Community Resilience through Knowledge Sharing

3rd International Conference on Poverty and Sustainable Development 2016, 08 – 09 December 2016, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Community Resilience through Knowledge Sharing on Basic Infrastructure Facilities in Depok City Jachrizal Sumabrata1, Wiwiet Mugi Lestari2, Widyawati Sumadio3, Irene Sondang4, Johannes Anggiat5 Urban Development Studies Graduate Program, School of Strategic and Global Studies, Universitas Indonesia [email protected], [email protected], widyawatihs @gmail.com3, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract : Kampung Kapuk (Kapuk Village) is a slum settlement located along Ciliwung’s riverbank. This village located in Depok City’s economic center is inhabited by migrants from the surrounding area. They inhabit modest rented houses without adequate basic facilities such as clean water, solid waste management and domestic waste disposal system. Every year, especially during dry season, they deal with diarrhea and skin rash outbreaks because of these not-accommodated conditions. The residents do a variety of ways to overcome their environmental health issues. The resilience established by residents to remain inhabiting Kampung Kapuk becomes a part to achieve a resilient and sustainable settlement as one of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study aims is to know the residents methods to overcome their problems, especially in the dry season. Several themes are discovered from the discussion about residents’ efforts to overcome their problems such as independence, communal work (gotong royong) and role of informal leader. This study concludes that self-sustaining and communal work become key attitudes to survive in the village. At the same time, an informal leader and a real-life example become their knowledge source to make their life better. Keywords: resilience, communities, independence, communal work (gotong royong)

Background Cities are the centers of economic activity, opportunity and innovation. This attractiveness leads to a more increasing population in the city. Currently, 50 percent of world’s population lives in urban areas and by 2050, the United Nations expects 80 percent of the world’s population to live in urban areas (United Nations, 2009 on Jha et all, 2013). But cities are also places where stresses accumulate or sudden shocks occur that may result in social breakdown, physical collapse or economic deprivation (Arup, 2014). Depok, a city adjacent to Jakarta, is one of the cities affected by trickle-down effect phenomena from Jakarta’s development of mega-urban region. Depok was originally a remote village located in the middle of wilderness and shrubbery. On 18 May 1696, a former VOC officer, Cornelis Chastelein, bought the land covering Depok area as well as a small area of South Jakarta, Ratujaya and Bojonggede. Cornelis Chastelein employed

hundreds of local workers to cultivate his industrial plants area. Cornelis Chastelein was also active as a missionary, preaching Christianity to his workers through a local congregation named De Eerste Protestante Organisatie van Christenen (DEPOC). The acronym might have been the origin of the city's name1. Depok's strategic location, because it directly shares a land border with Jakarta, together with the availability of facilities and transportation cause Depok as a city to grow rapidly. Its population growth increases within 18 years. At the time it became an administrative city in 1981, Depok's population was only 240.000 people but it increased to 1,2 millions of people when it became

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Asal Usul Kota Depok “Sejarah Kota Depok”. http://liputandepok.com/asal-usul-kota-depok-sejarahkota-depok/ retrieved on 31 May 2016 at 17.31 IWST.

Wiwiet Mugi Lestari, Jachrizal Sumabrata, Widyawati Sumadio, Irene Sondang, Johannes Anggiat Community Resilience through Knowledge Sharing on Basic Infrastructure Facilities in Depok City

a municipality city in 19992. Based on Depok's Regional Body for Planning and Development (BAPPEDA Kota Depok), its population reached to 2.1 millions of people in 2015.

either individually or work together to overcome their environmental health issues. This shows a resilience form established by people in Kampung Kapuk.

Rapid population growth has not been able to balance housing needs. This causes slum settlements to appear in some locations of Depok. Based on Depok's Mayor Decree in 2015, there were 11 slum area locations with the size that reached 132,72 Ha, scattered throughout all districts. Apart from slum settlement problem, high dynamics in Depok's urban development increases environment vulnerability. This will eventually create relatively high disaster risks in the region. According to National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB), disasters that happened in Depok were floods, landslides and drought during the period from 2007 to 2015. Floods had the highest occurrence frequency counted to 12 incidents, followed by 5 landslides, and 3 drought incidents. Floods, landslides and drought are part of hydrometeorological hazard, a process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage (UNISDR, 2007).

The resilience established by residents to remain inhabiting Kampung Kapuk becomes a part to achieve a resilient and sustainable settlement. A resilient and sustainable settlement is one of 17 sustainable development goals (Sustainable Development Goals/SDGs) that become world’s agenda to complete in 2030 (United Nations, 2015).

