comparison of different green synthesized

0 downloads 0 Views 383KB Size Report
Jul 26, 2018 - The synthesis of nanomaterials of copper oxide. (CuO), zinc oxide ... Green synthesis, Nanoparticles, Green peach aphid, Mor- tality, LC50 and ...
© by PSP

Volume 27 – No. 10/2018 pages 7009-7016

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT GREEN SYNTHESIZED NANOMATERIALS ON GREEN PEACH APHID AS APHICIDAL POTENTIAL Alaa Y Ghidan1,Tawfiq M Al-Antary1,*, Akl M Awwad2, Osama Y Ghidan3, Salah-Eddin A Araj1, Mazen A Ateyyat4 1 School of Agriculture, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan Department of Materials Science, Royal Scientific Society P.O. Box Amman,11941, Jordan 3 Queensland University of Technology, Analytical Chemistry Technologist,Brisbane, Australia 4 School of Agricultural Technology, Plant Production and Protection Dept., Al BalqaApplied University, Salt,19117, Jordan 2

ABSTRACT

nanoparticles by various means, including physical, chemical and biological methods. These methods have many disadvantages due to the difficulty of scale up of the process, separation and purification of nanoparticles from the micro- emulsion (oil, surfactant, co-surfactant and aqueous phase), and consuming huge amount of surfactant [2]. Green methods for synthesizing nanoparticles with plant extracts are advantageous as it is simple, convenient, environment friendly, and requires less reaction time. Nanomaterials prepared by eco-friendly and green methods may increase agriculture potential for improving the fertilization process, plant growth, pesticides [3], delivery of active component to the desired target sites, treatment of wastewater and also enhancing the absorption of nutrients in plant [4]. In addition, minimize the amount of harmful chemicals that pollutes the environment. Hence, this technology helps in reducing the environmental pollutants [5]. Nanotechnology has recently gained attention due to wide applications in different fields such as in medicine, environment and agriculture [6]. Particularly, the large surface area offered by the tiny nanoparticles which have high surface area, makes them attractive to address challenges not met by physical, chemical pesticides and biological control methods. The green peach aphid (GPA),Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is considered as a key pest on peach and globally important pest of a broad range of arable and horticultural crops, including Jordan [7, 24]. This aphid is able to transmit more than 100 plant viruses [8]. This global pests responsible of several important economic losses [8, 9, 10, 24] on more than 50 plant families [11, 10] causing losses to agro-industrial crops, including potato, sugar beet and tobacco, stone fruits including, peach, apricot and cherry. The pest is presently categorized as of the most important agricultural pest in the world. This devastated pest combats organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides by overproducing insecticide-degrading carboxyl esterases, encoded by amplified genes [12, 13]. Insecticide resistance is one of the best examples of evolution occurring on an ecological time

The synthesis of nanomaterials of copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium hydroxide (MgOH) and magnesium oxide (MgO) is considered to be a successful way of synthesis by using aqueous extracts of Punicagrantum peels, Olea europea leaves and Chamaemelumnobile flowers from copper sulfate, zinc sulfate and magnesium sulfate. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). SEM and TEM analysis showed that the particles were spherical and the size of the particles ranged from 5 nm to 80 nm. The screening of synthesized bio-nanoparticles revealed that these nanoparticles were effective in increasing the mortality percent of green peach aphid,Myzu spersicae Sulzer (Homoptera :Aphididae). From this study, it is concluded that the biosynthesized metal oxide nanoparticles had controlled thegreen peach aphid. Magnesium hydroxide bionanoparticles synthesized were the best control to M.persicae compared to other synthetic nanoparticles. Hence, it might be the best against M. persicae environmentally.

KEYWORDS: Green synthesis, Nanoparticles, Green peach aphid, Mortality, LC50 and LC90.

INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology has gained intense attention in the recent years due to its wide application in diverse areas like medicine, catalysis, energy and materials. Particularly, nanoparticles with small size to large surface area (1-100 nm) have potential medical, industrial and agricultural applications [1]. Researchers made significant efforts towards the synthesis of

7009

© by PSP

Volume 27 – No. 10/2018 pages 7009-7016

scale [14]. The study of insecticide resistance is important, both because it leads to a better understanding of evolutionary mechanisms operating in real time, and because of its economic relevance. The development of insecticide resistance in pest insects has been an increasing problem for agriculture, forestry and public health [15]. Agricultural practices usually include the systematic application of a wide array of active compounds at variable dosages and frequencies, which represent a wide range of selective regimes. Aphids are widely distributed as herbivorous insects accounting for more than 4,300 described species [9, 16]. Approximately 100 aphid species have successfully exploited agro-ecosystems to become economically important pests, of whom about 20 have developed at least one known insecticide resistance mechanism [17, 18]. Moreover control of such a pest is becoming increasingly difficult, because the overproduction of resistance for aphid individuals when using chemical linsecticides such as carbamates, organophosphates, and the synthesized pyrethroids. Intensive uses of insecticides lead to environmental pollution, toxic to non-target organisms and residues in fruits. Plant products, no doubt, successfully tested for various biological control activities of different insect pests such as GPA [19,20]and peach trunk aphid [21]. However, availability and development of bio-pesticides research are so far limited in Jordan. It's important to study the effect of different concentrations of synthesized nanoparticles on GPA. The green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicaeSulzar (Homoptera: Aphididae) is an important insect pest on many crops around the world [22], including Jordan [7]. It causes economic damage to crops and transmits viral diseases[23]. Recent studies showed that GPA plays a critical role in transmitting viral diseases of some vegetables and fruit trees in Jordan. In particular, it was shown that GPA is related to dramatic changes in strain diversity that is likely related to increase prevalence and viral load, and thus, it induces considerable costs to global horticulture [22]. This aphid is a polyphagous insect, infesting many plants particularly members of Cucurbitaceae, Crucifereae, Malvaceae and Solanaceae such as green sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum), and other cultivated orchard and crop plants, ornamentals and weeds.and Peaches its primary host for sexual reproduction [24]. The GPA is difficult to kill with contact insecticides because they are often under or within leaves or within hidden and shelter growth. Moreover, conventional methods for controlling GPA such as physical, chemical and biological methods have different disadvantages that include incomplete killing of aphids and toxicity impacts on the environment and resistance of the aphid to insecticide [7].

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

Organophosphates, carbamates, and the synthesized pyrethroids were used to control the pest, but resistance to these chemicals is increasing. In addition, insecticide use is often disruptive to natural enemies, leading to high aphid populations. Soil and foliar applications of carbamates controlled the pest in Jordan that affecting the prevailing predators, and a neonicotinoid controlled it on pepper [24].It is the aim of this study to screen four synthesized bio-nanoparticles to reveal their effectiveness in increasing the mortality percent of green peach aphid,Myzus persicae.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals. Copper acetate monohydrate Cu(CH3COO)2.H2O, Zinc acetate dihydrate Zn(C4H6O2)2.H2O,anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) are analytical grade purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany and used without further purification. Plant materials.Punica granatum peels, Olea europaea leaves, Chamaemel umnobileflowers,Citrus limon, Albiziajul ibrissin, and Acacia sp. were collected from different places in Jordan. Deionized distilled water was used in all experimental work. Citrus limon, Albiziajul ibrissin, and Acacia sp. did not work as reducing or stabilizing agent for synthesis of NPs. Rearing of the aphid.M. persicae adults were reared in the laboratory at 22±2°C. The aphid was identified and established by Prof. Tawfiq Al-Antary. A colony of the green peach aphid (GPA)was established in Department of Plant Protection at the Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan. M. persicae were kept in hardened transparent plastic cages of 60×40 ×45 cm in dimensions with four doors, in which each side of door was with length 20x30 cm and fine mesh doors. Plants of sweet pepper were provided as needed. Sweet green pepper seeds (Sonar cultivar,Mekdadi company), (99 seeds/tray) were planted in the tray containing commercial potting soil Peat moss. After growing for 14 days under greenhouse conditions, seedlings in the primary leaf stage (until reached 10 – 15 cm in length), were individually transplanted into a plastic pot (15 cm diameter), containing mixture of 1/3 soil, 1/3 sand and 1/3 Peat moss. These mixtures were placed in oven at 70ºC for 4 hrs to sterilize them. Plants were kept in a greenhouse at 22±4°C. These plants were regularly irrigated when needed, about three times a week.

