Contamination status of arsenic, lead, and cadmium

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Contamination status of arsenic, lead, and cadmium of different wetland waters a

b

c

M.Z. Alam , M.P. Ali , Naif Abdullah Al-Harbi & Tasrina Rabia Choudhury

d

a

Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur – 1701, Bangladesh b

Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Ibaraki University, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan c

Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia d

Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ramna, Dhaka, Bangladesh Available online: 14 Sep 2011

To cite this article: M.Z. Alam, M.P. Ali, Naif Abdullah Al-Harbi & Tasrina Rabia Choudhury (2011): Contamination status of arsenic, lead, and cadmium of different wetland waters, Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 93:10, 1934-1945 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2011.622073

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Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry Vol. 93, No. 10, December 2011, 1934–1945

Contamination status of arsenic, lead, and cadmium of different wetland waters M.Z. Alama, M.P. Alib*, Naif Abdullah Al-Harbic and Tasrina Rabia Choudhuryd a

Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur – 1701, Bangladesh; Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Ibaraki University, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan; cDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; dAtomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ramna, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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b

(Received 31 July 2011; final version received 6 September 2011) The present investigation was conducted to determine the contamination status of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the wetland waters of Bhaluka in Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from 15 selected wetlands of Bhaluka region and analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Estimated results of three metals detected were As (7–80 mg L1), Pb (0–86 mg L1) and Cd (0–70 mg L1) in water samples in all wetlands. The level of As in all investigated wetlands (93%) was higher than that of WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water except Alanga wetland. However, As levels were higher than that recommended for livestock water quality levels. Eighty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands showed lower content of Pb than WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water, but two wetland waters (Dohuria-1 and Chowdhuri) were polluted with higher Pb levels. Sixty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands displayed higher levels of Cd than WHO recommended permissible limit in drinking water. Dissolved organic material showed no significant difference among the 15 investigated wetlands water, but total dissolved solids was significantly greater. The condition of the water of all wetlands was basic pH. All water samples were applied to linear regression equation and correlation coefficients where values showed no significant differences. Data demonstrate that the estimated high metal concentrations of these ponds may contribute to bioaccumulation within plants, food grains and shrimp. Keywords: wetlands; water; toxic metals; heavy metals; contamination

Introduction Heavy metals and metalloids, such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and selenium (Se), are released into the environment by mining, industry, and agriculture, raising environmental and human health concerns (Lantzy and Mackenzie 1979; Nriagu 1979). Recently, degradation of wetland, shrimp, and river band environments through aquatic contamination has been recognized as a growing global concern due to persistent and accumulation of heavy metals. Wetland environments are often

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ISSN 0277–2248 print/ISSN 1029–0486 online ß 2011 Taylor & Francis http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2011.622073 http://www.tandfonline.com