Slum settlements at several locations in Depok become regions prone to hazards. Kampung Kapuk (Kapuk Village) is a slum settlement located along Ciliwung’s riverbank. This village located in Depok City’s economic center is inhabited by migrants from the surrounding area. This area often suffers floods in the rainy season because its location is adjacent to Ciliwung River. People in Kampung Kapuk inhabit modest rented houses without adequate basic facilities such as clean water, solid waste management and domestic waste disposal system. Every year, especially in the dry season, they deal with diarrhea and skin rash outbreaks because of these not-accommodated conditions. The residents do a variety of ways

Research Goal

Research Question Kampung Kapuk is a slum settlement located along Ciliwung’s riverbank whose basic facilities such as for clean water, solid waste and domestic waste are inadequate. One of effects from these limited basic services is health problem suffered by residents and environment. By this current condition, people in Kampung Kapuk make efforts either individually or by working together to remain inhabiting Kampung Kapuk. Efforts done by residents bring up a research question, what are Kampung Kapuk residents’ methods in overcoming environmental health problem when associating them with basic facilities, especially in the dry season?

The goal of this research is to know what methods Kampung Kapuk residents use in overcoming environmental health problem associated with fulfilling clean water, solid waste and domestic waste management system, especially in the dry season. Research Area The research area covers Kampung Kapuk at Pondok Cina Ward, Beji Sub-District, Depok City as shown in figure 1. This location is the slum settlement in accordance to Depok’s Mayor Decree No. 591/250/Kpts/Bapp/Huk/2015 on Slum Housing and Settlement Determination in Depok on 09 July 2015. The size of Kampung Kapuk slum settlement is 3,35 Ha. Kampung Kapuk is located along Ciliwung’s riverbank and it also a flood prone area. This village is located in Depok’s

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Kota Depok. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Depok retrieved on 02 June 2016 at 10.57 IWST.

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economic center, ± 1,5 KM away from Margonda Street. The accessibility in Kampung Kapuk are

footpaths where some have already has pavements but the access approaching Ciliwung River are still soil roads with asphalt.

Figure 1. Research Area

Research Method

Literature Review

Data collection method employed in this research were among others discussions to share residents’ knowledge and experience to overcome their problems, focus group discussion (FGD) with related agencies and secondary data collection.

Resilience is the ability of a system, community, or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to, and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner (UNISDR, 2011 in Jha et al, 2013). As a concept, resilience can be applied to any community and any type of disturbance: natural, man-made, or a combination of the two. Disaster resilience can be seen as a public good that builds an appropriate amount of redundancy into urban systems and encourages communities to plan how to deal with disruptions (Jha et all, 2013). Community resilience towards disaster required safeguarding the physical integrity (e.g. building codes), ensuring the continuity of economic, business and administrative (including emergency management and social institutions), and also ensuring that the community members

The number of respondents for this research was 28 people who were residents inhabiting Kampung Kapuk, Pondok Cina Ward, Beji Sub-District, Depok City. This research included five lowest level of neighborhood associations (RT) and two higher level of neighborhood associations (RW) namely RT 02 RW 01, RT 04 RW 01, RT 01 RW 02, RT 02 RW 02, RT 04 RW 02. The analysis was conducted by using descriptive-qualitative methods based on the obtained data and discussion results.

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have the resources, capacities and capabilities necessary to utilize the physical and economic resources to minimize disruptions (Paton and Johnston, 2001 in Viverita et al, 2014). Indicators of community resilience include several dimensions, such as ecological (e.g. erosion rates and biodiversity), social (e.g. demographics, and social networks), economic (e.g. employment and value of property), institutional (e.g. hazard mitigation plan and emergency response plans), infrastructure (e.g. transportation network and residential housing stock and age) and community competence (e.g. local understanding of risk and health and wellness) (Cutter et al. (2008) and Cutter et al. (2010) in Viverita et al, 2014).

than 20 years are 12 people (43%), which means that almost half of participating respondents have been living in Kampung Kapuk for some generations. Some respondents indeed have family relationships, either parent-children relationships or sibling relationships.

Discussion

Basic facilities in this settlement have not been adequate yet. This research focuses in facilities of clean water, solid waste management and domestic waste disposal system. Depok Municipality has not given those mentioned facilities yet to this location thus residents make efforts to fulfill their own needs towards those facilities. Analysis derived from residents’ conditions and efforts in fulfilling their needs over clean water, solid waste management and domestic waste disposal system is as follow.

The settlement in Kampung Kapuk is packed with modest rented houses which are located in facing of Ciliwung River as shown in figure 2. Houses are designed high and have stairs that lead to the entrance door as a form of protection against floods either because of the rainfall’s high frequency or the impact of Bogor’s heavy rain that often come in the rainy season.

