Coleoptera: Nitidulidae - PubAg - USDA

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May in central Illinois during 1991-1994. l'iematodes emerged from as many as 4:2'7(" of live ... .il:' north and east of the Mason County site as de- .... Chillicothe.
7450 PopeL-\.TI01\" ECOLOGY

Occurrence of a Mermithid Nematode Parasite of Carpophilus lugubris (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Central lllinois PATRICK F. DO\VD, DAVID E. MOORE.l FER A DO E. \ EGA. MICHAEL R. McGUIRE. ROBERT J. BARTELT, TERRY C. ELSE ,A D DARRELL A. MILLER' 'ational Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. USDA-ARS. 1815 '. University Str~et. P~oria. lL filfiO-!

Emiron. Entolllol. 24(5): 1245-1251 (1995)

ABSTRACT A mermithid nematode parasite (probabl~' a new species of HeXlllIll'nll;S) was encountered in adult dusky sap beetles. Carpophilus luguhris Murray, collected in April and May in central Illinois during 1991-1994. l'iematodes emerged from as many as 4:2'7(" of live C. luguhns collected from traps. Dissections indicated infection rates up to 89Ck. Most nematodes emerged 7-10 d after insects were collected. The nematode was found at onl\- 1 site (in Mason County) of 3 (in different counties) smveved in 1991 and 199:2. and at anI\- the Mason County si'te of 19 sites surve ed in 5 counties in 1993. Distribution of nema'tod~­ infected duskY sap beetles at the Mason Coun~r site in 1994 WdS fairl~' uniform around the perimeter of oak woodlands bordering 16.:2 ha of corn and soybean fields. KEY WORDS

Zea mays, mycotoxin, insect pathogen

SAP BEETLES (Coleoptera: itidulidae) are cosmopolitan insects, many of which are pests of fresh and processed or stored fruits and vegetables (Hinton 1945). In the United States, the dusky sap beetle, Carpophilus lugubris Murray. is one of tIlt' most economically important of these insects. This beetle 'will feed and reproduce on a \·"lIiet~· or fruits, vegetables, and decaying material (Connell 1956), and is of great importance as a \'ector or oak wilt, Ceratocystisfagaceanllll (Bretz) Hunt (juZ\\;k and French 1986). It is a pest of sweet and dent com, Zea mays L. (Connell 1956. Sanford and Luckmann 1963), and vectors the aHato\:in-producing fungm, Aspergillus jlav/is Link t x Fri('s. to corn (Lussenhop and Wicklow l~~())' AHatmin i.' one of the most potent toxins and carcinogens known and annuallv results in several hnlHln'ds or millions of dollars in costs associated witll rt'L~l1la­ tion, losses in sales because of contalllination: and losses in livestock production (CAST 1~H9). atural enemies of C. lllgllbris appear to Ill' linlited. The minute pirate bug, Orius illSidiosIls (Sa~·l. can be a predator of C. lug"hris eggs in sweet COrTI (Pena 1991). The staphylinid beetle Af!/{'frJ ('Oriaria (Kraatz) may prey on C. lllg/ihris and other sap beetles (Miller and Williams 1~R3). The proctotrupid wasp Brachyserplws abnJpflls \\;11 parasitize the larvae of C. lugllbris in laboratory tests (Williams et aI. 1992). Other sap beetles are parasitized at low levels by the fungus Be(l/lucria btlssiana (Balsamo) (Pree 1968), and h:' neogregarines I Department of Agronomy. Universi~' of Illinois. Urhana. IL 61801.

(Lindegren and Okumura 1973). ematodes in the genus Hou;ardula parasitize other species of Carpophil"s, including C. mlltilatlls Erichson (Lindegren 1970, Lindegren and Okumura 19(3). Laborato~' assa~ s have indicated a commercial preparation of SteinemellUl riobravis Cabanillas. Poinar & Raulston can kill 80% of C. hClIliptcnJs L. laryae at 400 infective juveniles per larva (\ ega et a1. I ~~4). During a survey for natural enemies of C. IlIgllbris, a mermithid nematode was found parasitizing adults of this sap heetle in Mason County, Illinois. \Ve now report on the occurrence of this lIlermithid during a 4-yr study. Malerials and Melhods Siles. Sap beetles were collected primarily from the University of Illinois. Illinois River Sand Field Experiment Station at Kilbourne, (Mason County) IL. from 1991 to 1994. This 16.2-ha (40-acre) area is planted mainly in com and soybeans and is surronnded on at least 2 sides by oak forest and on another side hy open prairie. Additional sites of collection during 1991-1993 were located primar.il:' north and east of the Mason County site as determined by the availability of cooperators. Colleclion. Sap beetles were collected in PVC pipe traps (Dowd et aI. 1992) baited with the pheromone of C. lugubris at 500 J.Lgrn per mbber septum (Bartelt et al. 1990, 1993), or controlled release dispensers containing apple cider vinegar, propionaldehyde, ethanol, and ethyl acetate, or combinations thereof, as coattractants (Dowd et al.

0046-225X195/1245-1251S02.00/0 © 1995 EntoTT\ological SOI.:idy of AlTlPrica

1246

\'o!. 24.

E 'VIRO, ME!':TAL E!':TOMOLOCY

110 . .3

Fig. 1. Dead dusky sap beetle with juvenile nematodes that had emerged from it. The larger. more opaque one is probably a female, and the smaller, more translucent one, probably a male. Bar = 1 mm.

