USD 100 million for this.

•

SAARC Japan Special Fund

•

SARC Fund for Regional Projects (SFRP)

•

SAARC Regional Fund (SRF)

The country contributions are on a pro rata basis, with the Indian government currently contributing on an average 100 million per year.

DESIGNATED SAARC YEARS 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2002-2003 2004 2006 2007

SAARC Year of Combating Drug Abuse and Drug Trafficking SAARC Year of Girl Child SAARC Year of Shelter SAARC Year of Environment SAARC Year of Disabled Persons SAARC Year of the Youth SAARC Year of Poverty Eradication SAARC Year of Literacy SAARC Year of Participatory Governance SAARC Year of Biodiversity SAARC Year of Contribution of Youth to Environment SAARC Awareness Year for TB and HIV/AIDS South Asia Tourism Year Green South Asia Year

SAARC DECADES: 1991-2000 SAARC Decade of the Girl Child 2001-2010 SAARC Decade of the Rights of the Child | 35

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

Afghanistan: Development in Climate Change Action and Disaster Management Climate Changen Action

National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBSAP)

Environmental Law (final version)

Ozone Regulation National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA)

Signed the UNFCCC as a Non-Annex I part

Forest Law

1971

Environmental Law

10th year Agriculture Master Plan (2007-2017)

NEPA National Strategic Plan 2007-2012

1991 1992 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

National Development Strategy (2008-2013)

Implementing National Climate change strategy by ratifying kyoto Protocol

National Action Plan for Adaptation

2008

2009

1st Initial National Communication to UNFCCC

Dhaka ministerial Declaration of the Climate vulnerable forum

GOA launched the Countrys Climate Change Programme

2010

2011

2012

Figure 3.1: Timeline of developments in climate change and disaster management action in Afghanistan

36 |

2013

Overview of SAARC region

Bangladesh: Development in Climate Change Action and Disaster Management

Figure 3.2: Timeline of developments in climate change and disaster management action in Bangladesh

| 37

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

Bhutan: Development in Climate Change Action and Disaster Management

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Figure 3.3: Timeline of developments in climate change and disaster management action in Bhutan

38|

Overview of SAARC region

India: Development in Climate Change Action and Disaster Management

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Figure 3.4: Timeline of developments in climate change and disaster management action in India

| 39

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

Maldives: Development in Climate Change Action and Disaster Management

Figure 3.5: Timeline of developments in climate change and disaster management action in Maldives

40 |

Overview of SAARC region

Nepal: Development in Climate Change Action and Disaster Management

1982 1986 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009

2010

2011 2013

National Disaster Response Frame Work (NDRF)

Figure 3.6: Development of climate change and Disaster management action in Nepal

| 41

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

Pakistan: Development in Climate Change Action and Disaster Management

National Disaster Management Plan 2013-22

Figure 3.7: Timeline of developments in climate change and disaster management action in Pakistan

42|

Climate Change Division (Cabinet Secretariate)

Overview of SAARC region

Sri Lanka: Development in Climate Change Action and Disaster Management

Figure3.8:Timeline of developments in climate change action and disaster management in Sri Lanka.

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4

Policy and Institutional Landscape of DRR & CCA

4.1

Afghanistan 4.1.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.1.1.1. Evolution of DRR The beginnings of an institutional structure for disaster management in Afghanistan came in 1972 following the series of disasters that hit the country. Recovering from an extended drought believed to have started in 1969, and reaching a critical state during 19972002, Afghanistan faces very bad/poor conditions as it is identified as a drought-risk hotspot, with conditions expected to deteriorate in the short term and bound to increase during the next 20 to 30 years, as findings of a 2008 study by CARE International and United Nations Office for Human Affairs show. Government efforts towards disaster preparedness and response work include vulnerability mapping at the regional level, trainings in disaster preparedness and response and incorporation of elements of disaster management under the social protection pillar of the Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS). The five-year ANDS finalized in 2008 as a roadmap for poverty reduction in Afghanistan includes disaster management within the social protection sector with a target statement suggesting that “by 2010 an effective system for disaster preparedness and response will be in place” (ANDS, 2005). The year 2003 was a watershed year in Afghanistan's disaster management. UNAMA facilitated programme better inter-agency coordination during disasters. It was in that year when the first National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was prepared. A new NDMP was submitted to the UNDP in October 2010. In the 2003 NDMP, DDP's role was articulated in terms of emergency response, while the line ministries are responsible for the “post-disaster recovery and development phase.” The first NDMP also assigned to UNAMA the role of “assisting the Government of Afghanistan in improving the management and coordination of disasters through the establishment and facilitation of multi-sector and multi-disciplinary programs and activities for enhancing capacity at all levels”. Afghanistan is among the member states of the United Nations that adopted the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 (HFA) in January 2005 in Kobe, Japan in the wake of the Indian Ocean Tsunami (SNAP, 2011). The HFA aims to achieve a substantial reduction | 51

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region of disaster losses by 2015 globally. The evaluation of the Community Disaster Risk Reduction Programme (CDRRP) eventually concluded that activities more in line with HFA and ANDS ought to be undertaken. Started in 2007, CDRRP was conceived to strengthen the capacity of key institutions involved in disaster management. The goal was “to reduce the level of community vulnerability to natural and human induced hazards down to manageable and humanitarian levels.” Despite its claimed achievements, it failed to enhance the coordinative capacity of ANDMA, which was identified by the most states holds in 2010 as a major problem facing Afghanistan facing. The UNDP project became known as National Disaster Management Project (NDMP). Since 2010 the UNDP National Disaster Management Project (UNDP/NDMP) had been the major project directly of disaster risk management supported by the United Nations in Afghanistan. The NDMP project seeks to achieve the same goal as CDRRP through its two outputs: enhancing the national institutional capacity and building provincial disaster management capacity thereby reducing risks and improving response and recovery management at all levels (UNDP, 2009). Afghanistan participates in the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR), which provides a mechanism for inter-governmental coordination for the Asia-Pacific region that the UNISDR promotes. The output of the AMCDRR held in Incheon, South Korea in October 2010 consists of the Regional Roadmap and Action Plan on DRR through CCA in Asia and the Pacific (called Incheon REMAP). The roadmap's lays down establishing of climate-resilient disaster risk management (DRM) systems that contribute to sustainable development at regional, national, sub-national and community levels. In the Incheon Declaration on DRR in Asia and the Pacific, the 'triple win' for DRR, CCA and poverty reduction has been noted. The 5th AMCDRR was held in October 2012 at Yogyakarta, Indonesia on the theme “Strengthening Local Capacity for Disaster Risk Reduction”.

4.1.1.2. Present Institutional Framework This Institutional Framework and Strategy has been prepared, with assistance from the Asian Development Bank under the Technical Assistance “Disaster Preparedness and Management Capacity Building”, for the review and consideration of of Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority (ANDMA). It presents the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan with a proposed national institutional framework and strategy for disaster risk management for their consideration and eventual adaptation (SNAP, 2011; DM framework http://www.andma.gov.af/). The underlying approach for good disaster risk management is one of government and people working together in a coordinated way, by means of a coherent disaster management system. An effective disaster management organization does not act independently of government it does not control other government departments and it works within the boundaries of its terms of reference as charted out by government. Therefore it constitutes an organizational system.

Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority (ANDMA) The (ANDMA) was initially established in 1971 as the Office of Disaster Preparedness (ODP) by the Government of Afghanistan as a coordination office, with support from the United Nations Disaster Response Office (UNDRO) mandated to support a multi-sectoral National Commission. The establishment of the ODP followed an avalanche that killed 360 people and displaced hundreds of families. The National Commission has never actually met and, as such, ANDMA has historically assumed the role of focal point for all disaster management activities. Since its establishment 37 years ago, ANDMA has undergone several re-locations within the Afghan Government, in the Ministry of Planning, in the Afghan Red Crescent, and within the Cabinet. Between 1980 and 1998, ANDMA was a member of the cabinet, enjoying ministerial status, and reporting directly to the Prime Minister of Afghanistan. In 1998, the Taliban regime re-located ANDMA to the State Office of General Administrative Affairs, with a substantially reduced authority and scope of intervention. Subsequently, given increased attention of the President to disaster management, ANDMA has been upgraded to ministerial level by an official decree, and an independent budget has been allocated.

52 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape ANDMA has the mandate to coordinate and manage all aspects of emergency response that relate to national disasters. This includes those aspects of post-disaster recovery and development that fall within the national disaster management policy and plan. In all cases, ANDMA coordinates its activities closely with relevant ministries. At the same time, considerable capacity strengthening is required for both ANDMA and ministries in order that they are able to effectively implement their mandate (Figure 4.1). The ANDMA strategic plan outlines the systems in place for disaster preparedness and once a disaster occurs, it guides ANDMA on decisions to be made, directions to be issued and appropriate coordination mechanisms. As per the disaster cycle, the activities to be carried out by the ANDMA have been organized in four stages: 1. During non-disaster situation (Mitigation & Preparedness); 2. Before a likely disaster (Preparedness & Warning Dissemination); 3. During disaster (Declaration, Immediate Response, Search & Rescue); and 4. After disaster (Recovery & Rehabilitation)

National Commission for Emergency and Disaster Management The institutional arrangements proposed for Afghanistan, shown in the chart below, include a National Commission for Emergency and Disaster Management (referred to as National Commission hereafter) consisting of relevant ministries tasked to intervene in disaster situations by utilizing their existing structures and resources in a coordinated fashion. An Executive Committee (ExCom) consisting of key ministries and authorities responsible for controlling the response efforts for the various emergencies, and an Emergency and Disaster Management Office (EDMO) a support office to mobilize existing government structures and resources during times of disasters in the context of the National Emergency Operations Centre located within its premises.

Office of the President

ANDMA

Emergency Operation Centre Guidlines Media

S O P

National Commission on Disaster Management

Coordination

National/International Organization

Regional Office

Line Ministries

Provincial Disaster Management and Response Commissions

District Disaster Management and Response Commission

Village Shuras / Development Committees

Figure 4.1: Institutional Mechanism for the Disaster Risk Management (Source: ANDMA)

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region The Table 4.1 shows the agencies & their roles identified & designed for DRR

Table 4.1: Role of agencies for DRR Agency Agency DDP National Commission

Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation & Development Ministry of Agriculture Irrigation and Livestock Ministry of Interior

Ministry of Irrigation & Environment Directory of Env.

Ministry of Health

Ministry of Public Defence

Ministry of Refugee & Repatriation Ministry of Information Communication and Technology

54 |

Role Coordinate disaster management activities at National level Declare emergency situation in case of devastating disaster and the end of it. Provide policy directions and integration of Disaster Management programmes in the national development framework. Adopt Disaster Management Plans prepared by the DDP and Line Ministries Be the primary agency responsible for “Earthquakes”, “Drought”, “Earthquake induced Landslides” Identifying places for evacuation, need assessment, relief, implement vulnerability reduction projects, poverty reduction Be the primary agency responsible for “Pest Attacks”, “Cattle Epidemics” Assessment of agriculture crops, livestock damage and food needs, provide seeds for early recovery. Be the primary agency responsible for “Fire”, “Air & Road Accidents” Security, evacuation, emergency assistance, search and rescue, first aid, law and order, communication, shifting of people to relief camps, traffic management. Burial work of dead bodies, Fire management. Be the primary agency responsible for “Floods”, “Dam Failures”, “Flash floods, Landslides & Mud flows”. Drought and flood management, watershed management, enforcement of land-use plan, evacuation from low-lying areas, identification of safer places, construct embankments, arrangement of boats and pump sets, swimmers and divers, communication Be the primary agency responsible for “Biological Disasters and Epidemics”. First aid, health and medical care, ambulance arrangements, preventive steps for other diseases, record of dead persons Be the primary agency responsible for “Explosions” & “Unexploded Ordinance” Security, search and rescue logistics, distribution of relief, equipment for emergency response, equipment for Rapid Assessment and Quick Response Team Be the primary agency responsible for “Extreme Winter situations” Emergency food aid and shelter Communicate warnings to the public, relay announcements issued by DDP, telecast special programmes for information and actions, education and awareness messages for preparedness actions and coordinated response. Promote disaster related policies, provides emergency communication systems, enable critical communication links with disaster sites.

Ministry of Transport

Logistics, transfer of relief material and relocation of affected people, road repairing, alternate routes

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Coordination/Liaison with International Aid Agencies, Foreign Governments

Ministry of Finance

Arrange necessary funds and ensure equitable distribution, manage accounts

Ministry of Economy

Allocation of funds on priority basis for disaster mitigation and rehabilitation projects

Ministry of Education

Training on Disaster Preparedness, Awareness Campaigns, Volunteer Teams

Policy and Institutional Landscape Ministry of Mines and Industries

Provide appropriate equipments for search and rescue, Relief Aid

Ministry of Housing and Building Reconstruction

Retrofitting and reconstruction, assessment of physical damage, Byelaws etc.

Ministry of Public Works

Maintenance of public infrastructure, search and rescue, identify safer places, assess physical damage, identify safer routes, provide necessary equipments for search and rescue, reconstruction and rehabilitation

Ministry of Commerce

Import of necessary items, protection of manpower and stored goods, maintenance of market prices

Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare

Provide volunteer teams, vocational training programs, socioeconomic rehabilitation of disabled,widows, children etc.

Ministry of Women Affairs

Protection of women and girl child, impart vocational awareness programs.

training and

Afghanistan Red Crescent Society

Overall disaster preparedness and response community level

programs at

Province Governors

Coordinate among province level officers of different departments, other agencies and local

Municipality Mayors

administration. Liaise with DDP and national EOC. All activities related to disaster preparedness, response and rehabilitation at the city level

International

Provide relief, coordinate with Government, conductawareness and capacity building programmes, preparedness activities at community level, assist inreconstruction and rehabilitation

(Source: Afghanistan national disaster management plan 2003; SNAP, 2012)

4.1.2. Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.1.2.1 Evolution of CCA Natural resources provide the livelihood basis for up to 80% of the Afghan population. Their sustainable use and management is therefore of essential importance to the well being of both present and future generations. At the same time, Afghanistan's natural resources are being degraded as immediate needs, ongoing conflict, internal displacement, high rates of population growth, low levels of education, and poverty result in prioritization of survival over the longer-term sustainability of natural resource use and management (NEPA, 2009). Whereas climate change is a global phenomenon, the effects are local. Although the specific physical impacts of climate change are determined by geography and micro level interactions between global warming and existing weather patterns, the impact of climate change in Afghanistan is likely to be particularly severe due to the arid/ semi-arid nature of the country. The importance of natural resources for rural livelihoods and the extreme poverty within which a large proportion of the Afghan population lives. The potentially far-reaching impact of biodiversity loss, climate change and desertification for the Afghan people has led the Government of Afghanistan to sign the UNCBD, UNCCD and UNFCCC (also known as the 'Rio Conventions'). However the phrase |55

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 'climate change' was not mentioned in the 2008 version of the ANDS.It is against this background that Afghanistan received funding from the GEF to undertake NCSA and a NAPA, with support from UNEP. The objectives of the NCSA are to: (1) identify, confirm or review priority issues for action within the thematic areas of biodiversity, climate change and desertification, respectively; (2) explore related capacity needs within and across the three thematic areas; (3) catalyze targeted and coordinated action and request for future external funding and assistance; and (4) link country action to the broader national environmental management and sustainable development framework. The objective of the NAPA is to serve as a simplified and direct channel of communication for information relating to the urgent and immediate adaptation needs of Afghanistan to the effects of climate change. In the case of Afghanistan, the implementation of NCSA and NAPA activities were combined into one process. The NAPA vision for Afghanistan is to increase amongst all stakeholders awareness of the effects of climate change and climate variability on their lives and to develop specific activities that build capacity to respond to current and future climate change threats (Figure 4.2). The objectives of the Afghanistan NAPA are to: (1) identify priority projects and activities that can help communities adapt to the adverse effects of climate change; (2) seek synergies with existing multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and development activities with an emphasis on both mitigating and adapting to the adverse effects of climate change; and (3) integrate climate change considerations into the national planning processes (NAPA 2009). A NAPA Team (Steering Committee) will be constituted to provide oversight to the project. The Steering Committee will be composed of representatives from the following institutions:  The Minister of Water Resources, Irrigation and Environment will be the chairman  Senior representative of AACA  A representative of Ministry of Finance  Representative of NGO  Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (MAIL) Ministry of Agriculture Irrigation on livistok  Ministry of Energy and Water

Figure 4.2: NAPA Institutional Structure

56 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape 4.1.2.2. Present Institutional Framework The new constitution of the Islamic Transitional State of Afghanistan has stated in its article 15 that “the state is obliged to adopt necessary measures for safeguarding forests and the environment”. It also states in article 7 that “The state shall abide by the UN charter, international treaties, international conventions that Afghanistan has signed, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights”. Accordingly, with the restructured transitional Government, the Loya Jirga of Afghanistan allocated the mandate for environmental management to the Ministry of Irrigation, Water Resources and Environment. The Ministry is headed by a Cabinet Minister and has two Deputy Ministers (one for irrigation and water resources and the other for environment) and twelve Directorates General. A Department of Environment has been created but at present does not have staff dedicated to work specifically on environmental issues. Capacity building and technical assistance is being provided by UNEP as well as by other UN agencies. The Department of Environment has begun the process of preparing a new environmental framework law; however new environmental policies have yet to be defined. Priority sectors for legislation include water, forests and endangered species. There is no specific climate change mandate within the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and responsibility for management of the phenomenon is de facto shared amongst a number of institutions, the most important of which are the NEPA and the MAIL (FTR 2008.) The acting focal point for UNFCCC is NEPA, which is also the focal point for the ozone treaties (namely the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol, to which Afghanistan acceded in 2004). NEPA is also the lead agency for the NCSA and NAPA processes. During the course of 2008 and beyond, NEPA intends to establish a climate change unit in its International Affairs Division. At the same time, activities that mitigate the impacts of climate change have been implemented primarily by MAIL, the institution traditionally holding the mandate for natural resource management (including agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, rangeland management, wildlife and national parks). Therefore at the administrative and institutional level, NEPA is the key climate change institution; however, in regard to adaptation to climate change, MAIL also performs very important functions. Additionally, the Department of Meteorology of the Ministry of Transportation collects climatic data, whilst the ANDMA of the President's Office, plays an important role in both preventing and responding to disasters, including climate-induced disasters. In late 2004, after the Presidential elections, the Cabinet was reshuffled and the environment mandate was carved off from its previous institutional home. Known during the interim period as the Independent Department of Environment, in May 2005 the fledgling institution was renamed NEPA. The Environment Law (Official Gazette No. 912 dated 25 January 2007) clarified the mandate, powers, responsibilities and functions of NEPA. NEPA's role within Afghanistan's government structure is that of overall environmental regulatory, policy-making, coordination, monitoring and enforcement institution, with the line ministries responsible for actual management of environmental resources.

National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) Since 2002, GEF and the UNEP have provided consistent technical and financial support to institutional strengthening and capacity building within the environmental field in Afghanistan. NEPA was established in 2005 and Afghanistan's first Environmental Law was drafted and signed by President. It then went though amendments by the National Assembly and the final version was finally promulgated in early 2007. The law defines the agency's function as well as its powers. NEPA serves as Afghanistan's environmental policy-making and regulatory institution. Its role is to regulate, coordinate, monitor and enforce environmental laws. The agency is expected to play a major role in environmental protection, as well as to be the nodal agency in dealing with the management of Afghanistan's environment so that it benefits all the citizens of Afghanistan. In 2012, NEPA has launched a USD $6 million climate change initiative, the first of its kind in the country's history. This landmark scheme - to be implemented by the UNEP and funded mainly by the GEF - aims to help communities that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as drought, and to build the capacity of Afghan institutions to address climate change risk. | 57

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

Ministry of Irrigation, Water Resources and Environment (MIWRE) For the first time in the history of the country, an authority for environmental management was mandated in the new governmental structure. The Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources (established under the Interim Administration) was allocated the additional responsibility for environmental management and renamed as the MIWRE. The mandate of the new ministry covers watershed management, including the maintenance, design and construction of water intakes, irrigation canals, and reservoirs as well as the ecological condition of catchments. Responsibility for environmental management as well as environmental degradation was also added to its mandate. When MIWRE was established, the country's environmental priorities had not been elaborated or defined, and the ministry operated largely without any policy guidance. Its current vision for environmental management reflects a traditional, sectoral approach, consisting of 700 staff members and individual units covering sanitation, hazardous waste, industry, agriculture, pollution, emergencies and disasters, and international relations. The operational plan divides the country into the five major water basins, with the Department of Irrigation representing MIWRE at the provincial and district levels. A Department of Environment has been created, but currently it does not have dedicated staff to work specifically on environmental management issues. Rather, the staff consist mainly of technical water and irrigation experts, consultants and engineers.

Other relevant environmental management bodies In addition to MIWRE, a number of other sector ministries and bodies also have significant environmental responsibilities: Afghan Assistance Co-ordination Authority (AACA): The AACA was created as a temporary institution to review and approve all reconstruction projects conducted by international agencies and bilateral donors. It also facilitates management, co-ordination and financial tracking of reconstruction efforts, and is responsible for government- wide capacity building strategies. AACA is governed by a board consisting of Hamid Karzai, the President, the Ministers of Finance, Planning, and Reconstruction, the head of the Central Bank, the Director of AACA and several eminent individuals from the private and non-governmental sectors. AACA has led the co-ordination of the National Development Framework and Budget. Ministry of Finance: This ministry's main responsibility is to prepare and monitor the state budget in cooperation with other ministries. This involves determining financial and monetary policies and channelling financial contributions through the appropriate funding mechanisms. Ministry of Urban Development and Housing: The ministry is responsible for overall policy development on reconstruction priorities and for coordinating international assistance. Ministry of Economy: This ministry is responsible for planning co-ordination and ensuring harmony with national policies and reconstruction priorities. Annual plans developed by each ministry will be forwarded to the Ministry of Planning for review and consolidation. They will then be incorporated into the national budget deliberations of the Ministry of Finance. Ministry of Agriculture Irrigation and livistok: This ministry has traditionally held and continues to hold responsibility for the management of key environmental sectors including forests, wildlife, wetlands and fisheries. It is also responsible for agricultural and rangelands, including cultivation, grazing and chemicals management. Protected areas management was conducted in co-operation with the Afghanistan Tourist Organisation. This ministry is a critical partner to the Ministry of Irrigation, Water Resources and Environment in field-level implementation of environmental policy and enforcement of regulations. Capacity building and technical assistance to the ministry is currently being provided by the FAO. Prior to the period of conflict, the ministry was represented in all provinces and in multiple districts. Many of these offices are staffed but are not conducting management activities due to a lack of capacity and equipment. 58 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape Ministry of Public Health: This ministry is divided into a prevention section and a treatment section. A Department of Environmental Health was first established in 1976. This department addresses health issues related to environmental pollution, such as air pollution-related diseases (respiratory infections, dust and smog), water pollution and sanitation-related diseases (intestinal, cholera, diarrhoea) and liquid and solid waste related diseases (infections, flies, rats, mosquitoes). In principle, the Department of Environmental Health has an environmental monitoring responsibility. However, it is currently unable to perform this function since laboratory facilities have been largely destroyed. The ministry is also responsible for the cleanup of environmental contamination, food safety of both imported and manufactured food, and provision of environmental inspectors to cities. WHO is assisting the Ministry of Public Health with a variety of health-related activities. Ministry of Urban Development and Housing: The ministry is responsible for the construction of housing, city planning, water supply and sewage systems and has established an environmental department. In principle, the ministry works closely with the municipalities. UN-Habitat supports many of their programmes, including those on urban waste, water, and sanitation. Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development: Overall responsibility for rural livelihood rests with this ministry. This includes a variety of activities from provision of seeds and medicines, to the construction of clinics, schools and village roads, to the management of village water supplies. The mandate of this ministry clearly overlaps with many other ministries. Due to the broad mandate of this ministry, it works closely with a variety of UN agencies, in particular the UNDP Area Based Development Programme. Ministry of Water and Power: This ministry has responsibility for national power supply, planning and reconstruction of hydropower dams, and management of surface water and reservoirs. It does not have an environmental department and limited collaboration is conducted with other ministries with water management mandates. Ministry of Mines and Petrolium: Responsibility for the development and management of mines and heavy industry, including wastes, is allocated to this ministry. At present it has neither an environmental department, nor the capacity for considering environmental impact of mining or industrial production. Ministry of Information and Culture: This ministry is responsible for the collection and distribution of information and for media. Responsibility for the organisation of environmental information has not been clarified. At an operational level, the ministry has responsibility for the management of national heritage sites, museums, and cultural centres. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Responsibility for international and regional environmental co-operation lies with this ministry, including participation in international environmental conventions. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). A number of national and international NGOs exist in Afghanistan. They provided valuable support to the Afghans during the years of conflict and they continue to play a critical role in the development process of the country. NGOs with environmental programmes include AREA, ARC, WV, AEC, SEA, CRS, DACAAR, MADERA, AA, and IRC. ACBAR established to co-ordinate NGO activities in the country, will be a useful focal point contact for the NCSA to broadly engage relevant NGOs in the implementation of the NCSA activities, especially at the provincial level, where they have a strong presence.

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4.2

Bangladesh 4.2.1 Policy and Institution Setup for DRR 4.2.1.1 Evolution of DRR Of all the natural risks facing Bangladesh, it was a tropical cyclone that hits the nation in 1991 killing an estimated 140,000 people dishousing homes of around 10 million people that catalyzed the Government of Bangladesh to finally take action to shift from a reactive to a proactive approach of disaster risk reduction. The Government of Bangladesh formulated SOD in 1997, which describes the detailed roles and responsibilities of committees, Ministries and other organizations in disaster risk reduction and emergency management, which ran from 1994 to 1998 and was housed in the Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation (MoR&R). The MoR&R has the responsibility for coordinating national disaster management efforts across all agencies. The SOD has served as a basic and main instrument since 1997, in line with the paradigm shift from conventional response and relief to a comprehensive disaster risk reduction. The SOD has been prepared with the avowed objective of making the concerned persons understand their duties and responsibilities regarding disaster management at all levels, and accomplishing them. All Ministries, Divisions/Departments and Agencies shall prepare their own Action Plans in respect of their responsibilities under the SOD for efficient implementation. The NDMC and IMDMCC will ensure coordination of disaster related activities at the national level. Coordination at district, upazila and union levels will be done by the respective District, Upa-zila and Union Disaster Management Committees. The Disaster Management Bureau will render all assistance to them by facilitating the process (GoB, 2010). In 2003, the MoFDM launched the Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) in partnership with DFID and UNDP. The European Commission became the Programme's third major donor in September 2006. CDMP sought to improve Bangladesh's disaster management system's ability to reduce unacceptable risks, improve response and recovery activities and support policy and planning reforms. To reflect this new orientation, the MoR & R was renamed as MoFDM in 2003. The MoFDM is the primary office coordinating government disaster management efforts in Bangladesh. The DMB was created in 1992 to serve as a technical arm to

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region the MoFDM, overseeing and coordinating all disaster management activities from the national to the grassroot level and maintaining liaison with government agencies, donors, and NGOs to ensure cooperation and coordination. National Disaster Management Policy (drafted in 2008, yet to be approved) defines the national policy on disaster risk reduction and emergency management. It also provides a strategic policy framework and disaster risk reduction doctrine. It is strategic in nature and describes the broad national objectives and strategies in disaster management. This policy explains the disaster management system in Bangladesh at national and sub-national level. First drafted in 2008, after more than three years of joint advocacy efforts, the Bangladesh Disaster Management Act (DMA) was approved by the MoFDM on 12 September 2012. The Act has been passed at a crucial point in phase II of CDMP. The CDMP will run from 2010 to 2014 and has a key focus on risk management and mainstreaming. The Act thereby provides a major opportunity to improve the delivery and coordination of emergency aid in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Disaster Management Act forms the legislative basis for the protection of life and property and to manage long term risks from the effect of hazards both natural, technological and human induced, and to respond and recover from a disaster event. In the coastal areas of Bangladesh cyclone shelters are being constructed over the last 30 years and new shelters are also going to be built by different organizations. A Cyclone Shelter Construction Maintenance and Management Policy 2011 has been formulated for the site selection and construction of new shelters and for multipurpose uses and maintenance of existing and new cyclone shelters in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. The GoB has begun to seriously address the issue of Disaster Management following the HFA 20052015. National Plan for Disaster Management 2010-2015 The Disaster Management and Relief Division, MoFDM launched the National Plan for Disaster Management in April 2010, to be implemented from 2010-2015. The Bangladesh National Plan for Disaster Management shall provide the overall guideline for the relevant sectors and the disaster management committees at all levels to prepare and implement their area specific plans. The plan identifies the key sectoral policy agenda for disaster management. Additionally, there will be a few hazard specific management plans, such as Flood Management Plan, Cyclone and Storm Surge and Tsunami Management Plan, Earthquake Management Plan, Drought Management Plan, River Erosion Management Plan, etc. Moreover, there will be a detailed Disaster Management Plan for each District, Upazila, Union and Paurashava and City Corporation of the country. A District Disaster Management Plan will be the compilation of the Upa-zila Disaster Management Plans of the district. Similarly a Upa-zila Disaster Management Plan will be the compilation of the union disaster management plans of that Upazila prepared by the Union DMCs. So DMCs at Union and Paurashava levels will be mainly responsible for conducting the risk assessments and prepare the ground level plans. Once developed those will be sent to the DMCs at one level higher – Upazila DMCs, whose role will be to verify and compile the union plans and identify the resource requirements for the Upazila (GOB, 2012). MoFDM has the overall responsibility of providing guidance for disaster risk reduction and emergency management planning (See figure 4.3).

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Policy and Institutional Landscape

Figure 4.3. National Plan for Disaster Management Bangladesh's regulative framework for disaster management provides for the relevant legislative, policy and best practice framework under which the activity of Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Management in Bangladesh is managed and implemented (Figure 4.4).

• •

• •

• •

Figure 4.4. Disaster Management Regulative Framework (Source: National plan for DM 2010-2015) | 63

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 4.2.1.2 Present Institutional Framework The Disaster Management and Relief Division (DM&RD), MoFDM has the responsibility for coordinating national disaster management efforts across all agencies. The legal frameworks for addressing disaster risk reduction in Bangladesh are the allocation of business for the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management and the Standing Orders on Disaster (figure 4.5). The SOD has been prepared to provide the nation with a guide for disaster risk reduction and emergency management activities. It defines the duties of relevant government entities responsible for disaster management at all levels of governance. All Ministries, Divisions / Departments and Agencies shall prepare their own Action Plans in respect of their responsibilities under the Standing Orders for efficient implementation. The NDMC and IMDMCC will ensure coordination of disaster related activities at the national level. The respective district, thana and union Disaster Management Committees will do coordination at district, thana and union levels. The Disaster Management Bureau will render all assistance to them by facilitating the process. A series of inter-related institutions, at both national and sub-national levels have been created to ensure effective planning and coordination of disaster risk education and emergency response management. Disaster Management Institutions in Bangladesh National Disaster Management Council (NDMC) Inter Ministerial Disaster Management Coordination Committee (IMDMCC) National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR)

CPP Implementation Board (CPPIB)

Ministry of Food & Disaster Management

Disaster Management & Relief Division (DM&RD)

Disaster Management Bureau (DMB)

National Disaster Management Advisory

Earthquake Preparadness & Awareness

Directorate of Relief & Rehabilitation (DRR)

Food Division

Director General of Food (DG Food)

District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC) Municipal Disaster Management Committe (MDMC)

Upazilla Disaster Management Committee

Zone Upazila

Union

City Corporation Disaster Management Committee (CCDMC)

CSDDWS Union Disaster Management Committee

FPOCG NGOCC DMTATF

Figure 4.5. Disaster Management Institutions in Bangladesh (Source: National Plan for DM, 2010-15) Nodal ministries/agency in Bangladesh working for various disasters

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Policy and Institutional Landscape The National Agencies mandated for DRR work at national level are shown in Table 4.2. Role of Agencies at National level at DRR

Table 4.2. Agencies at National level for DRR

Hazard Rank

National Agency Mandated

Hazard

1

Cyclone

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

2

Storm Surge

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

3

Thunderstorm

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

4

Tornado

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

5

Hailstorm

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

6

River Flooding

FFWC, BMD, BWDB, SPARRSO

7

Flash Flood

FFWC, BMD, BWDB, SPARRSO

8

Coastal Flooding

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

9

Drought

BMD, BWDB, DAE

10

Heat Wave

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

11

Cold Wave

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

12

Dense Fog

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

13

Landslide/Mudslide

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

14

Earthquake

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

15

Tsunami

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

16

Turbulence/Icing

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

17

Strong winds

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

18

Wind driven surge

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

19

Air pollution

Department of Environment, Atomic Energy Commission

20

Waterborne hazards

International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Department of Environment

21

River Erosion

Bangladesh Water Development Board | 65

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

4.2.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.2.2.1 Evolution of CCA During the 1990s, several prominent studies raised awareness about the climate change impact in the country, such as the Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad in 1994, Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies in 1994, and the Bangladesh Climate Change Country Studies Program in 1997 (Ali, 1999). The World Bank published a report in 2000 entitled “Bangladesh: Climate Change and Sustainable Development.” While the country has a long history of research on the effects of climate change as well as a number of early climate change adaptation projects, studies note a lag between research and policy initiatives, which were not implemented until the 2000s (Ayers & Haq, 2008; Adaptation Knowledge Platform, 2010). Climate change awareness in Bangladesh has developed and emerged as a priority in keeping with international action on the issue which occurred comparatively earlier than other LDCs, in SAARC region with knowledge of impacts existing in the academic community as early as the mid-1980s (Ayers & Haq, 2008). The GoB has taken various steps to minimize the impact of climate change in Bangladesh. The GoB has designated MoEF as the 'focal ministry' for providing coordination and the technical lead on all climate change related matters. MoEF led the drafting of Bangladesh Initial National communication in 2002, NAPA in 2005, various position papers and Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) in 2008 and then in 2009 issued the revised version incorporating the views of the Cabinet Review Committee. It provided a ten-year programme (2009-2018) to build the capacity and resilience of the country to meet the challenge of climate change. The programme is built on six pillars: food security, social protection and health; comprehensive disaster management; infrastructure; research and knowledge management; mitigation and low carbon development; and capacity building and institutional strengthening. There are 44 programmes listed in Annex (MoEF, 2008). The NAPA aimed to draw upon the understanding of the current state of affairs as gathered from discussions with relevant stakeholders from four sub-national workshops and one national workshop and it identifies the immediate and urgent needs of the country in regard to adaptation activities and has listed priority activities (MoEF, 2008). The NAPA was prepared keeping in mind the sustainable development goals and objectives of Bangladesh where the importance of addressing environmental issues and natural resource management with the participation of stakeholders in bargaining over resource use, allocation and distribution was recognized (MoEF, 2008). Involving key stakeholders was an integral part of the preparation process for assessing impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation measures. Policy makers, local representatives of the Government (Union Parishad Chairman and Members), scientific community members of the various research institutes, researchers, academicians, teachers (ranging from primary to tertiary levels), lawyers, doctors, ethnic groups, media, NGO and CBO representatives and indigenous women contributed to the development of the NAPA for Bangladesh. The GoB has developed a number of sectoral policies and plans since the 1990s. Considering the fact that Bangladesh is highly susceptible to climate change, only one sectoral policy on the Coastal Zone, has considered climate change. The Planning Commission has already incorporated climate change issues into ten-year, five-year and annual development plans and projects. Any project submitted to the Commission is checked for alignment with existing plans and policies, thus integrating climate change into higher-level plans and reinforcing mainstreaming. There is no separate policy for climate change issues; rather climate change is managed within the existing policy framework that encompasses the environment (1992), forests (1994) water (1999), land use (2001), fisheries (1998) and environmental management (1995). The National Water Policy (NWP) announced in 1999, is the first comprehensive look at short, medium and long-term perspectives for water resources in Bangladesh. The NWP was followed by the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) in 2001. The National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP), which was published in 1995, does not discuss climate change. Similar to NEMAP, the National Land Use Policy (NLUP) and the National Forest Policy (NFoP) does not make direct reference to climate change. Until recently, climate change was not addressed in the Poverty

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Policy and Institutional Landscape Reduction Strategy (PRS) papers either. The current PRS recognizes the threat of climate change and the adverse impact it can have on our development process. It understands the need for integration/mainstreaming of adaptation measures into other policy areas and the implementation of the adaptation projects identified in the NAPA. All these sectoral policies show that even though the potential to reduce the vulnerability to climate change exists in them, it is not being recognized and therefore implemented (MoEF, 2008) However, some policies, such as exports and industry, have components that can conflict with climate change concerns. For example, expanding shrimp cultivation in coastal areas without land-use planning (shrimp culture increases Salinization and erodes biodiversity — challenges exacerbated by climate change). Plans and policies were devised before the issue of climate change rose up the agenda. There are no plans to update the policy because this is a long and complex process and it is easier to make a new policy rather than update an existing one. The Planning Commission is currently reviewing all existing policies from ministries to assess whether they conflict with climate change issues. If conflicts are identified, they will advocate changing the policy, potentially a lengthy process. (Pervin 2013). The BCCSAP, updated in 2009, provides a review of the country's adaptation needs by priority area, as summarized in Table 4.3

Area of Focus Food security, social protection and health

Table 4.3. Priority Area for Adaptation Priority Actions    

Comprehensive disaster management

 

Infrastructure

   

Research and knowledge management

     

Capacity building and institutional strengthening

     

Increase resilience of most vulnerable groups through community -level adaptation, diversification of livelihoods, improved access to services and social protection schemes (e.g. insurance); Develop climate resilient cropping systems (including agricultura l research), as well as fisheries and livestock systems to ensure local and national food security; Implement surveillance systems for existing and new disease risks and to ensure health systems are poised to meet future demands; and Implement drinking w ater and sanitation programs in areas at risk from climate change, including coastal zones and other flood- and drought-prone areas. Improve the government’s and civil society’s ability to manage natural disasters and ensure that effective policies, laws, and regulations are in place; Enhance community-based adaptation programs and ensure they are in place in disaster prone parts of the country; and Enhance cyclone, storm surge, and flood early-warning systems. Repair existing infrastructure – including coastal embankments, river embankments, and drainage systems – to ensure effective operation and maintenance systems; Plan, design and construct needed new infrastructure, including cyclone shelters, coastal and river embankments, water management systems, urban drainage systems, etc.; and Undertake strategic planning of future infrastructure needs, and take into account (a) patterns of urbanization and socioeconomic development; and (b) the changing hydrology of the country. Improve climate change modeling scenarios for Bangladesh by applying methodologies at the regional and national levels; Model the likely hydrological impacts of climate change in the Ganges -Brahmaputra-Meghna system in order to assess future system discharges and river levels to feed into flood protection embankment measures; Monitor and research the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and biodiversity; Analyze the impacts of climate change on Bangladesh’s macro-economy as well as key sectors; Research the linkages between climate change, poverty, health, and vulnerability in order to ascertain how the resilience of the most vulnerable households may be improved; and Create a Centre for Research and Knowledge Management on Climate Change to ensure that Bangladesh has access to the most current ideas and technologies available globally.

Revise all government policies to ensure they consider climate change and its impacts; Mainstream climate change considerations in national, sectoral, and spatial development planning; Build the capacity of key government ministries and agencies to move forward on climate change adaptation; Improve the capacity of the government to undertake international and regional negotiations on climate change; Build the capacity of government, civil society, and the private sector on carbon financing; and Build the capacity for education and training of environmental refugees to ease migration to other countries and integration into new societies.

Source: Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South Asia | 67

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 4.2.2.2 Present Institutional Framework The MoEF is the focal ministry for all work on climate change in Bangladesh, including international negotiations. The Government of Bangladesh recognizes the need to strengthen their institutions to respond effectively to the enormous challenges of climate change. A National Steering Committee on Climate Change has been established to coordinate and facilitate national actions on climate change. A Climate Change Secretariat has been set up in the MoEF, to support the National Steering Committee on Climate Change. It is working with climate change cells in all ministries (Figure 4.6 and 4.7).

Climate Change Action Plan Organization Chart (MoEF, 2008; Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Adaptation Plan 2009) National Environment Council Headed by Chief Adviser Strategic guidance and oversight

Climate Change Secretariat

Climate Change Cells in all Ministries Plan and implement activities within their remit

Figure 4.6. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Adaptation Plan 2009 Immediately after the Bali Conference (COP 13), the Government formed the National Steering Committee on Climate Change chaired by the Minister of MoEF. It comprises secretaries of all climate-affected ministries, divisions, and representatives of civil society and business community. There are secretaries from Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resource, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, Economic Relation Division, Fisheries Department, Land Ministry, Meteorological Department etc. It is tasked with developing and overseeing implementation of the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. Five technical working groups were also constituted on adaptation, mitigation, technology transfer, financing and public awareness. Very recently, the Government has established a National Climate Change Fund, with an initial capitalization of 45 million (USD) later raised to 100 million (USD), which will focus mainly on adaptation. Climate change is a crosscutting issue, necessitating a broad range of policy and institutional arrangements. In Bangladesh, the institutional and legal framework is strongly conducive to the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation. The government has established steering committees on climate change. The institutional architecture that is being rolled out to plan for climate change is new and it overlaps or bypasses the traditional institutional architecture, led by the Planning Commission and various ministries. Synergies between institutional roles and responsibilities for climate change planning need to be encouraged (Pervin, 2013). 68 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape

Figure 4.7. Institutional arrangements in Bangladesh ( Pervin, 2013) In the existing development planning process, projects are approved by the Planning Commission, Ministry of Planning, and then the executing agency implements them. But for climate change projects, the MOEF applies for support from either of the two main funds and the application is reviewed by the climate change cell. If the project is below US$250 million, it will not need to go to the Executive Committee of National Economic Council (ECNEC), which is the highest authority for approving development activities. In this case, the Ministry of Planning can approve it directly, to avoid delay and increase flexibility. In order to mainstream both the funds within the national planning process and integrate them into local level, management functions of BCCTF and BCCRF need to be reallocated in line with other ministries, like the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives. The role of local bodies and NGOs in adaptation planning needs to be articulated. NGOs are also implementing some projects through donor funds and contributing to mainstreaming through awareness, capacity building and information. Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) The MoEF is the focal ministry for all work on climate change, including international negotiations. It provides the Secretariat for the recently- established National Environment Committee, which ensures a strategic overview of environmental issues and is chaired by the Chief Adviser. In 2005, the Government of Bangladesh launched its NAPA, in partnership with other stakeholders, which highlights the main adverse effects of climate change and identifies adaptation needs. The Climate Change Cell under the MoEF supports the mainstreaming of climate change into national development planning and has developed a network of 34 'focal points' in different government agencies, research and other organizations. Bangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO) SPARRSO is a state agency concerned with astronomical research and the application of space technology in Bangladesh. SPARRSO works closely with JAXA, NASA and the ESA in environmental and meteorological research. Using Japanese and American satellites, SPARRSO monitors agro-climatic conditions and water resources in Bangladesh Bangladesh Meteorological Department Bangladesh Meteorological Department is the authorized Government organization for all meteorological activities in the country. It maintains a network of surface and upper air observatories, radar and satellite stations, agro-meteorological observatories,

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region geomagnetic and seismological observatories and meteorological telecommunication system. The department has its headquarters in Dhaka with two regional centers i.e. Storm Warning Centre (SWC), Dhaka and Meteorological & Geo-Physical Centre (M & GC), Chittagong.” Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) started its operation in 1959 as the principal agency of the government for managing water resources of the country. It was given the responsibility of accomplishing the tasks of executing flood control, drainage and irrigation projects to increase productivity in agriculture and fisheries. Flood Forecasting and Early Warning Centre of Bangladesh Water Development Board, under the Ministry of Water Resources, is the key institution in this field. Other Institutions: There are about 35 other ministries also responsible for sectors that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including agencies responsible for water resources, health, agriculture, urban planning, roads and transport.

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4.3

Bhutan 4.3.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.3.1.1 Evolution of DRR Bhutan faces potential threats from glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Climate change is causing glacial lakes to recede by 30 to 40 meters every year, and the risk of glacial lake outbursts increases as global warming progresses. Bhutan is exposed to a range of natural hazards but it is the underlying vulnerabilities that intervene in the translation of this physical exposure to hazards into disaster risks. A complex interplay of social, economic and cultural factors determines these vulnerabilities and is increasing the impacts of hazard events over the years. Therefore the priority areas of actions are: (1) Safe construction practices, (2) Controlled urbanization; (3) Adequate Land-use management; (4) Socio-economic factors; and (4) Enhance awareness (NEC, 2008). A Disaster Management Information System (DMIS), a geo-referenced national database for all disaster events was launched in 2010. The purpose of DMIS is to record pertinent information about all natural disasters especially in terms of their impact, which would enable the government to identify, assess and quantify the exact nature of threats posed by natural hazards in the context of specific geographical areas. Article 8(6) of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan provides the responsibility of every Bhutanese to provide help to victims of accidents and in times of natural calamities. The Environmental Assessment Acts-2002, the Mines and Minerals Management Act, the Bhutan Water Policy-2003, the Land Act and the Bhutan Building Rules-2002 indirectly support disaster management. The National Disaster Management Framework was published in 2006 (NEC, 2008). The key objectives of the Framework are to: i.

Promote a disaster risk management approach with an emphasis on prevention, mitigation and preparedness, instead of an ad hoc reactive approach to dealing with disasters;

ii.

Recognize the respective roles of different organizations in disaster risk management and provide all possible support to their work within the national framework for disaster risk management; and | 71

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region iii.

Establish linkages between disaster risk management and the other on-going activities in different development sectors.

The Parliament of Bhutan on 27 February 2013 adopted the Disaster Management Act, after almost four years of the bill being drafted. Under the aegis of the Home and Cultural Affairs Ministry, the Act streamlines some response mechanisms. It was in 2009, the same year cyclone 'Aila' damaged the public infrastructure worth millions of ngultrum, that the bill was first drafted to respond to any major natural disasters in the country. The Act after its enactment will streamline challenges through the establishment of an emergency operation center. 4.3.1.2 Present Institutional Framework The establishment of the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs (MoHCA) as the nodal agency by the Royal Government of Bhutan is an important step in the overall framework for disaster management in Bhutan primarily because the country's administrative units like the Dzongkhags, Dungkhags and the Gewog administrations fall under the administrative functioning of the Ministry. Additionally, Department of Disaster Management (DDM) in the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs is the National coordinating agency for disaster management in Bhutan (Figure, 4.8). It consists of three divisions: Preparedness and Mitigation, Response and Early Warning, and Relief and Reconstruction. As per DM Act 2013, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the highest-ranking executive body for disaster management, and is chaired by the Hon'ble Prime Minster. DDM shall act as Department/Secretariat and executive arm of the NDMA and as the nodal National Coordinating Agency for disaster management. The DDM is responsible for preparing the National Plan in coordination with relevant Agencies; formulate national standards, guidelines and standard operating procedures for disaster management; develop and implement public education, awareness and capacity building programme on disaster management; develop standard training module and curriculum on disaster management in coordination with relevant agencies; develop, maintain and update Disaster Management Information System in coordination with relevant agencies; ensure the implementation of Disaster Management and Contingency Plan and disaster management activities at all levels; facilitate the constitution of Disaster Management Committees and ensure its efficient functioning; facilitate the formulation of hazard zonation and vulnerability maps by relevant agencies; facilitate and coordinate the setting up of Critical Disaster Management Facility and ensure its effective and efficient functioning; facilitate the establishment/commissioning of research, development and training in the field of disaster management; collaborate with

Figure 4.8 Disaster Management Institutions as per Disaster Management Act-2013 of the Kingdom of Bhutan 72 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape Government of other countries, legitimate international organizations, international non-governmental organizations, business establishments or volunteer groups identified by the NDMA; facilitate and coordinate international disaster response, relief and recovery assistance on a day-to-day basis in accordance with the rules and regulations framed under the Act; coordinate and support Dzongkhag Disaster Management Committee during disaster response and relief operation including recovery and reconstruction; submit periodic report to the NDMA on all issues pertaining to disaster management; and perform such other function as may be prescribed under the DM Act or any law in force or as directed by the NDMA. The Inter-Ministerial Task Force, which is comprised of technical experts from relevant agencies will be chaired by the Head of DDM. The Inter-Ministerial Task Force's main functions will be reviewing hazard zonation and vulnerability map and structural and nonstructural measures; reviewing disaster risk reduction and disaster management activities; reviewing national standards, guidelines and standard operating procedures for disaster management; providing necessary technical assistance in the preparation of Disaster Management and Contingency Plans, where necessary; advising relevant agency in setting up Critical Disaster Management Facility; and performing such other function as may be directed by the NDMA.

4.3.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.3.2.1 Evolution of CCA As the first least developed country to submit its NAPA in 2006, Bhutan has accessed funding from the Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF) and is currently implementing a project comprising of three priority activities out of nine activities. The project with a funding of US$ 3.5 million from the Least Developed Countries Fund and an equal co-financing from other partners is in the year of implementation. The NAPA provides the priorities for the immediate and urgent adaptation to climate change in Bhutan. Bhutan is the only country that has received funds from the LDCF for NAPA so far. The strength of Bhutan's NAPA is that its contents reflected the genuine priorities of the stakeholder agencies as they were involved at every stage of the NAPA formulation. With the availability of more funds to fund NAPA projects in LDC countries, Bhutan could access funds for a few more projects prioritized in NAPA. However, the NAPA document itself might need to be updated in the coming years to keep it in sync with the priorities of stakeholder agencies. The Gross National Happiness Commission (GNHC) Secretariat facilitates mainstreaming environment into national policies and programmes while the National Environment Commission Secretariat (NECS) supports the development of procedures and tools for environmental mainstreaming. Building on these structures and policies already in place, Bhutan requires the human capital, financial resources and knowledge to implement strategies and achieve full mainstreaming of climate change into development and economic policy. Further, additional activities may include addressing climate proofing of development activities, incorporating climate change into environmental impact assessment procedures, and addressing climate proofing the Policy Formulation Protocol of the (RGoB). Through the Planning Commission, the Royal Government of Bhutan has developed a Vision Statement with a visionary strategy known as “Bhutan 2020: A Vision for Peace, Prosperity and Happiness.” Its emphasis is on maintaining forest area, developing environmental friendly power generating sources and balancing economic development environmental conservation. Bhutan's Vision 2020 and the “Middle Path” along with the development philosophy of “Gross National Happiness” have been vital instruments for raising the profile of environmental conservation amongst policy makers and the general public. The “Middle Path” was adopted as Bhutan's National Environment Strategy in 1999 and outlines three main avenues of sustainable economic development: expanding hydropower, increasing agricultural self-sufficiency and expanding the industrial base. Additionally, the (EA Act, 2000), (NEPA)-2007, Forest and Nature Conservation Act 1995 and the Mines and Minerals Act 1995 are some of the existing legislations on environment. However, there is an urgent need to rewrite/revise these documents to make them more sensitive to climate change. Currently, there is no comprehensive national climate change policy in Bhutan. However, climate change has direct impacts on all of these avenues; the strategy makes no specific mention of climate change. | 73

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region The climate change screening of Danish Development assistance in Bhutan carried out by DANIDA lists a set of comprehensive recommendations that highlight interventions necessary for Bhutan to enhance its adaptive capacity to climate change. As a follow up to the climate screening exercise, DANIDA is already supporting a project “Support to Enhancing Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change” based on some of the recommendations. The following recommendations are from the Danish climate change screening exercise (NEC, 2008, 2009): 1. Establishment of National Climate Change Committee 2. Establishment of Climate Change Unit in NEC 3. Establishment of a Technical National Climate Change Committee 4. Need for capacity development within the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MEA) to collect and manage climate date and develop climate models and forecasting. 5. Development of a National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS)

Figure 4.9: Present Institutional Framework in Bhutan (Source: Adopted from http://www.nec.gov.bt/ on 13 May, 2013) 74 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape 4.3.2.2 Present Institutional Framework The National Environment Commission is the national focal agency for climate change in Bhutan and also the National Focal Agency for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The NEC is the also the Designated National Authority under the Kyoto Protocol for the Clean Development Mechanism. A Deputy Minister heads the NEC, which functions as an autonomous high-level interministerial agency of the RgoB (Figure 4.9). The NEC does not have a department dedicated to climate change, nor staff assigned on a full-time basis to climate change issues. The Initial National Communication to UNFCCC (2000) was prepared by the NEC, which then formed the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC), a technical level task force. The NCCC is not a permanent entity and only convenes for project implementation, e.g. to prepare national communications or the NAPA. In the absence of climate change activities funded by donors, the NCCC is not operational (NEC, 2008, 2009). A Multispectral Technical Committee on Climate Change (MSTCCC) also supports the NEC in coordinating climate change activities in Bhutan in a technical and advisory role. Many agencies, NGOs and organizations in Bhutan also implement various activities and projects related to climate change within their respective sectors. Three projects prioritized under the Bhutan NAPA are already being implemented. These three projects consume as much as 50% of the NAPA project budget. If there are funding opportunities under the LDCF or the special adaptation fund, the NAPA project list should continue to be the basis for developing climate-change related projects for funding through these windows. However, the health sector in the current NAPA is restricted to only emergency medicine. Disease surveillance, reporting and prevention of climate sensitive diseases need to be incorporated in the NAPA if there are opportunities to update NAPA.