Kampung Kapuk is a slum settlement inhabited by local residents and migrants from the surrounding area. From the 28 respondents participating in this research, length of stay in Kampung Kapuk varies from 1 year to 49 years. Respondents’ length of stay in Kampung Kapuk is relatively long, almost half of respondents (15 respondents or 53%) have been living there for more than 10 years. Respondents who have been living there for more

Figure 2. Conditions of modest rented houses in Kampung Kapuk Source: private documentation, 2016

Kampung Kapuk is one of sites that hasn’t got facility of clean water distribution through pipes. Residents use well water (shown in figure 4), river water and gallon bottled water products in fulfilling clean water for their drinking, cooking, washing foodstuff, watering and other needs. Water source type used in fulfilling residents’ needs either during the dry season or rainy season tends to be similar.

Clean Water According to Depok’s Regional Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD) 2011 – 2016, facility works done by Depok Municipality to distribute clean water through pipes have reached 14% (41.337 households). Based on Depok’s Regional Development Planning Agency (Bappeda), the target to provide facility distributing clean water through pipes over the next five years is 35%.

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Most of the respondents (89%) out of 28 total respondents use gallon bottled water products to drink while the rest use well water as shown in figure 3. Residents use gallon bottled water products to drink because the well water quality is poor. Some respondents affected by skin rashes because they use well water. Residents’ allocated expenses to buy gallon bottled water products vary from IDR 50,000 to IDR 300,000 per month.

My husband and I often get our skin itchy. My husband’s skin shows rashes after he finishes taking a bath. (His skin is) treated by himself by applying talcum powder (Marini, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk). My son has red small bumps on his body. He becomes fussy at night because he feels his skin burning. I simply give him talcum powder and skin rash medicine from Puskesmas (Community Health Center) (Tini, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk). My husband often gets skin itchy. His body shows rashes after taking a bath. (His body skin is) treated by applying salty water to ease the pain (Ella, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk).

Figure 3. Clean water source for drinking Source: Analysis results, 2016 Residents who are affected by skin rashes treated themselves independently by buying medicine at small traditional shop (warung) or going to the community health center (Puskesmas) nearby namely Puskesmas Kelurahan Kemiri Muka (Kemiri Muka Ward Community Health Center) or to the doctor whose clinic is around the neighborhood. Other than those mentioned treatments, one of respondents gives salt to the water well to prevent skin rashes. Besides skin rashes, residents in Kampung Kapuk are often infected by diarrhea because of the poor water quality. According to Depok’s health profile data in 2014, there are about 1.270 diarrhea cases and 742 diarrhea cases which are treated (58%) in Puskesmas Kelurahan Kemiri Muka (Kemiri Muka Ward Community Health Center) as one of health facilities visited by residents in Kampung Kapuk whenever they get sick.

Figure 4. Residents’ well in Kampung Kapuk Source: private documentation, 2016 The quality of well water in Kampung Kapuk is poor based on result from conducted laboratory test. The test parameter used in monitoring water quality refers to Republic of Indonesia’s Health Minister Decree No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 on clean water quality requirements for domestic needs as shown in table 1. Physical and chemical parameters indicate that well water quality is still considered safe because they are not exceeding the allowed maximum value. In terms of biological parameters such as E.coli, fecal coliform and Salmonella, concentrated values from all tested samples exceed the safe threshold. Those three parameters show that the issue in domestic water usage in Kampung Kapuk is an issue of hygiene and poor sanitation.

My body and my face are itchy because of the bad well water quality. I sow the salt into the well to avoid skin rashes. I also take skin rash medicine and antibiotics everyday so my body will not be itchy (Beda, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk).

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Table 1. Water ground and river qualities in Kampung Kapuk No

Parameter

Measurement

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

pH Total dissolved solids Total suspended solids Turbidity Dissolved oxygen BOD COD E.Coli

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Fecal coliform

10

Salmonella

mg/L mg/L NTU mg/L mg/L mg/L Amount/100 ml Amount/100 ml Amount/100 ml

Code of sample test KK1 KK2 KK3 KK4 6,41 6,46 6,53 6,74 321 254 286 124 0,3 0,6 1,9 0,23 0,1 4,2 38,8 2,6 * * * * * * * * * * * * 9 15 11 11

KK5 7,11 306 0,23 2,5 * * * 11

75

160

160

160

110

160

10

15

10

15

10

15

AS 6,36 77 0,77 57 4,11 21,75 40 6

Note: * = no analysis Source : data processing, 2016

Three respondents (11%) use well water for their drinking needs. Residents whose houses are far from Ciliwung River are not infected by skin rashes or other diseases from consuming well water.

