Comparative Cognition - Wiley Online Library

Comparative Cognition

Comparative Cognition DIVERSITY IN HARMONY SYMPOSIUM DHS2 Evolutionary Perspectives in Psychology Organizer: Masaki Tomonaga Primate Research Institute, Kyoto Univesity, Japan Session Abstract: How did our and the minds of other species evolve? And why? This is one of the most important questions in Psychology. The comparative-cognitive approach in psychology has found many stimulating findings in recent decades. To understand the evolution of the mind, it is important to study humans and nonhuman primates, but also other phylogenetic groups. For this purpose, we invited four researchers working on different species; dolphins, elephants, and primates. These mammals have adapted to a variety of different environments. Due to this diversity, they have developed very different cognitive abilities (diversity of mind). At the same time, perhaps due to similar social pressures, they also show similarites in some aspects of cognitive abilities (convergence of mind). In this symposium, we will introduce the current status of comparative-cognitive studies and try to give future perspective.

The Elephant Model for Studying Cognitive Evolution Joshua Plotnik (1,2,3) 1. Think Elephants International, Thailand; 2. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; 3. Mahidol University, Thailand The study of convergent cognitive evolution investigates similar physical and social intelligence in evolutionarily distant taxa. Elephants (both the Loxodonta and Elephas genera) are socially-complex, large-brained mammals that, through both observational and experimental research, have exhibited a variety of capacities that suggest their cognition may be on a par with the great apes, including mirror self-recognition, insightful cooperation, and consolation behavior. Research within the field of convergent cognitive evolution has exciting potential to influence our understanding of intelligence across species, but a new approach to experimental design is needed that would take the diverse sensory strengths of non-primates into account. Here, I’ll briefly review my research over the past decade on elephant cognition, and will detail studies focused on the elephant’s use of olfaction in the cognitive decision-making process. The elephant continues to be an interesting yet understudied model for understanding how complex cognition evolves in the animal kingdom.

249 Social and self-recognition in bottlenose dolphins Vincent M Janik University of St Andrews, United Kingdom Bottlenose dolphins share many cognitive skills with primates but live in a very different environment. Similarities in social challenges between primates and dolphins suggest that sociality provides crucial starting points for the evolution of complex cognition. Research on dolphins often concentrates on recognition and memory skills. Their complex vocal learning skills influence the development of individually distinctive signature whistles that they use to address conspecifics and potentially refer to them. The similarities in labelling skills between dolphins and humans are striking, but it is unclear how much dolphins use referential labels in their own communication. Similarly, studies on theory of mind in dolphins are rare. First results of mirror self-recognition tests suggested that they were capable of it but more detailed studies cast doubt on these findings. Thus, crucial studies to assess similarities in key features of cognition between dolphins and primates are still missing.

How they see the world: Visual cognition compared among humans, chimpanzees, horses, and dolphins Masaki Tomonaga Primate Research Institute, Kyoto Univesity, Japan For primates, visual modality is quite important for their everyday life. Cleary, however, dependence on visual modality varies across mammalian species. As a result of adaptation to different environments, mammalian species acquired variety of physical features. This must be also the case for perception and cognition. Different evolutionary environments have modified the degree of dominance for visual modality across species. To understand how our minds adapted to environments, comparative–cognitive approach is one of the powerful tools. Recently, we have started a research project on comparative visual cognition from the evolutionary perspective among mammalian species. In this talk, I present comparative studies with humans, chimpanzees, horses, and dolphins, from basic visual shape perception to more complex physical and social cognition, such as number recognition and individual recognition.

SPONSORED SYMPOSIUM SPS05 Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing and temporal cognition (Symposium sponsored by Hiroshima University & Japanese Society for Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology)

© 2016 International Union of Psychological Science

Organizer: Shogo Sakata Hiroshima University, Japan Discussant: Shogo Sakata Hiroshima University, Japan Session Abstract: The temporal processing of events is of fundamental importance for humans and other animals in terms of determining temporal order, duration, rate, and rules of association in learning and memory. Interval timing in the secondes-to-minutes range is particularly relevant to temporal cognition and the corresponding effects of emotion and motivation. It is also influenced by the circadian light/dark cycle, with dopamine signaling as a link among circadian, reward, and timing systems. Recent behavioral approaches have used Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning procedures in order to investigate the functional significance of interval timing, whereas electrophysiological and optodgenetic approaches are being used to identify the neural mechanisms responsible for this behavior. The contributors to this symposium will present their lates findings in an attempt to integrate the functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Discussion among contributors and attendees will be encouraged following each presentation.