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4.4

India 4.4.1 Policy and Intitutional Setup for DRR 4.4.1.1 Evolution of DRR Disaster management in India has evolved from an activity-based reactive setup to a proactive institutionalized structure; from single faculty domain to a multi-stakeholder setup; and from a relief-based approach to a ‘multi-dimensional pro-active holistic approach for reducing risk’. The beginning of an institutional structure for disaster management can be traced to the British period following the series of disasters such as famines of 1900, 1905, 1907 & 1943, and the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 1937. Over the past century, the disaster management in India has undergone substantive changes in its composition, nature and policy (MHA, 2011). During the British administration, relief departments were set up for emergencies during disasters. Such an activity-based setup with a reactive approach was functional only in the post-disaster scenarios. The policy was relief-oriented and activities included designing relief codes and initialising food for work programmes. Post-Independence, the task for managing disasters continued to rest with the Relief Commissioners in each state, who functioned under the Central Relief Commissioner, with their role limited to distribution of relief material and money in the affected areas. Every five-year plan addressed flood disasters under “Irrigation, Command Area Development and Flood Control”. Until this stage, the disaster management structure was activity-based, functioning under the Relief Departments (MHA, 2011; Patwardhan, 2007). A permanent and institutionalized setup began in the decade of 1990s with setting up of a disaster management cell under the Ministry of Agriculture, following the declaration of the decade of 1990 as the 'International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction' (IDNDR) by the UN General Assembly. Following series of disasters such as Latur Earthquake (1993), Malpa Landslide (1994), Orissa Super Cyclone (1999) and Bhuj Earthquake (2001), a high-powered Committee under the chairmanship of Mr. J.C. Pant, Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture was constituted for drawing up a systematic, comprehensive and holistic approach towards disasters. There

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region was a shift in policy from an approach of relief through financial aid to a holistic one for addressing disaster management. Consequently, the disaster management division was shifted under the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2002 and a hierarchical structure for disaster management evolved in India. Shifting from relief and response mode to preparedness (early warning systems, forecasting and monitoring setup) for various hazards turning into disasters, a multi-stakeholder high-powered group in 2002 was setup by involving representatives from different ministries and departments. Some of these ministries were also designated as the nodal authorities for specific disasters. Following a High Powered Committee Report on Disaster Management for establishment of a separate institutional structure for addressing disasters and enactment of a suitable law for institutionalizing disaster management in the country, multi-level links between these ministries and the disaster management framework have emerged. The Disaster Management Act was adopted in 2005. This Act provides for the effective management of disaster and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. It provides institutional mechanisms for drawing up and monitoring the implementation of the disaster management. The Act also ensures measures by the various wings of the Government for prevention and mitigation of disasters and prompt response to any disaster situation. The Act provides for setting up of a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) under the chairmanship of the Chief Ministers, District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) under the chairmanship of Collectors/District Magistrates/Deputy Commissioners. For training of persons for disaster management will be facilitated through the National Institute of Disaster Management (MHA, 2011). In 2007, the National Disaster Management Guideline was issued by NDMA, which provided the guiding principles for the preparation of State Plans. In 2009, the Union Cabinet approved the National Policy on Disaster Management. The Policy detailed the institutional, legal and financial arrangements, identified roles of all relevant stakeholders at various levels. Based on a typical disaster management continuum, and adopting a holistic and integrated approach, the Policy binds all elements together, provides an enabling environment for disaster management in the country, covering disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness; response; relief and rehabilitation; reconstruction and recovery. The Policy, deploys a set of strategic approaches to capacity development, synthesis of the technical knowledge and ecological practices, as well as the research and development effort. Nodal Ministries in India for various disasters Some of the ministries are designated as the nodal authorities for specific disasters in India (Table 4.4). This shows the emergence of multi-level links between these ministries and the disaster management framework. The National Mitigation Plans are under preparation by the concerned nodal ministries for disasters in respect of which the Nodal Ministries have been identified and designated. The Nodal Officers of the ministries concerned with the disasters are the conveners of the National Mitigation Plan Committees and are required to complete the Mitigation Plan in consultation with the members concerned with the respective disasters in NDMA.

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Policy and Institutional Landscape Table 4.4: Nodal Ministries in India for various disasters (MHA, 2011) SNo.

Disaster

Disaster Management by

Mitigation Efforts Nodal Ministry

Member Ministries on Mitigation Plan Committee

1.

Earthquake

MHA

Ministry of Earth Sciences

Ministries of Science and Technology, Urban Development; Rural Development; HRD; Health & Family Welfare; Panchayati Raj; Youth Affairs & Sports; Women & Child Development; IT & Telecommunication; I& B; and Space

2.

Flood

MHA

Space; Telecommunication

3.

Drought, Hailstorm and Pest Attack Landslides Avalanche Forest Fire

A&C

Ministry of Water Resources Deptt. of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Mines Ministry of Defense Ministry of Environment and Forests Deptt. of Atomic Energy Ministry of Environment and Forests Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

MHA MHA E&F MHA/AE E&F

9.

Nuclear Disaster Industrial and Chemical Disasters Biological Disasters

10. 11.

Rail Accidents Road Accidents

Rly RTH&S

12. 13.

Aviation Accidents Cyclone/ Tornado*/Hurricane

CA MHA

14.

Tsunami

MHA

H& FW

---

Road Transport and Highways and shipping Road Transport and Highways and shipping --Defense; Health and Family Welfare --Defense, Environment and Forests, Agriculture and Co-operation, Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, and Chemical & Fertilizers -----

Ministry of Railways Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and shipping Ministry of Civil Aviation --India Meteorological Deptt. under Ministry of Earth Sciences Ministry of Earth Sciences ---

Source: Disaster Management in India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2011 & STORM, 2005

4.4.1.2 Present Institutional Framework A legal institutional framework developed based on the provision of the Act across the country, in vertical and horizontal hierarchical and in the federal setup of country may be seen in the Figure 4.4 for appreciation of response mechanism which has been put in place. The National Disaster Management Authority has been established at the center, and the state and district authorities are gradually being formalized. In addition to this, the National Crisis Management Committee, part of the earlier setup, also functions at the Centre. The nodal ministries, as identified for different disaster types function under the overall guidance of the Ministry of Home Affairs (nodal ministry for disaster management). The stakeholders involved, however, remain largely the same. This makes the stakeholders interact at different levels with the disaster management framework. Within this transitional and evolving setup two distinct features of the institutional structure for disaster management can be | 79

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region identified. Firstly, the structure is hierarchical and functions at four levels – Centre, State, District and Local. In both the setups – one that existed prior to the implementation of the Bill, and other that is being formalized post-implementation of the Bill, there have existed institutionalized structures at the Centre, State, District and local levels. Each preceding level guides the activities and decision making at the next level in hierarchy. Secondly, it is a multi-stakeholder setup, i.e., the structure draws involvement of various relevant ministries, government departments and administrative bodies (Figure 4.11).

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) th

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was initially constituted on 30 May 2005 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister vide an executive order. Following enactment of the Government and the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the NDMA was formally constituted in accordance with the Section-3(1) of the Act on 27th September 2006 with the Prime Minister as its chairperson and nine other members, and one such member to be designated as Vice-Chairperson.

National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) In the backdrop of the International decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), a National Centre for Disaster Management was established at the Indian Institute for Public Administration (IIPA) in 1995. The Centre was upgraded and designated as the National Institute of Disaster management (NIDM) on 16th October 2003. It has now achieved the status of a statutory organization under the Disaster Management Act, 2005. Section 42 of Chapter VII of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 entrusts the institute with numerous responsibilities, namely to develop training modules, undertake research and documentation in disaster management, organize training programmes, undertake and organize study courses, conferences, lectures and seminars to promote and institutionalize disaster management, undertake and provide for publication of journals, research papers and books.

Figure 4.11: Legal Institutional Framework (Source: MHA, 2011) LEGAL-INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Disaster Management Act 2005

Central Government

State Government

MHA (DM cell) Nodal Ministry

NIDM

NDMA

NDRF SDMA

District Administration

Panchayat

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Municipalities

National Executive Committee Chair: HS

DMD

DDMA

State Executive Committee Chair: CS

Policy and Institutional Landscape National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has been constituted under Section 44 of the DM Act, 2005 by upgradation/conversion of eight standard battalions of Central Para Military Forces i.e. two battalions each from Border Security Force (BSF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) to build them up as a specialist force to respond to disaster or disaster like situations.

Interface between the stakeholders for disaster management The interface between stakeholders and the disaster management framework is permanent, backed by legislative measures and decisions, such as those taken for establishment of the bodies and committees for managing disasters and the government orders to execute these decisions. These decisions or measures guide the composition of the structure by identifying the stakeholders to be involved in the disaster management framework. The role to be performed by each stakeholder is in the evolving stage and needs to be defined within different SOPs. Thus, while the involvement of stakeholders in the interface is mandated and permanent, the nature of interface is guided by the expertise or relevance of the stakeholder to the disaster management framework (MHA, 2011). The expertise-based interfaces emerge when the stakeholders serve as 'service providers' to the disaster management framework. For instance, the institutions under Ministry of Earth Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, that is, Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and Central Water Commission (CWC) respectively, provide information on the weather and climatic parameters and the potential hazards and threats to the nodal authority. Further, these organizations are involved with disaster planning activities – flood zonation and flood plain management in case of CWC, and hazard mapping and database generation in case of IMD. The organizations and institutions under the Department of Space provide research and technical support by monitoring the weather elements and facilitating satellite based communication, and also undertaking activities such as land use mapping and hazard zoning (Patwardhan, 2007; MHA, 2011).

Figure 4.12: interface among the stakeholders, leading to the development of society (Source: MHA. 2011) | 81

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

4.4.2 Policy and Intitutional Setup for CCA 4.4.2.1 Evolution of CCA Climate change action in India has developed and emerged as a priority in keeping with international action on the issue. The First World Climate Conference in 1979 recognized climate change as an issue of international importance. Focused action on climate change in India, however, only came with the ratification to various international treaties and conventions Table 4.5. These were 1985 Vienna Convention and its 1987 Montreal Protocol, 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The design of the institutional structure for addressing action on climate change in India has been guided by the needs of these international commitments (Mall et al., 2011). The Government of India is actively involved with climate change activities since long. India is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Eight session of the Conference of Parties (COP-8) to the UN convention on Climate Change in 2002, New Delhi ended here with a Delhi Declaration which has successfully resolved the technical parameters necessary for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol (1997). The Delhi Declaration gave primacy to the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the climate change process. The National Clean Development Mechanism Authority is operational since December 2003 to support implementation of CDM projects. The Bali conference on climate change (December 2009) showed all the countries the way forward to the next phase of the campaign to control the planet's changing climate, the specific objective being to put a multilateral arrangement in place that will succeed the 1997 Kyoto Protocol of the UN convention on Climate Change, which will terminate in 2012. However, domestically, India only started to commission concrete actions on climate change very recently. It completed its Initial National Communication in 2004 and submitted Second National Communication to UNFCCC in 2012. The NATCOM- 2012 has been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Articles 4.1 and 12.1 of the Convention and guidelines contained in 17/CP.8 of the Conference of Parties. The elements of information comprises, as required, information on Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation besides an overview of the National Circumstances within which the challenges of climate change are being addressed and responded to (NATCOM, 2012). Table 4.5. Legislations related to climate change action in India Area

Acts

Air pollution

1. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended 1987

Environmental protection

2. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, amended 1991 3. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended 1988

Forest protection Institutionalize energy efficiency measures, reduction of specific energy consumption

In compliance with section 3 of the Electricity Act 2003 Mandates 5% blending of ethanol with gasoline from 1 January 2003 in 9 States and 4 Union Territories

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4. Energy Conservation Act, 2001

Tariff Policy*, 2003 Ethanol Blending of Gasolene,2003

Policy and Institutional Landscape 162 Hydel projects have been identified for project preparation and implementation Energy: Electricity sector Petroleum & Natural Gas Resources Promotes dependence on sustainable, renewable energy sources Energy and GHGs Cost effective renewable energy technologies

50,000 MW Hydroelectric Initiative, 2003 Electricity Act 2003, amended in 2005 Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006 New and Renewables Energy Policy, 2005 Integrated Energy Policy, 2006 Rural Electrification Policy 2006

Mandates biodiesel procurement by petroleum cos. Biodiesel Purchase Policy* Mandatory energy efficiency code for all building with > 500 kVA Energy Conservation Building Code, connected load or conditioned floor area > 1000 m2 2006 replacement of incandescent by CFLs in households using CDM credits to Bachat Lamp Yojana**, equate purchase price; safe collection and disposal of used CFLs Combating Climate Change at National level National Action Plan for Climate Change*,2008 To set a target for the reduction of targeted greenhouse gas emissions; to The Climate Change Bill***, 2012 establish a National Committee on climate change; to provide for carbon budgeting and carbon trading schemes and to encourage other such activities; to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and for matters connected there with or incidental thereto Sources: Ghosh, 2009 *Policy ** Action *** Bill

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) To address the future challenges, in June 2007, the Government has constituted a high-level advisory council on climate change under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister and prepared a ‘National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)’ and that was released by the Prime minister of India on 30th June 2008 outlining existing and future policies and programs addressing climate mitigation and adaptation (http:/pmindia.nic.in/ Climate%20Change_16.03.09.pdf); which is in line with the international commitments and relates to sustainable development, co-benefits to society at large, focus on adaptation, mitigation, and scientific research (NAPCC, 2008). The plan is to be implemented thorough eight 'national missions' running through 2017 representing multi-pronged, long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals: 1. National Solar Mission 2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency 3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat 4. National Water Mission 5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem 6. National Mission for a Green India 7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture 8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change The Plan identifies eight core “national missions” running through to 2017 and directs ministries to submit detailed implementation plans to the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change (Table 4.6).

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Table 4.6: the eight cores “national missions” of NAPCC S No.

Mission

1.

National Solar Mission

2.

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission

3. 4.

5.

National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem

6.

National Mission for a “Green India”

7.

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

8.

National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

Ministry

Aims/Objectives

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

To promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses with the ultimate objective of making solar competitive with fossil -based energy options. Ministry of Power Development with energy efficiency as a key criterion, To adopt the market based approaches unlocking the energy efficiency opportunity Ministry of Urban To promote energy efficiency as a core component of Development urban planning Ministry of Water Policy and institutional framework, Surface water Resources management, Ground water management, Domestic and industrial water management, Efficient use of water for various purposes, Basin level planning and management. Ministry of Science & Establishing of a modern centre of glaciology, Technology standardisation of data collection to ensure interoperability and mapping of natural resources in the area, identification and training of 100 experts and specialists in the area relevant to sustaining the Himalayan ecosystem Ministry of Goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of Environment and degraded forestlands and expanding forest cover from Forest 23% to 33% of India’s territory. Ministry of Agriculture Climate adaptation in agriculture through the development of climate -resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms, Use of micro irrigation systems, Promotion of agricultural techniques like minimum tillage, organic farming and rain water conservation, Capacity building of farmers and other stakeholders,, Production of bio -fertilizer, compost along with a subsidy regime in line with chemical fertilizers Ministry of Science and To gain a better understanding of climate science, Technology impacts and challenges, the plan envisions a new Climate Science Research Fund, improved climate modeling, and increased international collaboration

These National Missions will be institutionalized by respective ministries and will be organized through inter-sectoral groups, which include, in addition to related Ministries, Ministry of Finance and the Planning Commission, experts from industry, academia and civil society. The institutional structures would vary depending on the task to be addressed by the Mission and will include providing the opportunity to compete on the best management model.

India Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) Following the adoption of the NAPCC, MoEF launched a sectoral assessment with the support of INCCA (India Network for Climate Change Assessment) in 2009 consisting of more than 120 institutions and 250 scientists Figure 4.13. The INCAA report launched in November 2010 has looked at the trends and projected changes to various sectors until 2030, which has been conceptualized as a network based scientific programme designed to: 84 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape • Assess the drivers and implications of climate change through scientific research • Prepare climate change assessments once every two years (GHG estimations and impacts of climate change, associated vulnerabilities and adaptation) • Develop decision support systems • Build capacity towards management of climate change related risks and opportunities Developing scenarios Black Carbon

Impact Assessments INCCA

Ecosystem Monitoring

Integrated V&A Assessments

Greenhouse Gas Inventory Programme

Centre for Advance Studies

Figure 4.13: Schematic representation of the programmes in INCCA (Source: INCCA, 2010) It is visualized as a mechanism to create new institutions and engage existing knowledge institutions already working with the Ministry of Environment and Forests as well as other agencies (MoEF, 2009). Currently, the institutions of the various Ministries such as that of Ministry of Environment & Forests, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Science & Technology, Defense Research and Development Organization etc., along with the research institutions of the Indian Space Research Organization, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Department of Science & Technology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Indian Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Management and prominent state and central Universities, and reputed Non-Governmental Organizations and Industry Associations are working on the various studies on climate change (INCCA, 2010). However, a number of adaptation-focused projects have been launched recently with donorsupport or concessional loans. Annexure 3. Donors of these projects include the Asian Development Bank, Global Environment Facility (GEF), Rockefeller Foundation, Swiss Development Corporation (SDC), Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), World Bank, World Wildlife Fund, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and Australia's Centre for International Agricultural Research. The majority of these projects are focused on policy formulation and integration, water, and agriculture, with a smaller number focused on coastal zones, forestry, land and nature. The areas of meteorology, gender, infrastructure, health, and energy only have one ongoing adaptation action.

4.4.2.2 Present Institutional Framework The initial framing of climate change as a pollution and environmental degradation issue led to climate change coming under the domain of the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) (Figure 4.14). It is the nodal authority for all climate change related activities in the country. A number of parallel structures exist within MoEF to look after different sets of activities related to the main actions | 85

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region under the UNFCCC with each issue involving different kinds of networks of stakeholders from relevant ministries, government departments, research institutions and organizations. The institutional structures for these issues are determined by the length of the activity which guides them. While the structure for CDM and the GEF funded projects will stay for as long as the relevant mechanisms and decisions persist, the structure that was created to produce India's first national communication was more ad hoc and thus continued only for the duration in which the information was compiled and formalized in form of a report.

Ministry of Environment & Forests

Designated National Authority (DNA)

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Joint Secretary, Climate Change Focal Point

Advisor, MoEF

Climate change Activities and Policy measures

Other Communications and submissions to the UNFCCC

Joint Secretary, GEF Focal Point

Project proponent for funding through

Implementing Agency for the GEF

India’s National Communication to the UNFCCC

Network of institutes

Figure 4.14: Institutional structure for climate change action in India (Source: MoEF, GoI, India)

Stakeholders and interfaces in the Institutional Setup The four major activities that drive climate change action in India are submission of national communications to the UNFCCC, Clean Development Mechanism, GEF funded projects and NAPCC. In addition to these, there is a structure for dealing with the international negotiations on climate change action and guiding the national policy for these. These activities entail different networks of government departments, organizations and institutions. The choice of stakeholders in these networks is based on the expertise and involvement of the stakeholder in the select sector or the activity being pursued. A detailed look at the respective networks reveals that a multi-stakeholder setup exists for addressing climate change issues in India. Adaptation, as the first step, requires climate change modeling and assessment of impact on various sectors, based on which the vulnerability profile can be drawn and adaptation interventions can be identified. This exercise was facilitated by the NATCOM. Requirements of the NATCOM included assessment of impacts of climate change on various sectors and vulnerability of each sector to climate change. The NATCOM process thus provided the basis on which adaptation interventions could be initiated in various sectors (Patwardhan and Ajit, 2007). Adaptation, as the first step, requires climate change modeling and assessment of impacts on various 86 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape sectors, based on which the vulnerability profile can be drawn and adaptation interventions can be identified. This exercise was facilitated by the NATCOM. Requirements of the national communication included assessment of impacts of climate change on various sectors and vulnerability of each sector to climate change. This also included identification of adaptation interventions that have been taken up in certain sectors, and the future research needs more climate change research. The NATCOM process thus provided the basis on which adaptation interventions could be initiated in various sectors. The NATCOM process entailed nearly 130 research teams drawn from government departments, ministries, research institutes, non-governmental organizations and universities (Bhattacharya, 2007). The interface between NATCOM participants and the MoEF was important for building a network but had limitations, as interactions were ad hoc and based on specific inputs. While some institutions were involved in a single component of the exercise, ministries such as science & technology, health and family welfare and agriculture had multiple roles to play in the process. This led to development of multi-faceted interfaces between MoEF and these ministries during the process of information collection and its formalization for communication to the UNFCCC. The interface was formally active temporarily and the stakeholders participated actively only for the duration of the exercise. It was unique in terms of its content, as the inputs provided by the stakeholders were scientific and research based in nature. The actors involved were the R&D institutes and S&T wings that function under various ministries. Resource Allocation While autonomous adaptation response by individuals might play an important role in countering the impacts of adverse climatic conditions, such responses are bound to be inadequate without policy response from the government, given the large developmental deficits that exist across the country. Under these circumstances, public investment and expenditure for development may be reprioritized and augmented taking into account the additional requirements in sectors providing socio-economic services, which are highly climate sensitive.

Figure 4.15: Schematic of total expenditure on adaptation

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Expenditure on adaptation pertaining to human capabilities constitutes more than 80 per cent of the total expenditure on adaptation as of 2009-10 budget estimates and constitutes around 2.22 per cent of GDP out of the total of 2.68 per cent of GDP as per 2009-10 budget estimates. The existing budgetary allocation for improvement in ecosystem services in the context of adaptation is meager at 0.46 percent of GDP as per 2009-10 budget estimates. Budgetary Outlays on Adaptation in India The study has identified several developmental programmes/ schemes operated by the government under various thematic heads, which serves the purpose of adaptation in India. Although, many of these programmes/ schemes were operational even before adaptation to climate change cropped up as a core issue of development, these serve as an important basis for effective adaptation strategies. Contrary to government claims of 2.6 per cent of GDP as of 2006-07, the study found expenditure on adaptation in India to be around 1.7 per cent of GDP as per 2006-07 (RE) (Figure 4.16). However, expenditure on adaptation by the government has increased at a rapid pace from 2006-07 at an average annual growth rate of 32 per cent and is reported to be around 2.68 per cent of GDP for 2009-10 (BE). The expenditure on adaptation estimated by the study across all the sectors for adaptation stands at 1.7 per cent of GDP for 2006-07 which is in wide variance with the estimation put forward by the government at 2.6 per cent of GDP for 200607. For the four financial years (2006-07 to 2009-10) reviewed, expenditure on adaptation increased from 1.7 per cent of GDP in 2006-07 to 2.68 per cent of GDP as per 2009-10 budget estimates (Ganguly and Panda, 2009).

Rural education and infrastructure 26.85%

Crop improvement and research 5.93% Drought proofing and flood control 3.04%

Disaster management 3.46% Risk Financing 4.83% Health 10.75%

Poverty alleviation and livelihood preservation 44.65%

Forest Conservation 0.49%

Source: Data from Government of India Budget Documents. Figure 4.16: Allocation of Annual Budget into Different Sectors (Sunita Narain et al. 2009, Climate Change Perspectives from India, 2009, UNDP- India)

Although, there is a strong focus on the part of the government on decentralized planning and larger role of local bodies in plan implementation, centrally determined rigid programme guidelines and uniform unit cost of service delivery has often compromised the effectiveness of programmes/ schemes. 88 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape

14

Value of Expenditure

12

Expenditure on adaptation as % of total Budget Expenditure Expenditure on adaptation as % of GDP

10 8 6 4 2

2001-07

2001-06

2001-05

2001-04

2001-03

2001-02

0

Figure 4.17: Expenditure on Adaptation Programme in India (NAPCC-2008, India,)

From 2004-05 onwards it is documented in National Action Plan on Climate Change that the GDP input by the government is gradually increasing to build the adaptation capability (National Action Plan on Climate Change, Govt. of India). At present, Government of India spends no less than 12 percent of its annual budget or 2.63 percent of the GDP on these programs. This is more than India's annual defense expenditure (Sunita Narain et al.,2009).

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4.5

Maldives 4.5.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.5.1.1 Evolution of DRR Over the past six years, 142 inhabited islands have experienced severe weather events, ranging from strong winds, rainfall related flooding, storm surges, tidal flooding or rough seas causing damage to coastal infrastructure. Over the same period, 90 inhabited islands have experienced flooding. Amongst these 37 islands are known to have regular flooding incidences - flooding over six times or more during past 6 years (MPND, 2007). The islands of the Maldives also face severe beach erosion hazard. Out of all inhabited islands 97 percent reported significant erosion between 1998 and 2004, 64 percent reported severe erosion or erosion as a crisis, while 34 percent reported having moderate erosion or erosion as an area of concern (MHAHE, 2001; Shaig, 2006; MPND, 2007; MEEW, 2007). According to the Disaster Risk Profile of the Maldives (2005), Maldives has tsunami hazard largely from the East though there is relatively low hazard from the North as well. Islands along the eastern fringe of the eastern atolls are at greater risk while islands along the western fringe of western atolls have relatively low tsunami risk. Following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the Government of Maldives has taken a range of steps to implement the UN's HFA on DRR including Disaster Management Act (2006) and establishment of a National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Relief and rehabilitation measures are one of the major roles of the Government, but now there has been a shift in focus from relief to preparedness and rehabilitation to mitigation approaches. The Third Constitution of the Maldives, the Seventh National Developmental Plan, and the National Sustainable Development Strategy provide the statements of the national policies and priorities of the Government. The need to mainstream disaster risk reduction and resilience to climate change is also the subject of the NAPA2007, developed with the participation of a wide range of stakeholders. Moreover, the National Sustainable Development Strategy, the Third National Environmental Action Plan (2009) and the Strategic National Action Plan (2009–2013) highlight the importance of

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region strengthening resilience to climate change and reducing disaster risk. Because of the geographic dispersion of the country and the impossibility of placing central Government resources for disaster response on all atolls, it is essential that island communities be closely involved in disaster planning, mitigation and preparedness measures so that they are adequately provided for their own first response. The four policies as described under the Seventh National Developmental Plan (MPND, 2007) for disaster preparedness and disaster risk reduction are: Policy 1: Institutionalise disaster management and mitigation and enhance national disaster management capacity i. Establish a legal framework for national disaster management ii. Establish national and regional Emergency Operation Centres iii. Develop Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the NDMC iv. Build the capability to predict and provide early warning and strengthen disaster information base and monitoring to enable better disaster preparedness v. Identify roles and responsibilities of various ministries and departments in disaster management and mitigation Policy 2: Make Maldivians safe and secure from natural disasters through information dissemination and planning and coordination of national response actions i. Inform the public about hazards through establishment of national early warning system and making public information on natural disasters available online ii. Develop national and atoll level response plans for disaster management and mitigation iii. Develop a Biological Incident Management Plan iv. Develop an Oil and Hazardous Material Incident Management Plan v. Develop disaster response plans for all tourist resorts and hotels vi. Develop natural disaster response plans for airports Policy 3: Alleviate and eliminate risks to life and property from natural or manmade hazardous events i. Protect the critical infrastructure such as airports, communication and power ii. Develop land use plans and building codes to ensure safety of people and structures iii. Undertake hazard mapping for all inhabited islands iv. Encourage resettlement in safer and better protected islands Policy 4: Deliver prompt and efficient relief and support in the event of a hazard i. Strengthen and decentralise national disaster management ii. Ensure contingencies for social security are provided iii. Ensure buffer food stocks, water and emergency supplies are available at strategic locations throughout the country The Third Constitution of the Maldives in 2008, the Seventh National Developmental Plan, and the National Sustainable Development Strategy provide the statements of the highest national policies and priorities of the Government. From these basic statements shall emanate the directions and guidelines for all sectors and activities in the land, including DRR and CCA. The need to mainstream disaster risk reduction and resilience to climate change was also the subject of the 2007 National Adaptation Plan of Action, developed with the participation of a wide range of stakeholders. Moreover, the National Sustainable Development Strategy, the Third National Environmental Action Plan (2009) and the Strategic National Action Plan (2009–2013) highlight the importance of strengthening resilience to climate change and reducing disaster risk. In addition, a number of sectoral initiatives demonstrate intersectoral links and support. Such initiatives include: policy guidelines for children's safety in the education sector, inclusion of climate change in the national curriculum, development of a Disaster Management Plan for the Tourism Sector (2005) and inclusion of

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Policy and Institutional Landscape national disaster preparedness at all levels in the Health Master Plan (2006–2015) (UNICEF, 2012). In July 2009, with aid from the European Union and in collaboration with the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), the Government initiated the development of a Strategic National Action Plan for DRR and Climate Change Adaptation for the period 2010–2020. (MEE, 2011). While natural disasters pose tremendous challenges to the security of Maldives, the level and capacity within the national disaster response mechanism is dismal. Maldives lacks an overarching disaster response mechanism as well as mobility and transportation platforms and communication networks ( National Security Policy, 2012). 4.5.1.2 Present Institutional Framework Maldives set up a national coordination mechanism like National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC) to coordinate response, recovery and reconstruction efforts. This initiative was further strengthened by the Disaster Management Act which provides the legal foundation to establish the necessary institutional and administrative structures for addressing all aspects of disaster preparedness (Figure4.18).

Figure 4.18. Organizational structure of National Disaster management Centre (Source: www.ndmc.gov.mv)

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region NDMC under Ministry of Defence and National Security was setup which acts as an institution for addressing disaster management program in the country. It also seeks to ensure that in the post –disaster reconstruction process, risks are not rebuilt and ensure the quality check on all structures being reconstructed or repaired and there is equitable and focused coverage in delivery of rehabilitation packages. Further, Maldives Disaster Management Act-2006 also strengthen the NDMC to make it a viable secretariat for multi stakeholder dialogues and monitoring the national-level disaster risk reduction plan. National Disaster Management Council (NDMC) Through the enactment of Disaster Management Act 2006, National Disaster Management Council (NDMC) and a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) are established in Maldives. Above the Authority is the National Disaster Management Council chaired by the President to provide guidance and approve disaster-related plans. The NDMC consists of the President, who shall be the Chairperson of the Council, Chief Coordinator of the National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC), a representative of the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Cabinet Ministers representative relevant portfolios for immediate response, a representative of the key associations representing the major industries in the private sector of the Maldives and a representative of a national, nongovernmental humanitarian agency. The functions of the Council shall be to provide guidance, advice and approve all critical decisions on disaster management, to approve the National Disaster Management Plan and the National Emergency Operations Plan and to present the Plans to the Parliament and to other Government. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) A National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was also set up under this act with the Minister appointed to lead the National Disaster Management portfolio as be the Head of the Authority. The objective of the Authority shall be to promote an integrated and coordinated system of disaster management, with special emphasis on prevention and mitigation, by national, atoll and island institutions of the government, statutory functionaries, private sector, non-government organizations and other role players involved in disaster management and communities. Atoll Disaster Management Authority Under Disaster Management Act 2006, an Atoll Disaster Management Authority was established with an Island Disaster Management Authority, in all atolls and inhabited islands of the country. The Atoll and Island Disaster Management Authorities consist of representative from the Atoll and Island Offices, representatives from the Atoll Development Councils and Island Development Councils and representatives from the socio-economic sectors and nongovernmental organizations. The preliminary function of the Atoll and Island Disaster Management Authorities is to act as the coordinating and monitoring body for disaster management. National Disaster Response Force There shall be constituted a National Disaster Response Force for the purpose of specialized response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster. The said force may be composed of officers and members of the military, police, coast guard, fire, and emergency medical service, and other personnel as may be included by the Council. The Disaster Management Steering Committee, constituted by the National Disaster Management Council, also acts as national platform for disaster risk reduction and the technical arm consisting of sub-committees to guide preparedness, mitigation and emergency measures. The new institutional set-up is expected to enhance the linkage of disaster risk reduction with the NAPA, and other action and master plans through appropriate mechanisms as the new government pursues its vision. It shall provide for capacity building for disaster preparedness according to a capacity assessment.

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Policy and Institutional Landscape

4.5.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.5.2.1 Evolution of CCA Maldives completed its initial NATCOM to UNFCCC in 2001. In addition to identifying key vulnerabilities, the report also proposed 12 most priority adaptation and mitigation projects clearly recognised the financial gap. As a follow up on the report Maldives initiated its NAPA process in 2004 but it was interrupted due to Indian Ocean Tsunami. The single event changed Maldives' status from a developing country back to least developed country (LDC) and exposed how vulnerable this country is to climate change. Immediately after the tsunami of December 2004, Maldives established a temporary National Disaster Management Centre, which became a permanent institution after the country endorsed the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2005. Eventually, first National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) was developed to communicate the most urgent and immediate adaptation needs of the Maldives as stipulated under UNFCCC Decision 28/CP.7. NAPA was prepared with support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The NAPA project in the Maldives was implemented as part of the Integrated Climate Change Strategy (ICCS) that included the Technology Needs Assessment for mitigation and adaptation and the National Capacity SelfAssessment. Highlighting the importance of strengthening and mainstreaming climate change adaptation, resilience and disaster risk reduction through inter-sectoral means, Maldives enacted the National Sustainable Development Strategy in 2009, the Third National Environmental Action Plan in 2009, and the Strategic National Action Plan for Disaster Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in 2010. In 2011, Maldives announced that it has signed the world first Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) that integrates disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. The policy is viewed as landmark initiative within the disaster risk reduction and adaptation communities (UNISDR, 2011). Based on broad consultations with key sectors such as housing, construction, environment, health, education, media, development planning and tourism, SNAP builds upon lessons learned from past disasters. It promotes good governance, empowers local communities, builds resilience, and promotes risk sensitive regional and local development. A unique feature of SNAP Maldives is its focus on aspects of governance and decentralisation as keys to successful DRR and CCA. The Republic of Maldives has also joined the Climate Neutral Network led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to make the Indian Ocean Island nation the world's first carbon neutral country in just ten years' time, by 2019. The focus of NAPA is to identify the urgent and immediate needs of the country to address the impact of the climate change and to present a coherent framework to climate change adaptation that enhances the resilience of the natural, human, and social systems and ensures their sustainability in the face of predicted climate hazards. The NAPA identifies several axes of intervention such as critical infrastructure, tourism, fisheries, health, water resources, agriculture and coral reef biodiversity. Addressing the increasing prevalence of disaster and climate risks through DRR and CCA measures has become an imperative for the protection of the island communities and society and the sustainability of socio-economic development of the Maldives. Adaptation options in low-lying atoll islands which have been identified as especially vulnerable, are limited, and response measures to climate change or its adverse impacts are potentially very costly. The first component of the framework is the climate change-related hazards for the Maldives. The hazards are assessed based on the Climate Risk Profile of the Maldives, the Disaster Risk Profile of the Maldives and the IPCC Assessment Reports. The second component of the adaptation policy framework is vulnerable systems. The vulnerable systems are characterized by high vulnerability through exposure to different specific climate hazards, as well as being strategically important at national level. For the purposes of the Maldives, NAPA 'system' comprises of natural, human and produced systems. The third component is the sustainable development outcomes. The fourth component of the adaptation policy framework is the processes that interact with the systems to influence adaptation. In order to achieve the sustainable development outcomes, there has to be a process for maintenance, replacement and renewal of the systems. This process needs to be equal to or exceed the processes of depreciation, degradation and loss in the system. Replacement would not automatically take place and deliberate investment decisions are needed. The final component of the adaptation framework is the barriers to implementation.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Compared to other South Asia countries, the number of discrete adaptation projects underway in Maldives appears to be low, although each addresses Maldives' adaptation priorities as identified though its national policies. One project, “Integration of Climate Change risks into the Maldives Safer Island. Development Program,” explicitly addresses a priority need identified in Maldives' NAPA. In addition, a Climate Trust Fund was established in December 2009 by the European Union and the World Bank for the Maldives. It aims to build a climate resilient economy through various mitigation and adaptation activities. The majority of projects are focused on policy formulation and integration, although the areas of risk reduction, coastal zones, water, forestry and meteorology are also being addressed. Funders of these projects include the Australia, European Commission, French Global Environment Fund, India, Germany, the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), Norway, Sweden, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the World Bank. For the Maldives, adaptation is a multi-dimensional goal that aims to increase resilience of the vulnerable systems against climate hazards and risks to achieve sustainable development outcomes (MEEW, 2007). In the Maldives, adaptation covers two main types of activities. First, there are adaptive measures involving activities targeted at specific sectors where climate change impact has been identified. Second, there are adaptive measures aimed at enhancing the capacity of the Maldives to effectively implement adaptations to climate change and sea-level rise. The Maldivian Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment has identified several vulnerable areas and adaptive measures that could be implemented to reduce climate change impact. The following priority adaptation needs have been identified in the NAPA (MEEW, 2007): 1. Land, Beach and Human Settlements: Integration of future climate change scenarios in the development of selected population centres or islands to adapt sea level rise and extreme weather risks associated with climate change. 2. Critical Infrastructure: Innovative coastal protection for development of selected population centres or islands and strengthen capacity for planning and design of infrastructure to ensure development of resilient infrastructure. 3. Tourism: Develop climate change adaptation policy and strategy for tourism and strengthen tourism institutions to coordinate climate response in the tourism sector. 4. Fisheries: Establish aquaculture/mariculture as an alternative to natural breeding to reduce the economic and social impacts of changing tuna abundance 5. Human-health: Streamline the planning of healthcare services and strengthen medical emergency response 6. Water resource: Acquire appropriate sewage treatment and disposal technologies to protect water resources. 7. Agriculture and Food Security: Develop a national food security strategy and establish capacity for emergency food storage in development focus islands at regional level 8. Coral Reef Biodiversity: Provide alternatives to coral and sand as construction materials and enforce the ban on coral mining 4.5.2.2 Present Institutional Framework The governance structure of the Maldives has undergone significant changes following the political and constitutional reforms initiated since late 2003. The new Constitution that came into effect in August 2008 through this reform process provides for new democratic institutions and separation of powers. Further, new government consolidated new institutional framework for climate governance, including a Climate Change Advisory Council (CCAC) and a Renewable Energy Office. A National Planning Council (NPC) under the Department of National Planning (DNP), Ministry of Finance and Treasury was created to approve all national development projects, including climate change. The climate change related projects approved by the NPC are principally to be considered by Climate Change Advisory Council (CCAC) chaired by President. The CCAC was created in April 2009. The CCAC was also supported by a group of international climate and energy experts, before finally moving to Ministry of Housing and Environment. In May, 2011, Department of National Planning (DNP) has been moved to Ministry of Finance and Treasury (MFT), and National Planning Council (NPC) is put on hold and put under reform. The CCAC continues to exist, and the new government is yet to take a decision on its future. The NPC and CCAC are therefore the main bodies that theoretically oversee the approval of climate change related projects in the country (Figure 4.19). Through implementation of NAPA in 2007, a multidisciplinary National Climate Change Technical Team (CCTT) was established as a 96 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape first step to foster stakeholder engagement and CCA. The CCTT is responsible for formulating the NAPA and, in the future, will be responsible for coordinating the implementation of activities under the NAPA framework. The CCTT comprises representatives of Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water the lead agency, and other key players including stakeholders such as members of relevant government ministries and private sector. The overall implementation of the NAPA is overseen by the National Commission for Protection of the Environment (NCPE) and further, a special interagency task force ensures that the respective agencies of the government mobilise international financial assistance and allocate public financing to the priority project profiles in the NAPA. Further, NAPA identifies policies and measures required by CCA process and these policies and measures are integrated into the National Developmental Plan.

President’s Office Vice President & Cabinet

National Planning Council (NPC)

Climate Change Advisory Council (CCAC)

Ministry of Finance & Treasury (MFT) Department of National Planning (DNP)

Ministry of Environment & Energy (MEE)

Climate Change & Energy Department (CCED) Environment Department

Ministry of Defense & National Security (MDNS)

Environment Protection Agency (EPA) National Disaster Management Center (NDMC)

Figure 4.19. Institutional Framework of Climate Change Adaptation for Maldives (Adopted with modification from Department of National Planning at: http://planning.gov.mv/en/npc/home.html)

The Ministry of Housing and Environment (MHE) is the main implementing agency for climate change related projects with Ministry of Finance and Treasury, Govt. of Maldives as coordinating agency. However, sectorial projects are also implemented by other relevant government agencies. For example, the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture is the main implementing agency for a major adaptation project aimed at the tourism sector. Ministry of Education is responsible for implementing Climate Investment Funds (CIF) funded mitigation project. Additionally, UNDP also acts as an implementing agency for GEF funded projects. However, monitoring and evaluation of climate projects is ad hoc and no single effective mechanism exists. Project Monitoring and Management Section within Ministry of Finance and Treasury (MFT) assists overall project follow up, maintains record keeping and status updates and contracts. The Office of Projects and Programmes under MHE also undertakes monitoring of individual projects through periodic reports and sends them to the President's Office for Cabinet and DNP.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

Resource Allocation National Economic, Environment and Development Studies, a report prepared by the government, estimates that USD 279 million will be needed for short-medium term adaptation while a further USD 161 million will be required for long-term adaption. The government of Maldives also announced to become carbon neutral, switching to 100% renewable energy by the year 2019 (The President's Office, 2009). Roughly USD110 million will be required for this annually (MHE, 2010). Already, approximately USD 160.5 million is being spent on various adaption and mitigation projects through externally funded grants and loans. Currently, the Maldives is highly dependent on foreign assistance for climate change mitigation and adaptation projects and is a recipient of large amounts of funds under both multilateral (Table 4.7) and bilateral (Table 4.8) funding schemes. These projects range from country focused climate change related research studies to investments on renewable energy development to building sea walls to make the islands more resilient to climate change. Although there is a budget deficit in the country, various climate change related projects are also funded from the national budget (Table 4.9)

Table 4.7: Descriptions of different multilateral funds available in Maldives (MEEW, 2007)

Note :

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Fund

Purpose

Funding Source

Implementing Agency

Coordinating Agency

Funds (Million USD)

Maldives Climate change Trust Fund

Mitigation and Adaptation

EU & AusAID

MHE

MHE

8.80

CIF

Mitigation

CIF

MED

MFT

30.00

Adaptation Fund

Adaptation

AF

UNDP

MFT

8.20

World Bank

Adaptation, Capacity building

IDA

MHE

MFT

13.80

GEF

Adaptation, research, Adaptation

GEF, LDCF

UNDP & MHE

MFT

18.30

ADB

Adaptation

ADB

MHE

MFT

8.60

ADB

Mitigation

ADB

MHE

MFT

8.00

Multilateral Fund

Mitigation

MF

MHE

MFT

2.20

IDB

Adaptation

IDB

MHE

MFT

3.80

OPID

Adaptation

OPID

MHE

MFT

2.00

RIMES

Research

RIMES

MHE

MFT

0.53

India

Mitigation

SCZMC

MHE

SCZMC

1.10

NMFT - Ministry of Finance and Treasury, Govt. of Maldives MHE - Ministry of Environment and Energy, Govt. of Maldives MED – Ministry of Education, Govt. of Maldives CIF - Climate Investment Funds GIF – Global Environment Facility Trust Fund ADB - Asian Development Bank Fund SCZMC - SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre

Policy and Institutional Landscape Table 4.8: Descriptions of different bilateral funds available in Maldives (MEEW, 2007) Country

Purpose

Implementing Agency

Coordinating Agency

JICA

MHE

MoFT

11,100,000.00 234,000.00

Funding Source

Grant

Loan

Japan

Mitigation

Denmark

CDM/Mitigation

DANIDA

MHE

MoFT

EU

Research

EU

MOE

MoFT

52,611.00

USA

Adaptation

USAID

MHE

MoFT

7,500,000.00

UAE

Adaptation

ADF

MHE

MoFT

2,268,207.00

Saudi Arabia

Adaptation

Saudi Fund

MHE

MoFT

7,253,365.00

MHE

MoFT

Germany

Adaptation

GIZ

4,047,000.00

Table 4.9: Descriptions of different national funds available in Maldives (MEEW, 2007) Year

Purpose

Implementing Agency

Executing Agency

2011

Adaptation

MHE

MoFT

10,209,412.57

2012

Adaptation

MHE

MoFT

21,617,932.23

Budget

Source : MEEW, 2007 Challenges for interfacing between stakeholders A lack of consolidated institutions for climate governance poses key challenges to the Maldives' effort to save the country from dangers of climate change. According to a preliminary report on Climate Governance Integrity by Transparency Maldives (Transparency International, 2011), management of mitigation and adaptation projects in Maldives has proven to be a difficult task as a result of limitations in human resources, institutional capacity, and local expertise in the field. It also concluded that Maldives lacks a comprehensible overall institutional framework and complete policy for addressing climate change. Several different institutions handle climate change projects, although some main institutions do exist. Often, the implementation, execution, coordination, monitoring and evaluation are not institutions-based but individual project-based. The lack of a legislative framework for the sector also exacerbates the situation. Moreover, the country is grappling with corruption and lacks effective governance mechanisms to address the issue. Additionally, institutional rivalry and unclear mandates have resulted in confusion within institutions, in situations where one project is dealt by different institutions. The National Planning Council (NPC) under the Department of National Planning (DNP), one of the main bodies overseeing climate change projects, had ceased functioning after 7 February 2012 and has been awaiting reform, the report noted. In Maldives, climate change governance is suffering from a lack of experts in this area. The key climate experts of the country have multiple responsibilities and a very demanding schedule to fulfil their obligations.

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4.6

Nepal 4.6.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DDR 4.6.1.1 Evolution of DRR The Government of Nepal has recently embarked upon the process of putting in place necessary institutional, legislative and policy frameworks for addressing risk reduction. Prior to 1982, there were no formalized institutional, legislative or policy frameworks to guide the process of risk management. The evolution of the DRM system in Nepal began with the enactment of the Natural Calamity Relief Act, 1982. It institutionalized disaster relief from the ad-hoc dispensation practiced before. The Act led to the constitution of the Central Disaster Relief Committee (CDRC) as the apex body for disaster response under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and established a Regional Disaster Relief Committee, District Disaster Relief Committees (DDRCs) and Local Disaster Relief Committees for coordinating disaster relief and rescue activities (GoN, 2009). The MoHA has also initiated the development of a National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management covering all aspects of DRM. It outlined the institutional and legal systems for DRM, and elaborated crosssectoral and sectoral strategies for DRR. However the strategy is still not approved by the final authorities in the government and thus still remains a conceptual document (http://saarc-sadkn.org/countries/nepal/institution.aspx). Despite several constraints, Nepal has formulated Act, Plan and Policy and strategies for disaster management as given below.  Natural Disaster Relief Act, 1982  Three year plan (2009/10-2012/13)  National Water Plan 2005  Water Induced Disaster Management Policy 2006 Local self Governance Act 2055.  National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management 2009 is endorsed and implemented.  Government of Nepal and UN has jointly signed a model agreement (customs procedures) to expedite import, export and transit of relief consignments during the major disaster.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region •     

Mediums Disaster Response framework (NDRF) 2013. Nepal Disaster risk Reduction consortium developed five flagship programs, where GON and international community work together. GON endorsed and implemented the Guidance note of Disaster Preparedness and Response planning -2011. Dead body management guidelines is prepared and endorsed. Disaster management training centre is established at Armed Police Force. DRRCCA focal point is also established in key Ministries, Prime Minister Office, National Planning Commission and Security Forces. http://saarc-sadkn.org/countries/nepal/ major_initiative.aspx

The Calamity Relief Act, 1982 (CRA 1982), with amendments in 1986, 1989 and 1992, is the legal framework for disaster risk management in the country and it was promulgated to provide legal framework for disaster management system in Nepal. As per amendment in 1993, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) has recently taken up revision of the 1982 Disaster Relief Act towards formulation of a Disaster Management Act to setup new institutions arrangement for Disaster Management effecting. The Government adopted the Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan in 1993 and enacted the Local Self Governance Act in 1999 to promote decentralization of DRM and to encourage district authorities to address risk management issues at district, Village Development Committee (VDC) and municipality levels. Building codes for promoting earthquake resistant construction practices were adopted in 1994. Sector Working Groups for Health, Food and Agriculture were formed in 1993 for effective disaster preparedness and response. A number of agencies came to support the Disaster Preparedness Network (DP-Net) to facilitate coordination and synergies between government and national, international and civil society organizations for disaster preparedness and response (GoN, 2009). A National Action Plan on Disaster Management was also formulated in 1996 encapsulating an integrated national plan to address needs related to disaster management. However, in the absence of requisite policy, budgetary allocations and regulatory mechanisms, the intended objectives of the legislation have not been achieved. The process of establishing and strengthening the disaster management system received new impetus at the beginning of the current decade. The Tenth National Development Plan (2002-2007) included chapters that dealt with disaster management. It identified natural and man-made disasters as a core barrier to sustainable and broad-based economic growth and sought to integrate the objective of making development sustainable and mitigating disasters to secure the lives of common people. Both chapters reiterated the need for policy formulation, strengthened institutional mechanisms and coordination, risk assessment, information collection and dissemination. Similarly, the Three Year Interim Plan (2007-2010) also includes a separate chapter on natural disaster management and recognizes the importance of DRR and mitigation; emphasizes the need to introduce changes into the prevailing national policies for the required shift of focus from disaster response to prevention, mitigation and preparedness; identifies challenges such as the need to foster coordination among institutions; and seeks to promote better understanding of hazards and related disaster risks. Although the Natural Calamity Relief Act 1982 is the main legal instrument specifically directed towards disaster management in Nepal. Its focus is on response and reconstruction. The Government has recognized that it does not provide a sufficiently comprehensive platform for implementation of national DRR strategies. A draft Disaster Management Act (DMA) was prepared in 2008, coordinated by the Nepal Centre for Disaster Management with assistance from Oxfam, on the basis of extensive stakeholder consultations. In May 2009, the Government of Nepal launched a comprehensive Nepal Disaster Risk Reduction consortium (NRRC) and five flagships programs. The Government of Nepal adopted the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management in Nepal (NSDRM) in 2010. The Nepal Society drafted it for the Government for Earthquake Technology (NSET) in 2008, through an extensive process of stakeholder consultations, with assistance from the European Commission and UNDP.

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Policy and Institutional Landscape 4.6.1.2 Present Institutional Framework In Nepal, National Action Plan on Disaster Management has felt the necessity of formulating appropriate institutional arrangements in terms of National Disaster Management Council at policy level, a National Disaster Management Center at the central executive level and various disaster management committees at the regional, district and village level for the effective implementation of the law and policy. The Tenth Plan has reiterated this necessity. Despite the fact that National Action Plan had planned to complete the task to formulate these institutional structures within 1996, it is not completed even till today. Under the Natural Disaster (Relief) Act, 1982 a complex Central Natural Calamity Relief Committee has been formulated under the chairmanship of the Home Minister (GoN, 2009). Disaster management framework in Nepal is based on the Natural Calamity Relief Act (1982), which envisages establishment of various bodies and their duties, role and responsibilities at various levels- central, regional and local, for disaster response and relief. The Act provides for the establishment of central disaster relief committee (CDRC), regional disaster relief committee (RDRC), district disaster relief committee (DDRC) and local disaster relief committee (LDRC). CDRC, headed by the Home Minister and DDRC headed by the Chief District Officer (CDO) have been constituted. RDRC and especially, LDRC have not been established on a permanent basis largely due to lack of understanding of their functions and responsibilities (Figure 4.20). The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) has been designated as the apex responsible agency for addressing issues of disaster management: formulation of policies plans and programs. MoHA takes up this responsibility through a division within the ministry, which is responsible for narcotics drug control and disaster management, and it also serves as the secretariat of CDRC.

Central National Disaster Relief Fund Prime Minister Natural Disaster Relief Fund

Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee under the Chairpersonship of Home Minister comprises related ministries and security agencies along with voluntary organization like Red Cross as a team member. To support the functioning of Central Committee, there are other Working Committees viz., Relief and Treatment Sub-committee and Supply, Shelter and Rehabilitation Sub-committee chaired by Ministry of Health and Population and Ministry of Physical Planning, work & Transportation Management respectively.