1992, Vega et al. 1995). Traps were examined weekly during 1991 and 1992 and twice weekly during 1993 and 1994 from late March through late Mayor early June (and weekly thereafter). At least 8 traps were present at the Mason County site for all 4 yr, and other sites typically had 3 traps. At least 100 adult dusky sap beetles were collected typically from each site during the monitoring period each year. Examination for Nematodes. Live insects recovered from traps were held on pinto bean-based diet (Dowd 1987) at room temperature (=22°C) and ambient light. Approximately 20 beetles each were placed in 35-ml cups containing diet. The cups from each collection date were checked for dead insects daily for 4 wk during 1991. After it was determined that insects containing nematodes died within 3 wk, insects were only checked for a 3-wk period after collection during 1992-1994. The beetles that died were placed individually in wells of a 24-well tissue culture plate (Bec::ton Dickinson, Lincoln Park, NJ). Each well contained 1 ml of 1% agar. The wells were covered with a sheet of Parafilm (American Can, Greenwich, CT), then a sheet of cardboard, and then the plastic lid. The lid was held in place with rubber bands. This arrangement provided a humid environment and

prevented escape of emerging npmatodes. The beetles that died were held for nematodp emergence at room temperaturlO

County

Citv/to\\m

Mason McClean Pt'oria Peoria Peoria Peoria Pt'oria Peoria Peoria Pt'oria Pt'oria Peoria Peoria Peoria Tazewell Ta7.ewell Ta7.ewell Woodford Woodford

Kilhourne Bloomington Pt'()ria (north) Peoria (wt'st) Peoria (south) Dunlap Dunlap Dunlap Dunlap Dunlap Dunlap Chillicothe Chillicothe Chillicothe Green Valley East Peoria Washington Metamord Morton

Type of area. Soil type

Yt'ars samplt'd lWI-1W4 lW3 1991-1993 1993 1993 lW3 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 1991-1993 1993

AI\\'. S

RIA. C R/\\'. C R/\\'. C P C

A W

C C

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A A R

C C C

W A W

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3

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3

335

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3

agricultural: R. residential; W. woodlands: P. pmirit': first lettt'r listed is predominant type of aft'a; C, day: L. loam: Trdps haited with varying attrdctants. 36 trdps used in 1994. h Subsample for 1993 in Table 3. See also numbers in Tablt' 2. Total numbers of insects of mt>rmithi.1 ne'matodt>" ill du!'k~' sap Iwetlt>" 1991-199..... alIl'ialllplt>" at "a"ulJ CUWJt~ "itt' Dalp

lk !i\'P CL \\'/:'\E\l

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= SE\1

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Tol.d CI. ('oll,·d.·d

1Y91 20 29 2 S! In 22 2Y o IS 21

\Iar. \Iar. April April April April April \Ia\' . la~' \1a~'

Cold-no

OJ,

00

0

lUI

7

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olo>.n 32.:3 22.1 -1.1 n.O -1.3

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April April \Ia\' Ma~' Ma~' Ma~' Ma~' Jun't:'

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=

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to 7

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3-l

:3 1~J 217 1.10>70

0 731 1.0 7 So:;7 \-JW

J2~

:2.~)--tn

7.7.=)";-t.217

1993 9.H =: D.H IW:=O.O o.H =: 0.5 4.7:= 0.0

92.7 45.2 -t-t.1 K.9

204 9.3 U) 0.0

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31

(-)..17 1.0 to 59:3 1.7:30

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0.0 Cold-no collections 0.0 42.5 34.5 26.5 10.3 lUi 704 004 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

7.5 =: 7.H:= X.O:= 7.3:=

0.3 0.0 0.3 0.7

6.h:!: 0.3

7.7:= 0.7 0.0:= 0.0 0.2:!: 0.9

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0 75.0 100.0 51.7 2fi.2 2H.5 1'.1 -t.0 0.0 3.0 3.2 4.1 9./01

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NEM, nematodes: DTE. days to emprgenra: :\itidulidae \. i\ematologica 21: H):;-2()f) 1978. Description et c:'c!e biologiyuf' dl' !idenl///orp/wtylenclills stl'lidotoe Il.g. sp. f't dlJ HI'tl'rOI//0'71!lOtylenelllls carllop!lilii 11.· sp. (:\t:'lllatoda: :\lIalltolll'matidae). .ematologlca 2-4: 2:;2-23E-;, Sanford. J. W.• and W. H. Luckmann. 196:~. O!J:l'r\'ations on the biology and control of thl' tlll.'].;:' sap beetle in Illinois. Proc.. 'orth Ct:'ntral Brallch. clllo11101. Soc, Am. 18: 39-43. Ve~a, F. E., P. F. DmHI. and T. C. 't·l~t·n. 199·... Susceptibility of the driedfmit beetlf' (Ca'7JtJ/J/lilll,' hemiptcms L.; Coleoptera: r\itidulidat> to difli.Jrl'nt Steinemema species (l'\ematooa: Hhabditida: Stl:'iJll'rnematidae). J. IJI\'ertebr. Pathol. 6-i: 270-277. Ve~a, F. E., P. F. Dowd. and R. J. Barlt>h. 1995. Dissemination of microbial agents usiug au autoiJlol'ulating device and several illSect specif's as \'t'ctors. Biological Control (in press). Williams, R. ]\'., D. S. Fic·klt>. ane] J. R. Galfurll. 1992. Biological studies of Bm('!lysc'71/IIIS a/JlIl/ltll.\' (Hymenoptera: Proctotmpidae). a nitidulid parasitl'. Entomophaga 37: 91-98. Receiuedfor pllhlicatiol/ 12 Jmllwry 1995: a('('('/J/('(/20 June 1995.

Supplied by U.S. Dept. of Agric., National ~enter for Agri cul tura 1 Utilization Research, Peorla, IL