Clocks within Clocks: Timing by Coincidence Detection Catalin V Buhusi, Mona Buhusi Utah State University, United States of America The many existent models of timing rely on vastly different mechanisms to track temporal information. Here we examine these differences, and identify coincidence detection in its most general form as a common mechanism that many apparently different timing models share, as well as a common mechanism of biological circadian, millisecond and interval timing. This view predicts that timing by coincidence detection is a ubiquitous phenomenon at many biological levels, explains the reports of biological timing in many brain areas, explains the role of neural noise at different time scales at both biological and theoretical levels, and provides cohesion within the timing field.

The brain mechanisms modulating and producing interval timing: the role of the amygdala and the dorsal striatum Toshimichi Hata Doshisha Univ., Japan I will talk about two topics: on the neural base of emotional modulation of interval timing and of interval timing itself. We found that the duration of a CS conditioned to an electrical foot shock was underestimated in a temporal bisection procedure. The effect was reversed by an inactivation of bilateral amygdala with GABAA antagonist. These results suggest that the amygdala plays an important role in the emotional modulation of interval timing. Then, where and how is the duration

250 of a stimulus interval estimated? The SBF and SBF-ML models are one of the most comprehensive explanations for interval timing itself. These models assume that the synaptic plasticity in the neurons of the dorsal striatum is important for the coding of interval duration. I will present some causal and correlational data to examine propositions coming from the models.

Comparative Cognition evolutionary and ontogenetic considerations. Good candidates for the former are evolutionary algorithms, such as genetic algorithms. Good candidates for ontogenetic considerations are neural network models. I exemplify with a combination of a genetic algorithm and a neural network model that allows for theorizing about the evolution of associative learning.

INVITED SYMPOSIUM Differential effects of striatal and amygdala manipulations on reward timing and devaluation in peak procedures Andrew R Delamater, Samantha Browne - Walters, Rosa Caamano - Tubio Brooklyn College - City University of New York, United States of America Rats initially learned to associate auditory and visual stimuli with different tasting food rewards. The stimuli were presented for 60 s and the appropriate reward was presented 20 s after stimulus onset. On non-reinforced probe trials the rats’ behavior gradually increased and then decreased across the stimulus, peaking at around 20 s. One of the outcomes was then devalued by pairing it with LiCl injections. During test sessions, control animals responded more in the presence of the stimulus signaling the non-devalued outcome, but responding peaked at around 20 s in the presence of both stimuli. BLA-lesioned rats displayed normal peak timing without showing a devaluation effect. Dorsolateral striatum (DLS) inactivation (by muscimol) prior to the test had no effect on reward timing or devaluation. Additional data will be presented examining dorsomedial striatum. These data are consistent with the view that reward timing and devaluation effects rely on separate neural mechanisms.

INVITED ADDRESS IA028 Computational Comparative Psychology: A Manifesto José E Burgos University of Guadalajara, Mexico This paper presents a first manifesto for a new field I call "computational comparative psychology" (CCP), the theoretical investigation of comparative cognition via computational modeling. CCP can be interpreted as the ontological thesis that comparative cognition is computational in nature. This thesis implies that theorizing about amounts to computational modeling of comparative cognition. CCP can also be interpreted more weakly, as just a methodological thesis according to which computational modeling can be a useful way to theorize about comparative cognition. On both interpretations, CCP could help us improve our understanding of comparative cognition. Computational models in CCP should allow for

IS026 Current Issues in Comparative Psychology Organizer: German Gutierrez National University of Colombia, Colombia Session Abstract: Well over 100 years after the pioneer work of G. Romanes on Animal Intelligence and C. L. Morgan’s publication of An Introduction to Comparative Psychology, some of the early controversies and research problems continue to be relevant to Psychology. In this symposium we present some of the most important issues related to conceptual, methodological, and applied problems in Comparative Psychology. We also discuss current and exciting areas of interaction with other disciplines. Despite important changes in what is known as Comparative Psychology, this area of research continues to provide important insights in the understanding of behavior, both in human and non-human animals.