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extensively contaminated by receiving various pollutants such as toxic metals, nutrients, and pesticides. Mining and smelting, industrial sources (coal, oil, chemical, fertilizer, pesticides, etc.), urban waste, wastewater discharges, and shipping activities are the major anthropogenic sources which contribute significantly to the natural occurrence of toxic metals in soils and sediments of coastal regions (Bhakta and Munekage 2009). Despite various anthropogenic sources, toxic metal contamination and enrichment in water, sediment, and soils may also be affected by a variety of geochemical (weathering of rocks), biogeochemical, and biological factors (Bhakta and Munekage 2009). Among the most toxic and heavy metals, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg are the major hazardous priority substances in the list of pollutants which are responsible for producing adverse health hazards even at low concentrations (Choudhury and Mudipalli 2008; Roberts 1999). Generally, these metals are biologically nonessential, non-biodegradable, persistent type of toxic metals, and easily accumulate in sediments and aquatic flora and fauna, thus causing a potential biological impact. Arsenic is ubiquitous in the environment having the property of producing acute and severe poisoning (Hemond and Solo-Gabriele 2004; Murphy, Toole, and Bergstrom 1989). Cadmium is a ‘‘priority pollutant’’, not only from the human health perspective, but also from a broader ecosystem viewpoint (Campbell 2006). Heavy metals are present in excessive amounts, particularly Cd in seafood and other living organisms (McConchie et al. 1988; Talbot 1983). Lead is also a toxic element at low concentrations and may progressively accumulate in water, sediments, and biological tissues to levels above natural background. Wetland is one of the world’s most important natural resources and is a transit between land and water which is the most productive ecosystem in the world. In general, wetland is an ecosystem where it is covers the surface of the ground for all or part of the year. According to Ramsar convention, Iran, in 1971, ‘‘wetland as areas of marsh, fen, peat land, or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent, or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish, or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 m.’’ Bhaluka is an important upazila in Mymensing with a lot of wetland. However, industrial development is augmenting contamination of wetland waters with As, Pb, and Cd. Thus, research is essential with respect to contamination of wetland waters by As, Cd, and Pb. Concentrations of Cd, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and Pb in water, sediments, fish organs, and plants from two ponds of the Olezoa wetland complex were analyzed. Average concentrations in water were 6  102 ppm for Cd, 14.53 ppm for Cu, 2.88 ppm for Zn and 17.69 ppm for Pb. The quantity of heavy metals in this wetland complex is considerable and constitutes a potential hazard for biota (The´ophile et al. 2005). Some heavy metals are complexed by dissolved organic material (DOM) (Driscoll et al. 1995). In water the concentration of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Cr varied seasonally and spatially from 58.17 to 72.45 mg L1, 7.08 to 12.33 mg L1, 7.15 to 10.32 mg L1, 107.38 to 201.29 mg L1, and 489.27 to 645.26 mg L1, respectively. Some of the heavy metals’ concentrations are higher than the recommended value, which suggest that the Buriganga is to a certain extent a heavy metal polluted river and the water, sediment, and fish are not completely safe for health (Ahmad et al. 2010). In Bangladesh the concentration of heavy metals in fish, water, and sediment were studied by Chowdhury (1994), Hossain (1996), Khan et al. (1998), Sharif et al. (1991, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c), Bhowmik (2002), Ahmed (2000), Ahmed et al. (2002, 2003, 2011), Ahmed, Ahamed, et al. (2009), Ahmed, Bhowmik, et al. (2009), and Haque et al. (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007). Although study has not been carried out on wetland waters of

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Figure 1. Geographical location at Bhaluka (red mark) region of Mymensingh.

Bhaluka thus far, it is important to determine the contamination of wetland water by heavy metals (As, Pb, and Cd) and their spatial and temporal distribution in different wetland areas. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the contamination status of As, Pb, and Cd of water of different wetlands in Bhaluka region of Bangladesh.

Materials and methods Description of study sites The present investigation considered 15 wetlands zones; Malahar, Gerajan, Dohuria-1, Dohuria-2, Behi, Porabait, Barakhaillah, Jora, Uhila, Barakuri, Jerukuri, Alanga, Bigaira, Suranghi, and Chowdhuri which is bounded by Mymensingh district of Bangladesh that is located at 24 220 3000 N 90 220 4000 E/24.3750 N 90.3778 E/24.3750; 90.3778; and total area is 444.05 km2. It is localized by Fulbaria and Trishal upazilas on the north, Sreepur upazila on the south, Gaffargaon upazila on the east, and Sakhipur and Ghatail upazilas on the west. The sites of wetland regions are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The information regarding normal area, dry area, flooded area, water sources, surrounding area, and major crops of different wetlands are presented in Table 1.

Sampling Fifteen water samples of each place were collected randomly from selected wetland of each predetermined sampling location during the period of July 2005. The collected samples were preserved in plastic bottles and taken to lab for analysis.

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10 14

1

9

11 3

5

6

15 2

7 12

4

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8

Figure 2. Study area at different wetland regions of Bhaluka.