I buy refilled gallon bottled water products for IDR 4000 once in every 3 days for cooking and drinking. I don’t trust using water well for cooking because the water is poor. However, I use water well when I take a bath whether I like it or not. I wish I can use gallon bottled water products when taking a bath if I am afford to (Hardianti, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk).

My house is (located) on higher ground where it is far from the river so it has good well water. (The well water) doesn’t cause skin itchy. I use well water for cooking and drinking (Titin Sumarni, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk).

All respondents use well water for washing raw foodstuff and the Public Bathing, Washing and Toilet Facilities (MCK) needs. Although the quality of well water is low, residents still use it for washing raw foodstuff and the Public Bathing, Washing and Toilet Facilities (MCK) needs. A financial constraint prevents them to buy gallon bottled water products. Preventive actions by sowing the salt into the well water or medication when they are infected by skin rashes are the form of social resilience to fulfill needs for clean water.

Figure 5. Source of clean water for cooking Source: Analysis results, 2016 The majority of respondents (57%) use gallon bottled water products for cooking needs while the rest of them use well water as shown in figure 5. Respondents who use gallon bottled water products for cooking are those who also use them for drinking. They prefer to use gallon bottled water products as the source of clean water to consume either for cooking or drinking.

Ciliwung River water which is very close to the residents’ settlement is not consumed for drinking, cooking or the Public Bathing, Washing and Toilet Facilities (MCK) needs. One of respondents uses river water for watering the plants. From the above description, in fulfilling clean water needs, residents are very aware of and concerned especially for the water consumed for drinking and cooking. Because of the poor water 6


quality, residents spend money to buy gallon bottled water products to avoid skin rashes and other diseases. This effort is done either individually or collectively by the household. This also means that there is residents’ independence as a form of resilience to fulfill their clean water needs.

management individually as shown in figure 6. A waste management done individually by the household is through sorting out the waste. Sorting out the waste done by some respondents is by separating the wet waste out of the dry waste. They throw out wet waste into the river and they burn dry waste. Communal waste management is carried out by making a communal waste bin made by some households through self-help and communal work (gotong royong) as shown in figure 7. They throw out and burn their waste in the communal waste bin which they build together. Besides the residents’ initiative, this communal waste bin creation is also a result of The Indonesian National Armed Forces’ (TNI) assistance efforts.

Waste problem Based on Law No. 18/2008 on Waste Management, the waste is the leftover resulted from human’s daily activities and/or natural process that has solid form. Kampung Kapuk has not received any waste facilities yet from Depok Municipality. Furthermore, there hasn’t any garbage collection coordinated collectively by the community groups such as by lowest level of neighborhood association (RT) or higher level of neighborhood association (RW). Based on the information given by 28 respondents, most respondents (57%) answer that there is no waste disposal system while the rest says there is a waste disposal system. Residents, both individually and collectively, respond this lack of waste disposal system by throwing out the waste into the river located in front of their houses, burning the waste or making a communal waste bin to collect the waste to be burnt.

I throw away the leftovers into the river but I burn dry waste and plastics (Beda, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk). There used to be a Clean River Project (PROKASIH) in 2015 in which waste bins are provided and later collected. There is no Clean River Project (PROKASIH) anymore. I throw out the waste into the river or burn it (Siti Mardiah, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk). The Indonesian National Armed Forces’ (TNI) ordered us to create a communal waste bin. And here is the result, the communal waste bin used by 12 households that still have family relationships (Ece Gunawan, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk). Me and my other five neighbors made a communal waste bin to be used together (Tini, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk).

Figure 6. Waste management Source: Analysis results, 2016 Based on Law No. 18/2008 on Waste Management, waste management is an activity to reduce and handle the waste systematically, comprehensively, and sustainably that includes waste reduction and management. Waste management done by residents in Kampung Kapuk is still limited to waste management efforts like littering and burning. A waste management carried out by most of respondents (66%) is a communal waste management while the rest handle their waste

Figure 7. A communal waste bin Source: private documentation, 2016

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External involvement in waste management has ever been done by The Indonesian National Armed Forces’ (TNI) until June 2016. The Indonesian National Armed Forces’ (TNI) did assistance efforts to Kampung Kapuk residents such prohibiting them to throw away the waste into the river, making communal waste bin and septic tank. The existence of The Indonesian National Armed Forces’ (TNI) deterred residents to throw away the waste into the river, but when this program has been unavailable, the residents throw away the waste into the river again.

some of them defecate in the river and use the communal septic tank (1 septic tank for 5 – 20 houses). If it is associated with the conditions in Kampung Kapuk, most of respondents (96%) have already had a septic tank in the houses they live in while they mostly perform their septic tank management communally (68%) as shown in figure 8. The number of respondents that do septic tank management communally is in line with the survey result from Depok’s Regional Development Planning Agency’s (Bappeda).