Sustainable development and comparative psychology, the latin american perspective Ruben Ardila National University of Colombia, Colombia The study of non-human animals has been very relevant for human civilization. The native societies that lived in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans, were very well integrated with nature. They had found ways to survive and to reach what we call "sustainable" development along centuries. In their "Weltanshung" (worldview) animal behavior had a relevant place. Animals were part of daily life and were part of culture. Defense of human settlements, clothing, food, transportation, were provided by non-human animals. In a complex interchange between ecology and social organization, animals were part of everyday life. At the present time with modern changes encountered by complex societies, such as climate change, pollution, new diseases, overpopulation, lack of resources, etc, research on animal behavior can be useful for understanding and solving some of these "big issues".

Contemporary Methods in Comparative Psychology: Levels of Analysis, Techniques, and Designs German Gutierrez National University of Colombia, Colombia

The most common strategy to study behavioral adaptations has been species comparisons. The study of behavioral homologies and homoplasies have been central to test evolutionary hypotheses in the study of phylogeny and adaptive fitness to the environment. Comparative psychology has made use of modeling, observation, and experimentation both in the laboratory and naturalistic settings. In recent years, however, the methodological tools used in comparative psychology has extended to complex mathematical strategies, neurobiological and genetic analysis, and other techniques. Academic journals typically recognized to publish comparative research were surveyed to explore current methods in comparative psychology, in terms of settings, level of analysis, specific techniques and methodological design. The results show that comparative psychology continues to use historical methods, but now regularly includes strategies that respond to comparative questions in multiple and complementary levels.

A computational approach to comparative psychopathology Federico Sanabria Arizona State University, United States of America A comparative approach is critical to the investigation of human psychopathology. Modeling behavioral disorders in non-human animals allows a close examination of potential neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying those disorders. For behavioral disorders with poorly defined pathophysiology, current modeling tools are still incipient, and are primarily based on face validity. In this talk I discuss a strategy for modeling behavioral disorders that incorporates computational techniques. This strategy defines behavioral processes in terms of closed-feedback-loop systems comprising simple but interconnected stochastic processes. According to this approach, behavioral disorders may emerge from abnormal parameters of the feedback system, which may be linked to well-defined neural structures. An important feature of these systems is that they may be implemented in various species, and even in artificial platforms, thus allowing for a principled approach to comparative psychopathology. This approach is illustrated with preliminary research on animal models of ADHD and substance dependence.

From comparative psychology to industrial design: what we can learn from human-animal interaction Kosuke Sawa Senshu University, Japan One of the main aims of comparative psychology is to investigate the differences and similarities between species based on empirical methods. Recently, many studies have used empirical methods to explore inter-species communication such as between humans and


Comparative Cognition dogs or humans and horses in order to understand the essence of social interaction. In this talk, another possibility of applied research will be introduced, that is, that human-animal interaction research might provide fruitful findings for building artificial agents that interact with humans in daily life.

IS027 Social and Cultural Intelligence in Primates Organizer: Satoshi Hirata Kyoto University, Japan Session Abstract: Nearly 30 years have passed since the publication of "Machiavellian Intelligence", the first book to assemble all the early evidence suggesting that the evolution of intellect was primarily driven by selection for social expertise within the complex societies of primates. Since then, increasing attention has been drawn to social aspects of the cognition and behavior of nonhuman primates, yielding a growing corpus of studies both in the wild and in the laboratory dealing with social cognition and related topics. Recent findings and discussion also take cultural aspects of primate behavior into consideration to gain a more comprehensive understanding about the evolution of intelligence. Irrespective of whether or not the original "Machiavellian intelligence" (or "social intelligence") hypothesis is correct, the present symposium aims to bring together up to date information regarding developments that include new ideas, and empirical findings from different perspectives focused on social and cultural intelligence in nonhuman primates.

Novel action copying in bonobos and chimpanzees compared to humans Zanna Clay, Claudio Tennie University of Birmingham, United Kingdom A key debate regarding the evolution of culture is whether, like humans, chimpanzees and bonobos can imitate novel actions when physical information is absent from demonstrations. So far, two studies with chimpanzees have addressed this problem, both with negative results. Here we address the abilities of our other closest living relative, the bonobo, in a novel action copying task, as compared to 3–5 year old human children. A human demonstrator performed two arbitrary actions on a box before opening it to reveal a reward. While the majority of children spontaneously imitated the observed action, the bonobos did not perform any of the observed actions; instead trying to open the box using species-typical actions. These data highlight core differences in the copying capacities of humans compared to other great apes and suggest humans may be unique in their ability to imitate novel actions when physical information is removed from the demonstration.

