Content validity of Tavana: a test for evaluation of ...

Audiol. 2010;19(1):11-22.

Research Article

Downloaded from http://journals.tums.ac.ir/ on Wednesday, August 22, 2012

Content validity of Tavana: a test for evaluation of auditory skills of 3-4 year-old hearing-impaired Persian children Farnoush Jarollahi1 – Dr. Yahya Modarresi2 - Mohammad Reza Keyhani3 1- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2- Department of Linguistics, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran 3- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Received: 9 February 2009, accepted: 24 October 2009

Abstract Background and Aim: Evaluation of hearing-impaired children's auditory skills by a valid test is very important before starting auditory training. There are many different tests available for languages other than Persian, and some limited Persian tests for children above 5 year of age as well. Accordingly considering the importance of early intervention, we aimed to design a test for evaluating auditory skills of 3-4 year-old hearing-impaired Persian (Farsi) children, which is not available to date. Methods: The study method was test (scale) construction. The test named Tavana includes four subtests: detection, discrimination, identification and sentence comprehension. For determining content validity of the test, the vocabulary of 3-4 year-old normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children and also the comments of seven specialists were applied. We classified 10,10,8 and 6 sub skills for 1st to 4th subtests, respectively. Results: The content validity of Tavana test's subskills were 100%, 83%, 96% and 95%, respectively (mean=94%). Mean time for test performance was 82 minutes. Conclusion: Content validity of Tavana test was 94% which was statistically valid compared to Modarres test (97%) and Mazaheryazdi test (88%). Keywords: Auditory skill, auditory training, hearing-impaired children, content validity, criterionreferenced test, Tavana test

Corresponding author: Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Nezam Alley, Shahid Shahnazari Street, Madar Square, Mirdamad Boulevard, Tehran, 15459134-87, Iran. Tel: 009821- 22221577 ext. 266, E-mail:[email protected]

1389 1

19


. ( $ % &'#

( )*

+ *, # 5

+ ,-

!" #

# 3-4 ( ./0 + 01 0 3

:2 #

%0 < = $

$ $

"#

$

) 01 : 1 %6

! !%9 : ; & * $ "# !

7 8 )5

( % $ % & ' .1 ! 9&?# ( % 8 & ' .2 @ & ' .3

>? & ( : K E %) 9 8@ % 9 .D( D I9 "B C $ % D E& 8 F G )< 8@ H( % A $ % 9; 4 < :@ , D O ( 5 8 )I % A $ % 9; 4 < )< 8@ D( M N O ( 5 4 %( ( : & L 9 8@ " . = ( 3-4 % A 9; 4$ '8 " % 8@ D ( R9&?# 4$ 8 Q 9 P ( 4$ .D* M $ % 8@ & ) ( = ( 3-4 % A $ % 9; 4 < 8@ @ D( 8@ D ( E 8 4$ : # )* 8 'X & IY 8 @ D ( 9 F IM W & ; V $ ( % U'"$ I V M& 8 9 '@ 8@ $8 @ T .D: ' 8@ O& 9 8@ $8 . @ D( R( # [$ \ 8 ZC V D59 H( @ $ )L ) . 5)( % A & % = ( 3-4 . 8@ 34 ^ ( 8@ (11)D( GASP 8@ != ..$c DASL II .. 8@ ..!= 8 ..): ' .. (1378 . c). : $ % 9; f>( 4 < 8@ (11)D( "$ 9 . ) O .( 5-20 %.( [. I A$c $ % A (1382 .(11)D( APT 8@ != 8 ): ' . Cc (12) M ( : 9 8@ ( APT


!"#

$ ) W Mx 8@ $8 9 xL W fg @ V % & $& l " * N iC 8 &"= ; V . ' : 9 |( # C W \ 8 % I\ Z* 8 i# .D: ' tI 4$ . M $ % [$ \ 8 H_: 8@ M V )5' & & 8 $ & B W (D #8 8@ % 9 8@ jI9 . # ; t$ 9 & T} 9|( # & V W L ; 8 ' M . ' D$ : l \ $ 9W L jB 4 j V : = & 3 WL & ( O& 9 8@ $8 t CcV - $8 scV 8@ ^ Y & scV 8@ )L 8@ 11 & 8@ $8 8@ 10 O& 8@ 8@ 6 8@ $8 & 8@ 9 ( 8@ $8 $ ; D: $ D 8@ 36 ^ ( ; U'"$ I . D( @ M . M )* $ 8 9 IY ; V & 9 8 IY R9&?# 4 %( IM 8 N ( )* IY 8 5)( $"' 4$ % & D( * e8 @ 8 i#) 8@ x 9 E& !%9 o % . < 9|( # & ! 8@ H( |( # 4 =& (W ; D_ _C =& |( # P G W H( & M& ; V 4 %oI9 . ( U'"$ I f>( 4$ 4$ % M& V Y%# > O I)C $ l f>( ; %< $& l 8 5)( AK D= C f>( %( t$ ' I $8 $ ( % 4 j> D % 8 8@ $8 4$ .D( U'"$ I - $8 4$ 8@ .D* @ )( ; V & $ l ; 9 '?$& & A % f>( Z*C 8@ )5' K E 8 Q V) 9 V I & $8 & D ( e $ Z %)*9 (@ "$ I ( @ )5' $