Processing and analysis of water The collected samples were first cleaned with dilute HCL acid and then followed by distilled water (1 : 1). The samples were filtered with filter paper (Whatman No 1) to remove undesirable solid and suspended materials. All samples were transferred, diluted with 10 mL 2 M HCL, and sealed immediately to avoid exposure to air. Each collected samples were labeled separately with a unique identification number. All samples were carried to central lab of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Total As, Pb, and Cd were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Unicom969) at the wavelength of 283.2, 193.7, and 228.2 nm, respectively, by the method as described by Clesceri, Greenberg and Trussel (1989). Results of pH were determined by the method of Ghosh et al. (1983). Total dissolved solids (TDS) and DOM was obtained by the method of Ramesh and Anbu (1996).

Statistical analysis Fifteen water samples for each wetland area were used as 15 replicates in the analysis process. All data were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the general linear model and correlation study using the SPSS 10.05 statistical package. The statistical package (EASE, M–STAT) was used in the computer to perform the analysis of least significance difference (LSD). Statically significant differences were expressed as p 5 0.05.

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Table 1. Location and properties of fifteen wetland under study.

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Sl. No

Name of Wetland

Normal area (acre)

Area in flood (acre)

Water area in dry period (acre)

1

Malahar

18

20

4

2

Gerajan

15

20

5

3

Dohuria-1

20

25

5

4

Dohuria-2

10

15

2

5

Behi

20

25

4

6

Porabait

10

15

1

7

Barakhaillah

15

20

2

8

Jora

20

25

3

9

Uhila

20

25

3

10

Barakuri

10

15

2

11

Jerukuri

15

20

2

12

Alanga

20

20

3

13

Bigaira

15

15

1

14

Suranghi

10

10

5

15

Chowdhuri

7

7

1

Source of water

Flood/life of water

Surrounding area

Major crops

Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood Rainfall, Flood

Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High Medium, High

High

Rice

High

Rice

High

Rice

High

Rice

High

Rice

High

Rice

High

Rice

High

Rice

Medium

Rice

Medium

Rice

Medium

Rice

High

Rice

High

Rice

High

Rice

High

Rice

Linear regression and correlation coefficient procedure followed the method of Gomez and Gomez (1984).

Results and discussion Arsenic A significant difference was observed in As levels (7–80 mg L1) at all 15 investigated wetlands. The concentration of As varied from wetland to wetland. Second highest level of As concentration was found in Malah wetland water among the 15 investigated wetlands (Figure 3). Dohria and Suranghi displayed same level of As concentration (14 mg L1). As the concentration of Uhlia wetland water was found to be 18 mg L1. Barakhaillah and Chowdhuri also exhibited the same level of As content (20 mg L1). The maximum value 80 mg L1 at Gerajan was 18.6–22.7% higher than that of the remaining ponds except Malahar wetland (Figure 3). Six wetlands (Malahar, Gerajan, Dohuria-2, Behi, Jora,

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Figure 3. Content of As, Pb and Cd of water in 15 wetlands in Bhaluka region of Bangladesh.

Barakuri, Jerukuri, and Bigaira) showed the same concentration of (11 mg L1) As. Lowest concentration of As was found in Alanga wetland water (Figure 3).

Lead The concentration of Pb was also significantly different ranging from 0 to 86 mg L1 in all wetlands. Eleven wetland waters exhibited no significant difference. In each wetland, the concentrations of Pb was found 1.5, 1.1, 86, 1, 3, 1.5, 1.3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, and 37 mg L1 among the 15 wetlands of Malahar, Gerajan, Dohuria-1, Dohuria-2, Behi, Porabait, Barakhaillah, Jora, Uhila, Alanga, Bigaira, Suranghi, and Chowdhuri, respectively (Figure 3). Pb content of water was highest in Dohuria-1 (86 mg L1) and no Pb was found in Barakuri and Jerukuri (0 mg L1).