251 Social evaluation based on direct and third-party interactions in captive bonobos (Pan paniscus) Christopher Krupenye (1,2), Brian Hare (1) 1. Duke University, United States of America; 2. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany Foundational to human cooperation is the spontaneous preference humans show, by three months of age, for individuals that help others over those that hinder. However, it remains unknown whether this preference is derived in humans. We found that bonobos (N=43 total), humans’ closest relatives, significantly prefer animated agents and human experimenters that hinder third parties over those that help. In contrast, when bonobos interacted with experimenters who had been directly prosocial or antisocial toward them, they always significantly preferred the prosocial experimenter, and even privileged his intentions over the outcomes of his actions in their evaluations. Thus, it appears that bonobos can discriminate prosocial and antisocial agents, even based on intentions alone, and demonstrate a human-like prosocial preference in direct interactions. However, the motivation to favor helpers more generally-based on third-party interactions-may be unique to humans and likely played a central role in the evolution of human development and cooperation.

Understanding about others’ action in chimpanzees and humans Satoshi Hirata, Masako MyowaYamakoshi Kyoto University, Japan We investigated the ontogenetic and evolutionary foundations of the ability to comprehend the actions of others by making inferences about intentional mental states of another. In a series of experiment we compared the eye movements of 8- and 12-month-old human infants, adults and chimpanzees as they watched videos presenting goal-directed and non-goal-directed actions by an actor. We found that chimpanzees anticipate action goals in the same way as do human adults. Humans and chimpanzees, however, scan goal-directed actions differently. Human adults and children attend to the actor’s face during action sequences, and this tendency is particularly pronounced in adults when observing that the predicted goal is not achieved. Chimpanzees rarely attend to the actor’s face. These results suggest that in humans, but not chimpanzees, attention to actor’s faces indicates the process of observers making inferences about the intentionality of an action.

Social and cultural theories of human and non-human primate intelligence Andrew Whiten University of St Andrews, United Kingdom


The Social or Machiavellian hypothesis for the evolution of primate intelligence has over the last forty years been supported by a variety of forms of evidence. However it does not readily explain the expanded brains and intelligence of the great apes. In the apes, a new variant of the social hypothesis that focuses on the cultural transmission of behaviour may explain more. The Cultural Intelligence hypothesis can be described in terms of two causal links that have the capacity to form a feedback loop: first, ’culture makes you smart’ because an individual’s raw intelligence can be boosted by the knowledge that can be learned from others; second, such benefits select for superior cultural transmission processes. I summarise the evidence for each of these effects in apes and outline a model of the distinctive form they have taken in human evolution.

IS028 Ecological adaptation and diversity of visual perception

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Organizers: Tomokazu Ushitani (1), Kazuhiro Goto (2) 1. CHIBA UNIVERSITY, Japan; 2. Sagami Women\’s University, Japan Discussant: Arii Watanabe University of Tokyo, Japan Session Abstract: Most animals, including humans, have eyes and use visual information for survival in nature. Animals navigate, search for preys and predators, socially interact with conspecifics and choose mates, but how they use vision in those contexts might vary widely across the animal kingdom. For example, not all primates possess trichromatic color vision. Some aspects of shape perception differ between birds and primates. Such divergence in visual perception may be attributed to independent evolution under different selection pressures. Speakers of the symposium will present their experimental works in a wide range of taxonomically diverge species, including insects, fish, birds and mammals, covering wide range of topics such as spatial cognition, selective attention, and social interactions.

Form perception in animals: phylogeny and adaptation Kazuhiro Goto Sagami Women\’s University, Japan Visual scenes are comprised of rich, complex, and ever-changing, information. Interpreting such sensory inputs, perceptually group multiple elements into coherent wholes or Gestalts. What Gestalts animals perceive perhaps differ across species depending on history and ecological environments. However, species comparison made thus far is yet scarce to draw clear conclusions. In a series of experiments, I found divergent experimental results in how birds and primates perceptually group multiple elements into a single whole. I review comparative studies of form perception and discuss how

252 we could interpret the cognitive divergence. Although the primary interest is to determine the evolutionary causes such as phylogeny (history) and adaptation(ultimate cause), the potential contribution of attentional and procedural factors should also be taken into account.