Figure 4.20. Institutional framework (Source:http://saarc-sadkn.org/countries/nepal/ disaster_mgt.aspx)

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) As the lead responsible agency, MoHA is accountable for preparing national policies and ensuring its implementation. MoHA is also responsible for rescue and relief works, data collection, dissemination and collection and distribution of funds and resources to the affected population through a structured process. The Ministry is designated as the lead agency responsible for implementation Disaster Management in Nepal, as various agencies of Government of Nepal are assigned different aspects of Disaster Risk Management (Figure 4.21). MoHA is also responsible for Rescue and Works, Data Collection and Dissemination as well as collection and distribution of funds and resources (Figure 4.21). Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee (CNDRC) The National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, 2009 has planned a council under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister with a wider role and responsibility ranging from preparedness to relief to recovery for disaster management. In case of a disaster, there is a Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee headed by the Prime Minister, which includes members from Government Ministries, nongovernment organizations and stakeholders (Figure 4.21). The Government may publicly appeal to the international community in case of a disaster beyond its management capacity.

National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC)

Figure 4.21. Disaster Response Framework in Nepal (Source: MoHA, http://www.drrgon.gov.np/en/framework/index.php)

Regional Natural Disaster Relief committee (RNDRC) Regional Natural Disaster Relief committee under the Chairpersonship of Regional Administrator and comprising related government agencies and security forces along with voluntary organization like Red Cross Society are working at the regional level. The main functions and duties of the RNDRC are to:  Provide necessary suggestions to the CNDRC.  Formulate regional and district level plans on natural disaster.  Coordinate district disaster relief committees regarding disaster.  Provide disaster related information to CNDRC. District Natural Disaster Relief Committee (DNDRC) At the district level, District Natural Disaster Relief Committees DNDRCs (chaired by Chief District Officer of related districts) are responsible for disaster management in the concerned districts. The committee assigns roles to partners and stakeholders at the field level and coordinates relief and response activities, monitors the situation, and asks the central relief committee for assistance. 104 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape Local Disaster Relief Committee (LDRC) The committee is responsible for disaster management at the local level, such as disbursement of funds during emergencies, and rescue and transport of the injured to hospitals. National Emergency Operation Center (NEOC) National Emergency Operation Center (NEOC) is another institution mainly responsible for all activities related with disaster response in the country. It has been working under the planning and special services division of Ministry of Home Affairs Figure 4.22). NEOC is housed in an Earthquake resilient building including multiple back-up power supply system. It works around the clock during disasters. NEOC provides a central coordination point in response to disaster and humanitarian assistance; execute CNDRC and Ministry of Home Affairs policies and decisions; improve coordination among all responding agencies; collect and analyze information on the disaster from relevant stakeholders; disseminate the information on the disaster to relevant stakeholders; promote the preparation for disaster risk management at all levels; and if required alternative NEOC shall be established at Regional level also. Under the NEOC, District Emergency Operation Centre (DEOC) has been established in 16 Districts as a focal point to coordinate response to disaster management activities. It is also planning to establish five regional emergency operation centre (REOC) at five regional headquarters and DEOCs in all remaining districts.

Figure 4.22: National Emergency Operation Center framework Source:http://www.preventionweb.net/files/32158_32158nrrcflagshipprogrammesforweb19.pdf

4.6.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.6.2.1 Evolution of CCA Government of Nepal has initiated several activities to implement mitigation and adaptation measures to combat climate change impact. Climate Change policy is the newest addition to Nepal's legislative framework. The policy has come with international signing treaty and convention. The policy is being prepared in the wake of global CC awareness and need for urgent responses to Nepal participated in the CC business right from the Convention preparation process in 1991. Nepal signed the Convention on 12 June 1992 during the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Submit) at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Uprety, 2009). A signed global treaty has provided the international framework for managing CC. The treaty has entered into force on 31 July 1994. Later on in 2005 Nepal has signed the Kyoto Protocol.In line with the national and international commitments, Government of Nepal has accomplished various CC initiatives including Sustainable Development Agenda, Millennium Development Goals, National Capacity Needs Self Assessment (NCSA), National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA), Readiness Preparedness Proposal (REDDRPP), Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR) and CC Policy-2011. Similarly, a 25-member CC | 105

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Council was also constituted in July 2009 under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister as an apex body to provide policy and guidance and to ensure overall coordination on CC related issues (MOE, 2011). In April 2010, the Government of Nepal also formed Multi-Stakeholder CC Initiative Coordination Committee (MCCICC). Designated as the focal ministry for CC and environment issues, the MOE has established the CC Management Division which is responsible for overall coordination among stakeholders and development partners as well as providing policy guidelines. Similarly, Nepal has a lead role for Mountain Initiative (MI) in 2010 as a global initiative aimed at looking after the common interest of the most of mountainous countries. The initiative is expected to work together to understand better the chances occurring in mountains, CC issues and lunch adaptation and mitigation programme jointly (ICIMOD, 2010). Apart from policy documents prepared and promulgated by the CC Division of the Ministry of Environment, various allied departments and ministries have drafted and implemented policies, and regulations associated with CC issues – both mitigation and adaptation. This analysis assesses the four policy documents on CC (CC Policy, NAPA, LAPA, and REDDRPP) and the allied regulations (Environment Protection Act 1997, Environment Protection Regulation 1999, Water Resource Act 1992, Water Resource Regulations 1993, Forest Act 1993, Forest Regulations 1995, Land Acquisition Act 1977, and Land Acquisition Regulations 1963, revised 1969) (MoFSC, 2010). The integration of climate change into policy frameworks is an ongoing process in Nepal. The GoN has commissioned the preparation of a National Climate Change Policy, which was finalized in January 2011. The most recent national effort to articulate Nepal's climate change priorities has been through the development of Nepal's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), initiated in May th 2009 and formally launched on 4 November 2010 (MoE, 2010). The NAPA was undertaken through six government-led thematic working groups (TWGs): i. Agriculture and food security (Coordinator: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives) ii. Forests and biodiversity (Coordinator: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation) iii. Water and energy (Coordinator: Ministry of Energy) iv. Health (Coordinator: Ministry of Health and Population) v. Urban settlements (Coordinator: Department of Urban Development and Building Construction) vi. Disaster risk reduction (Coordinator: Ministry of Home Affairs) The final NAPA document consolidates the TWG reports and presents the national climate change vulnerability and adaptation priorities for Nepal. The final set of adaptation priorities are 'clustered' activities that have combined priority adaptation profiles from different TWGs. After the development of NAPA, Nepal has come up with an innovative local planning process called the Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA). The LAPA process provides opportunities to assess site-specific climate vulnerabilities, identify adaptation options, and implement the urgent and immediate adaptation actions with the participation of local communities and households. Nepal is now ready to implement these local adaptation plans in some areas of the country, the country's priorities lie in facilitating communities to better adapt to climate variability/change and safeguard its development. Government of Nepal took a strongly community-centric approach by designing and piloting Local Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPA). Review of the LAPA document (MoE, 2010; 2011) expressed that LAPA aims at building an integrated framework that is more bottom-up in terms of planning of adaptation needs, options, and priorities. It focuses more on local communities, local needs, and issues. The LAPA framework is now endorsed by the Government of Nepal to operationalize NAPA and its CC policy in 2011 (MoE, 2011). LAPA implementation framework showed how to link national, district, village development committee (VDC) and community levels in vulnerability assessments, adaptation planning and implementation, within the framework of national CC policy (Figure 4.23). The LAPA framework is a practical approach to analyze local climate adaptation planning issues in a way that encourages people's participation. 106 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape

Figure 4.23: LAPA Planning and Implementation Framework (Source MoE, 2010; 2011).

4.6.2.2 Present Institutional Framework The MoE is the focal point for most climate change activities including those under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Under the MoE there is a Climate Change Management Division. In July 2009 the Prime Minister established the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change. The Council is a high-level coordinating body with responsibility to provide coordination, guidance and direction for the formulation and implementation of climate-related policies and take necessary measures to make climate change a national development agenda to initiate and coordinate activities related to additional financial and technical support to climate changerelated programmes and projects. Similarly, a high- level committee on CC coordination focusing pilot programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR) has been formed in 2011 under the chairpersonship of the Minister for Environment. In the year 2010, a REDD Cell was established within the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC). MoFSC has initiated various programmes and activities, including the REDD Preparedness Plan (RPP), which is a groundwork that will feed into the REDD Strategy (MoFSC, 2010; Paudel, 2010; Tiwari et al., 2012). The MoE functions as a secretariat to the Council. Twenty MPs representing different parties have formed an informal MP's group on climate change. Some members of this group have invested their Parliamentarian Development Fund into climate related projects. The group members are lobbying for institutionalizing a parliamentary committee on climate change that could provide a broad framework for the government's actions on climate change

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region This broader support and knowledge infrastructure was intended to ensure a more strategic approach to NAPA preparation and the longe term sustainability of the institutional and knowledge capacity built for climate change planning under the NAPA. Under the second component of the NAPA, in 2010 the GoN established a Knowledge Management (KM) Hub at the national level managed by National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST). This is likely to be supported by regional knowledge management hub. GoN has established the Multi-stakeholder Climate Change Initiatives Coordination Committee (MCCICC). The MCCICC comprises of 21 plus members (Figure 4.24). As a coordination body at the functional level, the Committee will report to the Climate Change Council and contribute to mainstreaming the climate change programmes into the development planning and implementation. The Committee is chaired by the Secretary of the Ministry of Environment, and has representation from the six coordinators of the NAPA Thematic Working Groups as well as from the National Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance, NGOs and academia, local government associations, and donor agencies. The six NAPA Thematic Working Groups (TWGs) have been institutionalised under the MCCICC and comprised experts representing relevant sub-sectors and are coordinated by the Joint Secretaries of the concerned Ministry. As institutional structures, they have the potential of playing a key role for future cross-sectoral integration and coordination of climate change adaptation initiatives.

Figure 4.24: Implementation structure proposed under the NAPA for implementation of all adaptation interventions and investments in Nepal

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Policy and Institutional Landscape Under the NAPA implementation framework, technical responsibilities are delegated to the appropriate ministries at the appropriate governance level, but the implementation of all adaptation projects (including those outside the NAPA) should be subsumed under this common coordination, management and monitoring mechanism. At the central level, the MOE is responsible for coordination and for reporting to and liaising with the Climate Change Council (which forms the apex body responsible for policy coordination). Within MOE, a Climate Change Program and Monitoring Unit provides operational coordination to different programmes. It also supports village development committees and municipalities in incorporating adaptation into local planning. At the local level, a District Coordination Committee will be formed through the District Development Committee (although this mechanism is flexible in response to specific circumstances and capacities of the local governance systems in place). This committee will be represented by a diverse set of local actors from beneficiaries relevant to service delivery agents responsible for ultimate project implementation and monitoring and evaluation. Stakeholders and interfaces in the Institutional Setup Poor coordination among stakeholders responsible for climate risk management and environmental projection is commonplace across the country. Issues of coordination must be addressed in order to build a system of knowledge transfer within and across organizations and respond proactively and effectively to climate risks, both now and in the future. The number of trained disaster managers at the central and field levels is inadequate to deal with disaster risks and should be significantly augmented.

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4.7

Pakistan 4.7.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.7.1.1 Evolution of DRR The West Pakistan National Calamities Act of 1958 provides for the maintenance and restoration of order in areas affected by calamities and relief against such calamities and focuses on emergency response. Based on the Act, an Emergency Relief Cell was created within the Cabinet Division in 1971 and is responsible for disaster relief at the national level. It provides assistance in cash and kind to supplement the resources of the provincial government and administers the Prime Minister's Flood Relief Fund. The 2005 Earthquake occurred in October 2005 and brought death to more than 75,000 people in the northern areas of Pakistan. The heavy damage brought about by the earthquake has led Pakistan to initiate national efforts in developing a structure for disaster management focusing on prevention, mitigation and integration of responses by conducting a review of traditional disaster management systems and policies on emergency response. The National Disaster Management Ordinance (NDMO) promulgated in 2006 was approved by the Parliament, and became the National Disaster Management Act in 2010. The National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC) headed by the Prime Minister was established to expedite the formulation of overall policies at the national level. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the focal point in charge of disaster management at the federal level. NDMA provides technical guidelines to national and provincial level organizations on formulation of plans, strategies and programs for disaster risk management. NDMC will formulate the policies and decisions on advice of NDMA and the Chairman of NDMA will act as secretary of the NDMC. On 26 October 2011 the Government of Pakistan placed NDMA under the newly established Ministry of National Disaster Management, which was later renamed as Ministry of Climate Change on 18 April 2012 of late last after of 2013 the Ministry of Climate Change has been put under cabinet secretariat (under Prime Minister office) as one of its four independent Divisions headed by one federal secretary each.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Pakistan has three levels of governance: national, provincial/state and district. At the provincial/state level, the Provincial / State Disaster Management Authorities (F/G/S/PDMAs)13 are the focal points of the disaster management. Similar to the national level, the Chief Minister (or Prime Minister in AJ&K) heads the Provincial Disaster Management Commission (PDMC) of the respective province who acts as Chairman of the Commission. At the district level, the District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) are established in selected hazard prone areas (NDMP, 2012).

4.7.1.2 Present Institutional Framework National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been established to serve as the focal point and coordinating body to facilitate implementation of disaster risk management strategies. This necessitates NDMA to directly interact/ communicate with all stakeholders, including Ministries, Divisions, and Departments in relaxation to normal communication channel (Figure 4.25). All ministries, divisions and agencies which are likely to participate in disaster risk management shall procure all relevant items, stock them if necessary and supply them as directed by the NDMA for meeting any calamity or disaster. Being an intricate and time sensitive activity, disaster risk management requires to be conducted as a one-window operation through the NDMA. For this purpose, to institutionalize the operations all stakeholders including government departments / agencies and armed forces will work through and form part of NDMA in all stages of Disaster Management (National Disaster Management act, 2010; NDMP, 2012). NDMA aims to develop sustainable operational capacity and professional competence to undertake the following tasks: coordinate complete spectrum of disaster risk management at national level, act as Secretariat of the NDMC to facilitate implementation of DRM strategies, map all hazards in the country and conduct risk analyses on a regular basis, develop guidelines and standards for national and provincial stakeholders regarding their role in disaster risk management, ensure establishment of DM Authorities and Emergency Operations Centers at provincial, district, and municipal levels in hazard-prone areas, provide technical assistance to federal ministries, departments and provincial DM authorities for disaster risk management initiatives, organize training and awareness raising activities for capacity development of stakeholders, particularly in hazard-prone areas, collect, analyze, process, and disseminate inter-sectorial information required in an all hazards management approach, ensure training of appropriate regulations to develop disaster response volunteer teams, create requisite environment for participation of media in DRM activities, serve as the lead agency for NGOs to ensure their performance matches accepted international standards, e.g. the SPHERE standards and serve as the lead agency for international cooperation in disaster risk management (NDMP, 2012). This will particularly include, information sharing, early warning, surveillance, joint training, and common standards and protocols required for regional and international cooperation, coordinate emergency response of federal government in the event of a national level disaster through the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC), require any government department or agency to make available such men or resources as are available for the purpose of emergency response, rescue and relief, declare a National Disaster Awareness Day (to commemorate 08 October Earthquake) and conduct awareness raising activities at the occasion, establish a National Disaster Management Fund, and perform any other function as may be required by the NDMC. The powers and functions of the National Authority shall be to: • Act as the implementing, coordinating and monitoring body for disaster management. • Prepare the National Plan to be approved by the National Commission. • Implement, coordinate and monitor the implementation of the national policy. • Lay down guidelines for preparing disaster management plans by different ministries or departments and the provincial authorities. • Provide necessary technical assistance to the provincial governments and the provincial authorities for preparing their disaster management plans in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National Commission. • Coordinate response in the event of any threatening disaster situation or disaster. 112 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape • • • •

Lay down guidelines for, or give directions to the concerned ministries or provincial governments and the provincial authorities regarding measures to be taken by them in response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster. For any specific purpose or for general assistance, requisition the services of any person and such person shall be a coopted member and exercise such power as conferred upon him by the Authority in writing. Promote general education and awareness in relation to disaster management. Perform such other functions as the National Commission may require.

Emergency Relief Cell (ERC) The ERC operates an Emergency Control Room, which coordinates the situation during calamities by liaising with relevant agencies such as the Federal Flood Commission, Meteorological Department, and Provincial Governments. The ERC maintains a warehouse in the capital, Islamabad, stocking essential non-perishable relief item such as medicines, blankets, clothing and tents. In addition, there is a Relief Goods Dispatch Organization located in Karachi. This is responsible for receiving and dispatching all relief goods from foreign and local agencies in the event of a disaster. The ERC also maintains an Aviation Squadron with a fleet of 4 helicopters, whose task is to assist rescue operations and enable officials to visit the affected areas. Responsibilities of the ERC in connection with disaster relief are: a. To provide in cash as well as in kind to supplement the resources of the provincial governments in the event of major disasters b. To coordinate the activities of the federal Division, Provincial Governments, as well as governmental, semi governmental, international and national aid-giving agencies, in the conduct of operations for relief of disasters c. To maintain contact with international aid-giving agencies/ voluntary organizations and donor countries for disaster relief measures d. To administer Relief Funds, being maintained at the Federal Level e. To stockpile certain items of basic necessity and establish central inventory of resources f. To provide assistance to the calamity stricken friendly countries.

National Disaster Management Commission

Donors, UN, NGOs, Media

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA)

Federal Ministries, Departments, Technical Agencies

Proviacial/Regional Disaster Management Commission (PDMCs)

PROVINCIAL REGIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (PDMA)

Technical and research institutions of the Federal Government

DISTRICT/MUNICIPAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

Media, Banks, Insurance, Private Sector

TEHSIL STRUCTURES

Community Based Organizations (CBOs) Citizen Community Boards (CCBs)

UNION COUNCIL

Figure 4.25: Disaster Management System in Pakistan (NDMP, 2012).

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region National Crisis Management Cell (NCMC): The National Crisis Management Cell, under the Ministry of Interior, has a round the clock operational control room for collecting information of emergencies of all sorts in the country. It coordinates with the Provincial Crisis management Cells (PCMCs) and other security agencies to gather relevant information. It is also responsible for coordinating plans for emergency response services in case of emergency situations / disasters. Civil Defense The Civil Defense Department was established through an ordinance in 1951. It is now governed through 1952 Civil Defense Act. Before 1993, it was mandated to “take measures not amounting to actual combat, for affording defense against any form of hostile attack by a foreign power or for depriving any form of hostile attack by a foreign power of its effect, wholly or in part, whether such measures are taken before, during or after the time of the attack”. But then it was assigned with an additional task during peace times to take remedial measures against natural or man-made disasters. Specifically, the Civil Defense is to: a. Assist local administration / Army in rescue, evacuation and relief measures b. Supplement anti-flood equipment of Army c. Provide personnel for anti flood training in rescue and relief work

Emergency Resource Center (ERC): The Church World Service was established the ERC in May 2004 with a mission to enhance the capacity of various stakeholders of civil society to combat natural and man-made disasters proactively and reactively. The ERC has following objectives: a) To develop comprehensive database on various aspects of emergencies; b) To undertake academic researches for the generation and synthesis of the knowledge; c) To acquire and extract knowledge from the ground experiences; d) To construct dialogue on the basis of generated knowledge with relevant stakeholders; and e) To encourage meaningful engagement and dialogue between all stakeholders on emergency related issues. Federal Flood Commission (FFC) Pakistan created the Federal Flood Commission (FFC) in 1977. The FFC operates under Pakistan's Ministry of Water and Power. It is charged with executing flood control projects and protecting lives and property of Pakistanis from the impact of floods.

4.7.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.7.2.1 Evolution of CCA Pakistan's environmental policy and management framework is based on the Pakistan Environment Protection Act 1997 (PEPA), which in turn replaces the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance promulgated in 1983. PEPA has two important responsibilities - the creation of institutions and the regulation of activities covering the environment. This legislation has been responsible for the establishment of Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC), and the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) finalized in 1993 further provide standards for industrial and municipal effluents and air emissions, including 32 liquid and 16 gaseous parameters. The compliance framework for enforcing the regulations is a mixture of administrative measures, judicial sanctions and active civil society involvement. Major policy initiatives in the environment sector have been the enactment of National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1992, Forestry Sector Master Plan and NCS plan of Action and the finalization of a National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in February 2001.

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Policy and Institutional Landscape Since the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992, several attempts have been made to develop a national climate change framework and related institutional set up (NATCOM, 2003). Notable developments included the Cabinet Committee on Climate Change. This Committee was created in 1995 to act as policy coordination forum for dealing with climate change. This was later converted into the Prime Ministers Committee on Climate Change in 2004. The need to address climate change on a priority basis is now realised at the highest echelon of the government in Pakistan as is obvious from its existence since 2005. Pakistan has also formulated several national policy frameworks such as the National Environment Policy (2005), National Forest Policy (Draft), National Energy Conservation Policy (2006), National Renewable Energy Policy (2006) and Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation (2006) etc. The Ministry for Environment took the initiative to establish a “Core Group” on Climate Change aimed at forging Pakistan's approach and policy towards the negotiations underway at the UNFCCC following the adoption of the Bali Plan of Action (2007).The Planning Commission Task Force on Climate Change was established as an initiative by the then Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission in October 2008. The Planning Commission Task Force has completed its work and issued its final report on the state of climate change in Pakistan in February 2010 (TFCC, 2010; NCCP, 2012). The National climate change policy -2012 will always be remembered as a landmark in the Climate Change response history of Pakistan for the Government approved National Policy of Climate Change, in addition to the setting up of the World's first full-fledged National Ministry of Climate Change. The National Climate Change Policy comprehensively addresses all possible challenges of Climate Change adaptation and mitigation in foreseeable future; and is sure to provide rock solid foundational framework for ensuing Climate Change Action Plans, Programs and Projects (Khan 2011; NCCP, 2012; MoCC, 2012). The policy will ensure climate change mainstreaming in the economically and socially vulnerable sectors of the economy, especially in the Water, Agriculture, Forestry & Biodiversity, Fishery Sectors and will steer Pakistan towards climate resilient development. The policy emphasizes integration of climate change policy with other interrelated policies. In general, this policy has a three-pronged approach: a) Adaptation to climate change through ensuring water, food and energy security of the country. This also aims at minimizing the risks arising from expected increase in frequency and intensity of extreme events: floods, droughts, tropical storms, etc; b) Contributing to climate change mitigation: with relatively low GHG emissions (310 million tons of Co2 equivalent – 51% from energy sector, followed by 39% from agriculture), nevertheless, the Government shall take concrete measures to contribute to the mitigation of climate change. This will include energy efficiency through transfer of innovative technologies. c) Capacity Building &Institutional strengthening, including awareness raising and proactive engagement in opportunities related to international & regional cooperation. Ensuring requisite finances and technology transfer is also among the key elements of this Policy. 4.7.2.2 Present Institutional Framework Since the adoption of the UNFCCC, several attempts have been made to develop a national climate change framework and related institutional set up. Notable developments included the Cabinet Committee on Climate Change. This Committee was created in 1995 to act as policy coordination forum for dealing with climate change. This was later converted into the Prime Ministers Committee on Climate Change (PMCCC). The need to address climate change on a priority basis is realised at the highest echelon of the government in Pakistan as is obvious from the existence since 2005 of a high level committee, called the Prime Minister's Committee on Climate Change, chaired by the Prime Minister and with several ministers including the Minister for Environment and the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission as its members, while a Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) has been established for pursuing related R&D efforts (Figure 4.26).

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

The other initiatives included (a) the Planning Commissions Task Force on Climate Change; and (b) the Minister for Environment's Core Group on Climate Change. The country's effort on coastal zone management is yet another initiative to reduce the coastal and marine risks taking into account climate change impacts on these sectors. The Planning Commission Task Force on Climate Change was established in 2008, completed its work and issued its final report on the state of climate change in February 2010 (TFCC, 2010).

Prime Minister’s Committee on Climate Change (PMCCC)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

International Negotiations

Climate Change Division

Academic Institutes • HEC • Various Universities

Planning comm. Task Force on Climate Change (TFCC)

CDM Activities

Climate Change Policy & Plans of Action

Adaptation-related Organizations • NARC/PARC • WAPDA • PFI • Agr, Univ,etc

Planning Commission

Contribution towards National Climate Change Policy Formulation

Mitigation-related Organization • WAPDA • PAEC • NAR/PARC • PFI • HDIP Technical Advisory Panel • IUCN • GCISC • PMD • Asianics, etc.

Research & Data Organisation • GCISC • PMD • WAPDA • SUPARCO • NIO. etc. Iinternational Funding Agencies • WB • ADB • UN Agencies • Donors

Federal/Provincial Ministries • MinFA • MoW&P • MoInd&P • MoFAff.etc. • Relevant Provin, Ministries/ Ores. NGO’s • IUCN • LEAD-Pak • SDPI •ICIMOD • Oxfam.etc.

Figure 4.26. Pakistan organizational structure for climate change

Ministry for Climate Change The year of 2012 will always be remembered as a landmark in the Climate Change response history of Pakistan, for the Government approved National Policy of Climate Change, in addition to the setting up of the World's first full-fledged National Ministry of Climate Change. The Ministry of Environment was dissolved in June 2011 and reconstituted as the Ministry of Climate Change in 2012 (now Climate change division). This is the focal point for National Policy, Legislation, Plans, Strategies and programmes with regard to Disaster Management, Climate Change including Environmental Protection and preservation. The Division also deals with other countries, international agencies and forums for coordination, monitoring and implementation of environmental agreements (http://www.mocc.gov.pk). Global Change Impact Study Centre (GCISC) Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) was established in May 2002 on the initiative of Planning Commission of Pakistan. From July 2003 to September 2009 GCISC was supported by the Pakistan Planning Commission under its Public Sector Development Programme and thereafter by the Ministry of Environment from its development funds. Recently (in January 2010) the Federal Cabinet 116 |

Policy and Institutional Landscape accorded its approval for the functioning of GCISC as an autonomous research organization under the umbrella of the Ministry of Environment (Now Ministry of Climate Change). The main purpose of the Centre is to serve as a think tank in aid of the national planners and decision makers for strategic policy planning in consonance with the changing global environment in areas such as climate, water, energy, food, agriculture, health, ecology, new technologies etc (http://www.gcisc.org.pk). The main objectives of GCISC are: (i) to keep track of the current and likely future trends of climate change, globally and within Pakistan; (ii) to analyze and evaluate their likely impacts on the key socio-economic sectors in Pakistan; (iii) to identify how science and technology may be called upon to cope with the adverse impacts, if any, and to advise national planners on the appropriate strategic approaches; (iv) to enhance national capacity for climate change research; and (v) to raise public awareness of climate change related issues. Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) is the service and research organization in disciplines related to weather and climate. It has set up more than 70 meteorological data collection stations all over the country extending from several thousand feet above the ground level close to glaciers down to considerable distances off-shore into the sea. Pakistan Meteorological Department shoulders the responsibility to investigate the factors responsible for global warming, climate change its impact assessment and adaptation strategies in various sectors of human activities. Since the establishment of GSISC, PMD has been working in close collaboration with it and has conducted several joint studies. PMD has now enhanced its computing capacity to fast grid computing environment, enabling it to deal with voluminous and multidimensional datasets of fine resolution covering emerging researchable issues of climate change. PMD is working on downscaling of GCM projections in collaboration with other regional partners to produce basin scale scenarios for the South Asian Region. PMD contributes towards monitoring and advanced warning of extreme events such as floods, heavy rain spells and cyclones. It is also engaged in studies on snowmelt runoff modelling and land use change in the context of climate change. Other Organizations While GCISC is the only organization in Pakistan with an exclusively climate change related mandate, there are several other organizations in the country besides PMD whose mandates and activities partly cover climate change related issues and which have either some very relevant climate change related capacities or are pursuing climate change related projects. In this connection, a useful survey was recently conducted by Oxfam with its results summarised in the Oxfam (2009) report “Climate Change in Pakistan: Stakeholder Mapping and Power Analysis”; The following organizations and its mandate, climate change related mandate, climate change related capacities/ projects, and influence on climate change policy (Planning Commission , 2010): (i) Federal Ministries: Ministry of Climate Change Division, Planning Commission, Ministry of Water and Power, Ministry of Food & Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock and Dairy Development; (ii) Government Funded Organizations: PMD, GCISC, AEDB, ENERCON, Pak-EPA, NARC/PARC, PCRET, NIO, PCRWR; NDMA and the corresponding provincial and district level organizations; (iii) International Organizations: World Bank(WB), ADB, Donors (DFID,NORAD, SDC), UN Agencies (UNDP, GEF, UNIDO, UNESCO etc.); (iv) NGOs: LEAD-Pakistan, IUCN, SDPI, Oxfam, other small NGOs. Some organizations with useful capacity for addressing climate change related issues, such as those listed below: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Specialised capacity in the field of international negotiations on climate change issues; | 117

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

WAPDA: Capacity in high altitude meteorological data collection, physical mapping of glaciers, round the year measurement of river flows at critical locations, reservoir monitoring and control, watershed modelling and various mitigation activities in the power sector; SUPARCO: Specialised capacity in RS/GIS for use in monitoring of glacier recession, deforestation, land erosion, coastal area inundation etc.; PAEC/ PINSTECH: Specialised capacity to measure surface and sub-surface water flows and identify their sources of origin using isotopic techniques; mitigation through the use of nuclear power; development of national GHG inventory; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology: Capacity to teach and guide postgraduate research in Meteorology and Climatology; capacity for conducting glacier monitoring studies; Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (HDIP): Capacity for development of national GHG inventory and use of CNG as a transportation fuel; Pakistan Forest Institute: Capacity in large scale afforestation and reforestation; National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (FAST): Broad appreciation of climate change related issues in Pakistan with particular emphasis on agriculture, livestock and irrigation water; Asianics Agro Development International (Asianics): Capacity for assessing climate change impacts on agricultural systems and for finding corresponding solutions; ICIMOD: Specialised capacity in glacier and snow monitoring, watershed modelling and studies of mountain ecosystems.

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4.8

Sri Lanka 4.8.1 Policy and Institutional Setup for DRR 4.8.1.1 Evolution of DRR The history of Disaster management in Sri Lanka is very old. When we look back into the history of Sri Lanka, we find several evidences of disaster management. The hydraulic civilization found in dry zone by ancient Sinhalese Kings, displays evidence of remarkable human effort taken to mitigate the drought hazard. The major features of this civilization were the construction of an intricate system of reservoir for storing water for agriculture. The ancient community which lived in vulnerable area to disasters had developed their own mechanism to reduce risk and vulnerability particularly to flood and drought.There are two approaches. One is to take water away from the people and the other is to take people away from water. The first method is also known as the structural approach: this is adopted along the basins of Kelani, Gin, and Nilwalarivers as a measure to control inundation and the consequent damages. The other approach is the non-structural approach where timely flood warning is given to the people to move out of the area before the breach of floods. This method was practiced to some extent during the severe flood and land slide of May 2003. In the recent years, Droughts of 2001 & 2004 and Floods of 2003 resulted in the loss of crops, and about 370,000 families and nearly 146,198 families of 6 districts were severely affected respectively. Several million people have been affected by various kinds of disaster. In the after math of these events, government took initiative for disaster management preparedness and policies. But after the incident of devastating tsunami 2004, the Sri Lankan government was compelled to review the policy and plans with an holistic approach for addressing disaster management and prevailing institutional framework for early warning and disaster preparedness. The government passed a draft bill as the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act, No. 13 of 2005. The Act established the NCDM and DMC, which would function under the NCDM.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region In December 2005, the Ministry of Disaster Management with support from UNDP, developed a framework to identify and coordinate multi-stakeholders efforts in the next ten years through a holistic strategy, named “Towards a Safer Sri Lanka: A Road Map for Disaster Risk Management.” The Roadmap is focused on seven thematic components, which are consistent with ongoing and past efforts in the field of disaster risk management and development planning. The proposed strategy covers the following areas: 1) Policy, Institutional Mandates, and Institutional Development; 2) Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment; 3) Multi hazard Early Warning Systems; 4) Preparedness and Response Plans; 5) Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction; 6) Community-based Disaster Risk Management; 7) Public Awareness, Education and Training (MoDM, 2005). 4.8.1.2 Present Institutional Framework In the aftermath of the 2004 Tsunami, Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act was enacted in July 2005, which provides the legal basis for instituting a disaster risk management system in the country. National Council for Disaster Management The National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM) is the supreme body for disaster management in Sri Lanka under the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act - 2005. The President of Sri Lanka is the Chairperson of the National Council and Prime Minister is the ViceChairman. The Leader of the Opposition and the Ministers in charge of the following subjects are members of the Council: Disaster Management; Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development; Resettlement and Disaster Relief Services; Social Welfare; Rehabilitation and Reconstruction; Environment; Home Affairs; Health; Science and Technology; Housing; Coast Conservation; Irrigation; Power; Defense; Police; Finance; Land; Fisheries and Aquatic Resources; Foreign Affairs; Water Supply; Highways; Urban Development; Industries and Education. In addition, Chief Ministers of every Provincial Council, five members from the opposition nominated by the Speaker in consultation with the Leader of the Opposition and the Secretary to the Council are also members. The Secretariat of the Council has been established at the Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights. Figure 4.27 and 4.28 shows the present structure of institutional mechanism on disaster management.

Social Services FLADA (under the Presidential Secretariat) Home Affairs Health Science &Technology

Police National Council for Disaster Management Chair Person: H.E. President Vice Chairman: Hon. Prime Minister Opposition Leader

Housing Coast Conservation Irrigation Power

Chief Ministers

Chief Ministers

Finance Land Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Foreign Affairs Water Supply Highways

Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights

Defense

DMC

Urban Development Education Environment

Figure 4.27: Composition of the National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM) (Source: Source:http://saarc-sadkn.org/countries/srilanka/institution.aspx

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Policy and Institutional Landscape

Figure 4.28: Disaster Risk Management Mechanism (source: ISDR, WB. (2009). Disaster Risk Management Programs for Priority Countries. 287-288p) http://gfdrr.org/docs/6thCG_DRM_Programs_for_Priority_Countries.pdf)

Ministry for Disaster Management and Human Rights In December 2005, the Ministry for Disaster Management was established to take the lead role in directing the strategic planning for disaster response, risk mitigation, preparedness, planning and risk reduction, which was later renamed as the Ministry of Disaster Management & Human Rights in February 2006. To facilitate harmony and the prosperity and dignity of human life through effective prevention and mitigation of natural and man-made disasters in Sri Lanka, the Institutions like Department of Meteorology, Disaster Management Centre, National Building Research Organization, and National Disaster Relief Services Centre are functioning under the Ministry for the Implementation of government policies to achieve these objectives. The Department of Meteorology has been designated as the lead agency for Tsunami Early Warning. Linkages of the Meteorology Department have been developed with Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre, Hawaii, Japanese Meteorological Centre and California Integrated Seismic Centre for early warning signals and disaster mitigation efforts. In case of receipt of such information, instruction/ message regarding the expected disaster is disseminated in a systematic way through media, police/ military communication, SMS, helicopter etc. Disaster Management Committees (DMC) have also been established in the coastal villages where awareness programs and evacuation drills are carried out on regular basis. Similar DMCs have been established at the provincial, district and divisional levels. One of the important developments through the Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights is the formulation of the Road Map for a Safer Sri Lanka, which has been evolved in a very participatory and consultative manner with collaboration of all relevant stakeholders. The Road Map is a document that captures the priority activities to be embarked on by various agencies that have to play a role in different areas of disaster risk management, over short, medium and long term (Source: Towards a Safer Sri Lanka - Road Map for Disaster Risk Management; Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights). Disaster management center In July 2005 the Disaster Management Centre (DMC) was established under the National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM) for the purpose of planning, co-coordinating and implementing of certain natural and other forms of disasters (Figure 4.29a & b). NCDM also provides for a framework for disaster risk management in Sri Lanka and addresses disaster management holistically, leading to a policy shift from response-based mechanisms to a proactive approach towards Disaster Risk Management. | 121

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

Figure 4.29 (a): Organizational structure of Disaster management in Sri Lanka

Figure 4.29 (b): Working Mechanism of Sri Lanka DMC.

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Policy and Institutional Landscape National Disaster Relief Services Centre National Disaster Relief Service Centre was established in 1996 under the Ministry of Social Services and Social Welfare. It came under the Ministry of Disaster Relief Services by the extraordinary gazette notification No: 1422/22, dated 08/12/2005, in order to plan and implement relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. It was transferred to the Ministry of Resettlement and Disaster Relief Services after being renamed as National Disaster Relief Services Center (NDRSC), by the Gazette Notification No: 1482/9 dated 09/01/2007. It functions under the Ministry of Disaster Management with effect from 30/04/2010 with the gazette notification No: 1651/20.

Disaster Information Management System (DIMS)/Social Management Information System (SOMIS). Under the Ministry of Social Services (MoSS), Sri Lanka has established a disaster management information system called Social Management Information System (SOMIS). The Disaster Management Centre (DMC) of Sri Lanka is also developing a database, which will incorporate various aspects of disaster management integrated with SOMIS. Disaster Mitigation related centres have been established in almost all the universities to carry out research development policy assistance data collection, storage and dissemination. The Disaster Information Management System is a tool that helps to analyze the disaster trends and their impact in a systematic manner. With increased understanding of the disaster trends and their impact, better prevention, mitigation and preparedness measures can be planned to reduce the impact of disasters on the communities. Figure 4.30 shows the working mechanism of the disaster management system of Sri Lanka.

Figure 4.30: Disaster management information system of Sri Lanka | 123

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

4.8.2 Policy and Institutional Setup for CCA 4.8.2.1 Evolution of CCA Over the past few decades various types of disasters have struck Sri Lanka, which may be linked with climate change. Recent concern on climate change gave a push to the mitigation and adaptation stream of which adaptation is an issue closer to the concern of vulnerable community in Sri Lanka. The Government established the climate change coordination unit and drafted a list of plans, policy and legislations which addressed the climate change adaptations such as Biodiversity Conservation Act Plan 1999, Soil Conservation Act, 1996, National Environmental Act Caring For Environment (CFE,2003-2007), Path to Sustainable Development Clean Air 2000, Action plan 2002, Coast Conservation Act, Coastal 2000 and so on. The Government of Sri Lanka ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994 and is among the first 50 countries that have ratified it. The Ministry Of Environment and Natural Resource (MENR) is responsible for all national policy level activities on climate change in Sri Lanka. As an obligation of the UNFCCC, Sri Lanka is required to prepare the National Communication on Climate Change periodically. Accordingly, the Initial National Communication on Climate Change has been prepared and submitted to the UNFCCC in 2000 and the second National Communication on Climate Change has been submitted in 2012. The National Climate Change Policy-2011 has been developed by the Ministry of Environment with a view to provide guidance and direction for all the stakeholders in the country to address the adverse impacts of climate change efficiently and effectively. The policy contains a vision, mission, goal and a set of guiding principles, followed by broad policy statements under Vulnerability, Adaptation, Mitigation, Sustainable Consumption and Production, Knowledge Management and General Statements. Needless to say, collaborative action at all levels is necessary to transform this policy into a meaningful set of actions to meet the challenges of climate change. The goal of the National Climate Change Policy has been set as 'Adaptation to and mitigation of climate change impacts within the framework of sustainable development' with a mission of 'Addressing climate change issues locally while engaging in the global context', to secure 'a future where climate change will have no adverse consequences on Sri Lanka' which is the Vision of the policy. ADB was working with the Ministry of Environment towards formulating a national strategy for climate change adaptation to increase Sri Lanka's resilience to climate change impact while pursuing sustainable economic development. In this direction during November 2010 a brochure on Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into National Planning and Development was produced based on work carried out under the Asian Development Bank Technical Assistance Project: Strengthening Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation in Sri Lanka has been published (Source: http://www.adb.org/projects/documents) At the national level, in 2010, the Sri Lankan government has recently developed a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for 2011–2016 (NCCAS 2010). This is built around a strategic framework with five main components: 1. Mainstreaming CCA into national planning and development; 2. Enabling climate-resilient and healthy human settlements; 3. Minimizing the impact of climate change on food security; 4. Improving the climate resilience of key economic drivers, including tourism, transport, and power; 5. Safeguarding natural resources and biodiversity from climate change impacts.

4.8.2.2 Present Institutional Framework The Climate Change Secretariat, which is headed by the Director of the Climate Change Division, adopts a comprehensive national approach to address climate change challenges which is also a development issue of Sri Lanka. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) is responsible for all national policy-level activities on climate change in Sri Lanka. Climate Change Secretariat (CCS), which is headed by the Director of the Climate Change Division, MENR, adopts a

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Policy and Institutional Landscape comprehensive national approach to contribute towards local, regional and global efforts in combating climate change scenarios into national sustainable development plans. To promote better decisions by means of wider inputs, to integrate diverse viewpoints and to bring together the principle actors, the National Advisory Committee on Climate Change (NACCC) in 2008 was created under the MENR and all activities pertaining to climate change will be coordinated by NACCC (www.climatechange.lk).

The Ministry of Environment The Ministry of Environment (MoE), in-charge of the subject of environment has been assigned the responsibility of providing guidance and policy direction for the implementation of programs for the protection and management of the environment. In addition, the Ministry is designated as the focal point for the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and has the authority to maintain international relations/coordination relating to climate change. The Air Resource Management and International Relation (Air Mac) has been established as a division of the MoE and entrusted with the management of air resources and to carry out pollution control programs such as VET, POPs and e-waste. In 2008, a Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) was setup at the MoE to coordinate the implementation of provisions of the UNFCCC and to pursue the decisions made at the Conference of Parties (COP) and Meeting of Parties (MOP) of the Kyoto Protocol. Further, in late 2008, the Climate Change Division (CCD) was established under the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and was entrusted with the task of preparing the Second National Communication (SNC). In addition, this division is responsible for the activities of the Climate Change Secretariat (CCS), and acts as the office of the designated national authority for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), office of the national focal point for the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the Sri Lanka Carbon Fund. The MoE has launched several programs to build and strengthen the capacity of researchers engaged in research on climate change and related issues with GEF/UNDP funding. MoE also proceeded to create Committees on Environmental Policy and Management (CEPOM) to streamline the decision making process and ensure that environmental aspects are integrated into development programs and activities of the respective sectors. CEPOM coordinates environmental policy matters with sectoral ministries including professionals, experts and private sector. The Secretary of MoE serves as the co-chair person, while the secretary in charge of the relevant sector of CEPOM serves as the chairperson. Two officers from the respective sectoral ministry and the MoE will serve as joint conveners of the CEPOM. However, at present CEPOM is not functioning. Therefore activities of CEPOM have been incorporated in to the Haritha Lanka Program. USAID continuously supports the government of Sri Lanka to improve the quality of the environment through several projects on air quality management, use of renewable energy (solar and wind) and waste management etc.

Department of Meteorology The Department of Meteorology, the permanent representative organization with World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is the national focal point in Sri Lanka for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and to implement IPCC recommendations in the country. IPCC has been jointly established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nation Environmental Program (UNEP) with a mandate to assess scientific information related to climate change, to evaluate the environmental and socio-economic consequences of climate change and to formulate realistic response strategies. The Centre for Climate Change Studies (CCCS) of the Department of Meteorology was established in year 2000 and it plays a leading role in conducting research and public awareness programs on climate change and related issues. The centre was mandated by a decision taken by the Cabinet of Ministers in 2000, to carry out climate change related research activities and to conduct public awareness programs to raise awareness among the concerned people on this subject. Also the Department of Meteorology is actively involved in observing, monitoring and projecting of climate change presently. The scientific staff of the Department is capable of conducting climate change related education, training and public awareness programs for educating people at various levels. Other Institutions Ministry of Fisheries (MoF) has been dealing with coast conservation activities in Sri Lanka. Under this ministry, several departments and institutions have been formed for the implementation of activities related to coast conservation. These are Department of | 125

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR), National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), National Aquaculture Development Authority (NAQDA) etc. Coast Conservation Department (CCD) which comes under the Ministry of Ports and Aviation Services (MoPA) is also actively involved in coast conservation activities. Several other ministries involved in environmental managements in various ways are Ministry of Economic Development (MoED), Ministry of Power & Energy (MoPE), Ministry of State Resources and Enterprises Development (MSRED), Ministry of Industry and Commerce (MoIC), Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Ministry of Land and Land Development (MLLD), Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management (MIWRM), Ministry of Technology and Research (MoTR), Ministry of Livestock and Rural Community Development (MLRCD), Ministry of Plantations (MoP), Ministry of Construction Engineering Services Housing and Common Amenities (MCEHCA), Ministry of Transport (MoT), Ministry of Health (MoH) and Ministry of Petroleum Industries (MoPI). Provincial Environmental Authority (PEA) of the North Western Province (NWP) has been empowered to carry out environment related activities in the NWP by the North Western Provincial Environmental Statute No 12 of 1990.

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5

Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in SAARC Countries-Inventory of Projects

5

Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in SAARC Countries-Inventory of Projects Initiative towards DRR and CCA in the form of projects and programmes undertaken in the eight SAARC countries have been reviewed. All the projects of the SAARC countries have been listed in annexure 3. For inclusion in this, projects and case studies were expected to meet both criteria (i.e. relevant to both climate change and disaster management) and focused on climate related initiatives. This inventory of the projects sought to capture the diversity of the efforts in the region including location, scale, sectorial focus, strategic emphasis and ranged from community-based efforts to regional/national-level programmes. In all 371 projects /case were reviewed, one project/case example from each member state reviewed in detail, which has activity, rather than merely research. Differentiating between the DRR and CCA projects was very challenging as many of the projects and programmes were complex, with multiple sources of funding and implementers, strategies, locations, impacts, and vulnerability drivers. This made comparisons between examples difficult, especially when the information provided in some cases was scant compared to others. This was further compounded by the limited amount of time dedicated to the review. A more detailed analysis is certainly needed, along with better documentation of DRR and CCA work being undertaken. The large portfolio of DRR and CCA activities in the region is considerably expanded particularly in the sectors like improving natural disaster forecasting capacity, irrigation supplies and efficiency, urban and rural sector adaptation, adaptation to flood and droughts, coastal zone management, watershed management to improve the productivity of water and land resources, water resources management through approaches that enhance adaptation to climate change. While several examples are not yet mature enough to be assessed in terms of their impact, they are the most promising of those reviewed, and are representative of the different types of interventions taking place, in terms of scale, sectorial focus, strategic emphasis, and the climate impacts being addressed. On integrating DRR and CCA for resilient development in South Asian countries, about 371 projects were selected under the broad themes. The table 5.1 shows that in Afghanistan 21 of total 28 projects target on theme Natural resources (agriculture, water, land, biodiversity, forestry and coastal and wetland management), whereas the least targeted sector is health. Largest number of projects were found in Bangladesh, which appears to be a reflection of the amount of work being undertaken in this country, while Pakistan had the least number of projects, which reflected the inadequacy of the DRR and CCA efforts till date (Figure 5.1).

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Table 5.1 No. of Projects for SAARC Countries (Sector wise) Sector Country (s)

Afghanistan

Total No. Natural Resources(Agriculture/ Of Projects water/land/biodiversity/forestry/ Rural/Urban development coastal/wetland) 28 21

DRM Flood/Drought

Health

Energy

1

-

2

1

3

Society Communication

Bangladesh

54

27

2

1

-

9

-

15

Bhutan

53

32

2

1

6

2

-

10

India

53

33

2

-

1

5

1

10

Maldives

28

16

-

1

1

5

1

4

Nepal

21

13

-

-

-

-

1

7

Pakistan

8

5

-

-

-

1

-

2

Sri Lanka

10

8

-

-

-

-

-

2

Regional CCA & DRR Total

26 CCA Projects+ 90 DRR Projects= 116 (255+116) 371

On the detailed analysis of inventory projects on DRR and CCA, it was found that United Nation Organizations followed by National organizations of respective countries have funded majority of implemented projects and the details are given in table 5.2. Table 5.2 and table 5.3 also show that there is an even number of activities regionally by IGOs, regional organizations, UN agencies, and multilateral and bilateral funding institutions, with World Bank GFDRR having the most number of regional activities, followed by ASEAN, ADB and SOPAC. Of these, multilateral and bilateral funding institutions and UN agencies are the ones that have started on activities that address climate impacts focusing more on managing climate risks, as shown in Table 5.3. Table 5.2. Funding by different agencies in Member states

3

Type Of Organization Total No. of projects Regional Inter Regional United Regional Multilateral and Non-governmental International -Govern Alliances bilateral funding National Projects Organi- Nations Organizations Organizations Organizations and mental Organi SAARC Institutions zations Organizations Networks -zations Countries Afghanistan 4 14 10 Bangladesh 3 3 6 30 10 2 Bhutan 13 39 1

4

India

5 6

Maldives Nepal

7

Pakistan

SNo.

1 2

8

9

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Sri Lanka Country wise total CCA Regional DRR Total

1 -

2 -

18

3 -

4

9

3

-

2

-

-

11

4

1

2 -

-

2

-

-

2

1

-

2

-

-

7

1 -

10

5

75

2 28 35

7 20 102

13 -

126

13 20 43

1 -

14 -

2 3

10 23

11 11

2 -

3 -

7

31

4 8 138

2 16

1

1

Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in SAARC Countries-Inventory of Projects Table 5.3 Different types of organizations undertaking different kinds of projects along with their prime objectives. Type of Organization

Regional Inter Governmental Organizations

Regional Organizations

United Nations Organizations

No. of Projects Organizations Country wise Regional Regional (CCA and DRR) CCA DRR ASEAN SAARC 5 2 4 DFID 2 CIDA 1 IWG 1 IWMI 1 NACA 1 10 ICIMOD 1 OXFAM

6

8

-

BCPR

1

-

-

Total ADPC IFRC IUCN

10 2 1

13 1 -

20 22 3 1

SEI

-

-

2

1

-

ICRISAT

APN

1

-

-

BDRCS

1

-

-

Total FAO UNCRD UNDP UNEP UNESCAP UNESCO

5 3 -

2 -

48 2

1 -

-

-

28 6 5 2 1

UNISDR

1

-

3

UNOCHA

-

-

1

WHO

1

-

WMO

1

-

-

UNITAR

-

1

-

UNFCCC

5

1

-

ADRC

-

-

1

Objectives -Assessing the Climate Change related Vulnerability -Capacity Building for DRR and CCA -Climate Risk Management -Strengthening the DRM Strategies -Implementing the Community Based Adaptation -Safeguarding the Natural Resources -To promote rural development through sustainable aquaculture -Climate Risk Management -To work with and through partners and communities on long term programs to eradicate poverty and combat injustice. -To advocate for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life -Assessing the Climate Change related Vulnerability -Implementing the Community Based Adaptation -Safeguarding the Natural Resources -To bring change for sustainable development by bridging science and policy -To reduce poverty ,hunger, malnutrition and environmental degradation in the tropics through partnership based international agricultural research or development that embodies Science with a Human Face -To enable developing countries in the Asia Pacific region to participate increasingly in regional cooperative research, and to benefit fully from such research. -To improve the situation of the vulnerable people by mitigating their sufferings caused by diseases and disasters in accordance with the fundamental principles of the Movement by mobilizing the power of humanity.

-Assessing the Climate Change related Vulnerability -Capacity Building for DRR and CCA -Climate Risk Management -Implementing the Community Based Adaptation -Safeguarding the Natural Resources -Confronting Climate Change -To serve as the focal point in the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies among disaster reduction activities -To strengthen the UN's response to complex emergencies and natural disasters by creating the Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA). -To provide leadership on global health matters,shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends. -Meteorology related aspects -To deliver innovative training and conduct research on knowledge systems to develop capacities of beneficiaries in the fields of Environment; Peace, Security and Diplomacy; and Governance. ---To Enhance Disaster Resilience of the Member Countries. -To Create a Society Where Sustainable Development is Possible -To Build Safe Communities.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

Regional Alliances and Networks

Multilateral and bilateral funding Institutions

National Organization

International Organizations

132 |

-To reduce poverty and support development -To stop the degradation of our planet's natural environment, and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. -To provide grants for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, organic international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer, and persistent pollutants.

World Bank

9

2

1

WWF

2

2

-

GEF

3

-

-

Total

75

7

20

ADRRN

-

-

2

ACCCA

1

-

-

Total

1

ADB

3

-

10

CWAD Total National Governments BCAS

10 13

-

10

121

2

6

---

3

-

-

-Safeguarding the Natural Resources

-Capacity Building for DRR and CCA -Climate Risk Management -To bring stakeholders and scientific communities of the developing world together to enable and support effective adaptation decisions to reduce vulnerability to climate change.