Cadmium As with As and Pb, the content of Cd in water of 15 wetland areas also showed a significant range (0–70 mg L1) of variation. Concentration of Cd was 67, 35, 62, 5, 70, 9, 7, 5, and 4 mg L1 in 9 wetlands, namely Malahar, Gerajan, Dohuria-1, Behi, Barakhaillah, Uhila, Barakuri, Alanga, Bigaira, Suranghi, and Chowdhuri, respectively (Figure 3). The value was maximum in Uhlia (70 mg L1) but Dohuria-2, Porabait, Jora, and Jerukuri showed no detectable levels. Cd content in two wetlands was similar (Figure 3).

DOM and TDS The content of DOM showed no significant difference among the 15 investigated wetlands water (Figure 4). Content of TDS in the water of 15 wetlands displayed significant range

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DO mg/L

pH

10 8 6 4 2 Malahar Gerajan Dohuria-1 Dohuria-2 Behi Porabait Barakhaillah Jora Uhila Barakuri Jerukuri Alanga Bigaira Suranghi Chowdhuri

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0

Wetland location

Figure 4. DOM content and pH of 15 investigated wetland water.

(20–190 mgL1). The content of TDS was found 20, 30, 100, 190, 40, 70, 60, 110, 140, 180, 90, 150, 100, 170, and 80 mgL1 in Malahar, Gerajan, Dohuria-1, Dohuria-2, Behi, Porabait, Barakhaillah, Jora, Uhila, Barakuri, Jerukuri, Alanga, Bigaira, Suranghi, and Chowdhuri, respectively (Figure 5). The maximum value 190 mgL1of Dohuria-2 exhibited 7.8–11.1% higher than that of the six other wetland water.s The lowest content of TDS (20 mgL1) was found in Malahar wetland.

pH and alkalinity The pH range varied from 7.8 to 9.8 in all wetland water (Figure 4). The condition of water in all wetland was basic. Most of the wetland water was unfit for irrigation. Only four wetlands (Behi, Uhila, Barakuri, Alanga) showed lower level of pH range or fit for irrigation. The normal pH range for irrigation water is from 6.5 to 8.4. Abnormally low pH are not common in investigated area, but may induce accelerated irrigation system corrosion where they occur. High pH above 8.5 are often associated with high bicarbonate 2 (HCO 3 ) and carbonate (CO3 ) concentrations. The statistical analysis of all data showed negative and non-significant correlation between As and Pb, positive and non-significant between As and Cd, and positive and non-significant between Pb and Cd in the water of 15 examined wetlands. Data showed negative and almost non-significant correlation between TDS and toxic elements, As, Pb, and Cd. Arsenic content of two wetlands (Malahar and Gerajan) water were found to be higher than that of surface water quality indicated in Table 2, but other 13 wetlands were lower than that of the normal range of surface water quality. Similar to As, the Pb content of Dohuria-1 and Chowdhuri wetland water was higher than that of the surface water quality (Table 2) and the Cd content (5100 mg L1) of all investigated wetlands was lower than that of the surface water quality level. Arsenic content (410 mg L1) of all the investigated wetlands was higher than that of the drinking water quality level (WHO) except Alanga wetland. From this study, wetland water of these regions should be avoided for drinking purposes. Negative relationship were found from the relation between pH and DO, As and pH, Cd and TDS, Pb and As (Figure 5B, D–F), whereas positive correlation between As and

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry (a) 90

(b)

80 y = -0.0925x + 22.339 R² = 0.0108

70 50

As µg/l

As µg/l

60 40 30 20 10 0 0

20

40

60

80

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

y = 0.3648x + 14.875 R² = 0.2205

0

100

20

(c)