7010

© by PSP

Volume 27 – No. 10/2018 pages 7009-7016

Bioassay test in the laboratory. In order to measure the toxicity of NPs against GPA, sweet pepper leaves with GPA were placed in Petri dishes. Wetted filter papers with deionized distilled water were placed in the Petri dishes. Each compound was diluted with deionized distilled water. There were five concentrations for each NPs used. Each treatment was replicated five times. In addition, each concentration (five replicates) in each treatment was separately tested against GPA. Each replicate had from 20 to 25 aphids. Mortalities % was calculated after exposure of different concentrations for a period of 24, 48, and 72 h. A Petri dishes provided with deionized distilled water was served as a negative control, and Dursban insecticide from organophosphates at the recommended rate of the application (45 cm3/ 20 L of water) as a positive control. To find the lowest concentration which gave around 30% mortality and the highest concentration that gave around 95% mortality.Several screening tests were carried out. The concentrations were 250, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 µg/ml for all NPs. The LC50 and LC90 for each NPs were calculated.Slope and confidence of limits were also reported.

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

8000 (µg/ml) concentration. It was 86% after 24 hrs, and then reached 83%, 98% after 48 and 72 hrs, respectively (Table 1). Other workers [25] had done similar research to the present study. However, when they compared between imidacloprid and Ag-Zn nanoparticles, the LC50ratio (0.0002) with their lower and upper 95% confidence limits (0.00-0.09) showed that there was significant difference between the LC50 value for imidacloprid (0.13 mg mL-1) and Ag-Zn nanoparticles (539.46 mg mL-1). In addition, the LC50 value comparison using the LC50 ratio (0.78) and their lower and upper 95% confidence limits (0.002-298.28) showed that there was no significant difference between LC50 value for Ag nanoparticles (424.67 mg mL-1). This value for Ag-Zn nanoparticles was 539.46 mg ml-1. Comparison between effects of four nanoparticles on the green peach aphid. The lethal concentrations for LC50s and LC90s of the GPA population, were determined as shown in Tables (2 to 7) to four different NPs: CuONPs, ZnONPs,MgOHNPs and MgONPs; each with five different concentrations: 8000, 4000, 2000, 1000 and 250 µg/ml after 24, 48 and 72 hrs. The percentage mortalities in early nymphal (1st and 2nd) instars and late (3rd and 4th) of M. persicae are found in these tables after different times (24, 48 and 72 hours). Nanoparticles with small size to large surface area (1-100 nm) have potential medical, industrial and agricultural applications [1].

Statistical analysis. Data of bioassay assessment in the laboratory were analyzed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS, 2014) for LC50, LC90, and finding differences between means. Mortality correction was done using Handerson-Tilton's Formula for non-uniform population. The design of the glasshouse experiments was CRD. The obtained data in the glasshouse was analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Separation of means was achieved by using LSD tests at 5% level of probability.

Lethal concentrations of nanoparticles. Lethal concentrations of 50% (LC50) of aphid population of NPs on early nymphal instars of the GPA were the highest significantly with ZnONPscompared with the other NPs (CuONPs and MgOHNPs) which did not differ significantly (Table 2). The LC90 was significantly the highest in case of MgONPs, while it was the lowest in CuONPs and MgOHNPs (Table 2). However, nanotechnology has recently gained attention due to wide applications in different fields such as in medicine, environment and agriculture [6].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Comparison between effects of four nanoparticles on the green peach aphid at concentration of 8000 µg/ml. The highest mortality % in MgONPs of 3rd and 4th (late nymphal instars) was at

TABLE 1 Means of mortality percent (%) of early and late nymphal instars at a concentration of 8000 µg/ml of different nanomaterials after 24, 48 and 72 hrs at room conditions for three periods. Treatment CuONPs ZnONPs MgHNPs MgONPs

24h Early nymLate nymphal phal instars instars 86a±1.0 86 a±1.0 76c±1.0 74 b±1.0 82b±1.0 50 c±1.0 a 86 ±1.0 86 a±1.0

Mortality % 48h Early nymphal Late nyminstars phal instars 87 b±3.0 83 a±4.0 b 90 ±3.0 65 b±4.0 100 a±0.0 87 a±4.0 b 88 ±3.0 83 a ±4.0

72h Early nymphal instars 100 a±0.0 100 a±0.0 100 a±0.0 100 a±0.0

Late nymphal instars 96 b ±2.0 100 a±0.0 94 b±2.0 98 a±2.0

*Means within the same column sharing the same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level using Fisher's Protected LSD test.