2 -Assessing the Climate Change related Vulnerability Capacity Building for DRR and CCA Safeguarding the Natural Resources ---

USGS

-

-

1

-To provide the reliable scientific information to describe and understand the earth; minimize the loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, energy and mineral resources and enhance and protect quality of life

Local Governments

-

2

-

----To coordinate and manage all aspects related to emergency response to disaster, with the post disaster recovery and development phase being the responsibilities for national disaster management policy and plan, and also some implementation roles -To share knowledge, connect and leverage resources to reduce disaster risk -To create opportunities of gainful self employment for the rural families, especially disadvantaged sections, ensuring sustainable livelihood, enriched environment, improved quality of life and good human values.

ANDMA

1

-

-

ProVention Consortium

-

-

1

BAIF

1

-

-

Total GIZ Catholic Relief Services (CRS)

126 1

4 -

8 -

-

-

-

CARE Maxwell Stamp

3

-

-

-Assessing the Climate Change related Vulnerability -Capacity Building for DRR and CCA -Safeguarding the Natural Resources -Capacity Building for DRR and CCA -Confronting Climate Change

1

-

-

---

USAID

1

-

-

IFAD ISCB SURE

2 1 1

-

-

Global Climate Change Alliance

1

-

-

Total

11

-

-

-To extend a helping hand to those people overseas struggling to make a better life,recover from a disaster or striving to live in a free and democratic country -to eradicate rural poverty in developing countries ------To provide technical and financial support to partner countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets, and to implement projects that address climate change on the ground, promoting climate resilient, low emission development.

Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in SAARC Countries-Inventory of Projects

Non-Governmental Organizations

NGO Consortium Tarun Bharat Sangh Sahyog Sansthan Practical Action Aid Caritas Association for Social Transformation and Humanitarian Assistance(Nepal) Prawarda, Samuha, Maryada Total

1

-

-

---

1

-

-

---

1 5 1 3

-

-

---

2 -

-Capacity Building for DRR and CCA

1

-

-

1

-

-

14

2

On the basis of Projects reviewed, affected sectors by climate change, interventions and adaptation need, it is possible to develop an understanding towards the implementation of good practices in the affected countries. The table 1.4 summarized below shows the details of climate, extreme events and impact on various sectors of the affected countries. The detailed listing of country wise CCA and DRR projects in the SAARC nations is given in the annexure 3.

Change/Extreme events/Impact

Temperature extremes

Impact/Sector

Countries Affected

Agriculture

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka

Water resources

India, Pakistan, Afghanistan,Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan

Interventions for DRR and CCA • Sectoral and regional production assessments • Sustaining and enhancing crop productivity • Diversification of crops • Introducing heat/moisture seed varieties • Soil organic content and tillage • Efficient water usage and crop management practices. • Mulching practices and tree plantation • Conservation techniques • Funding in water resource management • Efficient irrigation infrastructure • Monitoring Water storage engineering • Managing water availability • Wetland conservation and Tree cover expansion

Sea level rise

• Education and awareness about heat related illness. • Introduction of mosquito nets in new areas • Implementing surveillance systems for existing a new disease risks. Bhutan, India, • To ensure future medical supply and support Human health Bangladesh, • Building resilience of most vulnerable groups through community based adaptation • Improved access to services and social protection schemes (insurance). • Resources allocation into measure of disease control. • Introduction of salt tolerant crops and species. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Coastal • Livelihood diversification. livelihoods Maldives, India, Pakistan • Introducing new livelihood options.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Coastal erosion Maldives, India, and Bangladesh, Pakistan inundation

Coastal surface India, Maldives, and ground water Bangladesh, Sri Lanka resources

Changing rainfall pattern

Agriculture

Water resources

Biodiversity

Desertification

Food security

134 |

Health

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

Livestock

Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka

Forestry/ floral wealth

Bhutan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan

Livelihood

India, Pakistan,

Water resources

India, Pakistan,

Agriculture

India, Pakistan,

Landscape

India, Pakistan,

-----

Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Pakistan

• Proper engineering works to build groynes, dikes, and sea walls. • Conservation of coastal mangroves. • Assessing existing defenses against possible effects of sea level rise in the present and in long term. • Monitoring of ground water resources in the coastal regions. • Promoting Geo-engineering based R & D. • Efficient aquaculture activities and surface water quality. • Reliable daily and seasonal weather forecast. • Crop Insurance for farmers. • Promoting concept of floating gardens to face the times of inundation. • Crop diversification and mixed farms. • R & D in extreme moisture tolerant seeds. •Efficient rain water harvesting to meet the extreme precipitation conditions. • Watershed management practices (check dams, dams, plantations). • Urban run-off management. • Policy development focusing water economy. • Revival of traditional rainwater storage infrastructure. • Formulation of Community water management committees. • R&D in study of water born diseases. • Spreading awareness regarding diseases rampant during extreme rainfall conditions. • Increasing medicine and medical support availing capability. • Development and integration of improved varieties of livestock that produce more milk, are less vulnerable to heat stress and are more drought tolerant • Feed nutrition quality, feed conservation technique and fodder bank maintenance • Degraded land area restoration • Forest Pest control through biological means and restricted use of chemical-insecticides • Changing the sowing of poor seed production and dispersal tree varieties • Implementation of climate change appropriate afforestation and reforestation strategies • Conservation of dense and sparse forest expanses in the climate change scenario • Ex-situ conservation techniques to preserve genetic diversty • Measures by government to provide for new livelihood options in the increasing desertified land • Activities to improve the quality of life of local communities. • Constructing canal and rain water harvesting structures e.g. wells, ponds, etc. • Community based plantation practices. • Develop a well equipped hydrological and meteorological station network for monitoring of drought and desertification. • Heat tolerant and less water consuming farming practices.

• Checking grazing at desert fringe zones to stop desertification. • Plantation at the desert boundaries. • Develop climate resilient cropping system (including agricultural research), as well as fisheries and livestock systems to ensure local and national food security

Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in SAARC Countries-Inventory of Projects The document also explained a few projects of SAARC countries which are identified as well implemented projects. These selected good practices show how disaster risk reduction can be integrated into climate change adaptation initiatives to reduce people's vulnerabilities to the impact of climate change and weather-related disasters.The lesson learned from the good practices can be replicated in other nations facing similar climate change induced disaster risk. These enhanced learning methods, evaluation and adaptive management project lessons captured can be disseminated and implemented. One project/case from each of the eight SAARC country discussed below, taken as good practices, are from the same listing. 5.1 Afghanistan Afghanistan is a landlocked country located along historic trade routes leading from Central Asia into South Asia. Afghanistan's climate is arid and semi-arid. Climatic hazards that Afghans face include periodic drought, floods due to heavy rainfall, floods due to thawing of snow and ice, and increasing temperatures. Among these, prolonged droughts, floods and rising temperatures present the greatest hazards to ecosystem services and livelihood security in Afghanistan. Water resources, forestry and rangelands, and agriculture are the sectors which are more vulnerable to climate change. Many projects have been implemented to build necessary technical, institutional and community capacity among which one has been discussed below in Box 1: BOX-1

Project topic: Community based watershed management

Organization: Implemented by MAIL in partnership with NEPA, and local communities. Technical and managerial support for the implementation of this project provided by UNEP. Location: Afghanistan Climate Impact: drought, flood Key sector: water agriculture Duration: Ongoing (December 2010-December 2013) Website link: http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/afg_tech/theme_02/afg_ccdp.pdf Objective: The overall objective of this project is to improve livelihood quality at the watershed level through improved natural resource use and management. Strategy: The project focuses on strengthening of community-based watershed management and development of appropriate tools and guidelines to enhance analytical skills and inter-sect oral approaches. •

Survey of resource use, livelihood characteristics and natural resource status. Compilation of data, including mapping in GIS system;

•

Realization of participatory discussions with community members to develop and elaborate project implementation plan;

•

Procurement of equipment and other inputs required for the implementation of the project;

•

Project implementation include the creation of the Watershed Management Committees, rotational grazing system, water storage systems and improvement of karezes and canals, construction of soil conservation structures and the project also focuses on the Training and capacity building in sustainable natural resource management and the implications of non-sustainable management; and Public awareness raising activities.

•

Provision of technical support from responsible and stakeholder institutions.

Learning and Replication Potential: The NAPA vision for Afghanistan is to increase awareness amongst all stakeholders of the effects of climate change and climate variability on their lives and to develop specific activities that build capacity to respond to current and future climate change threats. The project increase the value of agricultural production at the watershed level undertaken and improved understanding of the importance of integrated watershed management and has decreased the vulnerability of rural livelihoods and strengthened the local governance systems and economy. The observed benefits from the project which has improved the natural resource management and water shed management can be adopted by neighboring communities and other countries which can enhance the local and national economy.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 5.2 Bangladesh Bangladesh encompasses the largest deltas in the world. It is formed out of more than 230 rivers which include the rivers like the Ganges, the Bramhaputra and the Meghna. It has a total land area of 147,570 square kilometers. The coordinate wise expanse of the country is from 23.8511° N to 89.9250° E. Bangladesh is one of the world's most vulnerable countries to climate change. Due to its both geographically sensitive and socio-economically poor location, Bangladesh needs a strong national setup for climate change adaptation. Disasters like floods, storm-surges, flash floods, droughts, riverbank erosion, landslide etc. are rampant in this country. The poor and the marginalized people are the most valuable. The threats are particularly acute for those living in low lying deltaic areas, where a sea level rise of 45cm would directly affect 35 million people. The Community Based Adaptation (CBA) and the Action Research for Community Adaptation in Bangladesh programme etc. have worked out to build up the climate-resilient communities. Apart from this a few of the researches were also carried out based on knowledge and action for adaptation at the community level. One such is discussed below in Box 2:

BOX-2

Project Topic: Risk reduction boosts livelihood security in disaster-prone district. Supporting communities affected by river erosion in Bangladesh. (Practical Action Bangladesh)

Project Topic: Risk reduction boosts livelihood security in disaster-prone district. Supporting communities affected by river erosion in Bangladesh. (Practical Action – Bangladesh) Organization: The Big Lottery Fund UK4 being the funding agency, the project was being implemented by Practical Action Bangladesh in direct collaboration with five local NGOs, and was linked with relevant government line departments and administrative bodies. Climatic Impact: Floods Location: Gaibandha District, north-eastern Bangladesh; project areas (over 1,600 km2) Duration: From April 2004 to March 2009 Website Link: www.unisdr.org/.../3293_LinkingDisasterRiskReductionPovertyReductio... Objectives: This five year project was aimed to fulfill following objectives:  

Poor women, men and children living on vulnerable riverbank lands are better prepared to withstand the impact of recurrent natural hazards. People displaced by river erosion have access to basic services (food, shelter, water, health and education) through the development of cluster villages and multi-purpose shelters.



People displaced or at risk of being displaced by river erosion, have alternative livelihood options (i.e. new income-earning opportunities).



Improved social, civil and political rights for disadvantaged men, women and children affected by river erosion and regular flooding.

Strategy: Gaibandha is one of Bangladesh's most disaster-prone districts. In remote northern Gaibandha that is situated at the confluence of the two major rivers of Tista and Brahmaputra. The riverbank erosion led to permanent loss of land for cultivation and shelter. People often had to live in areas with minimal or no basic services such as safe water, sanitation, health and education. Ill health, malnutrition and mortality rates were high among women and children. Men migrated to other areas in search of employment, leaving women and children at home making their state all the more vulnerable. The project addressed to disaster and development issues, particularly among disadvantaged communities living on the edge of mighty rivers. By 2008, the project could target over 20,000 households. This included around some 100,000 direct beneficiaries and over 500,000 indirect beneficiaries. Over 67 per cent of them are women. The project worked out to build the alternative livelihood skill capacity of over 20,000 targeted households. The beneficiaries were provided with different livelihood patterns, access to basic services, food consumption and average incomes have changed very rapidly.

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Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in SAARC Countries-Inventory of Projects Since 2004, the average income rose from below US$300 to US$450 (where US$1,570 is the highest for agro-processing households). It's through this project the resource-poor and vulnerable communities of Gaibandha now have access to common property, particularly to public water bodies and sand bar islands. The project has identified and explored a number of new technological options, including: floating vegetable gardening; crop production in barren sand bars through pit cultivation techniques; cage aquaculture; community based cold protection mechanism; integrated model housing through cluster villages and multi-purpose shelter development; community-based extension system; and a community-managed rapid evacuation system throughout. The project has also generated over 100,000 days of work for unemployed rural men, women and young people. It also formulated innovative ideas and models on risk reduction and management, climate change adaptation and natural resource management issues. Innovative ideas were as follows:  The development of a model cluster village to resettle communities displaced by river erosion.  The development of multi-purpose shelters to accommodate affected communities hit by flood disasters.  The establishment of a community-based rapid evacuation system to minimize community risk and vulnerability.  The development of unique, low-cost and pro-poor technologies such as agricultural production on barren sand bars, floating gardens and cage aquaculture.  Improved access of marginalized people to basic rights (health, education, sanitation and legal rights), particularly for women and children. Learning and Replication Potential- The project is described as good practice as it has developed a very effective risk reduction and management model. A number of innovative pro-poor-based natural resource management technologies were introduced through this project. These technologies were designed for the poor and naturally disadvantaged communities not only in the project areas, but also in other districts and regions. The project introduced ideas, innovations, knowledge and learning strongly motivated community members, policy makers, development practitioners, donors and other stakeholders not only at the local, national and international levels too. The project was able to influence the development of a new policy for poor people living on the edge of mighty rivers in Bangladesh. Key lessons learned from the project are: Participatory plans and community-driven approaches are of the utmost importance for achieving objectives and goals. Adequate technical and social knowledge and skills are necessary for overcoming challenges. An integrated development approach is needed for tackling complex situations involving poverty and disaster risk. Adequate administrative support is needed to meet targets on ground. Equal participation of stakeholders is needed to achieve goals. The project's comprehensive disaster risk and poverty reduction strategy, aimed to develop a sustainable model. This model could be replicated in other parts of Bangladesh, especially in the region, at the edge of the mighty rivers, which were inhabited by disadvantaged communities. The beneficiaries now have a range of mechanisms to defend themselves against the disaster risks and poverty in a sustainable manner. To be replicated easily in other parts of the country, the project would have to undergo some amendments in the national policy, and national and donor funding has to be channeled into the relevant development initiatives. To replicate the project in a different context, minor adjustments to fit the context and situation are required provided that funding is extended and relevant policies are in place.

5.3 Bhutan Bhutan is a small, land locked country located in the fragile eastern Himalayan ecosystem for which climate change is not just an environmental problem but a serious challenge to sustainable development and the livelihoods of its people. The most significant impact of climate change in Bhutan is the formation of supra-glacial lakes due to the accelerated retreat of glaciers with increasing temperatures. The risk of potential disasters inflicted by Glacial Lakes Outburst Floods (GLOFs), which pose new threats to lives, livelihoods and development, is mounting as the water levels in several glacier lakes approach critical geostatic thresholds. The sectors in which the projects have been implemented are agriculture and livestock; forestry and biodiversity; health; water resources and energy; and natural disasters and infrastructure. One of the projects considered as the best practice has been briefed below in Box 3:

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

BOX-3

Project topic:Reducing Climate Change-induced Risks and Vulnerabilities from Glacial Lake Outbursts in the Punakha-Wangdi and Chamkhar Valleys

Project topic:Reducing Climate Change-induced Risks and Vulnerabilities from Glacial Lake Outbursts in the Punakha-Wangdi and Chamkhar Valleys Organization: Supported by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)and implementing agency Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs , funded by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Global Environment Facility - Least Developed Countries Fund (GEF-LDCF); Austrian Government; World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Location: Bhutan Climate Impact: Flood Duration: Implementation Period 2006-2012 Website Link : http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptation-practices/reducing-climate-change-induced-risks-and-vulnerabilities-glacial-lake Objective: To reduce climate change-induced risks and vulnerabilities from glacial lake outbursts in the Punakha-Wangdi and Chamkhar Valleys. Its goal is to enhance adaptive capacity to climate change-induced disaster impacts in Bhutan. Strategy: The project tries towards integrating climate issues into the exiting disaster risk management of the country This project was identified by the National Adaptation Programme of Action of Bhutan as a national priority to address the adverse impacts of climate change. The main objectives of the project are to: Strengthening of DRM capacities in the Punakha-Wangdi and Chamkhar Valleys; Strengthened capacities for climate risk planning at the district (dzongkhag) administrative levels. Information on climate hazards and GLOF vulnerabilities in Bhutan systematically captured, updated, and synthesized. Awareness raised in communities vulnerable to climate-related GLOF risks Reduced risks of a GLOF from Thorthormi Lake through an artificial lake level management system Engineering and safety plans for risk reduction ,and by Implementation of artificial lowering of Thorthormi Lake waters; and Installation of an early warning system for the Punakha-Wangdi Valley. Raised awareness of communities in the PW Valley on operation of EWS. Raised awareness of safe GLOF evacuation areas in each vulnerable community in the PW Valley Learning and Replication Potential: The project addresses urgent priorities from the recently concluded NAPA process in Bhutan. The project will integrate climate risk projections into existing DRM practices and implement corresponding capacity development measures at the national, district, and community levels. The project will demonstrate a practical approach to reduce GLOF risks from Thorthormi Glacier Lake, which is one of Bhutan's most dangerous glacier lakes with a worst-case-scenario outburst projection as early as 2010. The lessons learned in this project will facilitate replication of GLOF risk reduction in other high risk areas, both within and outside Bhutan. The project will also ensure that the existing early warning systems (EWS ) in the PW Valley, which is not currently equipped to handle the full extent of GLOF risks, is expanded to take sufficient account of this growing risk. Lessons learned from this initiative will enable up-scaling of early warning systems (EWS )in other disaster-prone areas downstream of potentially hazardous glacier lakes. The project learning help in developing effective disaster risk reduction measures and adaptation to climate change both within Bhutan and replicate the results in other nations facing climate change-induced GLOF risks. Participation can be ad hoc andat times low. This is because people cannot afford to miss work for an unpaid activity. It may require paying missed wages for meeting attendance and participation. • Working with government agencies can be most challenging because of their particular political agendas. Their vantage point can often highlight people's inabilities instead of their capabilities. • To work with government agencies, a proper strategy and a proper policy should be in place. This project bears promise of being replicated provided the constraints are managed well.

5.4 India India has a land-cover of 3.28 million square kilometers with a great diversity. It equals to 2.4 % of the world's land surface area supporting 16.2% of the world's population. India lies in the coordinates of 21.7679° N, 78.8718° E. The country suffers large variation in rainfall, temperature, land-use and community-built etc. which its large population and dependency on climate-sensitive sectors eg. agriculture, forestry etc. India has thus every reason to be concerned about climate change with increasing urbanization, population rise and uncontrolled poverty. India has prepared its documents like Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC (2012), National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC,2008), Indian Network on Climate Change Assessment (INCCA, 2010). A lot many documents have been consolidated at national level to generate information related to climate induced disasters. Many a projects have been implemented and many are under way at present to combat Climate Change. The Box 4 discusses one such project: 138 |

Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in SAARC Countries-Inventory of Projects BOX-4

Project Topic: Stabilizing livelihoods through community-based preparedness. (Community-based disaster preparedness for poverty alleviation)

Project Topic: Stabilizing livelihoods through community-based preparedness. (Community-based disaster preparedness for poverty alleviation) Organization: World Vision India and the Malda Area Development Program implemented this project with funding from World Vision UK. UNICEF developed and released the 'Colouring Book on Disaster Preparedness'. The Civil Defence Office of the Government of India and the Social Mobilization Office of UNICEF conducted disaster preparedness training courses. Climatic Impact: Floods, Cyclones, Drought Location: 2 gram panchayats (16 villages) of Gazole Block in Malda District (Malda is located 300 km north of Kolkata) Duration: February 2006 to 2008 Website link: www.unisdr.org/.../3293_LinkingDisasterRiskReductionPovertyReductio... Objectives: The main goal of the project was to strengthen community disaster preparedness and mitigation measures, and provide wealth creation and diversification. Its key objectives were: To promote disaster awareness activities and foster attitudes of preparedness so that communities can deal with disasters. To help community members establish alternative sources of income to reduce their vulnerability to disaster. To improve access to and use of appropriate water, sanitation and shelter facilities. Strategy: Malda District lies at the junction of the Ganga and Mahanadi rivers. The district suffers from one or more disasters like floods, cyclones or drought on an average every year, accompanied by worsening states of poverty, with farmers and marginalized people being the most affected. A recent survey says marginal farmers and landless laborers constitute 78.5 per cent of the entire population of the district. The constant and repetitive disasters left many families unable to plant even one quarter of their total crops. Problems mounted with this exodus of men in search of other livelihood options, particularly for women and children who were left behind with a meager 2000 rupees (US$50) worth of food for a family of six. Though food availability was not a problem, accessibility was. Family members remained behind were unable to meet minimum living standards. Migration, malnutrition, school-dropouts increased as low agricultural production and lack of employment persisted throughout the year. This project was aimed to integrate emergency response and disaster risk reduction into development in Malda District, West Bengal State, and north-eastern India by targeting the most vulnerable groups through age, gender and livelihood-tailored interventions. The project targeted groups like farmer-community and marginalized people, with a special focus on children and women. A total of 15,000 people were targeted. The project helped reduce poverty, disaster risk and vulnerability through income-generation activities targeting the most vulnerable and poor. The activities included pond renovation, drinking water purification and relief center construction. The approach used to integrate disaster risk reduction into poverty reduction was as follows: Carried out vulnerability assessments that measured economic and environmental factors, and identified capacities for reducing disaster risk. Conducted Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) exercises, specifically of village mapping, trend analysis, seasonality and wealth ranking. Formed Local Relief Action Teams (LRATs), which were core teams of civil defence officials and community volunteers trained to respond to disasters. Educated people on disaster preparedness and poverty reduction proposals made by stakeholders based on the needs of the communities. Learning and Replication Potential: The project can be described as good practice because of its decision to focus on children. This aspect of it, in India, minimized caste exclusion and made interest spread quickly throughout the community. The project also ensured local ownership through a methodology that valued participation and community volunteerism. Key lessons learned from the project were: There are many positive compound effects of children's participation in a risk reduction learning process. Experience from the project shows that children can be very powerful change agents or catalysts in the community. External aid and traditional community knowledge of agricultural methods are not enough on their own. The project required cooperation and a bottom-up approach to develop the most appropriate strategy for reducing risk. However, it is important for this project to be effective that there is community buy-in, that the approach is need-based, seeks to enhance people's capacity, and makes use of local human and material resources. Any project should also make a special effort to involve children and women. Replication in other contexts too may be done relatively easily with community input and government participation. Regarding scaling-up, some thought should be given to the following constraints: The majority of people have scant physical assets and limited resources for alternative livelihoods.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 5.5 Maldives Maldives is an archipelago of 25 low-lying coral atolls located in the Indian Ocean southwest of the Indian subcontinent. Climate change is an existential threat to the small coral islands that make up the Maldives. Over 80 per cent of the land area of Maldives is less than one meter above mean sea level; as such, a sea level rise of even a meter would cause the loss of the entire land area. The islands of the Maldives are very vulnerable to inundation and gradual sea level rise which also threaten the scarce fresh water resources. The coral reefs surrounding the Maldives are at risk due to gradual warming of sea water. The key sectors of climate change related vulnerabilities in which the projects implemented are: land, beach and human settlements; critical infrastructure; tourism; fisheries; human health; water resources; agriculture and food security; and coral reef biodiversity. There are projects that have really worked out well the challenges that climate change has posed, one such project is as follows ( see Box 5) :

BOX-5

Project topic: Wetlands Conservation and Coral Reef Monitoring (WCCM) for Adaptation to Climate Change Project for Maldives.

Organization: World Bank and implementing agency Ministry of Housing and Environment. The WCCM in particular is supported with donated funds from the European Union and Australian Aid, and managed by the World Bank. Location: Maldives Climate Impact: sea level rise Duration: Ongoing (February 16, 2012 to September 30, 2014) Website Link : http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P128278/wetlands-conservation-coral-reef-monitoring-adaptation-climate-change?lang=en Objective: The objective of the project to strengthen institutional capacity of Ministry of Housing and Environment (MOHE) and local councils for planning and demonstration of community based wetland and water resources management, and to implement a coral reef monitoring system. Strategy: WCCM project will be implemented in three phases over 18 months, to be completed in September 2014. Phase one consists of developing a conservation plan, designing an eco-tourism methodology, and improving water drainage systems. During phase two, eco-tourism facilities will be established in addition to continued water drainage “system rehabilitation”. Phase three includes commissioning a RAMSAR (convention) wetland and national park with eco-tourism. Learning and Replication Potential: The Maldives continues to push forward with climate change mitigation and adaptation initiatives, aiming to serve as a model for small island states. The overall goal is for these wetland and coral reef areas – and the entire nation – to be protected and developed sustainably to become biosphere reserves. This project will help in mitigating flooding and erosion due to storm surge, enhance fresh water security, as well as create economic benefits from these sustainable conservation initiatives. Maldives can become exemplary example for small island states. This project can be replicated anywhere in the world, all small island countries can utilize.

5.6. Nepal It is a landlocked country situated in the central part of Himalaya with a landmass of 147,181 square kilometers. It lies within the coordinates of 27.9389° N to 84.9408° E. The mountainous terrain of Nepal has a population of 28 million. Out of this 70 % live on less than $2 per day. Climate Change has turned the conditions of flood and drought.Nowadays the country also faces the growing threat of Glacial Lake Out-bursts Flood (GLOFs), outbreaks of diseases and sustained decline in food security. Development of National Adaption Plan for Action (NAPA) and Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) helped to bring down the adaptation efforts to grass-root level. 140 |

Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in SAARC Countries-Inventory of Projects BOX-6

Project Topic: The shallow tube well: A tool for fighting drought and poverty. (Livelihood-centered approaches to disaster risk reduction)

Organization: The initiative is managed by Practical Action – Nepal, implemented by a local partner NGO, MADE/Nepal (Multi-Dimensional Agriculture for Development) with funding from the UK government's Department forInternationalDevelopment (DfID), Conflict and Humanitarian Fund (CHF). Climatic Impact: Drought Location: Chitwan District in southern Nepal Duration: From March 2007 to ……. Website Link: www.unisdr.org/.../3293_LinkingDisasterRiskReductionPovertyReductio..., Objective: To increase the social and economic capacity of vulnerable communities to respond to and cope with drought through more resilient livelihood options. Strategy: This initiative was one of the elements of a project called 'Livelihood-Centred Approaches to Disaster Risk Reduction'. The Chitwan District was a drought-prone zone habited by communities who faced two major disaster risks: not enough water, and too much water. The prevailing poverty drove them to live at the confluence of two rivers. This location is both geologically and geographically vulnerable to flood and water inundation. Above this, to make the conditions worse their agriculture which was still primarily dependant on seasonal rainfall, suffered massive crop losses in hot and dry summers through drought. As Climate-induced disasters were already increasing in frequency and severity, it affected the agricultural productivity of these communities threatening their livelihoods. The initiative focused on establishing shallow (a tube or pipe vertically set into the ground at a depth of 6 to 18 meters tube wells). The shallow tube wells enabled the communities to reduce their vulnerability to drought. Following their improved capacities to combat states of too less and too much, their incomes too increased making them more resilient to other disasters. In the past, there was often and on farmers had to sow or transplant their crops with some delay due to the late onset of rain, which severely reduced yields. Now farmers discuss in groups and allocate days for each and every family to use the STWs, so that they can plan their crop sowing and transplantation accordingly. Learning and Replication PotentialKey lessons learned from the project were:  The involvement of community in the identification, planning and implementation of appropriate activities reduced the vulnerability while enhancing the earning capacity.  The major challenge was to secure community contribution. In such circumstances wherein this poorest of the poor community had nothing to contribute to this initiative in the form of cash; they provided all the unskilled labour for the implementation of the project.  Similar initiatives can be improved by ensuring that target-community members are trained to maintain the pumps. This initiative can be easily replicated in a different context with the strategies that are acquired to be appropriate, sustainable and economical in nature. To have promising results such projects must be replicated in areas where:  Shallow water tables  Majority of the population depends on rain-fed agriculture  Small-scale irrigation is an appropriate technology In such cases of relatively high-input initiative, a larger community contribution is expected especially when the communities are relatively well-off

5.7 Pakistan Pakistan is bordered by India in the East, China in the Northeast and Afghanistan in the West with a land expanse of more than 880,000 square kilometers. The country has coordinate wise spread from 32.0162° N to 71.6926° E. The land of the country varies in altitude and topography across the territory. The climate change impact assessment has become tricky owing to its large climatic, socio-economic and environmental diversity. Pakistan is located in region where temperature increases are expected to be than more/less the global averages. The country's lands are fed by rivers that originate from melting of glaciers. The food security of the country depends on the wellbeing of its agriculture. Nowadays the occurrences of intense climatic events have increased e.g. rainfall, flood, and cyclones apart from being erratic in nature. There is a great need for projects to help the national combat disasters; one such project is briefed below in the Box 7: | 141

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

BOX-7

Project Topic: Community-based Adaptation and Advocacy in Coastal Pakistan

Organization: OXFAM Climatic Impact: Agriculture, salt water intrusion Location: Mohammad Ali Chandio and Village Khamoon Mullah, in the Union Council of Bhugra Memon in Tehsil and District Badin, Pakistan Website link: http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/pakistan-climate-adaptation.pdf Objective: To enhance the capacity of coastal/rural communities to adapt to climate change. Strategy: The two components of the project are: Adaptation measures which will provide benefits directly to the most vulnerable communities and Advocacy activities will support the activities on the ground by initiating dialogue that is aimed at policy change to help coastal communities adapt to climatic changes. Activities in the project: •

Strengthening and expansion of existing water ponds including installation of solar panels and pumps

•

Construction of embankments using pressed earthwork

•

Rehabilitation of degraded land and use of appropriate crop varieties

•

Advocacy

•

Disaster preparedness activities

Expected LessonsThis project can mobilize human resources more effectively and ensure that communities are better prepared to deal both with extreme and unpredictable events as well as stresses that are set to increase over time. It is expected that the project will demonstrate how existing resources can be modified to adapt successfully to climate change. By proving the case for employing different approaches to community education in the management of land and human resources, local communities will be empowered to take control of their lives and livelihood

5.8 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka is a tropical island. Its coastal regions are most vulnerable to climate change and a significant proportion of the population resides in these Maritime Provinces. It is a “vulnerable” small island nation which faces serious threat from various kinds of climate change impacts, such as sea level rise, floods and droughts, and variability and unpredictability of rainfall patterns. Climate change impact could include: inundations, flooding, storm damage, and coastal erosion affecting human settlements and wetlands; decrease in agricultural crop yields; pollution of waterways and wells, leading to increases in waterborne diseases; and increased soil erosion from heavy rainfall events. These anticipated changes represent a significant threat to the coastal areas, as well as to different sectors of the national economy and human health. Many Programmers and policies related to climate change adaptation and disaster have been implemented, out of which only one project is presented below( see Box 8) .

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Initiatives towards DRR and CCA in SAARC Countries-Inventory of Projects BOX-8

Project topic:Adapting agriculture to increasing salinity

Organization: Practical Action

Location: Hambantota District, Sri Lanka

Climate impact: Sea level rise, salt water inundation, coastal erosion, flooding, saline contamination of irrigation systems, temperature increase.

Key Sectors: Coastal resources, agriculture, water

Duration: 3 years

Website Link : www.practicalaction.org

Objective: The objective of the project is involving the participatory research as an approach to multi-stakeholder involvement in the introduction of saline tolerant crop and varieties

Strategy: Participatory research, climate change awareness, use of modern and traditional weather forecasting, farmer-to-farmer learning and social networks, reintroduction of traditional rice varieties.

Learning and Replication Potential: Practical Action's work has included farmer-led trials of traditional and modern rice varieties which are salinetolerant, temperature-resistant and pest-resistant. Practical Action's approach to addressing food and livelihood security of small scale producers is to build their capacities for innovation and adaptation; improve their access to a wide range of technologies and skills; and enable them to find sustainable solutions for the future. Farmers have sufficient coping mechanisms to survive in the short term, it was apparent that collective action among all stakeholders was critical for the community to successfully adopt new strategies for longer-term sustainability. Participatory tools, such as risk mapping, helped to encourage collaboration between different stakeholders. Co-ordination among stakeholders was essential in identifying solutions. While individual stakeholders were able to identify solutions to the issues identified by the farmers, they were only able to achieve results by working together. Climate change awareness-raising was critical in helping farmers to understand the threats to their farming and to identify possible solutions, including, among others, the reintroduction of forgotten varieties of indigenous rice that are able to tolerate increases in soil salinity. Social networks played a significant role through the projects. The relationships built to achieve the participatory research were a particular success and capitalized on the pre-existing farmer groups within the community.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 2.0 Regional Experience (CCA & DRR) BOX. 9 below contains the highlights of the project that has made mark as one of the best regional projects conducted in SAARC nations: BOX-9

Project topic: Local Responses to Too Much and Too Little Water in the Greater Himalayan Region

Organization: The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, ICIMOD. Funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), and 'Himalayan climate change impact and adaptation assessment' (HICIA), in association with the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Location: The five case study sites span the Hindu Kush-Himalayas from west to east, covering a variety of geographical and climatic situations. Two studies in the Koshi basin provided an upstream-downstream context in Nepal and India.

Duration: January 2008 - December 2010

Website Link: http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/Final_Adaptation_Synthesis_Report_lowres.pdf Objective: The main objective was to document and assess the strategies that mountain people use to cope with and adapt to variations in available water resources induced by climate change.

Strategy: Field documentation and assessments were carried out for period of one year in five case study areas in China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan on how people respond to water stress and hazards in the context of climate variability and change. The five case study sites span the Hindu Kush-Himalayas from west to east, covering a variety of geographical and climatic situations. Two studies in the Koshi basin provided an upstream-downstream context in Nepal and India.

National consultation was held by ICIMOD in which based on certain criteria partners for field studies were selected. Two regional workshops were organized for the discussion and agreement for progress and outputs of the programme. The resource persons provided strategic assistance by critical reviews of draft case studies. Past and current water stresses and hazards field were discussed. Qualitative assessment was done. Group discussion provided information about the effectiveness and success of the adaptation strategies. The assessment of the project focused on the identification of political, cultural, and socioeconomic factors which can help in the implementation of sustainable and equitable adaptation strategies at the selected sites. A guideline developed in consultation with the policy study consultants provided a common framework and methodology for all the studies.

Learning and Replication Potential: Livelihood diversification emerges as a central adaptation strategy but support through institutions and policy is needed for long-term sustainability Social networks and local institutions play a vital role in enhancing adaptive capacity Cultural norms affect people's adaptive behaviour; despite being deeply rooted, they can shift over time in response to the needs With good governance and planning that takes into account climate risk, infrastructure development can contribute to enhancing water security and flood management Factors enabling adaptation may also be constraining factors Adaptation requires striking a balance between short-term priorities and long-term gains National institutions and policies strongly affect people's ability to adapt at the local level, but the national level is rarely informed by adaptation concerns and priorities adaptation at the local level has clear links with development, as many of the actions that are considered necessary for households and individuals to adapt to climate change are also high on the sustainable development agenda.

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6

Convergence and Divergence of Policies and Institutions

6

Convergence and Divergence of Policies and Institutions As per discussions with experts and documents reviewed, there is an overall consent that both CCA and DRR approaches have the objective of reducing the factors that contribute to climate-related risk while enabling sustainability in social and economic development under the influence of existing and changing natural, environmental and anthropogenic factors. However the experts are of the opinion that CCA tackles various sectors relating to the development of social and economic infrastructure such as water, agriculture, health, early warning system, infrastructure and education, in which respective measures will have to be taken. The CCA community has seen DRR as one of these sectors, although the actual relationship between both approaches has remained unclear. The current actions on DRR and CCA at international, regional, national and local levels including policy, institutional development and projects are normally focused on addressing the drivers of vulnerability, building capacity on DRR, managing climate risks and climate change. Among all actions a major challenge in common is how to contribute to CCA through the systematic efforts in DRR accumulated in past decades in the SAARC region. The figure 6.1 shows action for responding to CCA and DRR initiatives in this region-begun simultaneously, similar to global initiatives, suggest a parallel but disconnected evoluation of the two frameworks and generally compared the methodological difference between both the frameworks. Parallels can also be drawn in shifting emphasis of policy action in both from 1985 to 2013. CCA, as a response to climate change, was recognized in the early international statements on the issue. However it has been emphasized only the recent discussions with a stress on facilitating the adaptation measures in developing countries and new funds to be mobilized to finance such adaptation interventions. A similar shift in the focus of DRR policies & programmes is observed. The initial action on DRR was focused on relief and response, where gradual shift to the theme of preparedness or vulnerability reduction. The HFA, NATCOM, NAPAs, SNAP, development of national policies on DM & climate change establishment of regional centers for moving in right direction in the region and going towards more fruitful regional cooperation responding to climate change and managing disasters. Therefore, integration of DRR and CCA is one of the major challenges of risk management and finally for sustainable development in South Asia. The issue can be addressed by identifying those areas, which create convergence between CCA and DRR efforts, as also those which create divergence between the two. After analyzing about 371 projects (regional and national level in the region) it is observed that the convergence between CCA and DRR approaches in some areas need to be recognized and may be taken as a good practices /lesson learned to replicate in the other member states through regional cooperation (see section 5 and annexure 3). The projects related to integrated drought risk mitigation, land use planning in areas prone to climate related disasters, integrated coastal zone management; integrated watershed development programs and capacity building are the good examples. The practical barriers that create divergence are the following key areas: (1) Spatial /Temporal Scales; (2) Diverse Institutional structures / Functional Challenges; (3) Missing links in policies and programmes; (4) Knowledge sharing; (5) Funding Mechanism. Spatial /Temporal Scales The climate change issues till now have been analyzed primarily on a global/regional / national scale, whereas the DRR have been analyzed in the respective region and localities where they occur (meso-or local/microscle). The climate change community functions according to global climate models /regional climate models and predicts long–term global /regional climate scenarios, whereas DRR community focuses primarily on the local vulnerabilities and risks involved in a specific area, hazards and groups of people likely to be

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Figure 6.1 : Timeline of development of major approaches, tools and methods for CCA and DRR in SAARC region affected. The most important problem faced by the DRR and CCA managers are lack of local, downscaled data of climatic effects or the localization of the impact of the extreme weather events in the future that may facilitate preparation of specific adaptation and DRR strategies. Presently, the climate models are providing long term climate scenarios over the entire country or whole south Asian region, therefore respective adaptation strategies hardly exist or may be done at the local level. Therefore, for effective integration of the DRR and CCA further improvement in the climate models in needed that may provide correct future climate scenarios i.e. extreme climatic events at the local level will be more useful for devising strategies by DRR communities in SAARC region. Generally when disasters happen, it provides an optimal window of opportunity for the implementation of the long-term DRR measures. But such opportunities are generally missed by the humanitarian agencies as well as by the national donor. They generally remain responsible for reconstruction after disasters, as they focus often on the event-related issues. The intervention therefore remain confused to short-term. There are examples: 2010 floods of Pakistan; 2008 Kosi floods in India; 2008 extreme temperature of Afghanistan; 2004 Tsunami Disaster in the region. The sustainable risk reduction strategies are CCA approaches require a long-term perspectives. The present arrangement in the SAARC countries are attributed to uncertainties regarding the funding arrangement for investment to mitigate the effects of climate change on future extreme weather events. Diverse Institutional structures / Functional Challenges SAARC region hosts numerous institutions and associations formed specifically to address DRR and CCA issue that have visible national and/or regional presence. On the basis of information available in the public domain, discussion with the stakeholders/ 148 |

Convergence and Divergence of Policies and Institutions government/ UN / NGO officials, and academicians from the SAARC member states done so far, for the national-level policy and institutional landscape on DRR and CCA, the review of projects efforts on DRR and CCA, as well as the synthesis of practical examples linking DRR and CCA points out that integration of DRR and CCA framework offers advantages to both structures. DRR structures in member states of the SAARC region have a highly evolved and institutionalized setup functioning through a permanent interface with stakeholders. The structure shows its presence in policies, legislative measures (Disaster Management Act.), government orders and decisions taken over a period of last two to three decades (Figure 3.1 to 3.8). As we have seen in the chapter four, the DRM structure is functional at all levels of administration (national to local) in all member states (also see Annexure 4). This structure can provide a good platform for the CCA interventions to initiate at national, regional and local level. In most countries, climate change issues have been tackled by the environment and /or climate change, science and technology ministries and meteorological department, whereas DRM lies within the purview of the ministry of home, defense, relief, and national security. One important approach for integrating DRR and CCA in different countries could be through the common stakeholders and their parallel yet similar interfaces with the two structures. For example, the ministries related to water resources, agriculture, science and technology and health are part of both the structures but they share different interfaces with the nodal authorities for both DRR and CCA. These functional differences are widened by the fragmentation in the common stakeholder organisation between the two frameworks. The common stakeholder organisations in both the frameworks have a dual accountability function to perform which runs from disjointed structures within the same organisation – one catering to the requirements of the disaster management framework which are operational in nature, and the other providing research inputs to the climate change network. However, these two structures within the same organization do not interact with each other. The stakeholders are thus characterized by missing links between their operational or function-based organ and the research-based organ. Missing Links in Policies and Programmes In the SAARC member states an important concern about integration of DRR and CCA can be seen in the fragmentation of the development of policies from global to regional to national level. DRR and CCA planning, policies and programmes taking place in isolation without sharing the respective aims, objectives, importance, knowledge and methodologies. As going through the chapter 3 & 4 regarding policy and institutional landscape of DRR and CCA in SAARC member states, the institutional frameworks and policy development for both frameworks are done mostly by different institutions with different norms (also see annexure 1). Consequently integrating both becomes more difficult as the respective projects (see chapter 5 and annexure 3) and policies have been developed generally following the guidelines and norms of different institutions and legislations (see figure 3.1 to figure 3.9). For example, in Bangladesh climate change actions officially fall solely within the purview of the MoEF (see section 4.2), however it affects the activities of more than 35 line ministries. The MoFDM, which is recently renamed as the Ministry of Disaster and Relief (MoDMR) has the responsibility for coordinating national disaster management efforts across all agencies. The MoDMR and the MoEF do not presently coordinate to align DRR and CCA policies, programmes and projects. Recently one of the largest initiatives ever implemented in the Bangladesh as phase II of CDMP runs from 2010 to 2014 and has a key focus of risk management and mainstreaming, which is also focusing on common agenda of CCA and DRR. Shamsuddoha et al. (2013) advocated that existing National Disaster Management council and National Environment committee could form a joint co-ordination mechanism and provide specific guidelines to relevant authorities in order to better coordinate with one another and integrate approaches on DRR and CCA. It is important to note that the National Plan for Disaster Management 2010-2015 and the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009 are focused on reducing vulnerability and ensuring sustainable development of Bangladesh (GoB, 2010). We have seen the example of India, where climate change action is officially looked after by MoEF and DRR action again by MHA. The ministries related to water resources, agriculture, health & family welfare, earth sciences, and space are part of both the structures but they share different interfaces with the nodal authorities for both climate change and disaster management. For instance the Department of Agriculture & cooperation under ministry of agriculture, which interfaces with the disaster management structure, does not link with the Indian Agricultural Research Institute and other research institutes /state agricultural universities under the | 149

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region MoA, that were part of the India's first and second NATCOM report to UNFCCC and MoEF. Afghanistan in 2009, Bangladesh in 2005, Bhutan in 2006, Maldives in 2007 and Nepal in 2010 have submitted their NAPAs to UNFCCC so far, have called for immediate action and projects in the field of disaster management, early warning, capacity building and the development of preparedness measures. Within the context of the HFA, SNAPs are being developed in Afghanistan and Maldives ( see section 4.1 and 4.5 and annexure 4). In the case of Afghanistan and Maldives the SNAPs and the NAPAs are considered as important toolkits for dealing more effectively with disaster risk and threats related to climate change. Despite some common goals of NAPAs and SNAPs for example in Maldives in terms of reducing vulnerability of societies to hazards that are also influenced by climate change. However, SNAP process in Afghanistan and Maldives is still to be monitored and evaluated regarding its ability and effectiveness to link DRR and CCA. Knowledge sharing In SAARC member states, information about climate change is generally not communicated in a practical way that contributes to CCA efforts on the ground. In general in many cases some important information such as socio-economic data, which would be essential to understand the changing vulnerability and facilitate the development of suitable adaptation strategies, is not available at all. In addition, a very important challenge to a common knowledge base for DRR and CCA in the region are the gaps and conflicts between scientific and local/traditional knowledge. In some cases, local knowledge has been able to confirm or disprove scientific models and thus help to generate local data on trends. Community involvement is necessary at the start of any initiatives (policy development, project planning & development) in the member states, which is lacking and especially for the CCA. Communities generally do not differentiate between DRR and CCA and hence community involvement in policy development would create a link between CCA and DRR. Funding Mechanism Different organizations (UN, regional intergovernmental, regional, regional alliance & networks, multilateral & bilateral, national, NGOs and international etc.) are funding different projects related to CCA and DRR in this region (see section 5.0 and annexure 3). At present, the funding agencies for DRR and CCA projects in the member states are different with different values and norms. Therefore, institutional arrangement at different level for funding for both CCA and DRR projects need to be rearranged for better integration and coordination. Finally the tools and techniques used for DRR such as hazard, risk and vulnerability analysis, risk assessment and monitoring, risk mitigation, early warning systems need to be integrated with CCA strategies in the important sectors like water, agriculture, human health, food security, urban development, forestry, tourism, etc. There are success stories and good practices demonstrating such integration, which should be replicated and further scaled up. There are enabling mechanisms for integrating DRR and CCA through integration of appropriate technologies like simulation modeling, remote sensing, Automatic Weather Stations (AWS), Doppler Weather Radars (DWR), ICTs, etc. Similarly, networking of DRR and CCA institutions at national, regional and global levels coupled with multi-stakeholder communication and dialogues as well as exchange of information and expertise may catalyze such integration.

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Future Prospects & Recommendations

7

Future Prospects & Recommendations The study outlines the several challenges and gaps that exist with respect to effectively linking DRR and CCA in the region. As per discussions with experts, literature, reports, and document reviewed, it can be concluded the most of these challenges that a major barrier in the implementation of the Thimphu statement can be broken down into the issues regarding spatial /temporal scales, diverse Institutional structures / functional challenges, missing links in policies and programmes, knowledge level /knowledge sharing and funding mechanism. Key Recommendations: 1. Establish Institutional Linkages: The existing institutional arrangements at the regional, national and sub-national levels for DRR and CCA are not fully integrated and often run parallel to each other. There are separate institutional structures for addressing DRR and CCA thus creating structural barriers. Therefore, the SAARC Member States should establish mechanism for a seamless integration of the institutional arrangements put in place for these two intricately linked issues. The integration should be both; horizontal and vertical for ensuring improved communication, policy development, capacity development and exchange of knowledge in order to avoid duplication of efforts and ensure increased efficiency and cost effectiveness. 2. Devise Mechanism for integration of policy, planning and programmes: The SAARC member countries have separate set of policies, planning and programmes for DRR and CCA. Though, these are often in consonance with each other, there is a need for convergence of processes for integrating DRR and CCA through policies, plans and programmes. A mechanism is therefore; required to be put in place within individual countries as well as region as a whole for ensuring complete integration of policies, plans and programmes undertaken for DRR and CCA. The cross boundary impact of climate induced hazards underlines the need for integrated policies and programmes. 3. Set up Platform for Knowledge Management: A number of regional and national institutions are working on various issues related to DRR and CCA. A platform is required for facilitating sharing of knowledge & information, conducting regional research studies and pilots, and replication of good practices on both these issues among Member States. Therefore it may be considered to set up a SAARC Climate Change Knowledge Management Centre on the lines of SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC). Alternatively; a Climate Change Division may be opened in the SDMC itself for better integration of CCA and DRR activities at regional level. 4. Establish mechanism for Monitoring, Evaluation and Quality Control: In addition to the Governmental agencies, a number of development organizations/agencies, regional intergovernmental, regional alliances & networks, multilateral & bilateral, national, NGOs etc. are involved in various facets of DRR and CCA. The activities related to DRR and CCA integration across sectors and disciplines by various agencies should be evaluated at regional or national or local or community level in which they are going to be applied as well as towards the respective disaster/climate risks. Thus, there is a need for developing a mechanism for monitoring and evaluation of work being done by various agencies and to maintain certain standard of quality. Guidance notes on compliances, quality control and evaluation criteria with different scales may be developed to guide both policy makers and practitioners. A set of quality criteria with respective indicators to monitor and evaluate the progress may also be developed for various levels to serve as the

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region guidance while agencies are involved in designing adaptation and risk reduction policy and programs or projects. The SAARC secretariat may consider putting in place a monitoring and evaluation criteria to track the activities carried out within and/or by the member countries. Such a mechanism should not a policing platform but to facilitate synergies in the activities of the member nations. 5. Set up Regional Coordination Mechanism:SDMC could help member states in establishing a regional mechanism for coordination between sector agencies in the member states on managing regional common resources. In particular, it is recommended that to start with a mechanism for Agriculture and Water Resources sectors to facilitate incorporation of adaptation strategies into agriculture and food security; adoption of a scientific approach participation of all stakeholders, and better management of flash floods and droughts in the region. 6. Create and Maintain Roaster of Experts: The SAARC Member States have developed considerable expertise (scientific, technical, administrate, search & rescue etc.) on various aspects of DRR and CCA which could be utilized for common good in the region. SAARC secretariat should create and maintain a pool of experts, institutions from the member states that may be utilized as and when required by any member state. This list should also draw upon expertise available with the Civil Society Organisations, including the corporate Sector. 7. Provide Financial Support: Integration of DRR and CCA would be a long term process requiring sustained efforts on part of various national and regional institutions. Promotion of DRR and CCA integration in the region would thus necessitate long-term financial support. SAARC Secretariat may consider making dedicated non-lapsable funding support for the purpose on a long-term basis.The SDMC could anchor such a facility. 8. Develop Strategy for Integration of Tools & Techniques: The tools and techniques for DRR such as HRVA, EWS, Risk Monitoring, Risk Mitigation, disaster response etc. should be integrated with CCA concerns for managing disaster risks associated with the impact of climate change. It may be considered to develop a common strategy for SAARC member countries for integrate such tools & techniques. 9. Create Regional Response Facility: Climate induced disasters are on the rise globally and the SAARC countries are facing the brunt of it, especially in the recent times. Studies indicate a likely increase of extreme events and the countries would in future find it difficult to handle the immediate requirement s with its national response capacities. As an adaptation measure, it may be prudent to establish a facility to leverage the resources within the region as a standard operating procedure without going through an appeal. Being an inter-governmental platform, SAARC through SDMC could play a vital role in this. 10. Provide for Corporate Engagement: As developing economy of the SAARC region is attracting many foreign corporate entities to set up their businesses in the region. SDMC should explore the idea of providing a platform to them for their engagement and pooling of corporate /foundations resources to augment government resources for undertaking risk reduction and adaptation measures. SDMC should also provide a platform for continues engagement with corporate sector to support in risk sensitive development.