Object-based attention in evolution Tomokazu Ushitani (1), Kazuki Fujii (1), Maki Katsube (1), Yukiko Hoshino (1), Kazuhiro Goto (2), Tomoko Imura (3), Masaki Tomonaga (4) 1. CHIBA UNIVERSITY, Japan; 2. Sagami Women’s University, Japan; 3. Niigata University of International and Information Studies, Japan; 4. Kyoto University, Japan Reduced reaction times to a target appearing on a cued object, rather than on an uncued object (within-object benefit) are considered evidence of object-based attention (OBA). Investigation of a within-object benefit can be used to investigate which portions are perceptually organized into an object. In our experiments, the reaction times of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and hill mynahs (Gracula religiosa) to the target indicated a within-object benefit, demonstrating OBA. Further tests revealed that attentional activation in chimpanzees prevailed for portions that were separated from each other optically, but organized into one object perceptually, whereas the results regarding this issue were equivocal in the mynahs. In contrast to the chimpanzees and mynahs, a within-object benefit in reaction times was first evident in pigeons (Columba livia) under a condition in which background objects were differently colored. We discuss the evolution of visual attention on the basis of these findings.

Views, active vision, and navigating brains: An insect perspective Ken Cheng (1), Andrew B Barron (1), Ajay Narendra (1), Jochen Zeil (2) 1. Macquarie University, Australia; 2. The Australian National University, Australia With tiny brains, insects such as ants, bees and wasps navigate for tens or sometimes thousands of metres. A major strategy in their arsenal is visual navigation, acquiring and using panoramic scene memories to chart a course. Upon first leaving the nest, these insects take orienting walks or flights before starting to forage; during these highly structured movements they take in and learn views that would be encountered on the return journey. Even though they are encoded with low-resolution vision, views encompassing the entire panorama contain robust navigational information. They guide navigation mostly without the formation of map-like representations indicating where the insect is, by providing instead instructions for travel. This talk reviews in brief major findings in visual navigation by nesting insects. Learning walks and flights, the navigational

Comparative Cognition information content of views, and the matching process are described.

CONTRIBUTED SYMPOSIUM CS019 Comparative Cognitive Approaches onto Mechanisms Underlying Language Evolution Organizer: Ikuma Adachi Kyoto University, Japan Session Abstract: How have we human acquired language? This is one of the most central questions capturing researchers’ attentions for long time. To better understand the language evolution, it is critical to study whether and to what extent underlying mechanisms are shared with other species because human language is a product of millions of years of evolution, just as the human body and human social structure. From this perspective, we introduce recent findings from comparative cognitive approaches onto various different features related to language such as artificial grammar / rule learning and cross-modal correspondences. Throughout these talks, this symposium aims to deepen our understanding about the language evolution in a holistic manner and to facilitate further discussion how our language might evolve.

The Rock-Paper-Scissors Game in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Test for Intransitive Inference Using the Computer Controlled Discrimination Task Jie Gao (1), Masaki Tomonaga (1), Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1), Yanjie Su (2) 1. Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan; 2. Department of Psychology, Peking University, China The Rock-Paper-Scissors (RPS) game is the simplest example of intransitive dominance, where "P" beats "R", "R" beats "S", and "S" beats "P". In order to investigate the learning process of the circular relationship in chimpanzees, seven chimpanzees were trained with tests that have two figures representing two of the three elements respectively in each trial, in the order that first "PR" a session, "RS" a session, "SP" a session, and then mixed pairs in one session. Five chimpanzees had high performances in the single-pair sessions and have been improving in mixed-pair sessions, while two chimpanzees were stuck at the third pair, "SP" for long. The results suggest that chimpanzees have the ability to learn the circular relationship, but they showed some difficulty to finalize "circularity" of the relationships among the three items. We incidentally started from "PR", but the same results will be obtained if we started from "SP".

