Received: 22 August 2016
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Accepted: 28 December 2016
DOI: 10.1111/ijag.12261
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Composite reinforcement: Recent development of continuous glass fibers Hong Li1,* | Thibault Charpentier2 | Jincheng Du3,* | Sandeep Vennam1 1 Fiber Glass, Glass Business and Discovery Center, PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 2
NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Universite ParisSaclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
3
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas Correspondence Hong Li Email:
[email protected] Funding information National Science Foundation (NSF) DMR Ceramics Program, Grant/Award Number: 1105219, 1508001; Department of Energy (DOE) Nuclear Energy University Program, Grant/Award Number: DENE0000748
Abstract Light weight, glass fiber-reinforced composites have gained a broad, global acceptance in commercial markets with a total of more than 7 billion of US dollars in revenue since its first commercial production in US in mid 1930s. This article briefly reviews recent development of continuous glass fibers with a focus on high-performance glass fibers. With accelerated commercial demands on high-performance glasses and/or glass fibers, there is a growing realization of fundamental needs in decoding nature of glass structures or “genes” of glass structure building blocks and establishing their relationships to properties of glasses or glass fibers. The related database development can enable researchers shortening the number of product development cycles to bring new fiber products to the market. A special section is, therefore, provided illustrating recent progress in characterizations of glass structures by using techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. KEYWORDS composites, composition, fiber drawing, fiber Property, liquidus temperature, mechanical properties
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| INTRODUCTION
Continuous silicate and borosilicate glass fibers have been widely used as reinforcements in plastic composite materials for commercial applications, including automobile, wind turbine blades, chemical storage tanks and transportation pipes, printed circuit board substrate, infrastructure etc.1 At present, a total world consumption of glass fibers well surpasses 5 million metric ton annually,1 among which boron-containing E-Glass fibers and growing volume of boron-/fluorine-free, acid-resistant E-CR Glass fibers2 dominate the markets. Historical development of the glass fibers and their classifications were discussed elsewhere.1,3,4 In this article, for simplicity, we group E-Glass and E-CR Glass fibers under a category of general commercial applications, whereas specialty glass fibers refer to those exhibiting unique properties to meet *Member, The American Ceramic Society.
Int J Appl Glass Sci 2017; 8: 23–36
special application requirements, yet significant less in volume by a market share, covering S-Glass fibers with significantly greater strength for aerospace and ballistic protection,5,6 R-Glass fibers with significantly greater Young’s modulus for longer wind turbine blades,3,6 D-Glass fibers with significantly lower dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor for high-frequency circuit boards of high-speed communications7,8, AR-Glass fibers with significantly greater resistance to strong caustic corrosion for concrete infrastructures.9,10 This article provides a brief review on continuous glass fiber development, focusing on the specialty fibers, covering (i) glass compositions, (ii) fiber processing, (iii) mechanical property of glass fibers and fiber-reinforced composites, (iv) characterizations of glass structures focusing on the use of magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation (MD), and (v) challenges and trend of future fiber glass development. A
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ijag
© 2017 The American Ceramic Society and Wiley Periodicals, Inc
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comprehensive review on fiber glass technology is beyond the scope of this article, rather we intend to provide an update capturing the current state of research and development for specialty reinforcement glass fibers.
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ET AL.
| FIBER GLASS COMPOSITIONS
Compositions of glass fibers for both general and specialty applications are summarized in Table 1, including the most
T A B L E 1 Chemical compositions (wt%) of continuous glass fibers for reinforcement1,3,5-10 Fiber Glass
SiO2
Al2O3
MgO
CaO
SrO
BaO
B2O3
R2O
F2
ZrO2
Others
52-62
12-16
0-5
16-25
—
—
0-10
0-2
0-2
—
Fe2O3 0.05-0.8 TiO2 0-1.5
R
55-60
23-28
4-7
8-15
—
—
0-0.35
0-1
0-0.3
—
Fe2O3 0-0.5
New R
60-62
14-17
6-8.75
14-17.5
—
—
0-2