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Annexure

1

Annexure Table: Contact Address of SAARC Member States and Regional Centers Country

AFGHANISTAN

BANGLADESH

BHUTAN

INDIA

MALDIVES

Disaster Risk Reduction Centre (DRR) Director General Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority(ANDMA) Cinema Pamir Building, 10th Floor, KabulAfghanistan-0093, Telephone: +93 795101050 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.andma.gov.af/ Director General Department of Disaster Management Ministry of Disaster and Relief Disaster Management Bhaban 92-93 Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1212 Phone: 880-2-9841581 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.dmb.gov.bd/ The Secretory Department of Disaster Management Ministry of Home & Cultural Affairs Near Motithang BOD, PO Box : 1493 Thimphu, Bhutan Tele/FAX : +975-2-325035 Web: www.ddm.gov.bt The Secretory National Disaster Management Authority NDMA Bhawan,A-1, Safdarjung Enclave,New Delhi Tele: +91-11-26701700 Control Room: +91-11-26701728 Fax: +91-11-26701729 E-mail: [email protected] Web: ndma.gov.in/ National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC) Ministry of Defence and National Security Services, Ameenee Magu, Male/Republic of Maldives TEL (960) 3333437, 3333470 FAX: (960) 3333443 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.ndmc.gov.mv/

Climate Change Adaptation Centre (CCA) Director General National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) Darulaman Road, Kabul, Afghanistan Phone: 93799 565458/9370 233831 Email: [email protected] Web: nepa.afghanistan.af/en

Climate Change Cell Component 4b, CDMP, Room # 403 (3rd Floor), Paribesh Bhaban, E-16, Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207 Tel/Fax: 9111379 ext-147 [email protected] Web: www.climatechangecell-bd.org National Environment Commission Secretariat, Post box 446, Thimphu National Environment Commission Telephone: 975 2323384, 325856 Fax: 975 2323385 Web: www.nec.gov.bt/ The Secretory Ministry of Environment and Forests Paryavaran Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110 003 Phone: +91-11- 24361669, Web: http://envfor.nic.in/

Department of National Planning (DNP) Ministry of Finance and Treasury 5th Floor, Treasury Building Ameenee Magu, Block 379, code: 20009 Male', Rep. of Maldives E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +960 334 9200 Fax: +960 332 7351 Web: http://www.planning.gov.mv

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NEPAL

PAKISTAN

SRI LANKA

S.No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

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Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) Singhdurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977 14211261 Fax: +977 14211246 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.moha.gov.np

Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Singha durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 977-1-4211641,4211586,4211737, Fax: 977-1-4211954 Email : [email protected] Web: http://moste.gov.np/

National Disaster Management Authority Prime Minister's Secretariat, Constitutional Avenue, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 051-9205037 Fax: 051-9205086 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ndma.gov.pk/

Ministry of Climate Change, 4th Floor, ENERCON Building, Sector G- 5/ 2, Islamabad, PAKISTAN. Phone: +92-51-9205510 Fax: +92-51- 9207425 Email : [email protected] , [email protected] Web: www.mocc.gov.pk/

Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights No 02 Wijerama Mwatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka Phone: +94 112695013, +94 11 2695019 Fax: +94 112681980 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.dmhr.gov.lk/

Ministry of Environment and Renewable Energy 82, Sampathpaya, Rajamalwatte Road, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka. Telephone : +94-11-2865452 Email : [email protected] Web : www.environmentmin.gov.lk

Regional Organisation

Contact Address

SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC)

Director SAARC Disaster Management Centre Address: IIPA Campus, I.P. Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Delhi- 110002 Phone: 91-11-23702433, Fax: 91-11-23702446 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Web: http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/

SAARC Agricultural Information Centre (SAIC), Dhaka, Bangladesh

SAARC Agricultural Information Centre BARC Complex, Farmgate Dhaka - 1215, Bangladesh Phone: +880-2-8115353 Fax: +880-2-9124596 Web: http://www.saarcagri.org

SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC), Dhaka, Bangladesh

SAARC Meteorological Research Centre E-4/c, Agargaon, Sher-E-Bangla Nagar Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Phone: +88-02-8181728-30 Fax: +88-02-8181727 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.saarc-smrc.org

SAARC Tuberculosis Centre (STC), Kathmandu, Nepal

SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre Thimi, Bhaktapur, Post Box No. 9517, Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel: 0097-1-6631048, 6632477, 6632601 Fax: 00977 1 6634379 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.saarctb.org/

Annexure

5.

SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC), New Delhi, India

Director/Deputy Director SAARC Documentation Centre (NISCAIR Building) 14, Satsang Vihar Marg New Delhi - 110 067 , India Email: [email protected] Telefax: 091-11-26863609 Web: www.sdc.gov.in/

6.

SAARC Human Resources Development Centre (SHRDC), Islamabad, Pakistan

SAARC Human Resource Development Centre Park Road Chak Shehzad, GPO Box 1856, Islamabad, Pakistan Web: www.shrdc.org/

SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre (SZMC), Male, Maldives

SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre Ground Floor, Green Building Handhuvaree Hingun, Malé - 20094 Republic of Maldives Phone: (+960) 331 5976, (+960) 331 5977 Fax: (+960) 331 6088 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sczmc.org/

SAARC Information Centre (SIC), Kathmandu, Nepal

SAARC Information Centre Media Village, Tilganga, Kathmandu, near Tribhuvan International Airport, The office of SIC is on the 3rd floor of the building of the Department of Information, Government of Nepal. Ph. 01-4112559 Fax. 01-4112569 Web: www.saarc-sic.org/

SAARC Energy Centre, Pakistan

SAARC Energy Centre House No. 697, Street No. 43, Sector E-11/4, NPF, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: +92 - 51 - 222 8802 & 04 Fax: +92 - 51 - 222 1937 E-mail : [email protected] Web: www.saarcenergy.org

SAARC Forestry Center, Thimphu, Bhutan

SAARC Forestry Centre, Post Box: 1284 Taba, Thimphu, Bhutan Tel: +975-2-365148 / 02-365181 Fax: +975-2-365190 Web: www.saarcforestrycentre.org.bt/

SAARC Cultural Center, Colombo, Srilanka

No. 224, Baudhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka. Tel : 0094-11-2584451 Fax : 0094-11-2584452 Email : [email protected] Web: www.saarcculture.org/

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

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Annexure

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Annexure ANNEXURE II: List of other Organization with CCA and DRR activities in SAARC Regions

Organization

List of Organization with CCA and DRR activities in SAARC Regions Address CCA DRR

Activities

Working for safety and welfare of humanity, Disaster Risk World 1.

Meteorological Organization (WMO)

World Meteorological Organization 7bis, avenue de la Paix, Case postale No. 2300, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Tel.: + 41(0)22 7308111 / Fax: 7308181 e-mail: [email protected] Web: www.wmo.int/ Chief Procurement and General Services Unit Martin-Luther-King-Str. 8-11 53175 Bonn Fax: +49-228-815-1999 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: unfccc.int/

United nations Framework 2.

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Asian Development 3.

4.

Bank (ADB)

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)

Reduction, Space Program, Capacity building, observations of atmospheric greenhouse gases, promotes the application of climate information and services in social and economic planning, The Hydrology and Water Resources Programme, Climateresilient development planning Capacity building, Disaster Risk Reduction, Development and transfer of technologies, climate- resilient development planning, Research and systematic observation, pilot adaptation programs/projects, Communications and awareness raising

DB Headquarters, Manila 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Philippines Tel: +63 2 632 4444 Fax: +63 2 636 2444 Web: http://www.adb.org/

Poverty reduction, sustaining economic growth, reducing disaster losses, enhancing natural resource management, strengthening support for reducing disaster risk, providing rehabilitation and reconstruction assistance following disasters, leveraging ADB's activities by developing partnerships. disaster risk reduction (DRR), climate change adaptation (CCA),disaster risk financing (DRF),

Head office SM Tower, 24th Floor 979/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand Tel: +66 2 298 0682-92 Fax: +662298001213 Email: [email protected] Web: www.adpc.net/

Raising disaster awareness, helping to establish and strengthen sustainable institutional mechanisms, enhancing knowledge and skills, facilitating the exchange of information, experience and expertise, DRM capacity building, improving DRM for cities and climate change, mainstreaming DRM into national and local development, improving DRM systems and undertaking disaster risk assessments helping countries, organizations, communities and individuals strengthen their own capacities in all respects to reduce the impacts of disasters. Cities Resilient Campaign Activities.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Poverty Reduction Strategies, promote economic growth and

5)

World Bank (WB)

The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington DC 20433 USA Tel: (202) 473-1000 Fax: (202) 477-6391, Web: http://www.worldbank.org/

reduce poverty, remote collaboration and coordination among development partners in a country. sharing knowledge, building capacity, and forging partnerships in the public and private sector, raising awareness, reducing risk of disaster, financial support

UNITAR International Environment House Chemin des Anémones 11-13 CH-1219 Châtelaine, Geneva Switzerland Tel: +41 22 917 8400 Fax: +41 22 917 8047 UN Switchboard: +41 22 917 1234 Web: www.unitar.org/

United Nations 6)

Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)

7)

1300 19th Street, NW Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036-1624, USA Phone: +1 (202) 557-3400 Fax: +1 (202) 728-4177 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://populationaction.org/

Population Action International

8)

World Food Program (WFP)

Via C.G.Viola 68 Parco dei Medici 00148 - Rome - Italy Tel: +39-06-65131 Fax: +39-06-6590632 Web: http://www.wfp.org/

Vulnerability mapping, developing the capacity, deliver innovative training and conduct research, Human Resources Management, Chemical and Waste Management, sustainable development, raising the awareness and communication, pilot adaption programs/projects

Advocates for women and families, improve health, reduce poverty and protect environment, family planning, improve reproductive health care programs and policies, prevent unintended pregnancies and reduce unsafe abortion, climate change and its effect on women, Pilot adaption programs/projects, vulnerability mapping Developing capacity, Climate- resilient development planning, School meals, nutrition, cash and vouchers, purchase for progress, Procurement, Focus on women, HIV/AIDS, food security analysis, raising awareness and communication, Disaster risk reduction, Humanitarian assistance, Training, pilot adaption programs/projects, vulnerability mapping

CICERO, P.O. Box. 1129 Blindern, Capacity building, to provide reliable and comprehensive N-0318 Oslo, NORWAY knowledge about all aspects of climate change problem Phone: +4722858750 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.cicero.uio.no

Centre for International 9)

Climate and Environmental Research-Oslo (CICERO)

10)

11)

12)

Asian Disaster Reduction Centre (ADRC)

Hadley Centre for Climate Change/ Met Office

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

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Hitomiraikan 5F, 1-5-2 Wakinohamakaigan-dori Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073,JAPAN TEL. 078-262--5540 FAX. 078262-5546 Email: [email protected] Met Office, FitzRoy Road Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB United Kingdom Tel: +44 1392 885680 Fax: +44 1392 885681 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk The ASEAN Secretariat, 70A Jl. Sisingamangaraja, Jakarta 12110 Indonesia Tel : (6221) 7262991, 7243372 Fax : (6221) 7398234, 7243504 Web: http://www.asean.org/

Disaster management, provides information on the latest disasters in Asia and the other part of the world, disaster risk reduction, Promotion of GLIDE (Global unique disaster ID Entifier), exchange of disaster reduction experts, enhance disaster resilience, Humanitarian assistance, building capacity, training Develop computer models of the climate, simulate the differences between global and regional climates, the changes seen over the last 100 years, and to predict changes over the next 100 years, Early warning system, Capacity building, Risk mapping, Training Building capacity, Develop and implement conservation management plan for economically important cultural heritage, accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development, regional peace and stability, training and research facilities in the educational, professional, technical and administrative spheres, expansion of trade,

Annexure United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Avenue, Gigiri PO Box 30552, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (254-20) 7621234 Fax: (254-20) 7624489/90 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.unep.org

United Nations 13)

Environment Program (UNEP)

United Nations 14)

Development Program (UNDP)

Food and Agriculture 15)

Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

UNDP India Country Office United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Post Box No. 3059, 55 Lodhi Estate New Delhi, India. Pin Code - 110 003 Tel: 91 11 46532333. Fax: 91 11 24627612 Email: [email protected] Web: www.in.undp.org/ FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Athit Road Phranakorn District Bangkok, 10200 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.fao.org/world/regional/rap/

Building capacity, raising communication and awareness, Disaster Risk Reduction, Early warning system, Knowledge management, Pilot adaption programs/projects, Financial support, climate resilient development planning, monitoring and evaluation, Risk/ Vulnerability mapping

Developing capacity, Early warning system, Fighting poverty, Building democratic societies, Empowering women, Protecting the environment, Crisis Prevention & Recovery, , Education, Financial support, knowledge management, monitoring and evaluation, pilot adaption programs/projects, vulnerability mapping, Training Food loss and waste reduction, Capacity building, vulnerability/ risk mapping, Monitoring and evaluation, Pilot adaption programs/ projects, Knowledge management, Risk prevention and early warning, Social protection, Sustainable agricultural production, Disaster Risk Reduction Poverty reduction and sustainable development, increase collaborative efforts, strengthening partnerships between the

United Nations 16)

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)

public and private sectors, Capacity Building in Trade and

The United Nations Building Rajadamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200 , Thailand Telephone: (66-2)288-1234 Fax: (66-2) 288-1000 Web: http://www.unescap.org/

Environment, Strengthening institutional capacity, regional and multilateral trading and investment systems, Sustainable development, Disaster Risk Reduction, Environment and development, Information and communication technology, Macroeconomic policy development, Social development, Trade and Investment, Transport, Sub regional priorities

United nations 17)

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)

International Union 18)

for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

19)

United Nation

Palais des Nations, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland Phone: +41 229178907-8 Fax: +41 229178964 Email: isdr(at)un.org Web: www.unisdr.org

Building capacity, rising communications and awareness, Disaster Risk Reduction, monitoring and evaluation, Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters, climate change adaptation, sustainable development IUCN Conservation Centre Rue Mauverney 28 1196, Gland, Switzerland Phone: +41 (22) 999-0000 Fax: +41 (22) 999-0002 Web: www.iucn.org/

1.Senior Public Information Officer Email: [email protected] Phone: 93 (0) 79 000 6291, 39 083 124 6291 (via Italy), 1 212 963 2668 ext. 6291 (via New York) Mobile: 93 (0) 77 772 0860 Web: http://unama.unmissions.org/

Forest conservation, biodiversity conservation, sustainable development and poverty reduction, Effective and equitable governance of nature's use, deploying nature based solutions to climate, food and development, Monitoring and evaluation, Pilot adaption programs/projects Political affairs, relief, recovery and reconstruction, Aiding reconstruction; Fighting corruption; Monitoring and coordinating efforts to protect citizens and their human rights, especially those of women and children, Providing humanitarian and development assistance, Advising and assisting the government with security, governance, and regional cooperation, promote human rights, Supports Counter-Narcotics Efforts, works to fortify the

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Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)

Asian University 20)

Network for Environment and Disaster Risk Management (AUEDM)

21)

22)

23)

24)

Local Government for Sustainability (ICLEI)

International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)

World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO)

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF ROSA)

166 |

2. National Spokesperson Email: [email protected] Phone: 93 (0) 79 000 5565, 39 083 124 5565 (via Italy), 1 212 963 2668 ext. 5565 (via New York) Mobile: 93 (0) 79 766 2503 Web: http://unama.unmissions.org/ AUEDM Secretariat Rajib Shaw, Associate Professor International Environment and Disaster Management Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies KYOTO UNIVERSITY Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, JAPAN E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ Southeast Asia Secretariat c/o The Manila Observatory Ateneo de Manila University Campus Loyola Heights, Quezon City 1101 Manila, Philippines Tel:+63-2/426-0851; 4265921 to 23 Fax: +63-2/426-0851 Email: iclei seasia(at)iclei.org Web: www.iclei.org/sea IISD's Head Office 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 0Y4 Phone: +1 204 958-7700 Fax: +1 204 958-7710 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.iisd.org

Executive Director Maison de l'UNESCO 1, rue Miollis 75015 Paris Tel: +33 (0)1 45 68 48 46 or 47 Fax: +33 (0)1 45 68 48 65 Web: www.wfeo.net/

New Delhi, India Country Office UNICEF 73 Lodi Estate ,New Delhi 110 003, India Tel: 91 11 2469-0401, 2469-1410 Fax: 011 2462-7521, 2469-1410 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.unicef.org/india/

Afghan National Police (ANP) and their connection with the criminal justice system, Addresses sexual and gender-based violence, Encourages regional cooperation, Rebuilds infrastructure, handling political matters. Promoting environment and disaster management in higher education (focusing on, but not restricted to, post-graduate education), broaden the scope of education and learning in the environment and disaster management field through collaboration with other stakeholders like NGOs and local governments, Focusing on Higher Education on Disaster Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation . Support cities and local governments to become sustainable, resilient, resource-efficient, biodiverse, low-carbon; to build a smart infrastructure; and to develop an inclusive, green urban economy with the ultimate aim to achieve healthy and happy communities,

Building capacity, climate resilience development planning, knowledge management, Monitoring and evaluation, pilot adaption programs/projects, vulnerability mapping, share experience and expertise in sustainable development,

Political advice and guidance, engineering and technology, provide information and leadership to the engineering profession on issues of concern to the public or the profession, serve society and to be recognized, by national and international organizations and the public, interests and concerns that relate engineering and technology to the human and natural environment, make information on engineering available to the countries of the world and to facilitate communication between its member nations, foster peace, socioeconomic security and sustainable development among all countries of the world, through the proper application of technology, facilitate relationships between governments, business and people promoting girls' education in South Asia, realizing the rights of children, young child survival and development, protection of children from violence and abuse, promoting quality education for orphans and vulnerable children, promoting gender equality in education, child survival and development, Data, policy analysis, leveraging resources, child participation, Improving the health, nutrition and other key social outcomes for children and their families, policies in social protection, migration and budgeting have on child poverty

Annexure

25)

26)

North South University, Bangladesh (NSU)

Capacity building, climate resilient development planning, Disaster

Plot 15, Block B Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229 BangladeshPABX: 8852000, Fax: 8852016 Email: [email protected] Webs: www.northsouth.edu

risk management, pilot adaption programs/projects, vulnerability mapping, World Heritage Centre UNESCO 7, Place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel.: +33 (0)1 45 68 24 96 Fax: +33 (0)1 45 68 55 70 E-mail: [email protected]

UNESCO- World Heritage

Climate change adaptation, rising awareness and

communication Developing capacity, planning for climate - resilient development, rising communication and awareness, Monitoring and evaluation, Pilot adaptation programs/projects, building peace in the mind of men and women, build peace and sustainable development

Training and capacity building, Advisory services to the vulnerable communities before and after the disasters, networking of communities, policy-making, promote sustainable development,

27)

United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD)

Nagono 1-47-1, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya 450-0001, JAPAN Tel: (+81-52)561-9377 Fax: (+81-52)561-9375 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.uncrd.or.jp/

transportation, increasing energy efficiency, reducing pollution, congestion, and adverse health effects and limiting urban sprawl, taking into account national priorities and circumstances, improve the affordability, efficiency and convenience of transportation, Strengthening regional and national programmes, phasing out of lead in gasoline, reduction of emissions, through the use of cleaner fuels and modern pollution control techniques.

28)

Institute of Development Studies (IDS)

Institute of Development Studies, Library Road Brighton BN1 9RE UK, Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0)1273 606261 Fax: +44 (0)1273 621202 Web: http://www.ids.ac.uk/

Poverty reducing, capacity building, justice for the world's poorest people, economic growth, teaching and communication on accelerating global development

Global sustainable development, Enhance networking for

29)

TERI, The Energy and Research Institute (India)

General Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003, INDIA Tel. (+91 11) 2468 2100, 41504900 Fax (+91 11) 2468 2144, 2468 2145 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.teriin.org/

sustainable interventions, develop innovative and cost effective solutions, Realize potential for national and international leadership as a knowledge based agent of change in the fields of energy, environment, other natural resources and sustainable development, Inspire and reach out to diverse stakeholders for realizing a shared vision of global sustainable development.

30)

M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) (India)

Chairman and Chief Mentor M S Swaminathan Research Foundation 3rd Cross Street, Institutional Area, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India Tel: +91 (44) 22541229, +91 (44) 22541698

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 31)

40, 53113 Bonn GIZ India

Phone: +49 228 44 60-0 Fax: +49 228 4460-17 66 Web: http://www.giz.de/

Restoration of mangrove forests, alternative livelihood for fishing community, documenting endangered and medicinal plants, providing necessary training to village community to maintain biodiversity register, conserving genes and seeds in-situ on-farm conservation, developing salt and drought tolerant transgenic rice varieties, testing availability of oil content in different biofuel crops / plants, lichens diversity, Community Based Interventions and Research, sustainable management of natural resources. Sustainable development, capacity building, activities that conserve natural resources, improve energy efficiency in coal-fired power stations and in the use of electricity, economic development and employment promotion; governance and democracy; security, reconstruction, peace building and civil conflict transformation; food security, health and basic education; and environmental protection, resource conservation and climate change mitigation

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32)

World Wildlife Fund 1250 24th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20037 P.O. Box 97180 Washington, DC 20090-7180, (202) 293-4800 Web: http://worldwildlife.org/

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

Building capacity, stop the degradation of our planet's natural environment, build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, Biodiversity, raising awareness and communication

Building capacity, Climate-resilience development planning, 33)

34)

Conservation International (CI)

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington, VA 22202 Phone: 1 (703) 341-2400 Web: http://www.conservation.org/ ICRISAT-Patancheru (Headquarter) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India Tel: +914030713071 Fax: +914030713074 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.icrisat.org/ International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Khumaltar, Lalitpur G.P.O. Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: ( 977 ) 1 5003222 Fax: (977) 1 5003299, 5003277 Email: [email protected]

International Centre 35)

for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

United Nations Office 36)

for the coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)

Cooperative for 37)

Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE)

Terje Skavdal Head of Office UN OCHA Bangkok Email: [email protected]

Terje Skavdal Head of Office UN OCHA Bangkok Email: [email protected]

1. CARE Afghanistan Chahar Rah-e Hajji Yaqoob Park Avenue, Shahr-e Naw Kabul , Afghanistan, 2. CARE Bangladesh www.carebangladesh.org , G.P.O. Box 226 Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh

Financial support, Pilot adaptation programs/projects, vulnerability mapping, raising awareness and communication, Disaster Risk Reduction, Early warning system, Monitoring and evaluation Building capacity, Reduce poverty, hunger, malnutrition and environmental degradation in the dry land tropics through partnership based international agricultural research or development that embodies Science with a human face, Monitoring and evaluation Capacity building, Climate risk management, training, enhance the knowledge and capacity of the mountain people in understanding the changes, adapt to them and make the most new opportunities

Risk assessment and mitigation measures, capacity building, Humanitarian assistance, Poverty reduction, Capacity building

Capacity building for DRR and CCA, Confronting climate change, Development and transfer of technologies, Climate-resilient development planning , poverty reduction,

humanitarian

assistance

3.CARE India www.careindia.org E46/12, Okhla Industrial Area - Phase II New Delhi – 110020, India

National Society for 38)

Earthquake Technology , Nepal (NSET)

168 |

National Society for Earthquake Technology Nepal (NSET) Sainbu V.D.C. Ward No. 4, Bhainsepati Residential Area, Lalitpur Tel: (977-1) 5591000 Fax: (977-1) 5592692 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nset.org.np

Making the urban communities safe from earthquake, raise awareness amongst the people on the possibilities of earthquake disaster reduction; to contribute to the development of science and technology related to earthquake disaster mitigation and implementation of earthquake resistant measures in construction; encourage professionalism and scientific ethics in the sector, Develop cooperation

Annexure

Asian Disaster 39)

Reduction and Response Network (ADRRN)

40)

41)

42)

US Geological Survey (USGS)

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

1. ADRRN Secretariat MERCY Malaysia, Level 2, Podium Block City Point, Kompleks Dayabumi Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin, P.O. Box 11216 50050 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel: +6-03-2273 3999, +6-019-221-5751 Fax: +6-03-2272 3812

USGS Headquarters (Virginia) USGS National Center 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, USA Phone: 703-648-5953 USGS Employee Information Line: 703-648-7075 or 1-800-228-0975 Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ask/ GEF Secretariat 1818 H Street, NW, Mail Stop P4-400 Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel: (202) 473-0508 Fax: (202) 522-3240/3245 Email: [email protected] Web: www.thegef.org/

of red Cross and red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

leadership in civil society

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, P.O. Box 303 CH-1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 42 22 Fax: +41 22 733 03 95 Web: http://www.ifrc.org/

Capacity building, provide the reliable scientific information to describe and understand the earth, minimize the loss of life and property from natural disasters, manage water, energy and mineral resources and enhance and protect quality of life, collects, monitors, analyzes, and provides scientific understanding about natural resource conditions, issues, and problems

GEF Evaluation Office 1818 H Street, NW, Mail Stop P5-500 Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel: +1 (202) 473-4054 Fax: +1 (202) 522-1691 E-mail: [email protected]

P.O. Box 1040, Kasetsart University, Post Office, Ladyao, Jatujak, Phone +66 (2) 561 1728 Fax +66 (2) 561 1727 Email: [email protected] Website: www.enaca.org Bangkok 10903,

(NACA)

44)

USGS Alaska Science Center (Alaska) Glenn Olds Hall 4210 University Drive Anchorage, AK 99508, USA Phone: 907-786-7011

IPCC Secretariat, C/O World Meteorological Organization, 7bis Avenue de la Paix, C.P. 2300, CH- 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland, Phone : +41-22-7308208/54/84 Fax : +41-22-730-8025/13 E-mail: [email protected]

Centre in Asia Pacific

International Federation

Adaptation, promote best practices and standards in disaster reduction and response, sharing reliable information, enhancing

2. ADRRN Representative Office SEEDS 15/A First Floor, Institutional Area, Sector-IV, R.K. Puram New Delhi-110022, India T:+91-11-26174272 F: +91-11-26174572 Web: http://www.adrrn.net/

Network of Aquaculture 43)

Capacity building on Disaster risk Reduction and Climate Change

Capacity building, provide grants for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layers and persistent organic pollutants

Capacity building, Climate-resilience development planning, Communication and awareness rising, provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change and its potential environment and socio-economic impact Capacity building, communication and awareness raising, promote rural development through sustainable aquaculture

Implementing and community based adaptation, Coordinating relief operations, humanitarian assistance, Disaster Risk Reduction Programs, Health and care Activities

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Annexure

3

Annexure Regional Projects and Programmes on DRR S No. Projects, Status, Tenure

1.

Developing a Disaster Risk Financing Capability Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives; Nepal, Pakistan, Sri lanka Proposed 2010-08-01

Description

Organization & Online Source

Capacity Development, To review the current strength and capacity of South Asian countries for landslide risk management, assess the critical Early Warning, GIS & Mapping, Recovery, Risk gaps, and identify the possible areas of regional cooperation. Identification & Assessment

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) SAARC_Landslide_RoadMap.pdf SAARC_Workshop_on_Landslide.pdf http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 257/read

Community-based DRR, Education & School Safety, Governance, Health & Health Facilities, Urban Risk & Planning

The campaign is aimed at strengthening and supporting local governments, community groups and others involved in urban development planning and Disaster Risk Management (DRM), including national authorities responsible for local and urban development and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Cities are encouraged to sign up against one or more initiatives of the Ten-Point Checklist: Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient, as either a role model city, champion, or participant, to work towards becoming resilient, sustainable urban communities, with a growing number of local governments that are taking actions to reduce the risks of disasters

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) http://www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/

Critical Infrastructure, Asian Program for Regional Vulnerable Populations Capacity Enhancement for Landslide Hazard Mitigation (RECLAIM) Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand Current 2004-09-01 to ---

To reduce the landslide disaster vulnerability of human settlements, infrastructure, and critical facilities in the targeted countries of India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Thailand, possibly to be extended to Bangladesh.

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center - (ADPC) http://www.adpc.net/udrm/reclaim/project_ activities.html

Regional Cooperation on Landslide Risk Management South Asia 2. Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Proposed 2010-07-01 World Disaster Reduction Campaign: Making Cities Resilient - My City is Getting Ready! Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, 3. India, Japan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka Completed 2010-01-01 to 2011-12-31

4.

Sector

Climate Change; Disaster Strengthened planning, budgeting and financial mechanisms Asian Development Bank (ADB) for dealing with the consequences of natural disasters, Risk Management; development of a regional natural disaster facility. Economics of DRR; http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/project/ Private-public project/81/read Partnerships

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Capacity Building on Disaster Capacity Development, Civil Society/NGOs, Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Afghanistan, Australia, 5. Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka Current 2010-05-01 to 2011-03-31 Disaster Risk Cluster Cities Project Management, Urban Bangladesh, China, India, Risk & Planning Indonesia, Japan, Korea, 6 Republic of, Nepal, Philippines, Uzbekistan Current 2003-10-01 to Information Complex Emergency Database Management –Universitécatholique de Louvain 2010

7.

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indonesia, Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste Current 2010-01-01 to 2011-12-31

Development of Guidelines for Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) with Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) in respect of Flood, Cyclone, Drought and Glacial Lake 8. Outbursts (GLOF) Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Current 2009-01-01 to -

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Climate Change, Disaster Risk Management

Create awareness of ADRRN members on climate change Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network adaptation. Promote activities linking disaster risk reduction (ADRRN) (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). Create http://www.adrrn.net awareness of community on climate change adaptation.

The establishment of a worldwide network of megacities Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI) supporting the paradigm shift from reactive disaster www.emi-megacities.org/home/programs/clustercities-project.html response to to proactive risk reduction.

The Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT) was created in 2003 to provide access to reliable health indicators for humanitarian decision-making. The overall goal of the project is to reduce mortality, disease and suffering due to conflicts through the provision of key nutritional, health and mortality indicators for evidence-based decision-making. CE-DAT has four main objectives: i) provide key mortality, nutritional and health indicators for humanitarian decisionmaking; ii) promote the effectiveness of international policies on conflict prevention and response through evidence-based trend analyses and impact briefings; iii) strengthen the capacity of national and international field operators in reliable data collection and analysis; iv) improve standardization and help establish norms to enable the comparability of complex emergency data across time and space.

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) http://www.acdicida.gc.ca/cidaweb/cpo.nsf/ vLUWebProjEn/4E8F9BA8B84B1A66852576A 4003CAA6E?OpenDocument http://www.cedat.be

Develop guidelines for integrating Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) with Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) in respect of flood, cyclone, drought and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) saarc-sdmc.nic.in/pdf/recruitment/climate_ change.pdf

Annexure

9.

Documenting Local Adaptation Climate Change Strategies to Too Much and Too Little Water China, India, Nepal, Pakistan Current 2008-01-01 to 2010-12-31 End-to-end early warning of Capacity Development, tsunamis and other natural Early Warning, Recovery hazards for disaster preparedness and mitigation in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia - Phase II

10. Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Maldives, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Current 2008-03-28 to 2010-12-31 Establishment of a Regional Flood Information System in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Phase 2 11

This project supports activities under the ADPC programme Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) on End-to-end early warning of tsunamis and other natural hazards for disaster preparedness and mitigation in the End-to-end_EWS-PhaseII.pdf Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia, developed by Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Maldives, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. The proposed project aims at enhancing tsunami warnings with the use of precomputer simulations.

Capacity Development, Early Warning, Information Management

The project aims overall to develop and strengthen a International Centre for Integrated Mountain regional framework for cooperation on sharing flood data Development (ICIMOD) and information amongst participating countries, and will www.icimod.org/resource/8831 develop a commonly agreed platform for timely exchange of flood data and information within and among participating countries. The implementation is divided into five major components: a framework for cooperation; a regional flood observation network; a regional flood information system; enhanced capacity and communication; and planning of a scaled up fully integrated regional project.

Capacity Development, Community-based DRR, Disaster Risk Management

To scale up the International Federation's effort in reducing International Federation of Red Cross and Red disaster risks among the most vulnerable communities Crescent Societies (IFRC) where National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IFRC-GlobalDRR_Alliance.pdf operate.

Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan Current 2009-12-01 to 2012-12-31

IFRC Global Alliance for Disaster Risk Reduction 12. Bangladesh, Cambodia, Cook Islands, Nepal, Tonga Current 2007-10-01to Institutionalization of Gendered Community Based Disaster Management in the Context of Regional 13. Development Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka Current 2009-04-01 to 2010-04-30 Preparedness for Climate Change Programme (PfCC) Phase 2 Bangladesh, Bhutan, Fiji, India, 14. Mongolia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste Completed 2010-01-01 to 2010-12-31

---------

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) www.unep.org/PDF/.../Final_Adaptation_ Synthesis_Report_lowres.pdf

Community-based DRR, Gender

----------------

Climate Change, Risk Identification & Assessment

Build capacity in National Societies and Zones at large to assess and address the humanitarian consequences of climate change.

United Nations Centre of Regional Development (UNCRD) http://www.hyogo.uncrd.or.jp/cbdm/index.htm

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) http://www.climatecentre.org/site/preparednessfor-climatechange-programme http://www.climatecentre.org/site/web-basedguidance

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Linking Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Building Community Resilience 15. through Early Warning Systems Bangladesh, Sri Lanka… Current 2011-02-01 to 2015-02-02

Climate Change, Community-based DRR, Disaster Risk Management, Early Warning, Private-public Partnerships, Social Impacts & Resilience

Identify factors that contribute to community resilience to coastal hazards 2. Explore the role of Early Warning Systems (EWS) in supporting resilience building 3. Integrate different hazards and climate change into methods and tools 4. Identify and understand innovative partnerships for sustainable community-managed EWS 5. Support regional learning

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) Community_Resilience_through_EWS_Project_ Brief.pdf

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management (MDRM) into development policy, planning 16. and implementation in Asia Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Current 2008-01-01 to 2011-12-31

Capacity Development, Community-based DRR, Health & Health Facilities

Mainstreaming DRR in Housing Sector. - Mainstreaming DRR in Health Sector. - Mainstreaming DRR in National Development Planning. - Capacity Building for Mainstreaming DRR in Development. - Knowledge Management on Mainstreaming DRR into Development

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/ publications/ v.php?id...

Mainstreaming LivelihoodCentered Approaches to Disaster Management 17. Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka Completed 2006-11-01 to 2010-12-31 Mainstreaming DRR into Development - RCC Program

18.

Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka Completed 2009-06-01 to 2010-12-31

Mangroves for the Future India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam 19. Current 2006-12-01 to -

Preparedness for Climate Change Programme (PfCC) Phase –II 20.

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal… Completed 2010-01-01 to 2010-12-31

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Disaster Risk Management

Capacity Development, Disaster Risk Management, Information Management, Structural Safety

Climate Change, Disaster Risk Management, Governance

National and local development and disaster plans are Practical Action more responsive and effective in enabling poor practicalaction.org › ... › disaster risk reduction › communities to reduce disaster risks that threaten their practice and learning livelihoods. www.asiapacificadapt.net/.../mainstreaminglivelihoodcentred-approach Increased utilisation of disaster resilience principles and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) tools by development planners 2.Implementation of priority RCCBrochure.pdf interventions with active partnerships 3.Fully harnessed support of the national leaders, decision makers and development partners 4.Proactive documentation and sharing of experience and lessons learned 5.Consolidated technical expertise and enhanced multi-disciplinary outlook of result producing, multi-stakeholders partnerships MFF seeks to support economic development by bringing International Union for the Conservation of Nature practical conservation actions more effectively into the (IUCN) development planning process, ensuring that coastal http://www.mangrovesforthefuture.org/ ecosystem goods and services are fully valued and protected as an integral part of the coastal development infrastructure. MFF addresses this need by promoting regional collaboration and joint action that will fill the gaps in capacity, knowledge and empowerment among coastal managers to maximise positive socioeconomic and ecological impact.

Climate Change, Risk Build capacity in National Societies and Zones at large to International Federation of Red Cross and Red assess and address the humanitarian consequences of Crescent Societies (IFRC) Identification & climate change Assessment http://www.climatecentre.org/site/preparednessfor -climate-change-programme http://www.climatecentre.org/site/web-basedguidance

Annexure Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER) Bangladesh, India, Nepal, 21. Pakistan… Current 1998-03-01 to 2014-03-31

Capacity Development, Critical Infrastructure, Health & Health Facilities

Assists local, national and regional disaster management agencies in organizing and conducting medical first response, collapsed structure search and rescue and hospital preparedness for mass casualties.

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) www.nset.org.np/nset2012/images/ publicationfile/ 20111220152911.pdf

Program for Enhancement of Capacity Development, Establish a system for enhanced community level first Emergency Response (PEER) - Health & Health responder capacity in disaster–prone communities in Facilities Stage 3 PEER's six core countries (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and the Philippines) with expansion to Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam 2.Continuation of the Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, 22. HOPE courses in the six PEER countries and extension of the Indonesia, Lao People's HOPE courses to the three new PEER countries (Cambodia, Democratic Republic, Nepal, Lao PDR, and Vietnam) 3.Continuation of current training in Pakistan, Philippines, Vietnam the six Stage II countries on Medical First Responder (MFR) Current 2009-04-01 to and Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue (CSSR) 2014-03-31

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) http://www.nset.org.np/Peer/index.php

Program for Enhancement of Capacity Development Strengthen and institutionalize capacities in emergency and Emergency Response disaster response Stage III 23. Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines Current 2009-04-01 to 2014-03-31

NSET www.nset.org.np/nset2012/index.../programs/ programdetail /programid

24

Regional Analysis of SocioEconomic Impacts of the December 2004 Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2005-01-01 to ---

Environment

Capacity Development, Climate Change, Disaster Risk Management, Early Warning, Risk Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Identification & Assessment Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, 25. Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Completed 2009-06-01 to 2012-05-31 Regional Capacity Enhancement for Landslide Impact Mitigation (RECLAIM III)

Development objective: mitigate the socioeconomic and environmental impact of disasters in South East Asia through financial risk management. The immediate objective: determine the immediate and medium term socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the 26/12/ 2004 disaster in order to contribute to the nascent body of knowledge related to the socio-economic impacts of disasters.

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center - (ADPC) RegionalAnalysis_of_Tsunami.pdf

The main goal of the RECLAIM III is to share, enhance and develop best practices for early warning of landslides for sustainable development in areas affected by landslides. This will be achieved through gathering data on existing approaches to identify critical factors and disseminate knowledge from participating countries. The main objectives of the project to reach the above goal are: Collect good practices for early warning of landslides. Form joint working groups from participating countries to identify the critical factors responsible for destabilisation for landslides. Collect relevant data from participating countries on a local and national level. Present methodologies pertaining to establishing precipitation threshold values for landslides in different geological materials. Propose suitable preparedness measures in areas that require immediate attention. Provide inputs to local and regional multi-hazard platforms for early warning.

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) www.adpc.net/v2007/programs/.../RECLAIMIII/ .../DefaultActivities.asp

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Capacity Development, Improved understanding of the economics of climate change Regional Economics of Climate Change in South Asia Climate Change, to enable policy makers in the region to adopt necessary Economics of DRR 26. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, actions for climate change adaptation Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka Current 2010-01-01 to-

Asian Development Bank (ADB) www.adb.org/.../regional-economics-climatechange-south-asia -part-i-cle...

Climate Change, Regional Economics of Climate Change in South Asia Economics of DRR Part II: Adaptation and Impact 27. Assessment Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal Current 2009-12-07 to -

SARD's regional economics of climate change study for South Asia aims to contribute to an enhanced resilience to climate change risks in South Asia. The study is going to be undertaken in two parts, Part I will involve calculation of and interpretation of the marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves and Part II of the study (the focus of this R-PATA) will analyse the impact of climate change and propose policy options for climate change adaptation.

Asian Development Bank (ADB) http://pid.adb.org/pid/TaView.htm?projNo= 43161&seq No=01&typeCd=2

Regional program for predisaster natural hazard loss estimation Bangladesh, China, Nepal, 28. Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam Current 2009-07-01 to 2011-12-31

Economics of DRR, Risk Identification & Assessment

Given the fact that economic impact analysis of natural disasters is an imperfect science, the proposed initiative will formulate a super-structural macro-econometric model that would not only quantify the potential losses in various economic sectors, but also prescribe optimal policy mix for ensuring effective reallocation of available resources in the economy.

Regional program on best practices for early warning of landslides in a changing climate (RECLAIM III) Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, 29. India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Completed 2009-07-01 to 2011-12-31

Early Warning

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) http://www.adpc.net/DRRinASIA/PROJECT/ Default.asp http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Programs/UDRM/ PROGRAMS PROJECTS/Risk%20Assessment%20Projects/ RegionalLoss Assessment/Default.asp Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) http://www.adpc.net/v2007/programs/udrm/ PROGRAMS PROJECTS/RECLAIMIII/Default-RECLAIM.asp

Regional program on capacity building to achieve better preparedness regarding public health issues, including psychosomatic stress conditions in disastrous situations Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, 30. China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Korea, Democratic People's Republic of, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vanuatu, Vietnam Completed 2009-06-01 to 2011-12-31

Capacity Development, Health & Health Facilities, Social Impacts & Resilience

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The main goal of the RECLAIM III is to share, enhance and develop best practices for early warning of landslides for sustainable development in areas affected by landslides. This will be achieved through gathering data on existing approaches to identify critical factors and disseminate knowledge from participating countries

Strengthen national capacities for managing health risks of emergencies in the Asia and Pacic regions. Specic objectives of the programme are: To enhance the knowledge, skills and attitudes of health human resources at national, subnational and community. To promote and facilitate regional collaboration and national coordination in health emergency management through the development and implementation of formal and informal networks and other activities. To contribute to capacity building in other regions and countries. To raise awareness of psychosocial issues and experiences shared in dealing with children affected by wars and disasters in Asia and other regions. To strengthen and sustain national capacity in the management of psychosocial aspects of disasters and emergencies on children in Asia.

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Programs/PHE/ PROGRAMS/ PHEMAP/COURSES/Inter-Regional/PHEMAP-9/ Default -PHEMAP9.asp

Annexure SERVIR-Himalaya Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan 31. Current 2010-10-05 to -

South Asian Disaster Knowledge Network Afghanistan, Bangladesh, 32. Bhutan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Current 2009-05-31 to Supporting Investments in Water-Related Disaster Management project 33. Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Vietnam Completed 2009-05-01 to 2011-05-31 UNDP Regional Crisis Prevention and Recovery Cambodia, Indonesia, Nepal, 34. Philippines, Sri Lanka Current 2009-06-01 to Adaptation screening tools for development cooperation: Piloting ORCHID and other 35. approaches Bangladesh, China, India Completed 2006-05-01 to 2009-07-31

Disaster Risk Management, Early Warning, GIS & Mapping, Space Technology

Information Management

SERVIR was developed by researchers at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. SERVIR features webbased access to satellite imagery, decision-support tools and interactive visualisation capabilities, and puts previously inaccessible information into the hands of scientists, environmental managers, and decision-makers. The Earth observation information is used to address threats related to climate change, biodiversity, and extreme events such as flooding, forest fires, and storms.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/servir/ index.html

To develop a state-of-the art web-based interface to organise information, knowledge and experience on disaster management

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) SADKNPortalGuidelines.pdf South_Asian_Disaster_Knowledge_Network_ Activities.doc

Capacity Development, 1) reduced vulnerability and increased resilience to waterClimate Change, GIS & related disasters, especially floods, to boost economic Mapping, Water development; and 2) enhanced capacity in government and local communities to reduce and manage the risks of flooding and flood-related disasters

Asian Development Bank (ADB) www.adb.org/projects/42110-012/main

Capacity Development, To enhance conflict and disaster risk management capacities Disaster Risk to restore the foundations of development. Management, Early Warning, Gender, Information Management, Recovery

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) web.undp.org/africa/crisis.shtml

Cyclone, Drought, Earthquake, Fire, Flood, Land Slide, Storm Surge, Tsunami

Asian Urban Disaster Capacity Development, Mitigation Program (AUDMP) Community-based DRR, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Urban Risk & Planning Indonesia,Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand 36. Completed 1995-06-01 to 2004-06-30

This has included leading a team of international Institute of Development Studies - UK (IDS) researchers piloting an innovative methodology (ORCHID: Opportunities and Risks from Climate Change and Disasters) http://www.ids.ac.uk/climatechange/orchid for climate risk screening of development interventions in Bangladesh and India. This work was built on through work with the Chinese Academy of Sciences to pilot a screening methodology for water sector programmes. . To reduce the disaster vulnerability of urban populations, infrastructure, critical facilities, and shelter in selected cities throughout Asia. The programme aims to highlight the importance of a proactive approach to disaster risk mitigation, facilitate development of sustainable mechanisms for disaster mitigation, build capacity of all stakeholders to mitigate disaster risks and promote replication and adaptation of successful mitigation measures to other cities and countries worldwide.

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Programs/UDRM/ PROGRAMS%20&%20PROJECTS/AUDMP/ Default-AUDMP.asp

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

37.

38.

Building Resilience to Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean (Project Selamat) Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Sri Lanka Completed 2007-09-01 to 2009-03-31

Community-based DRR, Early Warning, Education & School Safety

To build community level coping capacities towards longterm resilience. The focus will be to make tsunami threatened communities aware of their risks, build knowledge resources and internalize preparedness measures through education and training. Strengthening early warning systems in the Indian Ocean, and has been focusing on key components that include core system implementation, integrated risk management, public awareness and education, community-based approaches.

Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network (ADRRN) http://www.unisdr-apps.net/confluence/display/ aidco/Building+Resilience+to+Tsunami+in+ Indian+Ocean+Region

Drought Assessment and Mitigation in Southwest Asia

Early Warning, GIS & Mapping, Information Management

To identify existing technical, institutional and policy gaps in drought management in Southwest Asia (west India, Pakistan and Afghanistan). To suggest ways to improve drought mitigation efforts in the short and long-term.

International Water Management Institute (IWMI) http://dms.iwmi.org/index.asp http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/droughtassessment/ index.asp

Afghanistan, India, Pakistan Completed 2004-01-01 to 2005-06-30 Drought Preparedness India, Pakistan

39.

Completed 2006-01-01 to 2009-12-31

40.

Education for Natural Disaster Preparedness in Asia-Pacific in the context of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) India, Indonesia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2005-04-01 to 2005-12-31

Capacity Development, The project targets 7,200 people in Sindh, Pakistan and Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Vulnerable Populations, 60,000 in Rajasthan, India. Through this programme, http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_ drought-vulnerable communities will be better able to assistance/disaster_assistance Water harvest and store rainwater for increased domestic and agricultural use throughout the year, adopt water efficient agricultural practices, utilise improved land-use techniques for agriculture and livestock, and engage with local government and other actors to improve resilience to drought. Education & School Safety, Governance

Communication and dissemination of information to inform education and policy formation for disaster prevention, recognition and preparedness. Production of locally relevant eductional materials in disaster prevention, recognition and preparedness that integrate important principles of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and are adaptable to different sectors and stakeholders.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) http://www.unescobkk.org/education/esd/ projects/post-conflict-and-post-disasterresponses/natural-disaster/education-fornatural-disaster-preparedness-in-asia-pacificin-the-context-of-education-for-sustainabledevelopment-esd/

End-to-end early warning of Capacity Development, Establish an end-to-end multi-hazard Early Warning System Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) tsunamis and other natural Early Warning, Recovery (EWS) in the Indian Ocean & S.E Asia to enable national End-to-end_EWS-PhaseI.pdf focal points for tsunami E.W to issue timely warnings, hazards for disaster enhance national emergency response capabilities and preparedness and mitigation improve disaster preparedness and mitigation. in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia - Phase I 41.

Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Maldives, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Completed 2007-06-01 to 2009-05-31

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Annexure Emergency Capacity Building Capacity Development, Civil Society/NGOs, Project (ECB) - Phase 1 Disaster Risk Bangladesh, Indonesia Management, Governance, Completed 2005-03-01 to 42. Vulnerable Populations 2007-02-28

Gender in Urbanization and Community Based Disaster Management Bangladesh, Kiribati, Nepal, 43. Sri Lanka Completed 2006-07-01 to 2007-06-30

Gender in Community Based Disaster Management Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey 44. Completed 2007-07-01 to 2008-05-31

Community-based DRR, Gender, Urban Risk & Planning

Activities planned and implemented with the aim of: improving their performance in recruiting, retaining, developing, and deploying skilled staff; increasing their accountability to affected populations and communities; decreasing the risks from disasters through local and national government policy changes; improving the coping mechanisms of participating communities; improving the coordination in preparedness and response; developing agreements and work towards implementing joint response activities; and gathering data and document lessons for sharing with global agencies and sectors.

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Capacity Development,

(1) Evaluate the gender sensitivity of disaster management policies and statistical and social indicators in the target Civil Society/NGOs, Community-based DRR, countries; (2) Raise the awareness of stakeholders including governments, academic institutions, NGOs and Gender, Governance communities; (3) Disseminate effective and efficient educational materials through workshops and/or trainings, and policies of gender sensitivities in the target countries; and (4) Build the capacity of stakeholders in the target countries for the evaluation and development of gender sensitive policies.

Inter-Agency Working Group on Emergency Capacity (IWG) http://www.ecbproject.org/home

United Nations Centre of Regional Development (UNCRD) www.hyogo.uncrd.or.jp/.../Urbanisation%20& %20Community%20Base...

United Nations Centre of Regional Development (UNCRD)

www.earoph.info/pdf/2008papers/4-19.pdf

Enhancing national capacities for effective implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action in Asia-Pacific Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, 45. Republic of, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Maldives, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Completed 2009-05-01 to 2009-12-01

Capacity Development, Climate Change, Community-based DRR, Disaster Risk Management, Economics of DRR, Recovery, Urban Risk & Planning

To strengthen national capacity of countries of the region in reducing the risk of disasters, in particular weather-related disasters, through sharingknowledge and experiences on policies options and strategies owards the effective implementation of HFA.

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) Enhancing_national_capacities_UNESCAP.doc

High-level Coordination Meeting on Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Assistance to TsunamiAffected Countries 46. India, Indonesia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2005-03-01 to---

Recovery

Take stock of the status of recovery efforts. It will be the first regional overview of the rehabilitation and reconstruction effort, and thereby provide a comprehensive understanding of the overall situation. - Identify the types of information that could be exchanged among tsunamiaffected countries and their development partners over the medium-term and how that information could be organised and regularly updated. - Explore possible areas of joint work, partnership, coordination, and harmonisation. - Offer opportunities to explore ways in which post-tsunami rehabilitation and reconstruction can be firmly integrated into the respective countries' medium-term

Asian Development Bank (ADB) www.adb.org/projects/39105-012/main

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

Indigenous Knowledge and Disaster Risk Reduction India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2008-06-19 to 2009-03-31 Living with Risks: Sharing Knowledge on Disaster Preparedness in the Himalayan Region Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan Completed 2006-04-01 to 2007-06-30 Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER) – Stage 1 India, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines Completed 1998-03-01 to 2003-03-31 Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER) – Stage 2 Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines Completed 2003-03-01 to 2009-03-31 Nepal Gujarat Mason Exchange and Training Program (NGMET) India, Nepal Completed 1998-07-01 to 1999-06-30

Program for HydroMeteorological Disaster Mitigation in Secondary Cities in Asia (PROMISE) Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao 52. People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Completed 2005-10-01 to 2010-12-31

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Community-based DRR To increase the understanding of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Kyoto University and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), through publications, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/about_isdr/isdrpublications/19-Indigenous_Knowledge-DRR/ workshops and consultations. Indigenous_Knowledge-DRR.pdf

Information Management

Support key practitioners with current knowledge in the field of disaster preparedness; mainly; floods, landslides and earthquakes; and build capacity in multi-hazard risk assessment, as well as providing a platform for interaction and exchange of experiences.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) PUBLICATIONS on Local Knowledge on disaster preparedness PUBLICATIONS on Status of Disaster Preparedness Plans in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan

Capacity Development, Critical Infrastructure, Health & Health Facilities

The primary focus of PEER Stage 1 was to establish Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) partnerships with key stakeholders in the project countries http://www.adpc.net/PEER and to lay the foundations of the PEER programme. An important goal was to adapt disaster response training courses which existed elsewhere, to make them appropriate for the Asian context.

Capacity Development, Critical Infrastructure, Health & Health Facilities

The focus of this stage was the institutionalisation of PEER core course. The Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies (HOPE) course was finalised, tested, implemented and institutionalized.

National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) www.drrgateway.net/.../program-enhancementemergencyresponse-peer...

Capacity Development, In general objective of the program was to start mitigation Structural Safety, and preparedness through training and awareness at Vulnerable Populations community level, in specific the objectives were: To train at least 20 local masons from Patanka in earthquake resistant construction technology while rehabilitating and or reconstructing the houses demolished by the earthquake To organise at least three exposure visits of masons from NSET-Nepal and Patanka To document and disseminate the outstanding achievements and explore its replication in the needy communities elsewhere To allow Nepalese masons and engineers to be in earthquake devastation scene and learn lessons especially those on seismic reconstruction.

National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) http://www.nset.org.np/nset/php/program_ com_ngmet.php

Capacity Development, Civil Society/NGOs, Community-based DRR, Disaster Risk Management, Early Warning, Education & School Safety, Governance, Information Management, Urban Risk & Planning

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) http://www.ccfsc.gov.vn/showproject.aspx?pid =30 http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Programs/UDRM/ PROMISE/Default.asp

Adoption of specific hydro-meteorological disaster preparedness and mitigation measures to manage hydrometeorological disaster risk by stakeholders in targeted cities Increased stakeholder involvement and further enhancement of strategies, tools and methodologies related to community preparedness and mitigation of hydrometeorological disasters in urban communities. Enhanced coordination with USAID Missions to promote sustainability and ensure programactivities accord with USAID country and regional strategies. Strengthen networks and regional links among relevant risk management institutions/organizations for improving potential and capacity for application and dissemination of lessons learned.

Annexure

53

54

55

56.