40

(d) 110

AS µg/l

90

Pb µg/l

80 70 y = 0.4365x + 13.952 R² = 0.1454

50

80

(c) y = -0.1161x + 29.911 R² = 0.0571

70

40

µg/l

Cd µg/l

60

60

Cd µg/l

Pb µg/l

30

(b) y = -0.0255x + 12.028 R² = 0.0036

c

50 a

20

(a) y = -0.2334x + 45.278 R² = 0.3823

30

10

b

10

0 0

50

100 TDS mg/l 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10

AS µg/l Pb µg/l (c) y = 12.042x - 90.233 R² = 0.0893

µg/l

-10 Pb µg/l (e) 100 (f) A µ g/l 90 Pb µ g/l 80 Cd µ g/l 70 (c) y = 0.9911x + 13.438 60 (a) y = 24.618x - 93.499 R² = 0.0003 c R² = 0.3167 50 a 40 30 (b) y = -10.781x + 59.772 20 b R² = 0.048 10 0 -10 0 2 4 6 8 DO mg/l µ g/l

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(a) y = -9.3963x + 105.97 R² = 0.0901

a

c

(b) y = 11.332x - 92.483 R² = 0.1037

b

0

5

10

15

pH

Figure 5. Relationship (A) As and Cd, (B) As and Pb, (C) Pb and Cd. (D) is Relationship of As, Pb and Cd with TDS; a and (a) is regration trend and line of As with TDS, b and (b) is regration line and trend of Pb with TDS, c and (c) is regration line and trend of Cd with TDS. E is relationship of As, Pb and Cd with DOM; a and (a) is regration trend and line of As with DOM, b and (b) is regration line and trend of Pb with DOM, c and (c) is regration line and trend of Cd with DOM. F is relationship of As, Pb and Cd with pH; a and (a) is regration trend and line of As with pH, b and (b) is regration line and trend of Pb with pH, c and (c) is regration line and trend of Cd with pH.

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Table 2. Permissible limit of metals (As, Cd and Pb) in drinking water, surface water quality, livestock water quality, and common range in soil. Primary drinking water standard (MCL)a (mg L1)

Recommended permissible limit of drinking water WHO)b (mg L1)

Surface water Qualityc (mg L1)

Livestock water qualityd (mg L1)

Common range in soilse (mg kg1)

As

50

10

40

500

Cd Pb

5 15f

3 10

20 100

500 50

1000–50,000 1000–40,000 g 10–700 2000–200,000

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Metal

Reference: http://www.occ.state.ok.us/Divisions/OG/ogtaxapp/OG-Guardian/metals-limits.pdf. Compiled by: Brent L. Balentine 7/95 (Direction of Everett Wilson) and revised by: Everett Wilson and Carl Solomon. Notes: Table modified according to required metals and incorporated WHO recommended limits in second column. a MCL-Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water from a public water supply system. From ‘‘Current Drinking Water Standards’’, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. b WHO-World Health Organization drinking water guidelines. c Metals allowed in surface waters having the designated beneficial use of public and private water supplies. From OAC 785-45-5-10, ‘‘Oklahoma’s Water Quality Standards’’ approved by Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB), effective July 2001. d Levels of metals in water suitable for cattle or other livestock. Summarized from Environmental Protection Agency, Council on Agriculture, Science and Technology (CAST), and National Academy of Sciences (NAS). e Naturally occurring in the soil. Limits are taken from Lindsay (1979). f Pb has action levels in drinking water standards instead of MCL’s. From ‘‘Current Drinking Water Standards’’, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. g Naturally occurring in the soil. From Deuel and Holliday (1994).