Two Digits Number and Idea of Place Value in Chimpanzees: Approaching Human Language with Concept of Number in Chimpanzees Akiho Muramatsu Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan About the concept of number in non-human primates, previous studies picked up learning of cardinal and ordinal number. However there is no research about the positional notation system in them. Like our language, the process of learning the notation system contains learning each element and the rule around them. Therefore, we conducted the computer-based experiment to investigate learning of notation system in chimpanzees. Chimpanzees in KUPRI have already learned the order of Arabic numerals from 1to 9. We extended this order "from 1 to 19" and added "0". This extension includes learning of two digits number and relates to learning of the idea of place value. Results shows that chimpanzees can learn the order of Arabic numerals which contains two digits. For further studies of notation system, we plan to test their place value knowledge with Arabic numerals and combine Arabic numerals and dots in the ordinal and cardinal task.

Comparative approaches on cross-modal correspondences Ikuma Adachi Kyoto University, Japan “High” vs “low status”, “top of the heap”, “bottom of the barrel”: Similar expressions are widely observed across cultures and languages. The cross-modal correspondence between the visuospatial domain (e.g. high or low) and an abstract domain (e.g. rank) has been described as a conceptual metaphor, a linguistic construction, and therefore uniquely in human. A conceptual metaphor takes one concept and connects that to another concept to better understand that concept. The way we think and act is largely influenced by conceptual metaphors, even without being aware of them. The question remains if conceptual metaphorical mapping is indeed uniquely human or if it appears in other primates and thus describes a conceptual metaphorical mapping that predates language. To address this question, we examined if non-human primates have conceptual metaphors as we humans do. In this talk, I will present the latest findings and discuss primate origins of cross-modal correspondences.

Minds without language process number magnitudes: A comparative approach Rosa Rugani Department of Genaral Psychology, University of Padova, Italy We are so accustomed to use symbols to solve numerical tasks that it seems apparently impossible to perform mathematical calculation without the support of language. A long-debated issue concerns the existence


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of numerical thoughts without the words to express them. Here I discuss evidence showing precocious abilities in non-human species to represent the cardinal and sequential aspects of numerical cognition with large and small numerousness, and rudimentary arithmetic with small numerousness. These results indicate that numerical competence may not have emerged "de novo" in our species together with language, but that it is based on an evolutionary ancient precursor system.

CS020 The Evolutionary origins of behavioral coordination and synchronization Organizer: Yuko Hattori Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan Session Abstract: Humans actively use behavioral synchrony such as dancing and singing when they intend to make affiliative relationships. We also unconsciously coordinate behavior with that of others in daily life (e.g., conversation). Although such activities seems to play an important role in human bonding mechanism, the evolutionary origin is unclear. This symposium will provide a unique gathering interdisciplinary researchers engaged in studies about behavioral coordination and synchronization in human and non-human primates. The symposium also includes new perspectives for understanding evolutionary origins of behavioral coordination and synchronization in humans.

Joint action coordination humans and apes

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Günther Knoblich Central European University, Budapest, Hungary Research on behavioral coordination has revealed that synchronous behavior has an important role in establishing and maintaining affiliation between different group members. However, synchronous behavior is also important for joint action where different individuals are required to successfully coordinate their actions in order to achieve successful joint action outcomes. Discussing empirical findings on joint action in humans I will specify a number of coordination mechanisms that can produce behavioral synchrony. I will also show how some of these mechanisms have been addressed in studies on monkeys. Studying how apes use different coordination mechanisms to achieve joint goals could provide new insights into continuities and discontinuities in the phylogenesis of social cognition.

An experimental study on interactional synchrony in chimpanzees and humans Lira Yu, Masaki Tomonaga Kyoto University, Japan An ability to match timing of the movement with those of others, so called interactional

synchrony, is essential in humans for a smooth interaction with others. To understand evolutionary origins of interactional synchrony in humans, the current study investigated chimpanzees and humans under the same experimental setup. A finger-tapping task was introduced to produce repetitive movement from each participant. Own preferred tapping tempo was measured in isolation (baseline) before the participants in a pair produced simultaneous tapping movement while facing each other (test condition). Analysis of the tapping tempo difference between two participants in a pair revealed that both chimpanzees and humans show a spontaneous tempo convergence as a response to the partner’s tapping tempo. However, strength of the tempo adjustment toward the partner was stronger in humans than chimpanzees. This result indicates that humans can rapidly establish a shared tempo with the partner while chimpanzees show it more opportunistically.