Adaptive Social Research and Agriculture Planning India; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Nepal; Maldives; Afghanistan; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Sri Lanka Completed 2009-01-01 to 2009-11-30 ADRC Peer Review Project Bhutan, Thailand

Capacity Development; Climate Change; Social Impacts & Resilience; Governance; Information Management

Regional Climate Risk Reduction Project in the Himalayan Region (GLOF II) Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan Completed 2009-10-01 to 2010-12-31

Capacity Development

To provide an overview of work linking social protection (SP), climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DDR) in the Agricultural sector in S. Asia and E. Africa, and to use this to develop a body of evidence on effectively linking SP, DDR & CCA, and to use this to inform partner Governments, regional bodies etc

Department for International Development - UK (DFID) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 814/read

Community-based DRR; Identifying good practices and sharing information among GIS & Mapping; Disaster ADRC member countries * Contributing to the promotion of Risk Management HFA in Asia * Further promoting dialogue and cooperation among ADRCmember countries

Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior - Thailand (DDPM) Department of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs - Bhutan National Disaster Management Authority Pakistan (NDMA) National Survey for Seismic Protection - Armenia (NSSP) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 146/read Capacity Building for Disaster Capacity Development; To contribute to enhancing the benefits of disaster 'risk United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Climate Change; Risk Reduction and reduction' initiatives already in place (e.g. appropriate early http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ warning systems, awareness measures, preparedness and 50/read Sustainable Recovery: Glacial Disaster Risk land use planning); - To add value to UNDP's efforts at the Management Lake Outbursts Floods national level; - To work with staff of the national disaster (GLOFs) in the Himalayan belt management committees in target countries to promote national capacity building as well as established partnership (GLOF I) networks; and - To create conditions for the application of Nepal; Bhutan; India; Pakistan tools, methodologies and systemised best practices, and for Completed 2007-11-01 to sustainable development of a far larger number of 2009-05-31 interventions in vulnerable areas, using counterpart resources To build upon the activities and outputs achieved under the Regional GLOF Risk Reduction Initiative (Phase 1). - To assess risks and impacts of climate-induced hydrometeorological disasters - To prepare inventories of glacial lakes on a GIS platform to strengthen GLOF risk mitigation activities in the region - To support community-based risk mitigation and preparedness activities such as local level risk mitigation measures, setting-up and operationalising a community-centred early warning system, training to enhance response capability of local administration and communities - To adopt an interactive and consultative approach by involving national nodal administrative departments/agencies, technical/scientific institutions, NGOs/CBOs, media, communities and their representatives To help formulate national and regional climate risk reduction strategies and promote greater coordination through knowledge networking and information sharing

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) UNDP-RCRRP_HKH.PDF UNDP-RCRRP_HKH.PDF GLOFs_Activities.doc

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) USAID,MAAHF;ANDMA;BWDB;BMD;IWM; Department of Energy - Bhutan 57. Department of Geology and Mines - Bhutan Department of Local Governance - Bhutan China; Nepal; Pakistan http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ Completed 2006-07-01 to 419/read 2007-12-31 United Nations Economic and Social Social Impacts & Capacity building in socioDevelop capacities of Regional Commissions to apply the economic assessment of Resilience; Economics Damage and Loss Assessment (DaLA) methodology Commission for Asia and the Pacific disaster impacts of DRR developed by ECLAC (United Nations Economic Commission (UNESCAP) ,United Nations Economic Afghanistan, Bangladesh, for Latin America and the Caribbean) Commission for Latin Americal and Carribean 58. Bhutan, India, Maldives; Nepal, (UNECLAC) Pakistan, Srilanka http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ Completed 2009-11-01 to 31/read 2011-12-01 Development of Catastrophe Risk Transfer & To investigate catastrophe risk insurance mechanisms and to Asian Development Bank (ADB) Risk Insurance Mechanisms Insurance; Economics identify ways that ADB might assist in expanding the http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ of DRR Afghanistan, Bangladesh, accessibility of global risk taking markets to developing 16/read Capacity Building for Flash Floods Management and Sustainable Development in the Himalayas

Capacity Development

The aim of this project is to reduce flash-flood vulnerability in the region within the context of sustainable development and poverty reduction. This project focused on a baseline assessment of flash-flood risk management in the region and strengthening the capacity of key stakeholders in the region to manage flash-flood risk.

59. Bhutan, India, Maldives; Nepal, member countries. Pakistan, Srilanka Completed 2005-12-01 to 2007-07-31 Gender Comparative Analysis on the A comparative review report on the status of mainstreaming Gender Issues in Sri Lanka of gender dimensions into DRR (disaster risk reduction) and and India CC (climate change) adaptation initiatives in South Asia. 60. India, Sri Lanka Completed 2009-09-01 to 2009-11-30 Development of RCC Regional Capacity Development The objective of the course is to build the capacity of the Training Course on government officials in RCC (Regional Consultative Mainstreaming DRR into Committee) member countries on mainstreaming DRR into Development development. 61. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives; Nepal, Pakistan, Srilanka Completed 2008-11-01 to 2009-09-30 Mainstreaming DRR into Capacity Development; Increased utilisation of disaster resilience principles and Development - RCC Program Structural Safety; tools by development planners 2.Implementation of priority Disaster Risk interventions with active partnerships 3.Fully harnessed Nepal; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh Management; support of the national leaders, decision makers and Completed Information development partners 4.Proactive documentation and 62. sharing of experience and lessons learned 5.Consolidated Management technical expertise and enhanced multi-disciplinary outlook of result producing, multi-stakeholders partnerships

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Practical Action www.academia.edu/.../STATUS_OF_WOMEN_ IN_SAARC_ COUNTRIE

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 536/read

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/14

Annexure Capacity Development; DRR Initiatives on National Civil Society/NGOs and Regional Level in Asia Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Indonesia; Nepal; 63. Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Vietnam Completed 2009-07-01 to 2011-12-31 Disaster Risk Earthquake Risk Reduction Management; and Recovery Preparedness Information (ERRRP) Programme Management Bangladesh; India; Pakistan; 64. Bhutan; Nepal Completed 2008-04-01 to 2010-12-31

enhance the capacity of ADPC to become a centre of excellence for DRR in the region; - foster increased collaboration and knowledge sharing on disaster prevention among the most high risk prone countries in the region; and initiate innovative solutions for DRR on national level where there are special needs.

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 870/read

1) Promoting information sharing and South-South cooperation 2) Supporting formulation and implementation of disaster prevention plan and retrofitting programme 3) Strengthening the institutional and community capacity to plan and implement earthquake risk reduction strategies integrating disaster preparedness, mitigation and post disaster recovery.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 152/read

Establishment of a Regional Flood Information System in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya 65. Phase 1 Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Nepal; Pakistan

Capacity Development; Early Warning; Information Management

The objective of the project is to minimise the loss of lives and property by reducing flood vulnerability in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (HKH) region with specific reference to the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Indus river basins. The project purpose is timely exchange of flood data and information within and among participating countries through an established and agreed platform which is accessible and user friendly.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 219/read www.southasianfloods.icimod.org http://www.icimod.org/?page=1033

Establishment of a Regional Flood Information System in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Phase 2 Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Nepal; Pakistan Completed 2001-05-16 to 2005-12-31

Capacity Development; Early Warning; Information Management

The project aims overall to develop and strengthen a regional framework for cooperation on sharing flood data and information amongst participating countries, and will develop a commonly agreed platform for timely exchange of flood data and information within and among participating countries. The implementation is divided into five major components: a framework for cooperation; a regional flood observation network; a regional flood information system; enhanced capacity and communication; and planning of a scaled up fully integrated regional project.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Department of Geology and Mines - Bhutan Meteorological Administration - China (CMA) Bureau of Hydrology - Tibet Autonomous Region (China) Central Water Commission - India (CWC) India Meteorological Department (IMD) Department of Hydrology and Meteorology Nepal (DHM) Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention - Nepal (DWIDP) Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) Federal Flood Commission - Pakistan Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) Department of Energy – Bhutan http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/262 http://www.icimod.org/?page=1033

66.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Risk Identification & To study the feasibility of generating Digital Vulnerability Atlas Feasibility Study for Preparation of Digital Assessment of SAARC countries based on the data available in public Vulnerability Atlas of SAARC domain. Countries 67. Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; SriLanka Completed 2007-01-01 to 2008-06-30 Management of Flash Floods - Capacity Development; -------Climate Change Capacity Building and Awareness Raising in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas 68. China; Nepal; Pakistan Completed 2008-01-01 to 2010-03-31 Natural and Conflict Related Hazards in Asia-Pacific: Risk assessment and mitigation measures 69. Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka Completed 2007-10-01 to 2009-04-30

Risk Identification & Assessment; GIS & Mapping; Complex Emergency

Regional Stocktaking and Mapping of Disaster Risk Reduction Interventions in Asia and the Pacific - Phase2 70. Afghanistan; Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, India Completed 2011-02-01 to 2012-12-31 Research and Action Grants for Disaster Risk Reduction Afghanistan; India; Nepal; 71. Bhutan; Bangladesh; Maldives Completed 2003-12-01 to 2009-12-31 Regional Programme on Capacity Building for Sustainable Recovery and Risk Reduction in Tsunami Affected 72. Countries Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2005-11-01 to ---

Risk Identification & Assessment; Information Management; Urban Risk & Planning

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South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 3/read

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD); USAID,MAAHF;ANDMA; BWDB;BMD;IWM; Department of Energy - Bhutan Department of Geology and Mines - Bhutan Department of Local Governance - Bhutan http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 420/read To quantify the risk posed by earthquakes, floods (and storm United Nations Office for the Coordination of surge), landslides, cyclone and tropical storms, tsunamis, Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) droughts, and social unrest in the form of intra-state armed Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) conflict in the Asia-Pacific countries. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 251/read

Advance the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) goals by facilitating knowledge sharing in the Asia Pacific region. Component 1 of the project will help in effective planning, programming, and cooperation and collaboration of DRR projects and programmes, which is essential for governments, organisations and donors involved in implementing and supporting DRR projects and programmes in the region.

UNISDR; ADPC; IFRC; UNDP; UNESCAP; WB; ADRC; ASEAN; SAARC; ADRRN http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 749/read

Support innovative action research by young professionals ProVention Consortium; UWDMC; ADPC; from developing countries. The programme was managed by http://www.proventionconsortium.org/?pageid =32&projectid=5 the World Bank's Hazard Management Unit. http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 134/read Capacity Development, Disaster Risk Management, Early Warning, Information Management, Recovery

To increase capacities of countries affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami in post-disaster recovery and disaster risk reduction through: 1) Information management, 2) Learning and training, and 3) Early warning systems.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) doc_document.file.b5244f5b5e4331c3.526567 696f6e616c2050726f6772616d6d65206f6e204 361706163697479204275696c64696e6720666 f72205375737461696e61626c65205265636f76 65727920616e64205269736b20526564756374 696f6e2

Annexure Regional Analysis of SocioEconomic Impacts of the December 2004 Earth quake 73. and Indian Ocean Tsunami India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2005-01-01 to ---

74.

75.

76.

77.

Satellite Rainfall Estimation Bhutan; Bangladesh; China; India; Nepal; Pakistan Completed 2008-12-01 to 2010-06-01

Environment

Development objective: mitigate the socioeconomic and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) environmental impact of disasters in South East Asia through RegionalAnalysis_of_Tsunami.pdfRegional financial risk management. The immediate objective: Analysis_of_Tsunami.pdf determine the immediate and medium term socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the 26/12/ 2004 disaster in order to contribute to the nascent body of knowledge related to the socio-economic impacts of disasters.

Capacity Development To strengthen the capacity of National Hydro-meteorological International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) agencies in forecasting precipitation. http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 552/read

Capacity Development; To develop the knowledge, relationships and institutions to Scoping of Climate Change Climate Change; Water enable significant and measurable improvements in Information Systems for Development in South Asia international water resource management India; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Nepal; Maldives; Afghanistan; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Sri Lanka Socio-economic vulnerability Capacity Development To strengthen the capacity of national partners in flood mapping hazard and risk mapping. Afghanistan, Bangladesh Completed 2010-04-24 to 2010-04-30 Community-based DRR Study on Indigenous Knowledge on Disaster Risk Reduction in South Asia Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Pakistan Completed 2007-06-01 to 2008-11-30

Support for Strengthening the Tsunami Development Assistance Database 78. Indonesia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2006-07-01 to 2007-08-31 Sustainable Recovery and Resilience Building in the Tsunami Affected Region 79. Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2006-07-01 to 2007-08-31

Documentation of indigenous knowledge (IK) on disaster risk reduction and coping mechanism of different communities living in multi-hazard zones of South Asia in an effort to capture the valuable knowledge resources locked-up in the community domains of perennially multi-hazard prone isolated pockets in the region

Department for International Development UK (DFID) http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/project.aspx? Project=201282 http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 815/read International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) ?????????????

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 2/read IK_for_DRR.pdf

Information Progress in tracking tsunami aid and results consolidated, Asian Development Bank (ADB) Management, Recovery data comprehensiveness and accuracy increased, and www.adb.org/.../support-strengtheninganalytical products that support better decision making and tsunami-development-assistance resource allocation provided

Community-based DRR, Disaster Risk Management, Early Warning, Governance, Recovery, Social Impacts & Resilience, Water

This project supports the region's recovery from the 2004 Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Indian Ocean tsunami by generating knowledge and building api.openaid.se/documents/ecm/488872_1_0.pdf capacity alongside key regional partners. The overall aim is to build long-term resilience to coastal hazards among vulnerable communities.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Sustainable Recovery and Resilience Building Strategies in the Tourism Industry 80. Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2007-01-01 to 2009-12-31

Community-based DRR, Disaster Risk Management, Early Warning, Environment, Recovery, Social Impacts & Resilience, Vulnerable Populations

Managing Climate Impacts on Climate Change; Health & Health Facilities; Health in Water and Agriculture and Disaster Risk Early Warning; Water 81. Reduction Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Pakistan Addressing Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific Afghanistan, Bangladesh, 82. Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nauru, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Completed 2008-08-21 to 2011-03-31 Urbanization and Community Based Disaster Management Bangladesh, Republic, Nepal, 83. Sri Lanka, Thailand Completed 2005-06-01 to 2006-06-30 Basic Emergency Response Course (BERC) 84. Maldives, Pakistan Completed 2004-12-01 to 2005-09-30

Climate Change, Information Management

Community-based DRR, Disaster Risk Management, Urban Risk & Planning

---

Developing Training Material Disaster Risk Reduction for Coastal Zone Managers India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka 85. Completed 2008-07-01 to 2009-03-30

86.

Gendered Community Based Capacity Development, Disaster Management (CBDM) Community-based DRR, in the Context of Regional Disaster Risk Development Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka Management, Gender Completed 2008-06-01 to 2009-03-31

188 |

Support the sustainable recovery of this key coastal industry Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) through an integrated study of the factors underlying the http://sei-international.org/projects?prid=251 vulnerability of those involved and inhibiting their sustained recovery, with the immediate objective of enhancing informed decision making in coastal zone regulation and management

To help strengthen DMC capacity to manage climate related health risks in the water and agriculture sectors, and in disaster risk management; To help increase understanding of the relationship between climate change and health in the water and agriculture sectors, and in disaster risk management.

Asian Development Bank (ADB) http://pid.adb.org/pid/TaView.htm?projNo= 43561&seqNo=01&typeCd=2 http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 367/read

Improvement in the knowledge and understanding of climate Asian Development Bank (ADB) change issues facing the Asia and Pacific region Improvement in the availability of information and advice http://pid.adb.org/pid/TaView.htm?projNo= about measures to address climate change in selected 39343&seqNo=01&typeCd=2 areas.

---------

United Nations Centre of Regional Development (UNCRD www.hyogo.uncrd.or.jp/.../Urbanisation%20& %20Community%20Base...

The BERC course provides technical skills and knowledge to Asian Disaster Preparedness Center - (ADPC) individuals who are most likely to be first on the scene to http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/ 360/read perform first aid functions during an emergency UNEP in cooperation with UNISDR and support from EC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center - (ADPC) AIDCO has undertaken to build disaster risk reduction www.preventionweb.net/.../13219_13190AI capacities of coastal zone managers to reduce disaster risks. DCORegionalTrainingManu... The initiative focuses on regional and national stakeholders in India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka through the multi-agency, multi-country Mangrove for Future Programme. Training activities aim to build capacity of coastal zone managers to design and implement projects that enhance the protect lives and livelihoods while at the same time improving environmental quality or protecting ecosystem services. Implementation of the project will promote gender perspectives and disaster preparedness in the context of regional development at government levels and at the community levels, empowering both women and men through decision-making and planning as members of communities.

United Nations Centre of Regional Development (UNCRD) nidm.gov.in/idmc2/PDF/Presentations/Gender/ Pres11.pdf

Annexure Seismic Hazard Training for Pakistan and Nepal Nepal, Pakistan Completed 2008-06-30 to ---

EarthquakeCapacity Development

87.

A workshop was held in June 2009 in Kathmandu, Nepal to United States Geological Survey (USGS) train young Pakistani and Nepalese professionals to use www.drrgateway.net/content/seismic-hazardfreely available, state-of-the-art computer tools to assess training-pakistan-and-nepal earthquake hazards. The workshop helped Nepal and Pakistan develop a community of seismic hazard practitioners. Using the Open Seismic Hazards Analysis platform, workshop participants acquired the skills necessary to develop earthquake hazard maps and assess potential impacts from future earthquakes on local earthquake faults.

Managing Climate Impacts on Climate Change, Early To help strengthen DMC capacity to manage climate related Asian Development Bank (ADB) Warning, Health & health risks in the water and agriculture sectors, and in http://pid.adb.org/pid/TaView.htm?projNo= disaster risk management; To help increase understanding of 43561&seqNo=01&typeCd=2 Health Facilities, Water Agriculture and Disaster Risk the relationship between climate change and health in the Reduction water and agriculture sectors, and in disaster risk Afghanistan, Armenia, management. Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Health in Water and

Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, 88. Fiji, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Vietnam Completed 2009-12-09 to ---

Asian Urban Disaster MitigationProgram (AUDMP) Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR,Nepal, 89.

Philippines, Sri Lanka,

To demonstrate the importance of and strategic approaches Asian Disaster Preparedness Center - (ADPC) Attending disaster vulnerability of urban to urban disaster mitigation as part of the urban development planning process in targeted cities of Asia populations, www.adpc.net/audmp/library/Files/AUDMP.pdf infrastructure, critical facilities and shelter in Asian cities

Thailand and Vietnam Completed 1995-10-17 to 2000-05-31 Regional Analysis of SocioEconomic Impacts of the December 2004 Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami 90.

India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand

Environment

Development objective: mitigate the socioeconomic and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center - (ADPC) environmental impact of disasters in South East Asia through RegionalAnalysis_of_Tsunami.pdf financial risk management. The immediate objective: determine the immediate and medium term socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the 26/12/ 2004 disaster in order to contribute to the nascent body of knowledge related to the socio-economic impacts of disasters.

Completed (2005-01-01 to ---

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Regional Projects and Programmes on CCA S No. Projects, Status, Tenure

1.

2.

3.

Rural Livelihoods and Climate Change Adaptation in the Himalayas (HIMALICA) Eight countries from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar in the east/ Hindu Kush Himalayan region(Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan) Current January 2013 – December 2017

i. Building the capacity to formulate adapted policy. ii. Expanding knowledge management. Iii.Strengthening collaborative action research. Iv. Piloting activities for climate change adaptation. v.Capacity building

Livelihoods and ecosystem services in the Himalayas: Enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience of the poor to climate and socioeconomic changes (AdaptHimal)

i. Delineating pockets of poverty and vulnerability

Himalayan Climate Change Adaptation Programme (HICAP)

i.Climate change scenarios ii. Water availability and demand scenarios iii. Ecosystem services iv. Food security v.Vulnerability and adaptation vi. Women in adaptation vii.Communica-tions and outreach

Description

Organization & Online Source

To enable and facilitate the equitable and sustainable The International Centre for Integrated Mountain wellbeing of men and women in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Development (ICIMOD) region through activities supporting the development of equitable policies and practices that enhance the resilience http://www.icimod.org/?q=abt of mountain men and women, encourage sustainable development and conservation, and promote regional cooperation

• Assess the impacts of climate and socioeconomic changes The International Centre for Integrated Mountain on the poor in mountain areas of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Development (ICIMOD) region and identify adaptation and coping mechanisms • Validate and pilot innovative livelihood options for the http://www.icimod.org/?q=9188 ii.Identifying location- mountain poor to cope with climate change and specific drivers of socioeconomic challenges change in project areas • Build the capacity of mountain communities and partner institutions to adapt to climate and socioeconomic changes Bhutan, India, and Nepal and to promote the formulation and improvement of pro-poor policies through analytical work and knowledge sharing Current June 2009 – June 2013

Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region: Two sub-basins in the Brahmaputra and one each in the Indus and the Ganges.

Current September 2011 – August 2016 South Asia Water Initiative (SAWI) 4.

Area of Initiative

Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Current 2009-2013

190|

Freshwater supply

• To reduce uncertainty through the development of The International Centre for Integrated scenarios for climate and for water availability and demand, Mountain Development (ICIMOD) customized and downscaled for parts of the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Indus river basins http://www.icimod.org/?q=7277 • To develop knowledge on the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of and responses to climate change at local, national, and regional levels, and to enhance capacities to assess, monitor, and communicate them • To make concrete and actionable proposals for strategies and policies for adaptation, considering vulnerabilities, opportunities, and potentials, with particular reference to strengthening the role of women and local communities Working with Department for International Development (U.K.) (DFID) and the World Bank, the South Asia Water Initiative is building capacity for water resource management to address serious water availability issues in Himalayan watershed countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan.

World Bank (lead); regional and national bodies http://www.un.org/climatechange/projectsearch/ proj_details.asp?projID=182&ck=aVm fG453KHSJI81

Annexure Asia-Pacific Climate Change Adaptation Project Preparation Facility (ADAPT)

5.

6.

Bangladesh, Cambodia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia Nepal, Palau, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Current 2011–2016 Mangroves for the Future (MFF) Mangroves for the Future (MFF)32 India, Indonesia Maldives, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam

Capacity building; Knowledge communication Government

Coastal Zone Management

Current 2006-present

7.

8.

Policy formation and Pilot Program for Climate integration MultiResilience (PPCR) sectoral Regional Programs: Caribbean and Pacific Country programs: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Cambodia, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Tajikistan, Yemen, Zambia Climate information services; Biodiversity; Agriculture Current 2008-present Disaster Risk Global Climate Change Management, Alliance Government Bangladesh, Belize, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Guyana, Jamaica, Maldives, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritius, Nepal, the Pacific Region, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Tanzania and Vanuatu Current 2008-present

Increase access to financial resources for climate change adaptation investment projects; strengthen national human and institutional capacity in preparation of financing proposals; and strengthen regional knowledge platform to share information and processes on climate change projects, funds and best practices to promote replication and scaling up.

WWF, Conservation International, the Nature Conservancy, ARD Inc., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The project has two main objectives: to strengthen the environmental sustainability of coastal development; and to promote the investment of funds and efforts in coastal ecosystem management. MFF reorients the current focus of coastal investment by moving from a reactive response to disasters, to progressive activities that address long-term sustainable management needs. These include building awareness and capacity for improved food and livelihood security, disaster preparedness and climate change adaptation.

National governments with CARE International, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Union for the Conservation of Nature, UNDP, UNEP and Wetlands International with NGOs and community based organizations http://www.mangrovesforthefuture.org/

www.adapt-asia.org http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/ 151686.pdf

World Bank PPCR aims to pilot and demonstrate ways in which climate risk and resilience may be integrated into core development planning and implementation in a way that is consistent with www.climateinvestmentfunds.org › ... › poverty reduction and sustainable development goals. In this Strategic Climate Fund way, the PPCR provides incentives for scaled-up action and initiates transformational change. The pilot programs and projects implemented under the PPCR are country-led, and build on NAPAs and other relevant country studies and strategies.

National Governments The Global Climate Change Alliance seeks to: (1) deepen the policy dialogue between the European Union and developing countries on climate change (2) increase support to target http://www.gcca.eu/pages/1_2-Home.html countries to implement priority adaptation and mitigation measures, and (3) countries to the effects of climate change; promoting disaster risk reduction; mainstreaming climate change into poverty reduction development strategies; reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation; and enhancing participation in the Clean Development Mechanism. integrate climate change into their development strategies. The program's five priority areas for funding are: improving the knowledge base of developing countries to the effects of climate change; promoting disaster risk reduction; mainstreaming climate change into poverty reduction development strategies; reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation; and enhancing participation in the Clean Development Mechanism.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Floods from the Roof of the World: Protection thanks to applied research

9.

Disaster Risk Management, Government

Bhutan, India, Nepal Pakistan , China Current Phase One: 1999– 2007; Phase Two: 2008–2012

The project seeks to protect people and infrastructure from the hazards of GLOFs. Based on previous fundamental research, the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan and China/Tibet now have an inventory of glaciers and glacier lakes as well as a GLOF monitoring system. The data gathered is used as the basis for early-warning systems. T his enables priorities to be set and corresponding action to be taken. The database is also used to determine the amount of total available water resources the region will have in the future.

The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) http://www.sdc.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/ Floods_from_the_Roof_of_the_World

Monitoring the Glaciers of the Biodiversity; Ecosystem Glacier retreat has been a major indicator of climate change ------------------conservation Himalayas impacts in the Himalayas. This project aims to support biodiversity conservation and livelihoods of people affected http://www.sdc.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/ by glacier retreat. The main objectives of the project are Floods_from_the_Roof_of_the_World 10. Eastern Himalayas, Nepal and documentation of threats posed due to glacier retreat as well India as development of community- driven programs for improving their resilience. Current 2005-2009 Management of Flash Floods: Capacity building and awareness raising in the Hindu Kush Himalayas Hindu Kush Himalaya region: 11. Nepal Pakistan Plus: China Completed Phase I: 2006–2007 Phase II: 2008–2010 Glacial Melt and Downstream Impacts on Indus-Dependent 12. Water Resources and Energy Afghanistan, India, Pakistan Completed 2007–2009

Disaster risk management

Freshwater supply; Energy

Adaptation to Climate Change Climate information in the Hindu Kush Himalayas services; Biodiversity; Agriculture and Central Asia

13.

India, Nepal, Pakistan China Completed 2007–2011

192 |

Flash floods have caused huge losses of lives and properties ICIMOD in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region. This project aims to improve the capacity of stakeholders of the region to cope http://www.icimod.org/?q=258 with flash floods.

Provide adequate risk management and adaptation ICIMOD, UNEP, Centre for International Climate requirements supporting the water and hydro-energy sectors and Environmental Research (CICERO) in the Indus river basin http://www.adb.org/climate-change/afg-inddownstream.asp This project is addressing how to adapt to too much and too little water in the Hindu Kush Himalayas and Central Asia, covering the following activities: • Improved scenarios for climate change variation and impacts • Scenarios for water demand and availability • Improved knowledge on climate change effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services • Improved understanding of impacts on agro-ecology and food production systems and food security Critical factors for achieving sustainable adaptation

ICIMOD, CICERO, UNEP, UNDP, participating countries

http://www.adaptationlearning.net/reasearch/ too-much-too-little-water-adaptation-climatechange-hindu-kush-himalayas-and-centralasia

Annexure Vulnerability to Climate Change: Adaptation s trategies and layers of resilience Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, 14. Sri Lanka, Plus: China Completed 2012

Agriculture

Provide science-based solutions and pro-poor approaches for adaptation of agricultural systems to climate change for the rural poor and most vulnerable farmers in semi-arid regions of Asia, specifically Bangladesh, India, Peoples' Republic of China, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) www.icrisat.org/what-we-do/impi/.../SARExecutive-summary.pdf

Protection of Sustainable Policy Initiatives in the Management of Natural Resources in the Hindu Kush Himalayas 15. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan Completed 2008–2012

Government

The program strengthens the role of International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) as an organization and service provider in the region, and increases the accountability of the eight member countries. It helps develop and implement regionally agreed concepts and strategies to facilitate adaptation to climate change and sustainable resource management. This is realized by institutional strengthening of ICIMOD in areas such as data collection related to climatic changes and forests. GIZ further promotes the ICIMOD priority program Environmental Change and Ecosystem Services.

ICIMOD, Deutsche GesellschaftfürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) http://www.gtz.de/en/weltweit/asien-pazifik/ 33473.htm

Freshwater fisheries Strengthening Adaptive Capacities to the Impacts of Climate Change in Small-scale Aquaculture India, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam 16. Completed 2009 – 2011

The project (also known as “Aqua Climate”) aims to Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific strengthen the adaptive capacities of rural farming http://www.enaca.org/modules/inlandprojects/ communities to the impacts of climate change. It is index.php?content_id=10 strengthening adaptive capacities to the impacts of climate change in resource-poor small-scale aquaculture and aquatic resources-dependent sectors in the South and Southeast Asian regions. The project will: (1) map farmers' perceptions and attitudes towards prospective climate change impacts and their adaptive capacities to address these impacts; (2) develop future scenarios based on the current trends; (3) assess the potential adaptive measures for different aquatic farming systems and prioritie better management practices; and (4) suggest Codes of Practices and improved methodologies for such systems.

Adaptation Knowledge Platform Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, 17. Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Completed 2009–2012

The goal of the Adaptation Knowledge Platform is to strengthen adaptive capacity and facilitate climate change adaptation in Asia at local, national and regional levels. Its specific purpose is to establish a regionally and nationally owned mechanism that facilitates the integration of climate change adaptation into national and regional economic and development policies, processes and plans, strengthen linkages between adaptation and the sustainable development agenda in the region and enhance institutional and research capacity, in collaboration with a wide range of national and regional partners.

Government

SEI, Swedish Environmental Secretariat for Asia, UNEP, Asian Institute of Technology and UNEP Regional Resource Centre for Asia and the Pacific http://www.climateadapt.asia/about-us

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Cities and Climate Change Initiative Asia Pacific China, Fiji, Indonesia, Mongolia, 18. Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu and Vietnam Funder(s) Current 2010– ?

Urban areas

Enhancing Adaptation to Climate Change by Integrating Climate Risk into Long-Term Development Plans and 19. Disaster Management Bangladesh, India, Thailand Completed 2010-2011

Disaster risk management; Urban areas

Advancing Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation (ACCCA)39 Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, 20. Kenya, India, Malawi, Mali, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia Completed 2007-2010

Multi-sectoral

Capacity Development for Policy Makers: Addressing climate change in key sectors Algeria, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, 21. Ecuador, Gambia, Honduras, Liberia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia, Togo, Turkmenistan, and Uruguay Completed 2008-2010

Government

This initiative aims to strengthen the climate change Local governments, universities response of cities and local governments. The main http://www.fukuoka.unhabitat.org/programmes/ objectives are to: promote active climate change ccci/index_en.html collaboration between local governments and associations; to enhance policy dialogue on climate change; to support local governments in preparing climate action plans; and to foster awareness, education and capacity building. This project aims to undertake a comparative analysis of the immediate to medium-term post-disaster recovery scenario in the aftermath of extreme weather events of flooding faced by vulnerable cities in three Asian developing countries, namely, Mumbai (India), Bangkok (Thailand) and Dhaka (Bangladesh). It also aims to quantify the developmental impacts of flooding with the objective of integrating climate change risk considerations into long-term investment and development plans.

K J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research Vidyanagar

The rationale for this project is that countries lack scientific knowledge and understanding of climate risks, and that this is an impediment to addressing climate variability. Activities include the following: identify and prioritize climate risks; assess available knowledge about risks and adaptation opportunities; develop, test, and disseminate risk communication materials that are designed to assist adaptation decisions; and identify critical knowledge gaps that impede effective adaptation decisions.

United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) http://www.acccaproject.org/accca/files/ACCCA_ Brochure_19pilotactions.pdf

The project is a targeted capacity-development initiative that UNDP supports two goals: (1) To increase national capacity to coordinate ministerial views for more effective participation http://www.undp.org/climatechange/capacityin the UNFCCC process and (2) To assess investment and development.html financial flows to address climate change for selected key sectors. As a result of this project, both the technical understanding of key climate change issues and their economic and policy implications within the context of the UNFCCC will be enhanced.

Integrating Climate Change Government; agriculture; START and its partners are engaging scientists and policy Mitigation and Adaptation into Urban areas; Peri-urban makers in West Africa, East Africa and South Asia in a range of activities that aim at raising awareness and improving areas Development Planning access to scientific information, so that decision-makers (CCMAP) project can better integrate climate change issues in development planning and poverty-reduction measures. The activities 22. Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Ghana, Nepal, Nigeria, include national science-policy dialogues, regional knowledge assessments, regional knowledge-sharing Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania strategies, and regional trainings. It also includes assessments of climate change risk to agriculture in nine Completed 2009-2010 urban and peri-urban areas.

194 |

http://www.apn-gcr.org/newAPN/activities/ ARCP/2010/list2010projects.htm

Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training with World Meteorological Organization, IPCC, UNEP, University of Dar es Salaam, University of Ghana, and the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies START, http://start.org/programs/ccmap

Annexure 23. Calibrating above and below

Water resource

snow line precipitation as inputs to mountain hydrology

To improve the understanding of high altitude rain and snow DFID, Funded by CRISSA (Building a Stronger fall and to show the added value of high altitude observations Regional Climate Research Effort in South Asia) in glacio-hydrological modelling. Programme.

models. Nepal & Pakistan

http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/Project/60940/Default.as px

Current September-2012 to March 2015 24. Building a Stronger Regional

Capacity building

Climate Research Effort in South Asia (CRISSA) Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan

To increase investment in high quality climate-related research targeted on priority knowledge gaps. This programme aims to improve coordination among funders of climate research and information services to support a more coherent response to the needs in the region

http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/Project/60918/Default.as px

Current September 2010March 2015 25. Support to Capacity Building

DFID, Asian Development Bank; British Geological Survey (BGS); Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET); Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex (IDS); International Alert; Livelihoods Resource Centre; World Resources Institute (WRI)

Capacity building

in Research in South Asia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan

To improve the capability of research institutions in South Asia to undertake and deliver high quality research that provides evidence for regional, national and local decisionmaking within South Asia.

DFID, Institute of Social Sciences, India; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B); National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi (NIUA) http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/Project/60911/Default.as px

Current July 2010 July 2014

26. Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium (SLRC) Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan Current January 2011December 2017

Livelihood

The Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium (SLRC) aims to provide a stronger evidence base about how people make a living, educate their children, deal with illness and access other basic services in conflict affected situations (CAS). Providing better access to basic services, social protection and support to livelihoods matters for the human welfare of people affected by conflict, the achievement of development targets, such as the MDGs, and international efforts at peace and state building.

DFID, Research and Evidence Division http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/Project/60870/Default.as px http://www.odi.org.uk/projects/2320-securelivelihoods-research-consortium http://securelivelihoods.org/

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

AFGHANISTAN Project

S No.

Enabling Activities for the Preparation of National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) 1.

Sector

Description

Organization & Online Source

Agriculture/food security, Natural Resource Management, Water resources

Establishment, composition and mandate of the NAPA national network and identification of a lead agency; Review of studies/reports on vulnerability and adaptation to climate change (combined with the stocktaking for the NCSA); Consultation workshop on major areas of vulnerability to climate change and key adaptation measures and development of country driven criteria for prioritization of adaptation measures;

Ministry of Irrigation, Water Resources and Environment (MIWRE), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environment Facility-Least Developed Countries Fund (GEF-LDCF) http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/enabling-activities-preparationnational-adaptation-programmes-action-napas http://www.adaptationlearning.net/projects/ afghanistan-enabling-activities-preparationnational-adaptation-programmes-action-napas

Disaster Risk Reduction The project aims for disaster risk communication through a and Management radio drama. Disaster risk reduction messages are integrated into the story lines of the very successful BBC educational radio program “New Home, New Life”. Objectives of the project are: (1) to raise community awareness of hazards and disaster risks; (2) to promote understanding of hazards and communities' vulnerabilities; and (3) to help communities enhance their capacities to address vulnerabilities.

Tear Fund, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)

Project completion date: December 31, 2005

Raising Awareness of Risk through Radio Drama Implementation period: 2006 2.

To Build Climate Change Resilience

Water resources, forestry

National Area-Based Development Programme (NABDP)

Agriculture, Rural Development, and Energy

3.

4.

Institutional Capacity Building for Gender Equality (Gender Equality) 5. Phase 1: Dec, 2010 Phase 2: 2012-2013

196 |

Poverty Reduction & Achievements of the MDGs

http://www.apan-gan.net/adaptation-practices/ raising-awareness-risk-through-radio-drama

Global Environment Facility (GEF) ;UN Environment Programme (UNEP); UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), the UN Mission in Afghanistan, the USAID-funded Biodiversity Programme of the Wildlife Conservation Society http://climate-l.iisd.org/news/unepgef-projectto-build-climate-change-resilience-inafghanistan/ Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development Aims to promote recovery and longer term development in (MRRD) Afghanistan while building the government's capacity to lead http://www.undp.org.af/undp/index.php?option and coordinate participatory approaches to development. =com_content&view=article&id=114&Itemid =57

improved water management and use efficiency; community-based watershed management; improved terracing, agroforestry and agro-silvo pastoral systems; climate-related research and early warning systems; improved food security; and rangeland management. Education and the development of vocational skills for communities are also a focus of the project.

Enhance policy development capacity of MoWA through the establishment of Women Policy Development Center (WPDC).Strengthen the capacity of provincial government and traditional institutions for the political and socioeconomic empowerment of women through the establishment of sup-port institutions such as the provincial women's development council (PWDC)

Ministry of Women Affairs (MoWA) Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) Ministry of Economy (MoEc) Ministry of Finance (MoF) Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs (MoHRA) Ministry of Justice (MoJ) Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) Central Statistics Office (CSO) Kabul University ANDS Secretariat http://www.undp.org.af/undp/index.php?option= com_content&view=article&id=107&Itemid=57

Annexure Small Grants Programme (SGP) Ongoing

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Land degradation, Forest Management,

The SGP will support small scale projects relating to the thematic areas, for activities that conserve and restore the environment while enhancing people's well-being and livelihoods, taking into consideration gender, vulnerability and equality concerns.

Government and Civil Society Organizations http://www.undp.org.af/undp/index.php?option= com_content&view=article&id=232%3Agef smallgrantsprogrammesgp&catid=30%3Awhatwe-do&Itemid=57 http://www.thegef.org/gef/project_list?keyword= &countryCode=AF&focalAreaCode=all&agency Code=all&projectType=all&fundingSource= all&approvalFYFrom=all&approvalFYTo= all<gt=lt<gtAmt=&op=Search&form_build_ id=form-6dc2345870ffbccbf39c4af83589d280&f orm_id=prjsearch_searchfrm

Agriculture and natural resources/ Irrigation, Drainage, and Flood Protection

allow rural populations to manage the implementation of projects in their areas and increase local economic opportunities; and create a sense of ownership and timely completion as procurement will be done locally with the maximum involvement of local communities.

Environment, Natural Resources & Agriculture Division, CWRD, Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development

6.

7.

Community-Based Irrigation Rehabilitation and Development Approval date: 06 Jul 2012 Supporting Natural Resources Operations

Natural resources

8. Approval date:14 dec,2011

9.

Water Resources Development Investment Program - Project 1

Water resources

management infrastructure, (iii) institutional strengthening, and (iv) capacity building for key staff throughout the sector. http://www.adb.org/projects/42091-032/main

Approval date: 6 oct,2009 MFF- Water Resources Development Investment 10. Program (Facility Concept)

http://www.adb.org/projects/36222-013/main These projects cover a considerable array of critical Environment, Natural Resources & Agriculture constraints within the natural resources sector, focusing on Division, CWRD; Asian Development Bank rehabilitation of irrigation system infrastructure, institutional reforms and capacity building, and improvement of rural http://www.adb.org/projects/44411-012/main services the rehabilitation and upgrading of existing and development Environment, Natural Resources & Agriculture of new irrigation and water resources infrastructure, (ii) flood Division, CWRD; Ministry of Finance

Water, Agriculture, Natural resources

The Program aims to promote growth, generate wealth, and Environment, Natural Resources & Agriculture Division, CWRD reduce poverty and vulnerability. http://www.adb.org/projects/42091-022/details

Approval date:23 Sept,2009

11.

Water Resources Development Agriculture and natural resources/ Water-Based Natural Resources Approval date: 10 June,2008 Management

Western Basins Water Resources Management Project 12 Approval date: 20 Dec 2005

Agriculture and natural resources/ Irrigation, Drainage, and Flood Protection

The goals of the PPTA is to prepare a project using the multi tranche financing facility (MFF) that will develop Afghanistan's water resources and irrigated agriculture potential through infrastructure investment, improve water management, institutional strengthening, and capacity development. The project will build core competencies and develop ongoing programs within the water resources and irrigated agriculture sectors to facilitate development and implementation of an investment pipeline.

Environment, Natural Resources & Agriculture Division, CWRD; Ministry of Energy and Water Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Ministry of Finance

The overall Project goal is to improve rural livelihoods through strengthened integrated water resources management (IWRM); improved irrigation service delivery; and enhanced agricultural practices to increase the productivity of irrigated agriculture in Western Basins of Afghanistan (Badghis, Ghor and Herat provinces), mainly comprising the Hari Rud River Basin which includes Herat, and the Murghab River Basins.

Central and West Asia Department, Afghanistan Resident Mission, Ministry of Finance

http://www.adb.org/projects/42091-012/details

http://www.adb.org/projects/36252-013/main

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13

Capacity Development for Irrigation and Water Resources Management

Agriculture and natural resources/ Water-Based Natural Resources Management

The capacity development program will include an Irrigation Department staffing plan, with terms of reference that builds on lessons from the priority reform and restructuring (PRR) process and incorporates new civil service reform initiatives.

Central and West Asia Department Energy Division, CWRD Min. of Irrigation, Water Resources & Environment http://www.adb.org/projects/38252-012/main

Agriculture and natural resources/ Land-Based Natural Resources Management

address the basic social and economic needs of communities in buffer zones of protected areas by implementing activities and providing incentives which would help to reduce poverty as well as promote the conservation of natural resources and wildlife in selected protected areas

Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Div, CWRD Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Approval date: 07 Dec 2005

14

Natural Resources Management and Environmental Protection Project/Alleviation of Poverty in Buffer Zones of Protected Areas

http://www.adb.org/projects/38039-012/main

Approval date: 23 Dec, 2004

15

16

Balkh River Basin Integrated Agriculture and natural Objectives are to improve water management and associated Water Resources Management resources/ Water-Based agricultural productivity and reduce rural poverty within the Natural Resources Project Balkh River Basin. The project will support physical rehabilitation and upgrading of traditional irrigation systems Management as well as reestablish and develop new institutional Approval date: 15 Dec, 2004 arrangements for improved water management within a river basin context. Western Basins Water Resources Management and Irrigated Agriculture Development Project

Central and West Asia Department Afghanistan Resident Mission Ministry of Finance http://www.adb.org/projects/38096-012/main

Agriculture and natural The project goals are to reduce poverty, improve rural Central and West Asia Department, resources/ Water-Based livelihoods and on farm productivity, and to promote the Energy Division, CWRD, Natural Resources Ministry of Finance sustainable management of land and water resources Management http://www.adb.org/projects/36252-012/main

Approval date: 26 Oct 2004 Agriculture Sector Program Loan 17 Approval date: 04 May 2004 Rural Recovery through Community Based Irrigation Rehabilitation 18 Approval date: 26 Dec 2003

Integrated Community Development in Northern Afghanistan

Agriculture and natural The program goal is to promote agricultural growth and Central and West Asia Department, resources/ Agricultural poverty reduction through support for market-based policy Environment, Natural Resources & Agriculture Production and Markets reforms, formulation of public infrastructure investment Division, CWRD; Ministry of Finance programs, and institutional reform and organizational capacity building. http://www.adb.org/projects/37046-013/main Irrigation, Drainage, and Flood Protection

The objective is to contribute to the reduction of widespread poverty and improve economic livelihoods in the more vulnerable, low food security areas in the three northern provinces of Jowzjan, Faryab, and Sar-E-Pol througn support for community-based irrigation system rehabilitation and maintenance approaches, and pilot approaches to community planning and management.

Central and West Asia Department Afghanistan Resident Mission Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development http://www.adb.org/projects/36222-012/main

Agriculture and natural The project purpose is to enable communities to participate Central and West Asia Department resources/ Forestry in and make informed choices leading to social development Afghanistan Resident Mission Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development and sustainable livelihoods.

19 Approval date: 26 Dec 200

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http://www.adb.org/projects/37713-012/main

Annexure

20

21

22

23

24

Land-Based Natural Capacity Building for Aid Coordination and Management Resources Management in Natural Resource Management Sector

To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the NRM sector by providing support to NRM Ministries to strengthen and institutionalize NRM sector support to establish and strengthen effective sector and Ministry based aid management and coordination mechanisms; and assistance to build capacity in the relevant Ministry departments for Approval date: 22 Dec 2003 planning and developing the NRM investment program, projects and budget. The main purpose is to support capacity building in the Disaster Preparedness and Public sector management/ Economic Office of Disaster Management so it may become a credible Management Capacity and Public Affairs coordination agency and a focal point for multidisaster efforts Building Management and issues in Afghanistan, from prevention and mitigation to relief and reconstruction. Approval date: 30 May 2002 Health and social To develop sustainable community-based primary health care Primary Health Care protection/ Health in poor rural communities as a pilot for replication nationwide. Partnership for the Poor The objective is to substantially reduce maternal and child (formerly Piloting Health Care Systems mortality, prevalence of infectious diseases, malnutrition, and Partnership) fertility (targets will be set later) in these targeted communities The Project will improve access to basic health, nutrition and birth spacing interventions, provide quality care at low cost, and promote healthy life style. DRR To build an enabling environment through capacity building in National Disaster different aspects of disaster risk reduction, enhance response Management Programme mechanisms, support disaster prone provinces to develop comprehensive Disaster Management Plans, strengthening Completed Emergency Operations Centers at national and provincial levels. To take Afghanistan risk reduction forward, simultaneously Capacity building Comprehensive Disaster Risk addressing identified deficiencies across all sectors and at all Reduction Programme levels. To improve capacity in key agencies and officials, (CDRRP) integrate and coordinate the efforts of different agencies, strengthen community mitigation efforts, develop effective Completed response system and arrangements, and mainstream risk reduction into development processes.

Improved water management 25 and use efficiency

Water management

Community based watershed 26 management

Water management, Land Rehabilitation, Agriculture

27

28

Climate Proofing of Horticulture in Afghanistan 2008-2012 Building Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change in Afghanistan 2011-2015

Agriculture

Fresh water supply

Central and West Asia Department; Environment, Natural Resources & Agriculture Division, CWRD; Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry http://www.adb.org/projects/37055-012/main

Central and West Asia Department; Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Div, CWRD http://www.adb.org/projects/36180-012/main Central and West Asia Department; Public Management, Financial Sector and Trade Division, CWRD http://www.adb.org/projects/36628-012/main

UNDP and ANDMA http://www.undp.org.af/undp/index.php?option =com_content&view=article&id=110& Itemid=57 Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority (ANDMA) and other Key Government Ministries, UN agencies, NGOs and Civil Societies

http://www.undp.org.af/undp/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id= 126&Itemid=57 MAIL, NEPA, MWE to reduce livelihood vulnerability in drought-affected communities through improved water management and use http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/afg_ efficiency. tech/theme_02/afg_ccdp.pdf to improve livelihood quality at the MAIL, MRRD, NEPA watershed level through improved natural resource use and http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/afg_ tech/theme_02/afg_ccdp.pdf management. The objective of this project is to develop an improved range Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock of horticulture practices and products to adapt to the climate change threat. The objective of this project is to increase capacity and the UNEP, NEPA knowledge base for assessment, monitoring and forecasting of climate change to water related risks in Afghanistan.

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

BANGLADESH Project

S No.

1

2

3.

4.

Post-Flood Rehabilitation.

Sector DRM, agriculture, water

Description Autonomous adaptation where communities recover from floods by draining fields. Planting late-transplant rice or switching to other, faster-growing crops

Government of Bangladesh and local NGOs

DRM, agriculture, water

Implementation of several measures (e.g., crop diversification, disaster preparedness) targeting the threat of sea level rise and storms

South South North and the Society for Wetland Eco-Research http://www.apan-gan.net/projects/bangladeshenhancing-adaptive-capacity-prolonged-floodand-water-logging-south-central?destination= projects%3Fsort_by%3Dfield_date_of_entry %26sort_order%3DDESC%26page%3D4%26by_ themes%5B0%5D%3D266%26by_themes %5B1%5D%3D270

Livelihood Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change in Drought-Prone Areas: Developing Institutions and Options.

DRM, agriculture, water

Development of a 'good practice' adaptation option menu, evaluating and field testing locally selected options with farmers.

Community Adaptation to Salinity and Cyclones in the Southwest Coastal Region

DRM, agriculture, coastal resources, water

Implementation of a suite of adaptation measures (e.g., agricultural diversification, aquaculture promotion, disaster risk reduction) in coastal areas to deal with sea level rise and storms.

FAO and the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0820e/ a0820e00.htm http://projects.wri.org/adaptation-database/ bangladesh-livelihood-adaptation-climatevariability-and-change-drought-prone-ar SouthSouthNorth and partners. http://www.adaptationatlas.org/activityDetail. cfm?id=2461 http://projects.wri.org/adaptation-database/ bangladesh-community-adaptation-salinityand-cyclones-southwest-coastal-region

Disappearing Lands: Supporting communities affected by river erosion 2004-2009

DRM, NRM, agriculture, water

Conceived as a DRR project, there are lessons for CCA as the http://practicalaction.org/river-erosion project worked effectively with communities to reduce their vulnerability to river erosion, flooding and weather-related disasters.

Catastrophic flood meso insurance

DRM

Index-based flood insurance for people living in flood prone areas for agriculture, livestock, homestead and infrastructure. Payouts are made based on a pre-agreed index.

OXFAM UK & OXFAM Bangladesh, Manav Mukti Sangha (MMS),Institute of Water Modelling (IWM) http://www.cirm.in/projects/catastrophe

Assistance to local communities on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme(II (2010-2014)

DRM

This project examined DRR approaches in three areas(one prone to cyclones and salinity, one prone to regular flooding, one prone to drought) to assess whether the interventions were effective in supporting communities adapt to climatedriven disasters Bangladesh's Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme is incorporating risk-assessment-and-reduction into its scope of activities to better deal with floods, droughts, and storms

IUCN Bangladesh http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/projects/ assistance-local-community-climate-changeadaptation-and-disaster-risk-reductionbangladesh CDMP http://www.cdmp.org.bd/

6.

7.

8.

http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=160

Enhancing Adaptive Capacity to Prolonged Flood and WaterLogging in a South Central Floodplain. Start date: April, 2008 Status: Complete

Start date: July, 2008

5.

Organization & Online Source

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DRM

Annexure

9.

10.

Scaling up community-based adaptation with local government

Agriculture, water, livelihoods

The objective of this project is to facilitate the scaling up of http://www.actionaid.org/bangladesh/wherecommunity based adaptation and capacity building of the we-work/scaling-community-basedcommunity to cope with climate change. Sensitize policymakers adaptation-local-government-bangladesh and politicians to adopt a pro-poor disaster adaptive financing and inclusion of the best practices of community based adaptation.

Flood-Resilient Aquaculture in Faridpur

Coastal resources, water

Flood-friendly fisheries technologies

http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=36

Development of low-cost housing model based on PCVA process. Provision of loans for two house designs that are specially adapted to heavy rains and floods, and can even be dismantled and reassembled in severe flood events.

http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=35 Grameen Bank http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ adaptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=38

Flood-Resistant Housing in Faridpur. Flood-Resistant Housing 12. through Micro-Loans. 11.

Coping with Climate Change. 13. Start date: July, 2006 Status: Completed

14.

Preparing for Flood Start date: Jan, 1999

DRM DRM

DRM, agriculture, sustainable livelihoods

DRM, water

Participatory Climate Risk Assessment and Development 15. of Local Adaptation Action Plans.

DRM, sustainable livelihoods

Social Forestry 16. (Roadside Plantation) Project.

NRM, DRM

Enhancement of Adaptive Capacity of Drought 17. Vulnerable Community in North West Region of Bangladesh. Improved Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change for Sustainable Livelihoods in the 18. Agriculture Sector

Bangladesh: SHOUHARDO-IIStrengthening Household Abilities 19. for Responding to Development Opportunities

Sustainable livelihoods

Oxfam is helping poor communities prepare for various Oxfam Netherlands, Gana Unnayan Kendra climate change impacts, by forming committees and (GUK) training people, promoting appropriate crops, and assessing water supply and storage http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/projects/ bangladesh-coping-climate-change Construction of raised villages in flood-prone areas, distributed Oxfam, Government of Bangladesh rescue boats and lifesaving equipment, and trained disaster preparedness committees. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/issues/ climate_change/story_facingheat.htm Development of risk communication strategies and testing adaptation options to foster adaptation policy at the local level

North South University

Agriculture, water

Use of a variety of means (e.g., integrated farming methods, rain-water gathering) to promote adaptive capacity in agriculture and water conservation.