!"#

+ ,-


+ ,- F0

4 + ,-) ,

+ E :1

3 + ,-) ,

2 + ,-) ,

1 + ,-) ,

36

6

6

8

9

10

11

10

10

94

94

95

95

96

96

83

82

100

100

D * 8@ 9 V 8 = 8 $ $ )L ) 4 < 9; f>( 4 < 8@ . ) ( D( $ M & (14) $ $ % Z (@ =( 4 & 3 $ % 100 :Z $ )L ) 8 ( : (14)[ I F & O& 9 8@ $8 V 94 & 95 96 83 )K 1 # 5 ( + ,- * (1382 M %6

7)

S=

.

S=

/U

16

+ ,- G + ,- 1)" 1 ( I 1)

) 4 < 8@ . 8@ 34 ) U' >C ZC V 7 tL $ )L 1O& M 8@ F & 9 8@ $8 8 t$ 9 @ ~$ ) 4& % W 5 & 8@R # M . Cc 8@ QUC : ; m 4$ Y% % A W H( ) & A$c 9; )5' K V U'"$ I A: % A & % &'& 9 :& 8@ $8 z W $(% 8@ QUC %) F M L * % A &' @ M : ( 8@ $8 z |( # O ‚( ( # 9 8@ O (E m z 8 IY L g |( # O ‚( ( # & / &"= ; V 8@R # M . 8@ $8 Y * M & \ D( 8N 8@ 4$ F M U'"$ I V M& 8 9 '@ 8@ $8 M 8 ; $8 Z 8@ F & IM W ; V $ ( % ; V & 4

+ ,- (1)* 0 ( " # (

1382 M(1E ) Q

+,

7

34

94 = 69 & 21 = 16 26 = 18 38 = 23 11 = 8 & C U 9 8@ $8 8@ M 8 ; 4 ! & _ G .D( _ G 82 & 18 22 31 10 Z 8@ F & & 9 8@ $8 8 t$ 9 8@ M 8 &C8 % 4 V 95 % I\ V : % $ # C & $N C 8@ F M !$ F 8@R # !%9 .D( 94 ! Z= 8 5)( 8@ &D M& 8@ . M &A :F G % A

$%! &$' ())*

B

:2

7

(1375 M( =N ) L S=

B

T#

3-4

5-20

6-7

4

8

4

94/1

88/4

97/3

34

53

53

82

30

55

./0 1 ( #)

# 1

+ ,-) , 1 ( I 1) + ,- 1)" 1 (

V1) )7 + ,

1389 1

K

19

17


8@ 8 5)( 8 9 $ % A ( : 8 & D( )< & ) ( O ( 4 & 3 4 %( . 9 D I9 "B C ) M& 8@ 4 % % () B A $ % 9; f>( $8 8@ 8@ $ .)L . ) =(4&3[I & $ % A . @ .9 $8 8 I) F G & @ 8@ V 94 . % = . ". & . . $ $ # & ) ( ) F -A 4 I < & 8 & )5' ( % Z (@ ( % $ % . ' T *L %

& ): D$ $ & N ƒ* & D$ 9 $& l & P% $ % . I $

( EK# W# 9&?# D & < 8 & : P v( $ "# ! 9&?# ( % s \ 4$ IM 8 9&?# 9s \ 8 *= IC 8 % ) A ( . %% I9 . $ 8@ tI 8@ 4$ ;N p: )5'

& (%97) P 8@ *$ _ (1O& M)D( 8@ (% * $ )L ) 8 (%88) "$ 9 8@ " & %( 2O& M 4 %oI9 .(2O& M)D( 8@ < & 8@ M 8 4! $ % D: & (GASP ( : != ) P 9 8@ 8@ 8@ ( : != ) "$ 9 .D( *$ _ (APT . _ G 82 & C R9&?# 4$ 8@ M 8 4 ! _ G 165 & 42 Z 8@ M 8 € C & FG C * 4 8@ M 8 9 4$ & 4( % W : 9 '?$& )* & ^c & m) D( 4$ 8 & G 9e8 @ " !)* .D( *$ _ ( : 9 8@ !$ 2O& M .( _>% $U# m 4$ A 4( M I9 $ % D !%9 9 8@ $8 I9 M I9 ) = - $8 t$ V 50 $8 8 ) ' .D* 8N @p & ' I M < 8@ $8 &@ D( 8@ F 8N o % . A9 8@ M 8 M 8& t$ V : * M & \ D( 8N M 8@ 4 $ # 4 %( $ % D Y D I9 M .

REFERENCES 1.

2.

3.

4.