I am concerned with the behavior of Kapuk’s residents, including neighbors who do not care of clean environment. When the TNI was here, until June this year, residents were afraid of throwing out their waste into the river. Now when the TNI has already left, residents throw away their waste into the river again (Rena, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk).

Figure 8. Septic tank management Source: Analysis results, 2016

From the above description, it is showed that the waste management done by residents is still limited to the waste disposal and incineration. Activity of sorting out wet waste out of dry waste has been done by some respondents, later throwing the wet waste away to the river and burn dry waste. The fact that there are still many residents who throw away their waste into the river, but showing an obedient behavior for not throwing away their waste into the river and making a communal waste bin when assistance efforts were conducted, shows that a waste management activity in Kampung Kapuk is highly influenced by the involvement of other party, in this case is the TNI. The making of a self-help communal waste bin for some households shows the spirit of communal work (gotong royong) in providing a waste management facility in Kampung Kapuk.

It is common to find communal septic tank management in Kampung Kapuk because most of the area is filled with rented houses. The septic tank is made by rented house owners intended for many of their rented houses. Assistance efforts by the TNI also encouraged the residents in Kampung Kapuk to have a septic tank so they will not dispose their solid waste in the river. Through the TNI’s assistance, some respondents made the septic tank by self-help or worked together in the form of communal work (gotong royong) so the septic tank can be used together. This is a communal septic tank which is used by 12 households that still have family relationships. The TNI taught us how to make a septic tank (Ece Gunawan, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk).

Domestic Solid Waste Disposal System In my rented house, one septic tank is provided for 19 rented houses (Titin Sumarni, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk).

Domestic solid waste disposal system in this research focuses on providing the septic tank. According to the survey conducted by Depok’s Regional Development Planning Agency’s (Bappeda), there are 11.000 heads of family (± 500.000 residents) that do not have a septic tank,

Here, one septic tank is provided for 7 rented houses (Siti Mardiah, a resident in RT 04 RW 01 Kampung Kapuk).

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kota-depok-sejarah-kota-depok/ retrieved on 31 May 2016 at 17.31 IWST.

From the above description, the owners of rented houses and the TNI involved in Kampung Kapuk to role in providing a septic tank for the residents. In addition, there are residents who made a communal septic tank individually or together in the form of self-help and communal work (gotong royong).

UNISDR. (2007). Terminology on DRR. Retrieved in August 2016, from The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR): https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology#lett er-h

Conclusion 



United Nations. 2015. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol =A/RES/70/1&Lang=E retrieved on 20 November 2016 at 09.29 IWST.

Independence and the spirit of communal work (gotong royong) become the key points for residents in Kampung Kapuk to keep survive in the village. The community resilience indicator has a much bigger role is the social dimension. The residents have great awareness and attention in fulfilling facility that is consumed directly by the residents, namely clean water.

Viverita, Kusumastuti, R. D., Husodo, Z. A., Suardi, L., & Danarsari, D. N. (2014). Households Perceptions On Factors Affecting Resilience Towards Natural Disasters In Indonesia. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 8(1), 1328. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1546003761?a ccountid=17242 on 06 November 2016 11.05 IWST.

Informal figures and real-life examples are their source of knowledge to make their life better. Informal figures who involved in the management of waste and domestic solid waste are the owners of rented house and the TNI with their assistance program.

__________. Kota Depok. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Depok retrieved on 02 June 2016 at 10.57 IWST.

References Jha, Abhas K., Miner, Todd W., Stanton-Geddes, Zuzana. 2014. Building Urban Resilience. Principles, Tools and Practice.

Law No. 18/2008 on Waste Management. Republic of Indonesia’s Health Minister Decree No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 on clean water quality requirements for domestic needs.

Ove Arup & Parthners International Limited. 2014. City Resilience Index. City Resilience Framework.

Depok’s Mayor Decree No. 591/250/Kpts/Bapp/Huk/2015 on Slum Housing and Settlement Determination in Depok.

The World Bank. Asal Usul Kota Depok “Sejarah Kota Depok”. http://liputandepok.com/asal-usul-

Acknowledgments This work is supported by Higher Education Science and Technology Development Grant funded by Indonesia Ministry of Research and Higher Education Contract no. 1718/UN2.R12/HKP.05.00/2016.

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