SouthSouthNorth and partners, Caritas Bangladesh http://www.adaptationatlas.org/activityDetail. cfm?id=2522

Sustainable livelihoods

CBA project to promote livelihood adaptation and reduce vulnerability to climate change. Based on findings of assessments, the project promotes institutional and technical capacity building within key agencies and among farmers' associations/groups for demand-responsive services. Developed, and is constantly updating, a menu of diversified good practice, locally prioritized adaptation practices. CBA project, focused on duck rearing as a livelihood strategy for women.

FAO in partnership with Department for Agricultural Extension http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/projects/ improved-adaptive-capacity-climate-changesustainable-livelihoods-agriculture-sector-phase http://preventionweb.net/go/8321

http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules/ knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=304&kbid =5 Reforestation programme that educes erosion and guarantees Caritas a standing stock of biomass that can be used in emergencies. http://www.cckn.net/pdf/seeing_the_light_ dre.pdf

CARE Bangladesh http://www.care.org/careswork/projects/BGD094.asp http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACP746.pdf

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Bangladesh: Clustered villages

DRM, water

Livelihoods approach to DRR (aim of increasing resilience to flooding). Linked to wider national and institutional initiatives. It involved training and capacity development; also building low-cost raised dwellings (cluster houses).

Practical Action http://www.bdresearch.org.bd/home/protifolon_ 3.pdf http://practicalaction.org/docs/ia1/goodpracticescommunity-resiliance-052009.pdf

DRM, water

Project to introduce and encourage uptake of adaptation activities to reduce climate change related flood and water logging. Capacity building of community to improve coping mechanisms during high flood and water logging.

Caritas Bangladesh with support from Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS). http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/enhancing-coping-and-adaptationcapacity-community-reduce-vulnerabilityclimate

20.

Enhancing Coping and Adaptation Capacity of the Community to Reduce 21. Vulnerability to Climate Change July 2008-June 2011 Reducing Vulnerability to Climate Change (RVCC) Project March 2003-March 2005 22.

Community-based Adaptation to Climate Change through Coastal Afforestation 23.

Agriculture, water, DRM, Project piloting an integrated Community-Based Adaptation sustainable approach to vulnerability reduction to climate change. livelihoods First in depth documented study of CCA process. Focused on raising awareness of climate change and associated vulnerability areas, promoting concrete actions by households and communities to reduce their vulnerability. Equally advocated with the government at multiple levels for appropriate action to reduce vulnerability to climate change. One resulting action was a campaign for the government to provide safe water to vulnerable populations, and to address the problem of saline intrusion in the south- western part of the country. Forestry, livelihood diversification

This project works with coastal communities to establish over 6,100ha of mangrove plantations and 935ha of nonmangrove plantations, planted and managed by local administrations and communities.

Bengali Ministry of Environment of Forest (MoEF) Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF)UNDP,GEF http://www.undp-alm.org/projects/ldcf-cbabangladesh http://www.thegef.org/gef/sites/thegef.org/ files/documents/document/Bangladesh%20%20Coastal%20Afforestation%20-%20 November%202011.pdf

Natural resource management

The objective of the study is reduce threats to biodiversity, adapt to global climate change impacts, and improve livelihoods; support the GOB's current climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and natural resources management priorities in agreement with those outlined in the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) and the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) Suite of interventions (soft and hard) to reduce climate risks and vulnerability of local people in nine villages.Interventions included: awareness raising, PCVA, village committee formation, exchange visits, rainwater harvesting, flood and cyclone resistant housing, trialling of saline tolerant crops, floating gardens, etc.

BCAS http://www.bcas.net/project-details.php?project_ id=87&title=Climate%20Resilient%20Ecosys tems%20and%20Livelihoods%20(CREL)

March,2009- April,2013

Climate Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CREL) 24. October, 2012 – September 2017

Local Capacity Building for Advancing Community 25. Adaptation to Climate Change in Bangladesh.

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CARE Bangladesh http://www.docstoc.com/docs/68415702/ LESSONS-LEARNED-FROM-THE-ReducingVulnerability-to-ClimateChangehttp://www. carebangladesh.org/publication/Publication_ 6555355.pdf http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/reducing-vulnerability-climate-changervcc-project http://www.carebangladesh.org/publication/ Publication_5261518.pdf

Agriculture, water, DRM, sustainable livelihoods

Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS).

Annexure Cyclone Preparedness Programme in Bangladesh (CPP)

Capacity Building Type of Best Practice: Research and Development

Char Livelihood Programme (CLP) phase II

Livelihood Security Flood management

26.

27.

Community-based Wetland Management Project 28.

Empowering Women for Coping with Climate Risks in Selected Areas of Coastal 29. Bangladesh

To complement the government's efforts in case of emergency relief situations emphasizing the development of disaster preparedness related plans and programmes; and Training volunteers on community-based cyclone preparedness

To build flood-protected houses on the Chars of the Jamuna Maxwell Stamp plc; Local NGOs Funding Sources/Donors: river, the main arm of the Brahmaputra in Bangladesh Department for International Development (DFID); Australian Government's Overseas Aid Program (AusAID) http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/char-livelihood-programme-clpphase-ii

Wetlands Management To increase the capacity of the community in sustainable wetland management and adaptation towards adverse climate change situation, Conservation of aquatic and upland biodiversity of the Borkona Godabanne Chora and, Support the community to upgrade the livelihoods with different income generating activities. Gender Key Sector: Livelihood Security

Adaptation Policy Options and Interventions for Climate Change Induced Displaced People of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) Executing Organization: 49,215 dedicated volunteers Partner Organization: Government of Bangladesh (GoB http://www.apan-gan.net/adaptation-practices/ cyclone-preparedness-programme-bangladeshcpp

Boudhi Investigate and Research Assembly of Men (BIRAM),Global Environment Facility (GEF)'s Strategic Priority for Adaptation fund http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/community-based-wetlandmanagement-project

To establish a “Women's Resource Center” at the village level to provide a platform for women to gain more access and control over agricultural resources, develop the negotiating power of the group ,andTo facilitate initiatives of service providing organizations and community based organizations focused on topics affecting women such as food security, health, sanitation, and income generating activities.

Gram Bikash Shohayak Shangstha (GBSS), Union Parished/UDMC Alipura and Banshbaria Union, Community-based Adaptation (CBA); Community contribution http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/empowering-women-coping-climaterisks-selected-areas-coastal-bangladesh

The project will result in an increased understanding of how to mainstream appropriate policy and programme interventions aimed at the adaptation of the displaced people to the adverse impacts of climate change into the local, sectoral and national development planning.

Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit – RMMRU Sussex Centre for Migration Research, Migrating out of Poverty Consortium http://cdkn.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/12/ Project8-Displaced_people_Bangladesh_RSAS-

30.

0014.pdf http://cdkn.org/project/adaptation-policyoptions-and-interventions-for-climate-changeinduced-displaced-people-of-bangladesh/?l oclang=en_gb Reduction of Climate Change Coastal zone management; forestry Hazards through Coastal 545 Afforestation with community 31. participation

The objectives of this project are to strengthen the adaptive capability of Bangladesh, create a shelterbelt along the coastal zone, generate employment opportunities, and enhance the carbon sink in the context of global climate change.

Forest Department (FD) http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Providing drinking water to coastal communities to 32. combat enhanced salinity due to sea level rise

Coastal zone management, freshwater supply.

The objective of this project is to develop a comprehensive strategy for safe drinking water supply in coastal areas.

Capacity building for integrating Climate Change in planning, designing of 33. infrastructure, conflict management and land-water zoning for water management institutions

Fresh water supply

The objectives of this project, among others, are to incorporate climate change issues and concerns into water sector policies and plans, develop capabilities and networks of water resource sector planners, and develop mechanisms and analytical tools.

Water Resource Planning Organization (WARPO)

Climate change and adaptation information dissemination to vulnerable community for 34. emergency preparedness measures and awareness raising on enhanced climatic disasters

Human health

The objectives of this project are to protect people from climate related health problems through awareness raising programs, and to develop guidelines for awareness and behavioral change programs.

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF)

Construction of flood shelter, and information and 35. assistance centre to cope with enhanced recurrent floods in major floodplains

Disaster risk management

This project would involve the construction of multipurpose Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) and Local cyclone food shelters in highly vulnerable areas of the country. Government Engineering Department (LGED) The objective is to increase the height and strengthening proposed shelters from climate change induced hazards. http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change into policies and programmes in different 36. sectors (focusing on disaster management, water, agriculture, health and industry)

Disaster risk management; freshwater supply; agriculture; human health

This project would mainstream climate change impact Department of Environment (DOE) assessments and adaptation into sectoral planning and policy in the disaster management, water, agriculture, health http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ and industry sector files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

Inclusion of climate change issues in curriculum at 37. secondary and tertiary educational institution

Education

Climate change impacts and adaptation would be integrated Board of Education into school curriculum at the secondary and primary levels. http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

Enhancing resilience of urban infrastructure and industries 38. to impacts of climate change

Urban areas

This project would aim to enhance resilience to climate Department of Environment (DOE) change in urban and industrial sectors in major cities. This would include developing better building codes for buildings, http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ developing better waste management, etc. files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

Development of eco-specific adaptive knowledge (including indigenous knowledge) on 39. adaptation to climate variability to enhance adaptive capacity for future climate change

Ecosystem services

The objective of this project is to develop actions in each of NGO consortium the main ecological regions of the country to adapt to the eco specific Impacts of climate change, and to disseminate http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ knowledge on eco-specific adaptation to the most vulnerable files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf communities in each eco-region.

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Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

Annexure Promotion of research on drought, flood and saline 40. tolerant varieties of crops to facilitate adaptation in future Promoting adaptation to coastal crop agriculture to 41. combat increased salinity

Agriculture

The objective of this project is to develop new varieties of crops such as rice, wheat, etc. to tolerate saline, flood and drought conditions.

Agriculture

The objective of this project is to promote alternate agricultural practices that are adapted to future climate conditions.

Adaptation to agriculture systems in areas prone to 42. enhanced flash flooding–North East and Central Region

Agriculture

The objective of this project is to promote alternate agricultural practices that are adapted to future climate conditions.

Adaptation to fisheries in areas prone to enhanced flooding in North East and 43. Central Region through adaptive and diversified fish culture practices Promoting adaptation to coastal fisheries through 44. culture of salt tolerant fish special in coastal areas of Bangladesh Exploring options for insurance to cope with 45. enhanced climatic disasters Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme [ Phase 1] 46. January 2010 –December 2014 Ongoing

Poverty, Environment and Climate Mainstreaming. 2010-2013 47. Ongoing

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

Fresh water fisheries The overall objective of the activity is to reduce the fish crop Department of Fisheries (DOF) loss from increased flooding and promote adaptive viable http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ options for fish culture suitable for the flood prone areas of files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf Bangladesh.

Marine fisheries; Coastal zone management

The overall objective of the project is to utilize the saline waters of the coastal areas to boost up fish production.

Department of Fisheries (DOF) http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf

Agriculture, insurance The objective of this project is to explore the possibility of an Department of Environment (DOE) insurance market for climate vulnerability in different vulnerable sectors of the country. http://www.adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/ files/Bangladesh-NAPA.pdf Disaster risk reduction to institutionalize the adoption of risk reduction approaches across Government. By strengthening the capacity of the national disaster management system in Bangladesh, unacceptable risks will be reduced and response and recovery activities will be improved in a new culture of comprehensive risk management. The project seeks to create and nurture this crucial paradigm shift in disaster management away from relief and rehabilitation, and to a more holistic approach to reducing risks and vulnerabilities. livelihood to reverse the environmental degradation and climate change impacts in ways that will benefit the poor, particularly destitute women, and enable growth that is consistent with a better environment. It also provide natural resource management and good environmental outcomes for poor people through the integration and mainstreaming of pro-poor and gender sensitive environment and climate change issues into the design and implementation of national development processes, budgets, and economic decision-making.

UNDP, DFID, EU, Norway, Sida, AusAID and GoB Ministry of Food and Disaster Management http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/proj_detail.php? pid=29 http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/prodocs/CDMP/ FINAL%20CDMP%20factsheet%20Mar %202010.pdf

UNDP, PEI (UNDP/UNEP); General Economics Division, Planning Commission, Ministry of Planning. http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/proj_detail. php?pid=68 http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/prodocs/ PECM/FINAL%20PECM%20factsheet%20Mar %202011.pdf

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

48.

project is focused on:Enhancing resilience of communities UNDP, GEF, SDC, Forest Department, Ministry of and protective ecosystems through community-led adaptation Environment & Forest http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/proj_detail. interventions; Enhancing the capacity of authorities and php?pid=71 sectoral planners to understand climate risk dynamics to http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/prodocs/ incorporate risk reduction measures into coastal area Coastal%20Afforestration/FINAL%20Coastal management; %20Afforestation%20factsheet%20-2012.pdf Reviewing and revising national policies to increase community

Community based Adaptation to Climate Change through Coastal Afforestation in Bangladesh (Coastal Afforestation) Ongoing

resilience to climate change impacts in coastal areas; and Collecting, sharing and disseminating lessons and knowledge across the region and beyond, as well as with other coastal afforestation and livelihood programmes in Bangladesh. Early Recovery Facility (ERF) 49. Feb 2011 to Dec 2015 Ongoing Capacity Building and Resource Mobilization for Sustainable Land Management 50. in Bangladesh Apr 30, 2008 - Jun 30, 2012 Completed

Disaster risk reduction objective is to support the Government of Bangladesh to provide policy and programmatic support for local and national level recovery, and to introduce developmentoriented recovery interventions in a post-disaster situation Land management

National Ozone Depleting Substances Phase-out Plan 51.

Jan 01, 2008 - Jun 30, 2012 Completed Bangladesh Green Development Programme

Environment and climate mitigation

The objective is to strengthen the enabling environment and capacity for SLM, while ensuring broad-based political and participatory support for the process. The project is working to improve policymaking, enforcement capacity and institutional collaboration to ensure sustainable management of Bangladesh`s scarce land resources.

GEF, Ministry of Environment & Forest http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/proj_detail. php?pid=69 http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/prodocs/SLMP/ FINAL%20SLM%20factsheet%20Mar %202011.pdf

A multifaceted approach combining investment, public awareness campaigns, technical assistance and capacity building is being applied to reduce ODS consumption, f ocusing on key sectors.

Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forest http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/proj_detail. php?pid=74 http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/prodocs/NOPP/ NOPP-PRO%20DOC.pdf UNDP, Ministry of Environment and Forest,) Ministry of Industries, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/proj_detail.php? pid=90 http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/prodocs/BGDP/ IP-Prodoc-Signed.pdf

Making important and tangible contributions to the implementation of BCCSAP Piller-5 as well as to the accelerated contribution to MDGs 1, 7 and 8 achievements.

Oct 01, 2011 - Aug 31, 2012 52. Completed

Strengthening Capacity for Aid Effectiveness in Bangladesh 53. Sep 01, 2011 to Jun 30, 2015 Ongoing

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Communication

UNDP, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/proj_detail. php?pid=84 http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/prodocs/ERF/ ERF%20Factsheet%20-%202012%20August.pdf

To raise awareness at the local level about foreign aid, to ensure better accountability and to utilize overseas assistance at the grass root level.

http://www.undp.org.bd/projects/index.php

Annexure Advancing Climate Compatible Development for Food Security through the Implementation of National Climate Change 54. Strategies.

Food security

The overall aim of the research is to provide conceptual support to policymakers and stakeholders in developing countries (about CCD in agriculture and food security) as well as how integrated (adaptation and mitigation) climate policy, food security-related strategies can harness international climate finance in an effective manner

2004-2005

BCAS, Partners: African Centre for Technological Studies (ACTS) from Kenya and Fundacion Vida (FV) from Honduras: Geographical Areas: Global, Bangladesh, Kenya and Honduras. Supported By: Climate & Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) http://www.bcas.net/project-details.php?project_ id=86&title=Advancing%20Climate %20Compatible%20Development%20for %20Food%20Security%20through%20the%20 Implementation%20of%20National%20Climate %20Change%20Strategies.

BHUTAN S No.

Project

Sector

Description

Organization & Online Source

1.

Piloting climate change adaptation to protect human health in Bhutan

Health

2.

Climate Change Enabling Activity (Additional Financing for Capacity Building in Priority Areas)

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Environmental Health Unit (EHU), Department of Public Health (DoPH), Ministry of Health (MoH), World Health Organization (WHO); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/ piloting-climate-change-adaptation-protecthuman-health National Environment Commission Secretariat (NECS), Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/climate-change-enabling-activityadditional-financing-capacity-building

3.

Alleviating rural poverty through mitigation of human wildlife conflict Dec 2012-dec2014

Biodiversity

Risk Assessment and integrated surveillance enhanced for effective management of climate sensitive health risks; Community and health sector institutions with improved capacity to respond to climate-sensitive health risks; and Emergency preparedness and disease prevention measures implemented in areas of heightened health risk due to climate change. Identification technology and capacity building needs; Building of data collection and analysis system for proper data collection that would help in future inventories and assessments; Imparting of education and training for development of national emission factors and GHG inventories; and Setting up of a permanent implementing organization to deal with climate change activities with the national environment secretariat. the project will take initiatives on organic vegetable production to improve nutrition intake of the monks and rain water harvesting to address water shortage and improve health and sanitation of institute and locality.

4. Bio-gas and degraded land management project

5.

Dec 2012-dec2014 CC mitigation through reduced use of fuel wood and waste management

Land Degradation

Climate Change Mitigation

Through the project - the community would like to carry out mass plantation and establish bio-gas plants to promote sustainable forests management and mitigate land degradation. to reduce unsustainable use of fuel wood by initiating other environment friendly energy sources

UNDP http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_ sgpprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19549& Itemid=205#.UW3436L7ClM http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_ sgpprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19573& Itemid=205#.UW37VKL7ClM http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_ sgpprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19548& Itemid=205#.UW39VqL7ClM

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 6.

Community based land management at Yangmalashing

Land Degradation

cultivation of bamboo, soil catching plants and easily growing http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_s fodder species in the area which has been thoroughly gpprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19571&It degraded to mitigate land degradation. emid=205#.UW4Gv6L7ClM

7.

Community forests and water Biodiversity, water resources resources management project

The objective of this project is to protect water catchment at http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg Kokayphu and promote conservation of downstream pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19572&Ite biodiversity including sustainable water supply to the 12 mid=205#.UW4FFqL7ClM households of Rigey Village. This will also help achieve the overall objective of protecting the environment, biodiversity and water source.

8.

Community forests establishment and land management

project will not only enhance the management of the forest but also improve the awareness about the importance of forest for the daily livelihood of the villagers.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19559&Ite mid=205#.UW4FGqL7ClM

Community Water Resources Land Degradation Management and Use of Fallow Agriculture Land for Sustainable Livelihood Disaster management, 10. Disaster Management Strategy – planning for food agriculture security and emergency medicine to vulnerable communities

to promote “community based sustainable land management and optimum use water resources

Pangkhar Water Users' Association http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=18771&Ite mid=205#.UW4FHKL7ClM Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairsin partnership with Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health and other stakeholderssuch as the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Dzongkhag (Local) Administrations and relevant communities. http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/napas/applic ation/pdf/03_bhut_pp.pdf

11. Artificial Lowering of Thorthomi Glacier Lake

Water resources

The main objective is to lower the water level of the Thorthormi Lake by excavating an artificial channelwidening of the existing outlet channel.

Department of Geology and Mines in coordination with Ministry of Agriculture, and Department of Local Governance (Disaster Management Office); also the involvement of the districts of Gasa and Punakha, and the local communities of the Lunana area http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/napas/applic ation/pdf/03_bhut_pp.pdf

12. Weather Forecasting System to Serve Farmers and Agriculture

Climate information services

To set up a weather forecasting office (WFO) with necessary equipment and manpower to provide weather and seasonal forecasts for supporting production decisions of the farmers; To provide an agro-meteorological early warning systemagainst inclement weather conditions and provide special advisories at different production stages

Ministry of Agriculture http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/napas/applic ation/pdf/03_bhut_pp.pdf

13. Landslide Management & Flood Prevention (Pilot Schemes in Critical Areas)

DRM

The objectives of this project are to predict and effectively intervene in major landslide affected areas of Bhutan. Key areas include Chaskar, Ramjar, and critical road links. Activities will include mapping vulnerable areas, assessing the spatial distribution of landslides, developing a meteorological data center, and establishing early-warning measures.

Ministry of Agriculture in consultation with the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs in partnership with stakeholders http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/napas/applic ation/pdf/03_bhut_pp.pdf

Biodiversity Land Degradation

9.

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The objective of the project is to plan and implement components of the national disaster management strategy as concerns emergency food security, medicines and first aid in few pilot districts in eastern Bhutan.

Annexure 14. Flood Protection of Downstream Industrial and Agricultural Areas

DRM

The objectives of this project are to intervene in landslide and flood affected areas of the country, and will include the following activities: mapping of vulnerable area implement landslide prevention activities such as cross drainage, etc.

Ministry of Agriculture (Taklai River Basin) in consultation with the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs and Ministry of Trade and Industry (Pasakha- Singye and barsa Rivers) in partnership with stakeholders such as the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement, Dzongkhag (Local) Administrations and relevant communities. http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/napas/applic ation/pdf/03_bhut_pp.pdf

15. Rainwater Harvesting

Fresh water supply

The objective of this project is to safeguard farmers from water shortages during dry periods and irregularities in the monsoonal rainfall, thereby enhancing household food security and the income of farmers in vulnerable areas.

Ministry of Agriculture http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/napas/applic ation/pdf/03_bhut_pp.pdf

16. GLOF Hazard Zoning (Pilot Scheme – Chamkhar Chu Basin)

DRM

The main objective of this project is to prepare a hazard zonation map for GLOFs. Outputs would include training of staff to handle equipment, creating awareness of people settled along the river, create a high-quality zonation map delineating areas with high risk, medium risk, and low risk, etc.

The Department of Geology and Mines (DGM) the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Department of Energy, Department of Local Governance under Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/napas/applic ation/pdf/03_bhut_pp.pdf

17. Installation of Early Warning System on Pho Chu Basin

DRM

The main objective of this project is to install a flood warning station on the Pho-Chu River basin in order to establish an early-warning system for floods and GLOFs.

Department of Geology and Mines in coordination with Ministry of Agriculture, and Department of Local Governance (Disaster Management Office) http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/napas/applic ation/pdf/03_bhut_pp.pdf

18. Promote Community-based Fire Management Forest Fire Management and Prevention

The main objective of this project is to enhance the capacity http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/napas/applic of the Department of Forests and rural people in the ation/pdf/03_bhut_pp.pdf management of forest fires.

19. Assistance for National Environment Commission's Clean Development Mechanism Ongoing

Natural resources and agriculture

Achieve a functioning and sustainable climate change mitigation and adaptation system for energy and water resources available in the country and the subregion, the TA will enhance the capacity of NEC to function as a designated national authority that will prioritize climate change risks in energy and water resources development and promote climate change mitigation and adaptation activities.

Asian Development Bank http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/projects/assist ance-national-environment-commissionsclean-development-mechanism-unit-ta7405?destination=projects%3Fby_countries% 5B0%5D%3D42

20. Integrating Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation into

climate change adaptation, GENDER

Need to integrate climate change adaptation into development planning. Awareness or understanding of key issues around vulnerability and adaptation and the scarcity of sector- and location-specific knowledge. To enable decision-makers to better integrate climate change issues in development planning and poverty reduction measures. In addition to convening national science-policy dialogues, the partners in this project are engaging city-based teams in 9 cities across West Africa, East Africa, and South Asia in an assessment of climate change risks to urban and periurban agriculture

WMO, IPCC, UNEP, University of Dar es Salaam, University of Ghana, and the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/projects/integr ating-climate-change-mitigation-adaptationdevelopment-planningccmap?destination=projects%3Fby_countries %5B0%5D%3D42

Development Planning (CCMAP)

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Climate change 21. Piloting Climate Change Adaptation to Protect Human adapattaion Health - Thimphu, Bhutan

project is based on priority interventions outlined in the Cambodian National Adaptation Programme of Action and focuses on climate change-resilient agricultural water management.

World Health Organization (WHO) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Bangkok http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/projects/piloti ng-climate-change-adaptation-protecthuman-health-thimphubhutan?destination=projects%3Fby_countries %5B0%5D%3D42

22. Bhutan Disaster Risk and Recovery Program

Capacity Development; Risk Identification & Assessment; Climate Change; Structural Safety; Disaster Risk Management; Early Warning; Vulnerable Populations

Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping. B. Capacity building for Seismic Resistant Design and Construction Techniques. C. Early Warning, Communications and Emergency Response. D. DRM Capacity Building. E. Conference on Disaster Management. Follow link below for more details.

World Bank (WB) http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/ca_projects/detail/27 39 http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/7 52/read

23. Capacity Building of the National Environment Commission in Climate Change

Capacity Development; Enhanced capacity of National Environment Commission Climate Change (NEC) to prioritize climage change risks in energy and water resources development.

National Environment Commission - Bhutan (NEC), ADB_-_CapacityBuilding_NEC.pdf http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/5 65/read

24. Reducing Climate Changeinduced Risks and Vulnerabilities from Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Punakha-Wangdi and Chamkhar Valleys

Climate change

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Global Environment Facility (GEF) Department of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs - Bhutan Department of Geology and Mines – Bhutan http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/node/241 http://www.adaptationlearning.net/bhutanreducing-climate-change-induced-risks-andvulnerabilities-glacial-lake-outburst-floodspunakh http://gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projI D=3219 http://www.undpadaptation.org/projects/websit es/index.php?option=com_content&task=vie w&id=339 http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/5 58/read

25. Strengthening National Capacity for Disaster Risk Management in Bhutan

Capacity Development; National capacity to mainstream environmental concerns Environment; Disaster into policies, plans and programmes enhanced. National Risk Management capacity for disaster and risk management strengthened.

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To reduce climate-change induced risks and vulnerabilities from glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the PunakhaWangdi and Chamkhar Valleys.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Ministry of Works and Human Settlement Bhutan (MoWHS) Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs - Bhutan (MOHCA) Ministry of Economic Affairs - Bhutan (MOEA) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Austrian Coordination Bureau (ACB) http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/9 40/read

Annexure 26. Thimpu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Project completed

Capacity Development; Governance; Critical Infrastructure; Structural Safety

NSET to provide short-term technical advice for the followup to the Thimpu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Program in Thimpu, Bhutan. NSET will conduct structural and non-structural seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings, identify retrofitting options, develop the standard guidelines, and provide training to engineers as part of the project.

National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) Ministry of Works and Human Settlement Nepal (MoWHS) http://www.nset.org.np/nset/php/program_r_o n_thimpu.php http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/7 87/read

27. Reducing Climate Changeinduced Risks and Vulnerabilities from Glacial Lake Outbursts in the Punakha-Wangdi and Chamkhar Valleys

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

To enhance adaptive capacity to climate change-induced disaster impacts in Bhutan; To reduce climate changeinduced risks and vulnerabilities from glacial lake outbursts in the Punakha-Wangdi and Chamkhar Valleys; Strengthening of DRM capacities in the Punakha-Wangdi and Chamkhar Valleys; Implementation of artificial lowering of Thorthormi Lake waters; and Installation of an early warning system for the Punakha-Wangdi Valley.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs , Bhutan http://www.apan-gan.net/adaptationpractices/reducing-climate-change-inducedrisks-and-vulnerabilities-glacial-lake

28. Regional Climate Risk Reduction Project

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Building capacity of women, elderly and physically challenged to respond to natural disasters. Special attention has been accorded to children by involving schools in disaster preparedness activities. ECO- DRR clubs have been formed in the schools of project communities. To develop and implement comprehensive risk management strategies in the Himalayan region to reduce the risks faced by mountain communities and to mitigate the impacts of hydro-meteorological/climatic hazards.

Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) through the UNDP Country Offices; Ecology, Agriculture and Rural Development Society (ECARDS), Dolakha district; Community Development and Environmental Conservation Forum (CDECF), Sindhupalchok district; Kathmandu University; ADAPT Nepal http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/regional-climate-risk-reductionproject

29. Niddupchhu watershed managemnt and development of environment friendly cooking facilities

Biodiversity

Protection of Niddupchhu drupchhu, Protection of community water sources, Water management and supply, Organic vegetable production (fencing, green house and seeds and training),Training and plantation of 3000 trees, Reduction of fuel wood consumption through use of electric cookers (three 150 litre electric cookers), Waste management

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=18767&Ite mid=205#.UXYxo6Iya2c

30. Protection of Ani Choeten Zangmo Drupchu and

Biodiversity International Waters

Intervention to safeguard the Sacred Natural Heritage Site – http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19546&Ite the Miraculous Spring and its surrounding and reduce use mid=205#.UXYxp6Iya2c of fuel wood for cooking to lessen environmental damage and mitigate climate change.

surrounding biodiversity ongoing 31. Protection of Moungling Lake Biodiversity and Environment Conservation Ongoing

Project aims to address the community problems through implementation of following activities:Rehabilitation and fencing of Mungling lake; Protection of 20 community; Establishment of community forest nurser; Demonstration of efficient flag hoisting methods; Plantation of 10,000 saplings at Mungling tsho, community water sources and degraded areas; Installation of electric cookers at Drodul Padma Chholing and Rigzen Thoesam Chhoeling monasteries to reduce fuel wood consumption; Proper waste management and disposal

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=18713&Ite mid=205#.UXYxqaIya2c

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 32. Protection of Peling Tsho (wetland) ongoing

Biodiversity

To initiate planting trees, bamboo and easily growing fodder species in and around 100 acres of land.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19565&Ite mid=205#.UXYxq6Iya2c

33. Reducing fuel wood consumption and waste management

Climate Change Mitigation

The use of solar mechanism to shrink heavy reliance on firewood and continue a water heating system

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19550&Ite mid=205#.UXY2yqIya2c

34. Reducing fuel wood consumption and waste management

Climate Change Mitigation

The use of solar mechanism to shrink heavy reliance on firewood and continue a water heating system

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19550&Ite mid=205#.UXY2yqIya2c

for the benefit of the local environment and securing livelihoods: Protection of community water sources, plantation of saplings, Water supply for the community, Establishment of community forest nursery

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=18770&Ite mid=205#.UXY2zaIya2c

Biodiversity Climate Change Mitigation

To make the rural livelihood strategies of the semi-nomadic yak herders of Naro Geog more sustainable and climate resilient by introducing improved rangeland management regime and appropriate technologies. It will reduce fuel wood consumption and positively contribute towards improving climate change and global warming.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=17522&Ite mid=205#.UXY20aIya2c

Climate Change Mitigation

The project aims to alleviate poverty through providing http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg alternate sources of livelihood in the light of human-wildlife pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=18773&Ite conflict and changing climatic conditions. The project will mid=205#.UXY21KIya2c introduce new and better varieties of cardamom that require less water to be cultivated in the fallow land. This will provide farmers resilience in light of climate change and a good source of cash income.

38. Sustainable land management and water source protection project

International Waters Land Degradation

Protection of the water sources by creating plantation http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg reforesting those degraded by planting varieties of native pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19574&Ite species and managing the agricultural fields by planting mid=205#.UXY21qIya2c hedge rows and bamboos. Viewing to enhance the quality of drinking water and increasing the productivity of agricultural products in the near future.

39. Biogas and water source Project ongoing

Climate Change Mitigation International Waters

The Project encourages and motivate each farmer in the gewog and in the region as whole to make use of the bio fuel of fossil in near future thereby, reducing the pressure on limited forest resources.

Pemathang Bio-gas Tshogpa & Phedi Water source protection Group; UNDP http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=17004&Ite mid=205#.UXY6kKIya2c

The Project encourages and motivate each farmer in the gewog and in the region as whole to make use of the bio fuel of fossil in near future thereby, reducing the pressure on limited forest resources.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=17002&Ite mid=205#.UXY6kqIya2c

Land Degradation 35. Reduction of Fuel Wood Consumption and Protection of Community Water Sources and Environment 36. Securing livelihood strategies of semi-nomadic yak herders of Naro gewog through sustainable environment conservation and development activities. 37. Strengthening Rural Livelihood and Resilience to Climate Change

Land Degradation 40. Community based Environmental Conservation through Sustainable land and Irrigation water usage in Budur and Kupineysa village Minji geog,Lhuents 2012-2014 ongoing

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Annexure 41. Environment conservation and rural Livelihood

Biodiversity

Reducing number of cattle grazing in the forest; Reducing on the fuel wood consumption by preparation pf livestock feeds ; Reduction of Fuel wood/green gas emission through promotion of bio-gas technology; Bio-gas waste can be used as manure for aqua -culture & in organic farming.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=17005&Ite mid=205#.UXY6l6Iya2c

Climate Change Mitigation International Waters

the Organization aims to male a model village in the Dzongkhag by taking second initiatives in preservation and protecting the critical watershed that provides safe, clean and perennial water supply for irrigating 300 acres of wetland and value adding to Chukha Hydro Power Generation.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=17003&Ite mid=205#.UXY6mqIya2c

Enhancement through Rural Dairy Initiative in RukhaSamthang ongoing 42. Environmental conservation and critical watershed management Ongoing

43. Sustainable Land Reclamation and

Land Degradation

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=16965&Ite mid=205#.UXY-xqIya2c

44. Community-based Rangeland Biodiversity Climate Change Management Project in Pangcom Sakten, Trashigang. Mitigation Land Degradation

The project activities will directly or indirectly contribute to http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg GEF strategic objectives related to protection of biodiversity, pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=15509&Ite mitigation of adverse effects due to climate change and mid=205#.UXY_fqIya2c prevent land degradation.; to promote trapping and utilization of sustainable energy from biomass for household cooking purposes as means to reduce fuel wood consumption thereby protect unnecessary felling of trees from the nearby or other forest areas

45. Community Based Land Management Project

Land degradation

aim to ensure soil conservation ad assist in preservation of the agricultural land from being washed away, and protect farmlands through restoration programs with suitable management interventions and techniques and be the future champions of soil conservation not only in the community, but also, in the neighboring geog

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=14053&Ite mid=205#.UXY_uaIya2c

46. Jhuprey Water Supply and Watershed Under execution

Land degradation

Executing a watershed management exercise at the source area, Reviving the fallow land and facilitate productive use of the agricultural land , decreasing the intensity of land degradation

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=14752&Ite mid=205#.UXY_1qIya2c

47. Sustainable Land Management in Kothigaon. Under execution

Land degradation

to rehabilitate and protect the deteriorating dry land and paddy field by sustainable land management thereby maximizing agricultural productions through joint community effort and efficient utilization of available resources; to improve soil fertility and bring about positive changes in the living status of the poor farmers who are dependent on agriculture.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=14528&Ite mid=205#.UXZAHKIya2c

48. Watershed Protection in Bidungphu Under execution

Biodiversity Land Degradation

The main objective of the project is to revive the water source to ensure continued and enough water supply through plantation and fencing of the water catchment area thereby leading to increase in volume and also mitigate soil erosion.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=12118&Ite mid=205#.UXZEbaIya2c

Rehabilitation Project in Yangthang,Haa

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 49. Thimpu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Project Completed

Capacity Development; Governance; Critical Infrastructure; Structural Safety

NSET to provide short-term technical advice for the followup to the Thimpu Valley Earthquake Risk Management Program in Thimpu, Bhutan. NSET will conduct structural and non-structural seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings, identify retrofitting options, develop the standard guidelines, and provide training to engineers as part of the project.

National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) Ministry of Works and Human Settlement Nepal (MoWHS) http://www.nset.org.np/nset/php/program_r_o n_thimpu.php http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/7 87/read

50. Conservation of Water Catchment Area and

Land Degradation

to carryout re-forestation and proper protection of the water catchment area and at the same time maintain the drainage system through proper construction and maintaining it at all seasons.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=11008&Ite mid=205#.UXZEeqIya2c

51. Geleychu Sustainable Land Management Under execution

Land Degradation

in order to rehabilitate and protect the farmland to sustain agricultural productions through community efforts and for sustainable utilization of available land resources.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=11688&Ite mid=205#.UXZEh6Iya2c

52. Pilot Project on Community Level Rainwater Harvesting for Land Revival to enable Kinchoeling Chhu Dagzin Tshogpa

Land Degradation

to establish a pilot rainwater harvesting scheme for promoting horticultural crop growth leading to the increase in the income of the farmers in the community.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=11687&Ite mid=205#.UXZEjaIya2c

53. Community Based Integrated Land Degradation Watershed Management to

he main objective of the project is to conserve agro biodiversity within the watershed; To meet water demands through efficient water use;To reduce soil erosion and land degradation;To maintain traditional system of water sharing and ;To preserve and maintain biodiversity of native species.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=10048&Ite mid=205#.UXZEoqIya2c

protection against soil erosion in Langchenphu Completed

undertake work on sustainable water management, land development and improvement of watershed health through collective management of forest and natural resources Completed 54. Community-Based Approach to Rehabilitation and Soil

Biodiversity

The main objective of the project is to bring the identified http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg landslide prone area under vegetative cover so that the area pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=8580&Itemi gets stabilized and the risk of land slide is reduced d=205#.UXZEs6Iya2c

55. Shingneer Watershed Management Project. Completed

Biodiversity

The objectives were realized through increased volume of water supply by conserving the water sources and carrying out lots of plantation work.

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=3386&Itemi d=205#.UXZK2aIya2c

56. Reduce climate change induced risks and vulnerabilities from Glacial Lake Outbursts in Pukaha Wangdi and Chamkhar Valleys 2008-2013

DRM

This project addresses urgent priorities identified through Bhutan's NAPA. The project will integrate climate risk projections into existing disaster risk management practices and implement capacity development at the national, district, and community levels. Outputs include: improved national, regional, and local capacities to prevent climate related disasters; and reduced human and material losses.

UNDP http://www.adaptationlearning.net/bhutanreducing-climate-change-induced-risks-andvulnerabilities-glacial-lake-outburst-floodspunakh

Conservation in Dagana Dzongkhag Completed

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Annexure 57. Capacity building of Bhutan's Energu, Fresh water supply National Environment Commission

Capacity building of NEC for managing climate change mitigation and adaptation in energy and water resources management

NEC Secretariat http://www.adb.org/projects/43021-012/details

2010-2011

INDIA S No. 1.

Project Community Disaster

Sector

Community based food and livelihood security

Mechanism to direct resources for disaster risk reduction (DRR) to vulnerable communities. Used for projects which improve community capacity to identify own vulnerabilities and demonstrate pro-poor approach to DRR.

The National Alliance for Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction, (network of 170 organisations working with local communities). In partnership with ProVention Consortium, GROOTS International National Management Authority of India (NDMA). http://www.bdresearch.org.bd/home/protifolon _3.pdf http://www.preventionweb.net/files/8947_8947 CDRFReport091.pdf http://www.preventionweb.net/files/11787_CD RFReportOct2009.pdf

Sustainable livelihoods, water

Development of a seed/grain bank to improve community food and livelihood security.

Rural Volunteers Centre, Assam (in connection with National Alliance for Disaster Risk Reduction, India). http://www.nadrrindia.org/resources/RVCstandard/BestPractice-forAdaptationandDRR_Case3_KangaliBharal_RVC Assam2009.pdf

DRM

Community owned and managed resource centre intended for immediate local emergency response.

Rural Volunteers Centre, Assam (in connection with National Alliance for Disaster Risk Reduction, India). http://www.nadrrindia.org/resources/RVCstandard/Best%20Practice%20for%20Adaptati on-andDRR_Case1_Duryug%20Pratirodh%20Samiti_ RVCAssam2009.pdf

Project aiming to promote community-driven sustainable land and ecosystem management at the landscape level through integration of watershed management, joint forest management, and sustainable livelihoods development so as to balance ecological and livelihood needs.

UNDP, in partnership with Ministry of Environment and Forests, State Government of Madhya Pradesh. Funded by GEF Trust Fund. http://www.adaptationlearning.net/spa_india http://www.undp.org/content/india/en/home/op erations/projects/environment_and_energy/int egrated_land_andecosystemmanagementtoco mbatlanddegradationand.html

mechanism on the flood plains of river basins.

3.

Institutionalization of emergency service delivery mechanism in flood plains of Brahmaputra River basin

4.

Organization & Online Source

DRM

Resilience Fund

2.

Description

NRM, sustainable Integrated Land and livelihoods, water Ecosystem Management to Combat Land Degradation and Deforestation in Madhya

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 5.

Pastureland development

Agriculture, water

Component of the 'Vulnerability assessment and adaptive capacity to climate change in semi-arid regions in India' (V&A) pilot programme. Focus on community centred efforts to protect pasture lands and develop them through the adoption of soil and water conservation measures. Central element was increasing the capacity of the community to manage and maintain pastures and set up buffer stocks of fodder.

National consortium: MSSDF; Action for Food Production; National Institute of Agriculture Extension management. Supported by international consortium: INFRAS and Intercooperation. Funded by SDC. https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q= &esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved =0CDEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swi sscooperation.admin.ch%2Findia%2F%2Fress ources%2Fresource_en_192485.pdf&ei=nx2O UY_dO8TqrQeKzoDYDg&usg=AFQjCNH0S70H5 GML9Y0m5cL47uWS_4oNFg&bvm=bv.463406 16,d.bmk

DRM

Development of a village/school based institution aiming to help children understand disaster, plan to address disaster and in turn plan to reduce risks of disaster in their own initiatives

Rural Volunteers Centre, Assam (in connection with National Alliance for Disaster Risk Reduction, India). http://www.nadrrindia.org/resources/RVCstandard/BestPractice-for-Adaptation-andDRR_Case2_Sishu-Duryug-PratirodhSamiti_RVCAssam2009.pdf http://www.nadrrindia.org/drr-standard.htm

NRM, agriculture

Focus on the prevention and control of land degradation; enhancement of local capacity and institution building to strengthen land and ecosystem management; Facilitation of knowledge dissemination and application of national and international good practices in SLEM; replication and scaling-up of successful land and ecosystem management practices and technologies Project focused on strengthening institutional and community capacity for sustainable land and ecosystem management through approaches and techniques that combine innovative and indigenous techniques for restoring and sustaining the natural resource base, including its biodiversity, while taking account of climate variability and change

The World Bank in partnership with Indian Ministry of Environment & Forest, Ministry of Rural Development and Ministry of Agriculture. Funded by GEF Trust Fund. http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/geftrust_WB_india

Component of the 'Vulnerability assessment and adaptive capacity to climate change in semi-arid regions in India (V&A) pilot programme. Focused on addressing water related challenges and make community agricultural systems more resilient to emerging climate risks. Included measures to increase the amount of ground and surface water available to livestock activities; improve water management; reduce water demand in the production system.

Managed by a national consortium: MSSDF; Action for Food Production; National Institute of Agriculture Extension management. Supported by international consortium: INFRAS and Intercooperation. Funded by SDC. https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q= &esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved =0CEUQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swi ss-cooperation.admin.ch%2Findia%2F%2 Fressources%2Fresource_en_192487.pdf&ei= KSGOUaXfMsbmrAetmIHwAw&usg=AFQjCNFjn ExXML7gHvXoJoMOieJjYg3eag&bvm=bv.46340 616,d.bmk

(Rajasthan)

6.

Preparing future generations to understand, plan and reduce risks of disaster in flood plains of

7.

Sustainable Land and Ecosystem Management (SLEM) Partnership Program.

8.

Sustainable Rural Livelihood

NRM, agriculture

Security through Innovations in Land and Ecosystem Management

9.

water resource management (Rajasthan).

216 |

Agriculture, water

The World Bank in partnership with Department of Agriculture, Union Ministry of Agriculture and Union Ministry of Environment and Forests. http://gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projI D=3470 http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/Fil esByRWDocUnidFilename/MWAI-7RE8R8full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf

Annexure Weather based farming model (Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan).

Agriculture

Component of the 'Vulnerability assessment and adaptive capacity to climate change in semi-arid regions in India (V&A) pilot programme Focus on establishing village level mini agro-observatories to help community develop weather based thumb rules

Managed by a national consortium: MSSDF; Action for Food Production; National Institute of Agriculture Extension management. Supported by international consortium: INFRAS and Intercooperation. Funded by SDC. https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q= &esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved =0CC8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swi sscooperation.admin.ch%2Findia%2F%2Fressour ces%2Fresource_en_192488.pdf&ei=6COOUd uxLYeBrgfWqICYAQ&usg=AFQjCNEWJoWIsXiqmGFd6aGyxTdYHWAw&bvm=bv.46340616,d.bmk

Agriculture, water

Helps poor communities in Maharashtra state reclaim drought-degraded lands through watershed management

The Watershed Organization Trust http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2003/envsec_livelihood s_3.pdf http://www.adaptationatlas.org/activityDetail.cf m?id=2476

Agriculture, water

Several organizations collaborated to develop communication materials about agriculture and water risk, and conduct a pilot adaptation project

ACCCA http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules /knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=302&kbi d=5 http://www.adaptationatlas.org/activityDetail.cf m?id=2393

13. Johads (Earthen Check Dams) in Rajasthan.

Agriculture, water

Construction of earthen check dams to retain monsoon water for times of drought.

Tarun Bharat Sangh http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ada ptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=41 http://www.adaptationatlas.org/activityDetail.cf m?id=2372

14. Pilot Project on Climate Change Adaptation for

Forestry, water

Testing of technical solutions for watershed and forestry management programmes and financial instruments such as micro insurance.

Government of India. and GTZ http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/projects/indiapilot-project-climate-change-adaptationsustainable-rural-development

NRM, Agriculture

In four of India's federal states, vulnerable population groups are better able to adapt to climate change and climatic variations. State-level vulnerability and risk assessments. Developing and testing adaptation measures. Climate proofing of public investments and rural development programmes. Development of financial instruments for adaptation. Information and knowledge management. State-level action plans on climate change.

German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).

10.

11. Building Community Resilience through Watershed Restoration

12. Promoting Integration of Adaptation Strategies into Developmental Policies by Effectively Communicating Climate Risks and Adaptation Measures in the Bundelkhand Region.

Sustainable Rural Development. 15. Climate change adaptation in rural areas of India.

http://www.giz.de/themen/en/33409.htm

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 16. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) helps developing countries fund

biodiversity loss, climate change, international waters,

http://www.thegef.org/gef/project_list?keyword =&countryCode=IN&focalAreaCode=all&age ncyCode=all&projectType=all&fundingSource =all&approvalFYFrom=all&approvalFYTo=all <gt=lt<gtAmt=&op=Search&form_build_i d=forma5fbe8f1b4efacc970048054a8b3777d& form_id=prjsearch_searchfrm

sustainable development projects that also protect the global environment.

Agriculture, Water, 17. Vulnerability Assessment & Enhancing Adaptive Capacity Rural energy to Climate Change in SemiArid Regions of India (V&A)

The primary objective of the project is to enhance the adaptive capacity to climate change in semi-arid regions of India.The V&A project was one of the few initiatives at the community level and helped implement several novel ideas like institution of climate risk managers.

18. Policy Innovation Systems for Agriculture, livelihoods This is a research project aimed at understanding the relationship between bioenergy use and climate change. Clean Energy The objective of using agricultural waste and other feed Security(PISCES) stocks and enhancing the livelihoods of the local communities. 19.

An integrated study to Assess the Vulnerability of selected East Coast stretch

Lead partner MSSRF Co-partners are AFPRO and MANAGE Funding Agency Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation(SDC) http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=V ulnerability+Assessment+%26+Enhancing +Adaptive+Capacity+to+Climate+Change +in+SemiArid+Regions+of+India+(V%26 A)&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDQQFjAB&url =http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swisscooperation.ad min.ch%2Findia%2F%2Fressources%2Fresour ce_en_192482.pdf&ei=ll09UZ__E8rXrQfd14G ABw&usg=AFQjCNGA3banpgEDXTSgLIFQWnhKuYjgw&bvm=bv.43287494,d.bmk http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/vulne rability-assessment-and-enhancementadaptive-capacity-climate-change-semi-aridregionsDFID,UK http://www.ed.ac.uk/schoolsdepartments/globaldevelopment/research/interdisciplinaryprojects/clean-energy-security

Coastal ecosystem, Food security and livelihood issues.

Study under the Enabling activities for Preparation of India's Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government Second National Communication (NATCOM) to the UNFCCC of India

Water, Agriculture

This is a Research/ Policy Analysis project looking at various Asia Pacific Network

of Tamil Nadu to Climate Change and develop Adaptation framework. 20. Strengthening Capacity for Policy Research on

existing policies in the area of agriculture and water both at

Mainstreaming Adaptation to

the central and state level to help identify the adaptation

Climate Change in

barriers and the most favorable opportunities for adaptation

Agriculture and Water

related initiatives.The expected outcome is to construct an

Sectors.

adaptation metrics based on the detailed analysis.

218 |

http://www.apngcr.org/newAPN/activities/CAPa BLE/2011/list2011capableprojects.htm

Annexure 21. The Karnataka Watershed

(Sujala) Project

22. India: Drought proofing and

livelihoods, equity, gender, and community participation

The Karnataka Watershed Management project (FY01-09, $100.4 million) addressed poverty alleviation in mainly rainfed areas of India by improving the productive potential of degraded watersheds. In addition, it was designed to strengthen the capacity of communities in project districts for participatory involvement in planning and implementation, and in social and

Indian Space Research Organization., M&E

Water, Drought

Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) Desert Development Programme (DDP) Watershed approach: A geo-hydrological approach for in situ soil and water conservation Exceedance probabilities for rainfall and floods of various magnitudes Land subsidence and expansion of

http://afpro.org/dpp.htm

World Bank executed Non-Lending Technical Assistance (NLTA) in West Bengal, India, is a good example of integrating long-run anticipatory adaptation efforts into development planning The ISPWDK was based on a concept of 'watershed plus', encompassing sustainable agriculture, livelihood promotion activities, capacity building including the promotion of gender and equity, as well as bio-physical watershed interventions. The project covered three watersheds in the semi-arid region of Karnataka in the districts of Bidar, Koppal and Gulbarga. The outcome of these efforts included improved ground moisture that helped in reducing crop stress during long dry spells even in good rainy seasons and the provision of water for animals and humans in drought

http://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/content/dam/ieg/ climate_change3/cc3_full_eval.pdf

developmental programmes in India 23. India: Urban drainage

in Kolkata, India 24. India: From maladaptation to

adaptation in the Indian Sundarbans 25. Indo-Swiss Participatory

Water Management

Watershed Development Programme, Phase

26. Community managed

Water Management

improvement of natural resources for sustainable livelihoods, Udaipur, 27. Community based tank

Water Management

rehabilitation, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh 28. Harnessing biotechnology for biotechnology

enhancing adaptive capacities to climate change

the focus was on community based natural resources management for sustainable livelihoods in selected villages of Udaipur district in South Rajasthan. The region is characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions and

http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/s uj_hompg.htm http://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/content/dam/ieg/ climate_change3/cc3_full_eval.pdf

http://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/content/dam/ieg/ climate_change3/cc3_full_eval.pdf

PRAWARDA,SAMUHA, MYRADA http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim ate%20Resilience.pdf

Sahyog Sansthan http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim ate%20Resilience.pdf

The goal of the project was to develop strong organizations MARI of the resource poor and promote collective action for appropriate Natural Resource Management and sustainable http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim livelihoods. Community based tank management was part ate%20Resilience.pdf to promote sustainable rural development and livelihoods in ISCB India The main focus was on increasing the productivity of wheat and pulses in semi-arid and rainfed agricultural http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim systems through research on biofertilizers and crop varieties that are tolerant to stress and pests. The research ate%20Resilience.pdf activities also focused on environmental aspects that involve tracking pesticide residues using biosensors and bio- remediation measures to reduce pesticide concentration in the soil. The case study captures the

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 29. Conservation, up-gradation

and improvement of Tharparkar breed Barmer, Rajasthan 30. A pilot project of goat

development through participatory approach, Bhilwara, Rajasthan

31. Indigenous knowledge

systems on animal health and ethno-veterinary practices East Godavari, 32. Improved oven for charaka

reeling Bangalore (rural), Kolar, Chamarajanagar, Karnataka 33. Ecological rehabilitation of coastal areas – establishing mangrove and other coastal vegetation as bioshields, Cuddalore & Thanjavur,Tamil

34. Improving livelihoods of

indigenous communities in the Nilgiri Biosphere 35. The Drought Proofing

Programme, Kutchh, Gujarat

220 |

Livestock Development This case examines the situation of a native breed of cows in Barmer, located in the arid region of the Thar Desert. The Tharparkar breed of cow is adapted to these extreme conditions and forms an important source of livelihood

SURE http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim ate%20Resilience.pdf

Livestock Development This case focuses on breed improvement in goats in Bhilwara district of Rajasthan. The project area lies in the hot semi-arid ecosystem in the central part of the Aravalli hill ranges characterized b y undulating and rocky terrain with shallow soils. Studies indicate that the Sirohi breed is known for its dual purpose (milk and meat) and is tolerant to stress, and is best suited to the agro-ecological conditions of these hill ranges. Livestock Development This project seeks to document ,undertake a social validation and apply indigenous knowledge in animal health

SURE http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim ate%20Resilience.pdf

Energy

The project focused on developing energy efficient prototypes of improved charakha (reeling machines) and cottage stoves for processing raw silk and promoting them

TIDE http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim ate%20Resilience.pdf

Biodiversity

to manage mangroves and other coastal vegetation as bioshields against climate hazards while addressing livelihood security of the coastal community. Community based restoration and conservation activities in the mangrove wetlands managed by the local communities. The canal method (a restoration technique) helps to maintain the mangrove wetlands by keeping the pH balance of estuarine waters at optimal levels and creating a favorable environment for the regeneration and growth of the

MSSRF http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim ate%20Resilience.pdf

Biodiversity Sustainable forest based livelihoods

The project focus was on 4 main facets, namely, forest based livelihoods (NTFP, wild bee honey collection, and apiculture),biodiversity conservation, water resource management and reviving traditional agriculture systems. The main objective of the programme is to reduce dependency of village communities on government sponsored drought relief works and subsidies. The focus is on ensuring drinking water availability through water harvesting structures to recharge aquifers; fodder security through grassland development and establishment of fodder banks; and food security from the irrigation dams that irrigate 50-300 acres of land. These are complemented through improved capacities of the community to develop, augment and manage their resources, and active decision-

Keystone Foundation http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim ate%20Resilience.pdf

Drought Proofing

ANTHRA http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim ate%20Resilience.pdf

Sahajeevan http://www.intercooperation.org.in/images/Clim ate%20Resilience.pdf

Annexure 36. Extreme risks, vulnerabilities Agriculture, water resources and community based adaptation

The main goal of the project is to assess the enabling conditions for effective community-based adaptation to the impact of extreme events at the community level.