DOM, Pb and pH, Cd and Pb, Cd and As was noted (Figure 5B, C, E, F). pH was slightly influenced by TDS (Figure 5) whereas DOM was also similarly influenced by As (Figure 5). Similarly, Pb and Cd were influenced by pH and Pb, respectively, and Cd was also affected by As (Figure 5B). Thus, the relationship among As, Pb, Cd, DOM, TDS, and pH were weak. Considering the mud–water dynamics and permissible limit of metals in drinking water, surface water quality, and livestock water quality, it may be concluded that 55%, 65%, and 5% investigated ponds are contaminated by As, Cd, and Pb, respectively (Bhakta and Munekage 2009). In this study 67%, 97%, and 13% investigated wetland waters were contaminated with As, Pb, and Cd in drinking water by WHO and 100% investigated area was considered non-contaminated with As, Pb, and Cd in regards of livestock water quality. In regards of surface water quality, 26.67%, 13.67%, and 13.33% wetlands are contaminated by As, Pb, and Cd, respectively. Moore, Mcleod, and Reed (1960) reported that TDS in water mainly consists of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, alkalis, some acids, metallic ions. In this study only the relationship of TDS among As, Pb, and CD were determined. Ahmed (1998) reported the concentration of Cd ranged between 0.018 and 0.007 ppm in the water of Sundarban Forest Reserve in Bangladesh which is lower than that of wetland water in Bhaluka region. The relative concentrations of the heavy metals in wetlands water are: As 4 Cd 4 Pb. Similar trend was also reported by Kar et al. (2008).

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Concentration of heavy metals only showed weak correlations between the water bodies and sediments. Concentration of heavy metals (except Hg and Cr) displayed no marked correlations between sediments and the reeds. The distribution of Hg indicated that it enters the lake mainly from the atmosphere and outside water bodies (Zhang et al. 2009). Similarly, wetland water of Bhaluka region is polluted due to intensive fish culture, continuous wetland rice cultivation, flood, heavy rainfall, and industrial development. All causes are anthropogenic and enhanced by industrial contamination.

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Conclusions Wetland water is one of the most important natural resource for sustainable livelihood of aquatic organisms. At present, water is contaminated with metals As, Pb, and Cd. Heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd), DOM, TDS, and pH are influenced by each other. Determination of contaminants in wetland waters is essential for the maintenance of a sustainable ecosystem.

Acknowledgments The authors are immensely grateful to the management of Central Laboratory of BAU, Mymensingh for their motivation and support in pursuing research activities. They are also thankful to the supervisor, Prof. Dr M.A. Sattar for his suggestions, cooperation and constructive editing of manuscript.

References Ahmad, M.K., S. Islam, S. Rahman, M.R. Haque, and M.M. Islam. 2010. Heavy metals in water, sediment and some fishes of Buriganga River, Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research 4: 321–32. Ahmed, F. 1998. Heavy metals in the water and sediment of the Sundarbans Reserved Forest. Dissertation, University of Khulna, Bangladesh. Ahmed, M.K. 2000. An assessment of trace metal pollution in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Proceedings of an International Symposium on ‘Coastal Pollution and Nutrient Cycles’, United Nations University, Tokyo. Ahmed, M.K., S. Ahamed, S. Rahman, M.R. Haque, and M.M. Islam. 2009. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and their bio-accumulations in fishes and oyster in Dhaleswari River. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 3, no. 2: 7–12. Ahmed, M.K., A.C. Bhowmik, S. Rahman, M.R. Haque, M.M. Hasan, and A.A. Hasan. 2009. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and their bioaccumulations in fishes and oyster in Shitalakhya River. Terres. Aquatic Environmental Toxicology 3, no. 1: 28–32. Ahmed, M.K., M.Y. Mehedi, M.R. Haque, and F. Ahmed. 2002. Heavy metal concentration in water and sediment of Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 4: 171–9. Ahmed, M.K., M.Y. Mehedi, M.R. Haque, and R.K. Ghosh. 2003. Concentration of heavy metals in two upstream rivers sediment of the Sundarban Mangrove Forest. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 5: 41–7. Ahmed, M.K., M.Y. Mehedi, M.R. Haque, and P. Mondol. 2011. Heavy metal concentrations in some selected macro-benthic fauna of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 177, nos. 1–4: 505–14.

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