Rhyhtmic coordination and synchronization in chimpanzees and humans Yuko Hattori Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan Humnas have advanced rhythmic ability to coordinate and/or synchronize their movement with others such as dancing and singing. A foundation for this tendency may be an evolutionary adaptation for group living but evolutionary origins of human rhythmic activity is unclear. Here I introduce several experimental studies showing that our closest living relatives, chimpanzees, also have sensitivity and ablity to coordinate and synchronize their movemtn with external rhythms.I will also mention that how rhythmic behaviors are used in the wild chimpanzees and suggest that the biological foundation for spontaneous responses to auditory rhythms was already deeply rooted in the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans, 6 million years ago, although humans may have expanded it to unique forms of auditory and visual communication during the course of human evolution.

CS021 The evolutionary origins f bonding mechanism Organizer: Yuko Hattori Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan Session Abstract: A number of studies indicated that humans have evolved a variety of psychological adaptions for group living. Researchers have also demonstrated that non-human primates have highly cognitive ability to cooperate and coordinate with other group members as well as humans. However, it is relatively uncovered evolutionary origins of human bonding mechanism, which makes strong affiliation even among non-kin individuals. This symposium will provide a unique gathering of researchers


engaged in studies about a variety of communication that promotes affiliative relationships in humans and non-human primates. It also includes new perspectives for understanding the evolutionary origins of human uniquely bonding mechanism.

Is blood thicker than water? The social bonds and coalition formations in wild bonobos. Nahoko Tokuyama, Yoshi Kawamoto, Emiko Makinose, Shintaro Ishizuka, Takeshi Furuichi Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan In bonobos (Pan paniscus), social bonds between mothers and their sons are durable for a lifetime. A mother supports her son to acquire high rank and to get access to estrous females. On the other hand, social bonds among females are also strong, although females are generally unrelated because of their female-dispersal society. Female coalitions are important to retaliate against male harassments, and maintain females’ high social status. A mother may be in a dilemma when a conflict happens between her son and other female. We investigated patterns of coalition formation in a group of wild bonobos to see how mothers behave in the dilemma. There were four pair of mother and son in the group. When inter-sex conflicts happened, mothers preferred to form coalition with unrelated females and took side against their sons. Maintaining coalition relationships with other females might be more valuable for mothers than supporting their sons.

Influence of inter-individual distance on grooming interaction in captive chimpanzees and bonobos Morgane Allanic (1), Satoshi Hirata (2), Misato Hayashi (1), Tetsuro Matsuzawa (1) 1. Primate Research Institute - Kyoto University, Japan; 2. Wildlife Research Center - Kyoto University, Japan The spatial organization of a set of individuals may reflect the underlying relationships between them. This study investigates whether the inter-individual distance, which is the proximity between two individuals, can predict the patterns of grooming interactions and reflect the relationship of individuals. To analyze the full temporal organization of grooming patterns, we record (i) latency before initiation of grooming after approach, (ii) identity of the requestor and initiator, (iii) grooming duration, (iv) role exchange during the interaction, (v) body part change decision-maker, and (vi) individual which ends the interaction. The proximity, time in contact, and time at less than one meter of all group members are recorded using focal animal sampling, and ad libitum video records of grooming interactions are taken. Subjects are twelve chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and six bonobos (Pan paniscus) living at Kumamoto Sanctuary. The talk will

254 present the results of the on-going study started in September 2015.

Chimpanzees, but not orangutans display aversive reactions toward their partner receiving a superior reward Yena Kim (1,2), Jae Chun Choe (1,3), Jeong Rae Rho (4), Masaki Tomonaga (2) 1. National Institute of Ecology, Korea, Republic of Korea; 2. Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan; 3. Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea; 4. Seoul Zoo, Republic of Korea To investigate whether species sociality plays an important role in the evolution of a sense of fairness, we compared the response to the outcome inequity in two of our closest living relatives, having different social systems, i.e. chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and orangutans (Pongo spp.). Three pairs of chimpanzees at Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University and two pairs of orangutans at Seoul Zoo participated in a prosocial choice experiment with different reward distributions (advantageous/disadvantageous). We found no species difference in the prosocial choices, but found that chimpanzees took significantly longer time than orangutans to complete a trial in the disadvantageous condition and that chimpanzees, but not orangutans, display aversive reactions toward their partner having a superior reward than themselves (GLMM, P