TERI, AFPRO, NIBR, CICERO, NIVA. http://www.teriin.org/projects/eva/projectOutlin e.php

capacity-building

The project will significantly contribute to literature on costbenefit analysis of resilient shelter and housing design in the context of increased vulnerability to climate-induced disasters.

Marcus Moench, Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET International), ISET Nepal Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group, India http://cdkn.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/01/Project-9-Shelteringfrom-a-gathering-storm-RSGL-0024c.pdf

project aims to strengthen community knowledge and voice on climate change impacts and adaptation by increasing their input into local research and policy dialogues and enabling communities to share their experiences of adapting to climate change.

Humanitarian Futures Programme Government of Madhya Pradesh Government of India, Environment Planning and Coordination Organization Development Alternatives Institute for Development Studies (IDS) http://cdkn.org/project/shubh-kal-a-betterfuture-from-information-to-knowledge-andaction-2/?loclang=en_gb

The projects aims to provide a regional model for the integration of climate change information into risk reduction and rural development planning at the landscape scale that takes stakeholder perceptions, aspiration, and constraints more fully into account while bringing DRR and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) processes into closer interaction within institutional and policy spaces.

Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology & the Environment (ATREE)-India) http://cdkn.org/project/linking-drr-cca-andsustainable-landscape-development-goals-inthe-eastern-himalaya/?loclang=en_gb

40. Understanding flood risk and Flood management, disaster risk reduction resilience in eastern India

This project researches the systemic factors contributing to flood resilience under changing climate conditions in Gorakhpur district. It sets to identify practical measures for integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) into planning.

Institute of Social and Environmental Transition National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) India Indian Institute of Public AdministrationGorakhpur Environmental Action Group (GEAG) http://cdkn.org/project/understanding-floodrisk-and-resilience-in-easternindia/?loclang=en_gb

41. Multi-stakeholder action to Disaster management mainstream DRR and climate adaptation

the project examines the policy positions adopted by district planners post disaster, and assesses the extent to which these integrate disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) concerns into long term recovery and development planning.

SEEDS Kyoto University IIT http://cdkn.org/project/ability-of-local-multistakeholder-action-to-catalyze-shifts-inprogram-and-policy-environment-towardsmainstreaming-drr-cca/?loclang=en_gb

The aim is to protect vulnerable populations from extreme heat by identifying vulnerable populations, strengthening individual and community resilience, and improving heat disaster response planning at local and regional levels

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) Public Health Foundation of India http://cdkn.org/project/climate-changeaddressing-heat-health-vulnerability-in-rapidlyurbanising-regions-of-westernindia/?loclang=en_gb

37. Sheltering from a Gathering Storm

38. Shubh Kal (a better future): from information to knowledge and action

39. Disaster and Climate Resilience Across the Eastern Himalayas

42. addressing heat – health vulnerability in rapidly urbanizing regions of Western India

risk reduction

Disaster management

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 43. Promoting low-carbon construction in rural India

44. Sustainable Land and Ecosystems Management

This project aims to train people to use resources more efficiently and incorporate disaster-resilience in their planning and construction processes. It aims to customise skills and knowledge to the climatic conditions in coastal, semi-arid and wet-hilly terrains in India. Ecosystem restoration

The Partnership's global environment objective is to restore World Bank, Ministry of Environment and Forest, and maintain globally significant ecosystem functions and Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of services through enhanced local capacity, restoration of Agriculture degraded areas, and dissemination, replication and scalingup of successful sustainable land and ecosystem management best practices within and across individual Indian states. Its overall development objective is to contribute to poverty alleviation in India by promoting enhanced efficiency of natural resource use, improved land and ecosystem productivity, and reduced vulnerability to extreme weather events (droughts, floods).

Freshwater supply

The study is pioneering and unique in severalaspects. First,

International Water Management Institute, WWF

Partnership Program

45. Environmentally SustainableWater

Technology And Action For Rural Advancement Development Alternatives http://cdkn.org/project/promoting-low-carbonconstruction-inruralindiaviaknowledgedevelopmentanddissemi nation/?loclang=en_gb

a detailed environmental flowanalysis has been carried out

India

ResourcesManagement in

for a large riverbasin i.e. the Upper Ganga Basin for the

http://ongoing-

the UpperGanga Basin, under

firsttime in India. Second, the environmentalflow analysis

research.cgiar.org/factsheets/environmental-

Climate Change

links with hydrological regimesanticipated under future

sustainable-water-resources-management-in-

climate change.

the-upper-ganga-basin-under-changing-

Also, the study is conducted in the conditionsof severe lack

climate-conditions/

2008-2011

of observed flow data in thebasin and by the lack of national expertise inenvironmental flow assessment. 46. Umbrella Program on Natural Resource

Biodiversity;

Management, Climate

management

Upscale existing approaches (watershed and adivasi development), explore other subsectorslike forestry,farmingsystemsmanagement,agroprocessing,andclimatechangeadaptation.

National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development

Ecosystem

This project will develop and apply methodologies that can

National Bank for Agricultural and Rural

conservation, Rural

help to gain an understanding of human and ecosystem

DevelopKfW Development Bank; WWF Germany,

areas

vulnerability to climate impacts. In addition, climate

WWF India

and Critical Ecosystems in

adaptation strategies for poor, resource-dependent and

http://www.bmu-

the Eastern Himalayas of

vulnerable communities will be put in place and work with

klimaschutzinitiative.de/en/projects?p=13&d=

India

the state governments toward integration of climate

554ment

Watershed

Change and Biodiversity 2008-2013 47. Increasing Resilience to Climate Impacts of Vulnerable Communities

proofing of development strategies will be expanded. The 2009-2010

project will be coordinated with the German-Indian Climate Adaptation Programme focusing on the North East Indian Union States.

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Annexure 48. Indian-German Climate Change Adaptation Programme

Rural areas

India's north-east, with its higher altitudes and, in some

Programme

areas, high mountains, faces major problems on a similar

2010-?

scale. The Federal Government has therefore started to support a further adaptation program,

2010-? 49. Agriculture and Food Security Program (USAID)

IZ and KfW

Agriculture

To advance research and technologies on climate-resilient crops and adapt local farming systems to climate change. comprising financial and technical cooperation, in north-

2010-?

east India. 50. Sustainable Coastal Protection and

Coastal zone management

Investment project for the states of

State Executing Agencies of Maharashtra, Goa

Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa to increase

and Karnataka

climate resilience of coastal territories

Management Project

through implementation of protection works that are economically viable, environmentally

2010-2018

sound and socially acceptable. The main focus is on developing a workable integrated approach to meet the needs of communities and other stakeholders. 51. SDC Partnership with Watershed Trust on Climate

DRM, Climate information system

Change Adaptation

52. Sustainable Civil Society Initiatives to address GlobalEnvironmental Challenges

Rural areas

In collaboration with the authorities of Ahmed Nagar Watershed Organization Trust District of Maharashtra andthe non-governmental organizationWatershed Organization Trust, the SDC hasdeveloped an innovative climate change adaptation program. The project is beingimplemented in 25 villages, and its overallobjective is “to have capacitated andempowered rural communities to effectivelyadapt to climate change impact and integrate disaster risk reduction strategiesinto development programmes.” Thecreation of small weather stations, just oneof many measures, will enable locally trainedspecialists to anticipate the risk of floods andreduce the vulnerability of local populationsto climate change. It is part of SDC's GlobalClimate Change Program launched in 2011. The aim of the project is to develop viableeconomic models for community groupsvulnerable to climate change impact onsustainable community carbon clusters thatpromote adaptation and mitigation strategies for vulnerability reduction andpromoting low carbon growth. The projectarea is Bundelkhand, covering selecteddistricts in Uttar Pradesh and MadhyaPradesh.” It is part of SDC's Global Climate Change Program launched in 2011

Development authorities

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

MALDIVES Project

S No. 1.

Acquire Technologies and Appropriate tools to manage water resources

2.

Build Resilience of Fisheries

3.

Integrating Climate Change Risks into Resilient Island

Sector

Description

Organization & Online Source

Waste water treatment Develop a waste water policy and waste water treatment implementation strategy and to undertake sewage and and management waste water treatment technology assessments focusing to issues. maintain resilience of water resources and coral reef biodiversity in the face of climate hazards and analysis of areas of critical concerns related to climate change adaptation. Agriculture,Fish Undertake in-depth assessment of Mari culture technology farming focusing on the specific needs of the fishermen and the future vulnerabilities of coral reef ecosystems to climate change and to implement mariculture demonstration projects in the existing fisheries extension service centers.

Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water Maldives. http://www.apan-gan.net/adaptationdatabase/acquire-technologies-n-appropriatetools-to-manage-water-resources

Land Use Management

To assist the Government of Maldives to systematically assess the costs and benefits of different adaptation options in the fields of land use planning and coastal protection, and to develop the necessary institutional and individual capacity at national, provincial, atoll and island levels to enable decentralized and well-informed decisionmaking.

Ministry of Housing, Environment and Transport, Maldives; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Thailand http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/ldcf_ maldives

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

To re-evaluate and improve its 'Safer Island Strategy by utilizing the opportunity afforded through the LDC. To providing ecologically safe zones and structures to mitigate the impact of climate change induced events such as storm surges, tidal swells, as well as have benefits in the context of other hazards such as tsunamis. In addition, elevated areas and buildings will be provided on 'Safe islands' to enable vertical evacuation.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. http://www.dev.adaptationlearning.net/project/i ntegration-climate-change-risks-maldivessafer-island-development-programme

Vulnerability assessment of islands and developing vulnerability reduction plan. Along with this, the project will strengthen human resource and institutional capacity to better cope with impacts of climate change.

Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment. http://www.apan-gan.net/adaptationpractices/integration-climate-change-risksmaldives-safer-island-developmentprogramme

Sustainable Energy Development Project is part of the Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program (SREP) to reduce diesel dependence in the Maldives, improve the electricity sector, and address key macroeconomic issues through tapping into indigenous and cheaper sources of electricity.

Ministry of Environment and Energy http://www.adb.org/projects/46122-001/details

Planning In the Maldives

4.

Integration of Climate Change Risks into the Maldives Safer Island Development Programme

5.

Integration of Future Climate Coastal Zone Management, Disaster Change Scenarios in Risk Reduction and Development of Selected Management Population Centers or Islands to Adapt Sea Level

Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture http://fishagri.org/?a=epage&pg=0 http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/build-resilience-fisheries

Rise and Extreme Weather Risks Associated with Climate Change 6.

Preparing Outer Islands for Sustainable Energy Development

224 |

Energy, Gender equity,Climate change

Annexure 7.

Coastal Zone Innovative Coastal Protection Management Protect Human Settlements: for Development of Selected Population Centers or

The project will involve a selection of islands to be developed as population centers and will undertake shore protection works in severely affected selected islands by impacts of climate change and sea level rise.

Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment http://www.mhte.gov.mv/v4

The project was intended to develop and expand the micro, small-, and medium-sized enterprise (MSME) subsector leading to broad-based, private sector-led, and sustainable inclusive growth. Being an ADB initiative, MSME development was a part of the development strategy for Maldives under the 7th National Plan 2006-2010. The impact of the project is expected to be inclusive and broadbased MSME sector. Reduce vulnerability of the developed safer islands to current climate risks and future climate change risks

Ministry of Finance and Treasury http://www.adb.org/projects/43566-013/main

Islands. 8.

Inclusive Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprise Development Project

9.

Coastal Protection of Safer Islands to Reduce the Risk from Sea Induced Flooding and Predicted Sea Level Rise

10. Coastal Protection of Male' International Airport to Reduce the Risk from Sea Induced Flooding and Predicted Sea Level Rise 11. Enhance adaptive capacity to manage climate change

Industry and trade/ Small and Medium Enterprise Development

Reduction of vulnerability of the developed safer islands to current climate risks and future climate change risks. food security by Reduce vulnerability of Male international airport to current introduction of and future projected climate change sustainable commercial scale food production.

Ministry of Construction and Public Infrastructure

fresh water

Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water

To increase adaptive capacity to manage climate change related risks to fresh water availability

unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdf

Maldives Airports Company Ministry of Planning and National Development unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdf

unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdf

related risks to fresh water availability by appropriate technologies and improved storage facilities 12. Enhance adaptive capacity to manage climate change related risks to fresh water availability by appropriate wastewater treatment

water resources, human health and coral reef biodiversity to climate change related hazards

To increase resilience of water resources, human health and coral reef biodiversity to related hazards by improving wastewater treatment and disposal capacity

Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water

Food security

To improve local food production for food security by introduction of sustainable commercial scale food production

Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture

unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdf

technologies 13. Increase the resilience of local food production through enhancing the capacity of local farmers and communities to address food security issues caused by

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 14. Improve the health status of the population by the

Health

To protect community health through improved management and surveillance of vector borne/climate sensitive diseases

Dept. of health, Ministry of Health unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdfMarin e Resources

Iincrease resilience of island communities to climate change and variability

Develop better and stronger buildings to increase resilience of island communities to climate change and variability

Ministry of Construction and Public Infrastructure unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdfMarin e Resources

16. Investigating alternative live Fishery sector bait management, catch, culture and holding techniques in the Maldives to reduce vulnerability of the tuna fishery sector to the predicted climate change and variability

Better bait fishery management and exploration of alternative techniques of live bait catching, culture and storage to reduce the vulnerability of bait fish to predicted sea surface temperature changes and consequent habitat changes

Marine Research Centre/ Ministry of Fisheries, agriculture and Marine Resources unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdf Marine Resources

17. Protection of human settlements by coastal protect measures on safer islands

Reduction of vulnerability of islands , coastal protection measures for development of safer islands.

Reduce vulnerability of islands to current climate risks and future climate change risks and provide innovative coastal protection measures for development of safer islands

Ministry of Construction and Public Infrastructure / Ministry of Planning and National Development unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdfMarin e Resources

18. Increase resilience of coral reefs to reduce the

Minimize human stress on coral reefs of Maldives to to facilitate natural facilitate natural adaptation of reefs and islands in the face adaptation of reefs and islands in the face of predicted climate change of predicted climate change.

Marine Research Centre/ Ministry of Fisheries Agriculture and Marine Resources unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdfMarin e Resources

19. Flood control measures for vulnerable Islands

Reduce the vulnerability of low lying islands to flooding

Reduce the vulnerability of low lying islands to flooding from heavy rain at severe weather conditions from future climate risks

Ministry of Construction and Public Infrastructure unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mdv01.pdf Marine Resources

20. Building a climate-resilient economy

Development and implementation of its climate change strategy and action plan.

The capacity of the Government of Maldives and other national stakeholders to develop, formulate, implement and mainstream climate change policies and strategies is enhanced

Global Climate Change Alliance Min. of Housing and Environment, World Bank, AusAID http://www.gcca.eu/nationalprogrammes/asia/support-to-climate-changeadaptation-and-mitigation-in

prevention and management of vector-borne diseases caused by changes in temperature and flooding due to extreme rainfall 15. Improve resilience of island communities to climate change and variability through sustainable building designs

vulnerability of islands, communities and reef dependant economic activities to predicted climate change

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Annexure 21. Clean Energy for Climate Mitigation project

22. Wetlands Conservation and Coral Reef Monitoring for

World Bank-managed Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund http://www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/southasia/ maldives/Pages/initiative-maldives-climatechange.aspx Wetland conservation, Coral Reef Monitoring, Climate Change

Enable local governments to implement a clear strategy for wetland management, drainage management, ecotourism and community rainwater harvesting

World Bank-managed Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund http://www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/southasia/ maldives/Pages/initiative-maldives-climatechange.aspx

23. Ari Atoll Solid Waste Management Pilot Project

Solid Waste Management, reducing the environmental risks to marine habitats

To manage solid waste generated in selected inhabited islands and thereby reducing the environmental risks to marine habitats

World Bank-managed Maldives Climate Change Trust Fund http://www.ausaid.gov.au/countries/southasia/ maldives/Pages/initiative-maldives-climatechange.aspx

24. Environment Management Project

environmental risk management for fragile coral reefs and other marine habitats

Effectively manage environmental risks to fragile coral reefs World Bank-financed Maldives Environment and other marine habitats Management Project http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/20 08/05/9463199/maldives-environmentalmanagement-project

Adaptation to Climate Change project

International Waters 25. Conservation of coastline, lagoon and mangrove through management of solid waste

Focus on preventing marine pollution from solid waste and promoting ecotourism, GdhThenadhoo. This will be achieved through establishing a waste management facility on the island, clean up of marine and terrestrial areas and raise awareness on waste management and link to environmental and biodiversity conservation

Thenadhoo Development Cooperative Society http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19541&Ite mid=205#.UW4aQqL7ClM

26. Conservation of marine biodiversity through participation of local community, creating awareness on climate change and environmental issues.

Community Based Adaptation Biodiversity

The project focuses on marine conservation, coral reef regeneration and conservation of marine biodiversity along with data collection of the same, periodically to know the variations occurring and the response in the habitat, Waste management and Education for the community through the marine nature and environmental club

http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=17737&Ite mid=205#.UW4aSqL7ClM

27. Conservation of protected wetlands, coastal area, biodiversity and island environment through proper waste management

Biodiversity

Conservation of protected wetlands, coastal area, biodiversity and island environment, by implementing proper waste management and raising awareness in the community.

Society for Environmental Awareness http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19335&Ite mid=205#.UW4aTKL7ClM

28. Conservation of threatened marine turtle and bird species

Biodiversity

The project aims at conservation of threatened marine turtle and bird species (Maldivian water hen, Amaurornisphoenicurusmaldivus) through designation and implementation of community conservation areas, propagation of turtles and raising awareness.

Venture Club http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=17965&Ite mid=205#.UW4aUKL7ClM

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region

NEPAL Project

S No.

Sector

Description

Organization & Online Source

1.

Langtang Park and Buffer Zone Project

NRM, livelihoods

Programme to conserve biodiversity, enhance livelihood opportunities and sustain diverse cultures and traditions through integrated land, forest and water management

WWF http://wwfnepal.org

2.

No project name given.

DRM

Project to raise awareness of causes and effects ofnatural disasters. Involved participative vulnerabilityand capacity analysis and formulating and acting on CAPs.

Practical Action Nepal in partnership with SAHAMATI (local NGO) http://www.proventionconsortium.org/themes/d efault/pdfs//local_voices-case-studies.pdf

3.

Climate Change Adaptation and Advocacy

Agriculture, livelihoods, water

This project has just started. Project aimed at increasing climate change resilience among target groups through creation of livelihood options and incorporation of climate change adaptation practices in district and national level plans and programmes

Oxfam.

4.

Flood Preparedness Project

DRM

Project focusing on preparation for flooding: includes installing early warning system; physical infrastructure; strengthening communities' capacity to manage floods through capacity building and awareness raising, in turn strengthening coping strategies

Practical Action http://practicalaction.org/climatechange/nepalfloods http://practicalaction.org/docs/region_nepal/se win-project-summary.pdf

5.

SAMADHAN – Building disaster resilience of vulnerable Communities in Nepal.

DRM

Awareness raising and capacity building project – ongoing.

CARE Nepal http://expert.care.at/?id=1135 http://expert.care.at/uploads/media/NPL075_fi nal_evaluation.pdf http://expert.care.at/uploads/media/NPL075_fi nal_report.pdf

6.

Application of CommunityBased Adaptation Measures toWeather Related Disasters

DRM

A collective disaster insurance scheme in Western Nepal

Himalayan Climate Centre http://www.acccaproject.org/evolution/modules /knowledgebox/external2/view.php?id=300&kbi d=5

7.

DRM, water Mitigating the Risk of Glacier Lake Outburst Floods

Reduction of water level in TshoRolpa Lake to prevent glacial lake outburst floods, and development of an early warning system for downstream villages.

Government of Nepal http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ada ptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=72

8.

Livelihoods and Forest Programme (LFP)

LFP supports community groups to manage over396,000 hectares of forest, resulting in improved forest condition, biodiversity and ability to capture and store carbon. The community forests also help local users to increase their ability to prepare for and adapt to effects of climate change. Although not originally designed with climate change in mind the programme has responded and a range of activities are taking place based on the LFP climate change strategy.

DfID and the Government of Nepal

228|

Forestry, water

http://www.lfp.org.np

Annexure 9.

Agriculture Building Resilience to Climate Change through Strengthening Adaptive Small Scale Farming Systems in Nepal

The main objective of this project is to promote local food and nutritional security through promotion of adaptation practices suitable for small-scale farming.

Caritas Nepal,Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD), Nepal AND European Union (EU) http://www.apan-gan.net/adaptationpractices/building-resilience-climate-changethrough-strengthening-adaptive-small-scale

10.

Ecosystem-Based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystems

Ecosystem-based Adaptation

To strengthen ecosystem resilience for promoting ecosystem based adaptation (EBA) options and to reduce the vulnerability of communities, with particular emphasis on mountain ecosystems

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation /EcosystemBasedAdaptation/EcosystemBasedA daptationinMountainEcosystems/tabid/51980/D efault.aspx http://www.apan-gan.net/adaptationpractices/ecosystem-based-adaptationmountain-ecosystems http://www.undp.org/content/nepal/en/home/op erations/projects/environment_and_energy/eba .html

11. Regional Climate Risk Reduction Project

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

To develop and implement comprehensive risk management strategies in the Himalayan region to reduce the risks faced by mountain communities and to mitigate the impacts of hydro-meteorological/climatic hazards.

Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) through the UNDP Country Offices; Ecology, Agriculture and Rural Development Society (ECARDS), Dolakha district; Community Development and Environmental Conservation Forum (CDECF), Sindhupalchok district; Kathmandu University; ADAPT Nepal Funding Sources/Donors: UNDP-ECHO (European Commission, Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department)-DIPECHO (DIsaster Preparedness ECHO) programme; UNDP-BCPR (Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery) http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/regional-climate-risk-reductionproject

12. South Asian Regional Pilot Training on Community-

All sector

To increase knowledge and skills of non-governmental organization's staff on climate change and adaptation science, policy and practice; and To provide orientation on methodology for identifying, designing and implementing community based adaptation

Executing Organization: Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD); Bangladesh Center for Advance Studies (BCAS); International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED); Practical Action, Nepal; Development Fund Norway http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/south-asian-regional-pilot-trainingcommunity-based-adaptation-climate-change

based Adaptation to Climate Change

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 13. Strengthening capacities for disaster preparedness and climate risk management in the Nepalese agricultural sector

Agriculture Key Sector: Food Security

Objective is To test and operationalize the shift from a reactive emergency response approach towards a proactive natural hazard risk prevention/preparedness approach in the agricultural sector

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Ministry of Agriculture, Nepal Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/stren gthening-capacities-disaster-preparednessand-climate-risk-management-nepaleseagricult http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/strengthening-capacities-disasterpreparedness-and-climate-risk-management

14. Strengthening Capacity for Managing Climate Change and the Environment

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Key Sector: Food Security

To provide an improved, sustainable institutional framework for managing climate change and the environment agreed upon by the Government; and To strengthen the capacity in the country for better management of the environment and climate change.

Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology Asian Development Bank (ADB); Government of Nepal Asian Development Bank (ADB) http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/projects/streng thening-capacity-managing-climate-changeand-environment-ta-7173

15. Based Ecosystem Protection and Sustainable Livelihood Project ongoing

Livelihood, Land Degradation

the project aims to enhance local capacity to enhance their COMMUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT livelihood with sound land use management and document CENTRE http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg and disseminate local practices. pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19555&Ite mid=205#.UW36A6L7ClM

Land degradation 16. Building Resilience of Livelihood at Landscape Level by Strengthening the Capacity of Local Institutions and Fostering Knowledge Management ongoing

the project aims to enhance local livelihood by introducing appropriate farming technology such as slopping area land technology (SALT), agroforestry with proper irrigation system and promote NTFP in the slopping land. The project also aims to document knowledge and establish document sharing practices.

National Disaster Risk Reduction Centre Nepal http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19554&Ite mid=205#.UW38lqL7ClM

17. Community-based Biodiversity and Livelihood Improvement Project

Biodiversity, Land degradation

to conserve the forest and mountain ecosystem by awaring local people, building their capacity, promoting income generation activities and alternative energy technology.

The Rural Society Development Center Nepal (TRUSDEC) http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=18334&Ite mid=205#.UW4ZdqL7ClM

18. Conservation of Indigenous Fish Bio-diversity in East Rapti River Basin (ERB) through CARP-SIS Polyculture

International Waters

19. Conserving Hill Slopes with Improved Agroforestry Systems Project

Land degradation

230 |

ManohariDevleopment Institute Nepal http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19446&Ite mid=205#.UW4aR6L7ClM he project aims to improve local livelihood by introducing sound land use practices and build their resiliency in coping the adverse condition in the landscape.

Women, Children and Environment Development Centre http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19556&Ite mid=205#.UW4c6aL7ClM

Annexure 20. Dang Valley Biodiversity and Livelihood Project

Biodiversity

The project proposes to conserve Charinge Lake and surrounding important block of community forest through participatory approach. The project also aims to I improve local livelihood, strengthen institutional capacity targeting women, Dalit and other ethnic minority

Environmental Sustainable Development and Research Centre Nepal http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=19445&Ite mid=205#.UW4c6qL7ClM

21. Demonstration on outward slopping terrace land husbandry for combating of Land degradation

Land Degradation

The project will demonstrate on "soil erosion control and sustainable land husbandry on outward slopping terraced lands thus soil nutrient is retained and productivity of lands is increased thus decreasing human pressure on nearby forest clearance and imminent threat of land degradation is minimised. The project will also involve grass root stakeholders in generating local jobs; earning wages and initiating of saving and credits to generate seed money for running of Income Generating Activities for securing sustainable livelihoods of the selected group of peoples

Association for Social Transformation and Humanitarian Assistance Nepal http://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_sg pprojects&view=projectdetail&id=18346&Ite mid=205#.UW4c7KL7ClM

PAKISTAN S No.

Project

1.

Community-based adaptation and advocacy in coastal Pakistan

2.

Building capacity on climate change adaptation in the coastal areas of Pakistan

3.

Desert and Flood plainAdaptation

Description

Organization & Online Source

Project involved an adaptation component Strengthening and expansion of existing water ponds including installation of solar panels and pumps; construction of embankments using pressed earthwork; Rehabilitation of degraded land and use of appropriate crop varieties) advocacy component, and DRR component

Oxfam http://img.mtnforum.org/en/node/20294 http://img.mtnforum.org/sites/mtnforum.org/file s/pub/6370.pdf

This project aims to increase community and government capacity to adapt to climate change, increase water governance and improve the resilience of delta ecosystems.

WWF Pakistan

Agriculture, water, livelihoods

Project focusing a range of soft and hard interventions in two ecological zones in Pakistan – desert and floodplain – to increase community resilience and adaptive capacity through participatory research, baseline study, social capital, community mobilisation, alternative cropping and livelihoods and tree plantation.

Practical Action and Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI) See book: Ensor & Berger (2009).

Sector Agriculture, DRM, water

4.

Spate Irrigation as an Adaptation Strategy

Agriculture, water

A number of areas use spate irrigation whereby farmers construct fields by making embankments to store the flood water. Crops are then cultivated on spate and natural vegetation for survival of livestock also depends on this water.

http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ada ptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=69

5.

Rural Livelihoods Climate Change Adaptation Support Programme.

Agriculture

This project aims to address and reduce the additionalstresses and associated costs posed by climate changeto the Pakistani agricultural production system

IFAD. Funded by SCCF. http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/rural livelihoods-climate-change-adaptationsupport-programme

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region 6.

Capacity Building for Improved Monitoring of Snow, Ice and Water Resources in the INDUS Basin

Water Resources Management

Objectives are To establish systems for monitoring the status and changes over time of snow, ice and water resources in two pilot catchments in the Indus Basin; Capacity Building of institutions on monitoring snow, ice and water resources using remote sensing and field based techniques; To develop water availability scenarios for the Indus basin, based on the enhanced database and using state of the art models and techniques; and Promote awareness and use of the advanced knowledge base on the status and changes of snow, ice and water in the Indus basin.

Ministry of Environment; Water and Power Development Authority; Pakistan Meteorological Department; Water Resources Research Institute; Global Change Impact Study Centre and Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission; International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Pakistan; WWFPakistan German Organization for Technical Cooperation (GTZ); ADB; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/adaptationpractices/capacity-building-improvedmonitoring-snow-ice-and-water-resourcesindus-basin

7.

Community based research to better understand the implications of climate change for communities living in the Badin coastal region of Pakistan

Coastal Zone Management Key Sector: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Objective is To enhance the capacity of local rural communities to adapt to climate change

Oxfam Great Britain http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files /pakistan-climate-adaptation.pdf http://www.apan-gan.net/adaptationdatabase/community-based-research-tobetter-understand-implications-cccommunities-badin-coastal-region

8.

Project on Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) to undertake adaptation measures in two of the most vulnerable sites in GilgitBaltistan Valley and Chitral

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

The project would help to develop capabilities of local level institutions to undertake measures in warding off effects on human and economic development of these vulnerable areas and population. The project would address the integration of GLOF risk management into the processes, policies and plans of institutions including the Ministry of Environment and National Disaster Management Authority.

Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan,Pakistan Mission to the United Nations; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.apan-gan.net/adaptationpractices/project-glacial-lake-outburst-floodsglof-undertake-adaptation-measures-two

SRILANKA S No.

Project

1.

Participatory Coastal Zone Restoration and Sustainable Management in the Eastern Province of Post-Tsunami Sri Lanka. ongoing(July 2009-June 2016)

Sector DRM, NRM, sustainable livelihoods, water

Description

Organization & Online Source

Objective is to restore and manage ecosystems and mainstream effectively into the reconstruction process to support sustainable livelihoods and reduce vulnerability to climate change along the East Coast of Sri Lanka

International Fund for Agriculture in partnership with theWorld Conservation Union http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/parti cipatory-coastal-zone-restoration-andsustainable-management-eastern-provincepost-tsun http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?pro jID=273

232 |

Annexure 2.

Seed trials of Indigenous rice

Agriculture, water

Project involving trials of indigenous rice (saline tolerant), which were then marketed through farmers groups.

3.

Post-disaster reconstruction housing

DRM, infrastructure

Provision of housing to people with disabilities and those most vulnerable using an integrated development approach where the benefits of the project were felt by the wider community

4.

Increasing paddy salinity in coastal Sri Lanka

Coastal resources, agriculture, water

Project involving participatory research as an approach to multi-stakeholder involvement in the reintroduction of indigenous saline tolerant rice varieties.

5.

NawaKekulama Farming System

Agriculture

A refined system of ecological paddy cultivation practiced by roughly 100 farmers in the North-Central Province of Sri Lanka

6.

Rainwater harvesting

Water

Project to construct ferro-cement rain water tanks in communities suffering water shortages

7.

Agroforestry using coconut plantations

Agriculture

Use of land within coconut plantations to grow a variety of different crops including food crops (such as tubers, cereals, legumes and fruits), spices and condiments (such as are canut, betel leaves, chilies, ginger and turmeric), and cash crops (like black pepper, cacao, cinnamon, cloves, coffee and nutmeg).

http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ada ptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=29

8.

Indigenous forecasting

Agriculture, weather information

Use of Indigenous knowledge to predict weather

Sri Lanka Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ada ptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=31

9.

Women's Indigenous Knowledge of Water Management

Water

Water management strategies and management practices of women to manage water more sustainably in arid areas

Sri Lanka Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge http://web.archive.org/web/20041218040330/w ww.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/23/articles/ulluwishewa .html

climate change adaptation

The project technical assists the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) in implementation of climate change adaptation strengthening efforts Objectives are To strengthen the capacity of agencies to implement environmental and social safeguards; and To promote climate change initiatives.

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) Asian Development Bank (ADB) http://www.climatechange.lk/adaptation http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/projects/streng thening-capacity-climate-change-adaptationsri-lanka

10. Strengthening Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation in Sri Lanka Completed June 2009-March 2011

National Federation of Traditional Seeds and AgriResources with support from Practical Action http://www.bdresearch.org.bd/home/protifolon_ 3.pdf www.practicalaction.org/southasia http://pubs.iied.org/G02816.html http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G02816.pdf

http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/ada ptation_casestudy.pl?id_project=27

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4

Annexure

4

Annexure SAARC member States: Progress in Implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) Level of progress in the scale of 1 to 5 Bangladesh Nepal Afghanistan Bhutan India Maldives Pakistan Sri Lanka Priority for action 1: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation

Core Indicator

National policy and legal framework for disaster risk reduction exists with decentralized responsibilities and capacities at all levels of the government. Completed June 2009-March 2011

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial completed June 2009-March 2011

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities Completed June 2009-March 2011

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial completed June 2009-March 2011

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities Completed June 2009-March 2011

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial completed June 2009-March 2011

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial Completed June 2009-March 2011

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities completed June 2009-March 2011

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities Completed June 2009-March 2011

Dedicated and adequate resources are available to implement disaster risk reduction plans and activities at all administrative levels

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Community Participation and decentralisation is ensured through the delegation of authority and resources to local levels

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

A national multi sectoral platform for disaster risk reduction is functioning.

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Priority for action 2: Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning National and local risk assessments based on hazard data and vulnerability information are available and include risk assessments for key sectors.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Systems are in place to monitor, archive and disseminate data on key hazards and vulnerabilities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

238|

Annexure Early warning systems are in place for all major hazards, with outreach to communities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

National and local risk assessments take account of regional / trans boundary risks, with a view to regional cooperation on risk reduction.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Priority for action 3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels Relevant information on disasters is available and accessible at all levels, to all stakeholders (through networks, development of information sharing systems etc)

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

School curricula, education material and relevant trainings include disaster risk reduction and recovery concepts and practices.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Research methods and tools for multi-risk assessments and cost benefit analysis are developed and strengthened.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 1 Minor progress with few signs of forward action in plans or policy

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 1 Minor progress with few signs of forward action in plans or policy

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Countrywide public awareness strategy exists to stimulate a culture of disaster resilience, with outreach to urban and rural communities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Priority for action 4: Reduce the underlying risk factors Disaster risk reduction is an integral objective of environment related policies and plans, including for land use natural resource management and adaptation to climate change.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Social development policies and plans are being implemented to reduce the vulnerability of populations most at risk.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

240 |

Annexure Economic and productive sectorial policies and plans have been implemented to reduce the vulnerability of economic activities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor Substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Planning and management of human settlements incorporate disaster risk reduction elements, including enforcement of building codes.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Disaster risk reduction measures are integrated into post disaster recovery and rehabilitation processes

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Procedures are in place to assess the disaster risk impacts of major development projects, especially infrastructure

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region Priority for action 5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels Strong policy, technical and institutional capacities and mechanisms for disaster risk management, with a disaster risk reduction perspective are in place.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Disaster preparedness plans and contingency plans are in place at all administrative levels, and regular training drills and rehearsals are held to test and develop disaster response programmes

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Financial reserves and contingency mechanisms are in place to support effective response and recovery when required.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Procedures are in place to exchange relevant information during hazard events and disasters, and to undertake postevent reviews

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

242|

Annexure Financial reserves and contingency mechanisms are in place to support effective response and recovery when required.

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 2 Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

Level of Progress achieved: 4 Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities

Level of Progress achieved: 3 Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial

(Source: http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31607_afg_NationalHFAprogress_2011-13.pdf )

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

References

Abbreviations and Acronyms A

BCPR

Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

AA

Afghan Aid

BCCRF

Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund

AACA

Afghan Assistance Coordination Authority

BCCSAP

Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan

ACBAR

Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief

BCCTF

Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund

Advancing Capacity to Support Climate Change

BDRCS

Bangladesh Red Crescent Society

Adaptation

BMD

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

ADB

Asian Development Bank

BSF

Border Security Force

ADF

Afghanistan Development Forum

BWDB

Bangladesh Water Development Board

ADF

Airport Development Fee

C

ADPC

Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre

CARE

Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere

ADRC

Asian Disaster Reduction Centre

CBA

Community Based Adaptation

ACCCA

ADRRN

Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network

CBD

Convention on Biological Diversity

AEC

Atomic Energy Commission

CBDRM

Community Based Disaster Risk Management

AEC

Afghan Environment Corps

CBO

Community Based Organization

AEDB

Alternative Energy Development Board

CBRI

Central Building Research Institute

AIA

Afghan Interim Authority

CCA

Climate Change Adaptation

AMCDRR

Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk

CCA

Common Country Assessment

Reduction

CCAC

Climate Change Advisory Council

ANDMA

Afghanistan National Disaster Management Authority

CCB

Citizen Community Boards

ANDS

Afghanistan National Development Strategy

CCCS

Centre for Climate Change Studies

APN

Asia-Pacific Network

CCD

Convention to Combat Desertification

ARC

Afghan Relief Committee

CCD

Cost Conservation Department

AREA

Agency for Rehabilitation and Energy Conservation in

CCDR

Cabinet Committee on Disaster Response

Afghanistan

CCED

Climate Change and Energy Department

ARSG

Afghan Reconstruction Steering Group

CCTT

Climate Change Technical Team

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

CDM

Clean Development Mechanism

AUEDM

Asian University Network for Environment and

CDMP

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme

Disaster Risk Management

CDO

Chief District Officer

Australian Agency for International Development

CDRC

Central Disaster Relief Committee

CDRRP

Community Disaster Risk Reduction Programme

CDS

Chief of the Defence Staff

AusAID

B

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region CEA

Central Environmental authority

DMC

Disaster Management Centre

CEPOM

Committees on Environment

DMC

Disaster Management Committee

CHPB

Centre for Housing Planning and Building

DMD

Disaster Management Department

CICERO

Centre for International Climate and Environmental

DMG

Department of Geology and Mines

Research-Oslo

DMIS

Disaster Management Information System

CIDA

Canadian International Development Agency

DNA

Designated National Authority

CIF

Climate Investment Funds

DNDRC

District Natural Disaster Relief Committee

CISF

Central Industrial Security Force

DNP

Department of National Planning

CITES

Convention on International Trade in Endangered

DoE

Department of Environment

Species

DoE

Department of Energy

CMC

Colombo Municipal Council

DoF

Directorate of Food

CNDRC

Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee

DP-Net

Disaster Preparedness Network

COP

Conference Of the Parties

DRM

Disaster Risk Management

CPPIB

Cyclone Preparedness Programme in Bangladesh

DRR

Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation

CRA

Calamity Relief Act

DRR

Disaster Risk Reduction

CRF

Calamity Relief Fund

E

CRPF

Central Reserve Police Force

EA Act

Environmental Assessment Act

CRS

Catholic Relief Services

ECNEC

Executive Committee of National Economic Council

CSDDWS

Committee for Speedy Dissemination of Disaster

ECP

Environment, Climate Change & Policy

Related Warning/ Signals

EDMO

Emergency and Disaster Management Office

Central Water Commission

EOC

Essential Obstetric Care

EPA

Environment Protection Agency

CWC D

256 |

DACAAR

Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees

ESA

European Space Agency

DAE

Department of Agriculture Extension

ERC

Emergency Resource Center

DANIDA

Danish International Development Agency

ENERCON National Energy Conservation Centre

DDC

District Development Corporation

EWS

DDM

Department of Disaster Management

F

DDMAs

District Disaster Management Authorities

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of United States

DDRC

District Disaster Relief Committee

FFC

Federal Flood Commission

DEO

District Educational Officer

FFWC

Flood Forecasting and Warning Center

DEOC

District Emergency Operation Centre

FPOCG

Focal Point Operation Coordination Group of Disaster

DFAR

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

DFID

Department of International Development

G

DLG

Department of Local Governance

GoB

Government of Bangladesh

DM&RD

Disaster Management and Relief Division

GCISC

Global Change Impact Study Centre

DMTATF

Disaster Management Training and Public Awareness

GCM

Global Climate Model

Building Task Force

GDO

Goods Dispatch Organization

DMA

Disaster Management Act

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

DMB

Disaster Management Bureau

GEF

Global Environment Facility

Early Warning system

Management

Abbreviations and Acronyms IMDMCC

Inter Ministerial Disaster management Coordination

GEF

Global Environment Fund

GFDRR

Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery

GIF

Global Environment Facility Trust Fund

IMF

International Monetary Fund

GIS

Geographic Information System

INCCA

India Network for Climate Change Assessment

GIZ

German Agency for International Cooperation

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

GLOF

Glacial Lake Outburst floods

IRC

International Rescue Committee

GNHC

Gross National Happiness Commission

ISDR

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

GON

Government of Nepal

ITBP

Indo-Tibetan Border Police

GoSL

Government of Sri Lanka

IUCN

International Union for Conservation of Nature

GSMB

Geological Survey and Mines Bureau

IWG

International Working Group

GWP

Global Warming Potentials

IWMI

International Water Management Institute

HDIP

Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan

JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

HEC

Higher Education Commission

JAXA

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

HFA

Hyogo Framework for Action

K

HR

Human Resources

KM

HRD

Human Resource Development

L

HRVA

Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis

LAPA

Local Adaptation Plan of Action

Committee

J

H

I

Knowledge Management

LDA

Legal Document Assistant

ICCS

Integrated Climate Change Strategy

LDC

Least Developed Country

ICDDRB

International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research,

LDCF

Least Developed Countries Fund

Bangladesh

LDRC

Local Disaster Relief committee

International Centre for Integrated Mountain

LUPPD

Land Use Policy Planning Department

Development

M

Local Government for Sustainability

MADERA

ICIMOD

ICLEI ICRISAT

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-

Mission d'Aide au Développement des Economies Rurales

Arid Tropics

MAIL

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock

ICZM

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

M&GC

Meteorological and Geophysical Centre

ICT

Information and communications technology

MCCICC

Multi- stakeholder CC Initiative Coordination

IDA

International Development Association

IDB

Islamic Development Bank

IDNDR

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

IFAD

International Fund for Agricultural Development

MDNS

Ministry of Defence and National Security

IFRC

International Federation of red Cross and red

MEA

Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements

Crescent Societies

MEA

Ministry of Economic Affairs

IGOs

Intergovernmental organization

MED

Ministry of Education

IIPA

Indian Institute for Public Administration

MEE

Ministry of Environment and Energy

IISD

International Institute for Sustainable Development

MEEW

Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water

IMD

Indian Meteorological Department

MENR

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

Committee MCEHCA

Ministry of Construction Engineering Services Housing and Common Amenities

| 257

Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region MFT

Ministry of Finance and Treasury

MDMC

Municipal disaster management committee

MHA

Ministry of Home Affairs

MPND

Ministry of Planning and National Development

MHAHE

Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment

MRC

Marine Research Center

MDG

Millennium Development Goals

MSRED

Ministry of State Resources and Enterprises

MHE

Ministry of Housing and Environment

MFA

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

MHCA

Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs

NACA

Network of Aquaculture Centre in Asia Pacific

MIWRE

Ministry of Irrigation, Water Resources and

NAP

National Action Plan

Environment

NAPA

National Adaptation Program of Action

Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources

NAPCC

National Action Plan on Climate Change

Management

NAQDA

National Aquaculture Development Authority

MoA

Ministry of Agriculture

NARA

National Aquatic Resources Research and

MoCC

Ministry of Climate Change

MIWRM

258 |

Development N

Development Agency

MoDM&HR Ministry for Disaster Management and Human Rights

NARC

National Agricultural Research Centre

MoED

Ministry of Economic Development

NAST

National Academy of Science and Technology

MoEF

Ministry of Environment and Forest

NATCOM

National Communication

MoF

Ministry of Finance

NBRO

National Building and Research Organization

MoF

Ministry of Fisheries

NCCAS

National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy

MoFAff

Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

NCCC

National Climate Change Committee

MoFDM

Ministry of Food and Disaster Management

NCCF

North Carolina Community Foundation

MoFT

Ministry of Finance and Treasury

NCCP

National Climate Change Policy

MOFSC

Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation

NCCS

National Climate Change Strategy

MoH& FW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

NCDM

National Council for Disaster Management

MOHA

Ministry of Home Affairs

NCDM

National Committee for Disaster Management

MoHCA

Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs

NCMC

National Crisis Management Cell

MI

Mountain Initiatives

NCP

National Centre for Physics Complex

MLLD

Ministry of Land and Land Development

NCPE

MLRDC

Ministry of Livestock and Rural Community

National Commission for Protection of the Environment

Development

NCS

National Conservation Strategy

MoIC

Ministry of Industry and Commerce

NCSA

National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment

MoInd&P

Ministry of Industries & Production

NDB

National Development Budget

MoPA

Ministry of Ports and Aviation Services

NDF

National Development Framework

MoPE

Ministry of Power and Energy

NDM

National Disaster Management

MoPI

Ministry of Petroleum Industries

NDMA

National Disaster Management Authority

MoR&R

Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation

NDMAC

National Disaster Management Advisory Committee

MoSS

Ministry of Social Services

NDMC

National Disaster Management Center

MoT

Ministry of Transport

NDMC

National Disaster Management Council

MoTR

Ministry of Technology and Research

NDMC

National Disaster Management Commission

MoW&P

Ministry of Water and Power

NDMO

National Disaster Management Ordinance

Abbreviations and Acronyms NDMP

National Disaster Management Policy

NWP

NDMP

National Disaster Management Plan

O

NDRCG

National Disaster Response Coordination Group

ODP

Office of Disaster Preparedness

NDRF

National Disaster Response Force

ODS

Office of Disaster Services

NDRMFP

National Water Policy

National Disaster Risk Management Framework

OPID

Office of Professional and Instructional Development

Pakistan

Oxfam

Oxford committee for famine relief

NDRP

National Disaster Response Plan

P

NDRRP

National Disaster Reduction Policy

PAEC

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

NDRSC

National Disaster Relief Services Center

Pak-EPA

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency

NEAP

National Environmental Action Plan

PARC

Pakistan Agricultural Research council

NEC

National Environment Commission

PCMCs

Provincial Crisis management Cells

NECS

National Environment Commission Secretariat

PCRET

Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy Technologies

NEOC

National Emergency Operation Centre

PCRWR

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources

NEMAP

National Environmental Management Action Plan

PDMA

Provincial/Regional Disaster management Authority

NEPA

National Environmental Protection Agency

PDMC

Provincial Disaster Management Commission

NEPA

National Environmental Protection Act

PEA

Provincial Environment Authority

NEQS

National Environmental Quality Standards

PEPA

Pakistan Environment Protection Act

NES

National Environment Strategy

PEPC

Pakistan Environmental Protection Council

NoF

National Forest Policy

PFI

Pakistan Forest Institute

NFoP

National Forest Policy

PMCCC

Prime Ministers Committee on Climate Change

NMFT

Ministry of finance and treasury, govt. of Maldives

PMD

Pakistan Meteorological Department

NGO

Non Government Organization

POP

Persistent Organic Pollutant

NGOCC

NGO Coordination Committee on Disaster

PPCR

Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience

Management

PRS

Poverty Reduction Strategy

NIDM

National Institute of Disaster Management

PRSP

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

NIO

National Institute of Oceanography

R

NLUP

National Land Use Policy

R&D

Research and Development

NORAD

North American Aerospace Defence Command

RADA

Reconstruction and Development Agency

NPC

National Planning Council

RDA

Road Development Authority

NPDM

National Policy on Disaster Management

RDRC

Rural Development and Research Center

NPPD

National Physical Planning Department

RE

Real State

NPDRR

National platform for disaster risk reduction

REDD

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest

NRRC

Nepal Disaster Risk Consortium

NSDRM

National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management

REDDRPP Readiness Preparedness Proposal

NSET

Nepal Society for Earthquake Technology

REOC

NSF

National Science Foundation

RGoB

Royal Government of Bhutan

NSU

North South University, Bangladesh

RIMES

Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning

NWMP

National Water Management Plan

NWP

North Western Province

Degradation

Regional Emergency Operation Center

System RNDRC

Regional Natural Disaster Relief Committee

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Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in SAARC Region RS RTH&S

Remote Sensing

UN

United Nations

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and

UNAMA

United Nation Assistance Mission in Afghanistan

shipping

UNCBD

United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity

UNCCD

United Nations convention to Combat Desertification

S SAARC

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

UNCRD

United Nations Centre for Regional Development

SAIC

SAARC Agricultural Information Centre

UNDG

United Nations Development Group

SAU

SAARC Asian University

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

SCC

SAARC Cultural Centre

UNDRO

United Nations Disaster Response Office

SCCF

Special Climate Change Fund

UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for

SCZMC

SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre

SDC

SAARC Documentation Centre

SDC

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

SDC

Swiss Development Corporation

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

SDMA

State Disaster Management Authority

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

SDMC

SAARC Disaster Management Centre

SDPI

Sustainable Development Policy Institute

UNGA

United Nations General Assembly

SEA

Save the Environment Afghanistan

UNICEF

United Nations International Children's Emergency

SEC

SAARC Energy Centre

SEI

Stockholm Environment Institute

SFA

SAARC Framework for Action

SFC

SAARC Forestry Centre

UNISDR

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster

SHRDC

SAARC Human Resources Development Centre

UNITAR

United Nations Institute for Training and Research

SIC

SAARC Information Centre

UNOCHA

United Nations Office for the coordination of

SMRC

SAARC Meteorological Research Centre

SNAP

Strategic National Action Plan

USAID

SNC

Second National Communication

V

SOD

Standing Orders on Disaster

VDC

Village Development Committee

SOMIS

Social Management Information System

VET

Vehicle Emissions Testing

SOP

Standard Operating Procedure

W

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

change

Fund UNIDO

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

Humanitarian Affairs United States Agency for International Development

SPARRSO Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization

WAPDA

Water and Power Development Authority

STC

WB

World Bank

SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Com

WC

World Vision

SURE

Sustainable urban energy

WCDR

World Conference on Disaster Reduction

SWC

Storm Warning Centre

WFEO

World Federation of Engineering Organizations

SAARC Tuberculosis Centre

T

WFP

World Food Program

TAPA

Transitional Assistance Programme for Afghanistan

WHO

World Health Organization

TWG

Thematic Working Groups

WMO

World Meteorological Organization

WWF

World Wildlife Fund

WV

World Vision

U UDA

260 |

Asia and the Pacific

Urban Development Authority

UNISDR

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction

UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction for Asia & the Pacific (UNISDR) United Nations Secretariat Building-8th Floor, Section A Rajdamnern Nok Avenue, 10200 Bangkok, THAILAND

SAARC Disaster Management Centre NIDM Building, IIPA Campus New Delhi – 110002 INDIA

Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development Banaras Hindu University Varansi – 221005 INDIA