7011

Volume 27 – No. 10/2018 pages 7009-7016

© by PSP

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

TABLE2 Mortality means for the different tested nanomaterials on early nymphal instars of M. persicae after 24 hours treatment. Nanomaterials

Slope

CuONPs ZnONPs MgHNPs MgONPs

2.7 1.24 2.73 0.54

LC50* (PPM) 0.15a 0.42b 0.15a 1.24c

LC90** (PPM) 0.89a 2.11b 0.89a 2.82c

95%CL*** 0.03 –0.24 0.04 – 0.51 0.03 – 0.24 0.06 – 2.01

Chi-Square

Pr> Chi-Square

33.31 3.76 50.03 0.98

Chi-Square Chi-Square 0.0014 0.33 0.0001 0.0019

*LC50 values sharing the same letters do not differ significantly (95% of CL are not overlapping). **LC90 values sharing the same letters do not differ significantly (95% of CL are not overlapping). ***CL confidence limits.

The highest toxicity of the tested nanoparticles against late nymphal instar of GPA was for MgONPs (Table 3). The LC50 was 0.19 the highest toxicity was significantly appeared in case of MgONPs and CuONPs (Table 3); the LC50 and LC90 were 0.19 and1.15, respectively. The LC90 of MgONPs (0.71) was significantly the highest compared to the other NPs (Table 3). This indicated that CuONPs and MgONPs were the greatest in toxicity on the GPA when compared to the MgOHNPs after 24 hrs of treatment. However, nanotechnology has gained intense attention in the recent years due to its wide application in diverse areas like medicine, catalysis, energy, agriculture and materials [1]. The highest toxicity of the tested nanoparticles against early nymphal instar of GPA was for MgONPs and CuONPs (the LC50 was 0.021)CuONPs (0.021) (Table 4). The lowest toxicity was significantly appeared in case of ZnONPs and MgONPs (Table 4); the LC50 was 0.53. The LC90 of MgOHNPs and ZnNPs (1.05) were significantly the highest compared to the other NPs (Table 4). This indicated that CuONPs and MgHNPs were

the greatest in toxicity on the GPA when compared to the NPs after 48 hrs of treatment.Ghidan et al [3] found that copper oxide nanoparticles showed mortality of the green peach aphid 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th nymphal instars by 86% compared with control. The highest toxicity of the tested nanoparticles against late nymphal instar of GPA was for MgHNPs (Table 5). The LC50 was 0.013. The lowest toxicity was significantly appeared in case of ZnONPs (Table15); the LC50 and LC90 were 0.52 and2.56 ppm, respectively. The LC90 of MgOHNPs (0.09 ppm) was significantly the lowest compared to the other NPs (Table5). This indicated that MgHNPs was the greatest in toxicity on the GPA when compared to the other NPs after 48 hours of treatment.Ghidan et al. [26] determined the mortality efficacy of different concentrations of the synthesized MgHNPs against early and late nymphal instars of the green peach aphid. They found that there were significant differences in the aphid mortalities between the different concentrations of the MgHNPs nanoparticles. In addition, the differences between the different concentrations and the control were significantly obvious.

7012

Volume 27 – No. 10/2018 pages 7009-7016

© by PSP

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

TABLE 5 Mortality values for the different tested nanomaterials on late nymphal instars of M. persicae after 48 hours treatment. Nanomaterials

Slope

CuONPs ZnONPs MgHNPs MgONPs

5.25 0.71 28.34 3.07

LC50* (PPM) 0.23a 0.52b 0.013a 0.12a

95%CL*** 0.14-0.34 0.21-0.81 0.01-0.06 0.056-0.89

LC90* (PPM) 0.65b 2.56d 0.09a 0.83c

Chi-Square 21.45 0.82 24.16 9.45

Pr> ChiSquare ChiSquare