1389 1

Nerbonne MA, Show RL. Introduction to audiologic rehabilitation. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2002. Downs MP, Yoshinaga-Itano C. The efficacy of early identification and intervention for children with hearing impairment. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1999;46(1):79-87. Yoshinagata-Itano C. Assessment and intervention with preschool children who are deaf and hard-of-hearing. In: Alpiner JG, McCarthy MA, editors. Rehabilitative audiology in children and adults. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 2002. p. 140-77. Downs MP, Northern JL. Hearing in children.

19

5.

6.

7. 8.

9.

5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 2002. Erber NP. Use of the auditory numbers test to evaluate speech perception abilities of hearing-impaired children. J Speech Hear Disord. 1980;45(4):527-32. Erber NP. Auditory training. 1st ed. Washington DC: GB Association for the Deaf; 1982. Gelfand SA. Essentials of audiology. New York: Thieme; 2001. Stout G, Windle J. The Developmental Approach to Successful Listening. 1st ed. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group; 1986. Sheinker J, Redfield D. Handbook for

!"#


10.

11.

professional development in assessment literacy. Washington DC: Council of Chief State School Officers; 2001. Allen SG. Auditory perception test for the hearing impaired. 1st ed. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2007. Mazaher Yazdi M, Lotfi Y, Malayeri S, Jafari Z. Auditory perception test for mild to profound hearing – impaired individuals (5-20 years) in Baghche-Ban deaf school in Karaj. Journal of Iran University of Medical

12.

13.

14.

$%! &$' ())*

+,

18

Sciences. 2003;10(38):943-9. Persian. Herman N. Early auditory training of children with auditory deficiencies. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1988;42(3):327-37. Tye-Murray N. Foundations of aural rehabilitation. 2nd ed. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group; 2004. Schlauch RB, Nelson P. Puretone evaluation. In: Katz J, editor. Handbook of clinical audiology. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009. p. 30-49.

1389 1

19

19 $ I1 7 ,

B- + ,-) , :

+ ,- Y

! X B)* :1!#


:

V F* V ( Z# VQ \ ( ' .k= e 'Q \ D( .T (F $ != • 4) .u D( )* !%9 A 8 . Z# 1 7 3 =,

1

2 =,

_

0 1 =,

)\I

!# 1 ( Z# 1

B-

1-1

a 0)5 * ( \B) ` ( I ,

B-

1-2

b * a 0)5 * ( \B) ` ( I ,

B-

1-3

B- c 0

1-4

/â/ d c 0

1-5

/u/ d c 0

1-6

/i/ d c 0

1-7

/s/ d c 0

1-8

/š/ d c 0

1-9

/m/ d c 0

1-10

O& 8@ $8 Z* 8 ) pIM ------------------------------ (100) = ---O& 8@ $8 8 ) F pIM 20

19

=. + ,-

a 0)5 * ( \B) ` ( I ,

_,

1389 1

1)"

+ ,- 1)" [

!"#

$ I 1

* ( eBE = + ,-) , :

+ ,- Y

$%! &$' ())*

20

+,

! X B)* :2!#


:

8

Z# 1 7 3 =,

1

2 =,

_ 0 1 =,

)\I

V F* V ( Z# % $ l .k= " & 8 \ $ l .T 9 G $l & ! $ != t$ .u ( F n w t$ $ 9 $& l 8 t$ 9 . % ! $ l D( & .

!# 1 ( Z# 1

1)"

+ ,- 1)" [

+ ,-

6* / U ( $ . * ( \B) ` ( I ( eBE = 0,

(

= , f'

,

2-2

$ I * ( \B ( I ( eBE =

1-3

A %? ,

A _ C ( eBE =

2-4

A

A _ C ( eBE =

2-5

1,

b * a 0)5 * ( \B) ` ( I a 0)5 * ( \B) ` ( I ( eBE = b * a 0)5 * ( \B) ` ( I

!

2-6 2-7

( \B) ` ( I , ( \B [

( eBE =

2-8

g *$ \

* EA

2-1

)> * ( \B) ` ( I ( eBE =

a 0)5 * ( \B) ` ( I ( eBE =

,

=.

5

+ > EA

!

5 * 0

1 ( eBE =

2-9

!

5 * 0

1 ( eBE =

2-10

g *$ \ [ 1

O& 8@ $8 Z* 8 ) pIM ------------------------------- (100) = ----& 8@ $8 8 ) F pIM 20

1389 1

19

21 $ I

# . + ,-) , :

+ ,- Y

! X B)* :3!#


:

% 9 Z# 1 7 3 =,

1

2 =,

_

0 1 =,

)\I

V F* V ( Z# % $ l .k= " & 8 \ $ l .T $ l D( & .u $l & ! $ != t$ .

!

G

!# 1 ( Z# 1

1)"

+ ,- 1)" [ a 0)5 * , # I ( I b * a 0)5 * , # I ( I

4 5 =,

1 3 2 =,

_ 0 1 =,

)\I

# .

3-4

g * $U=7

# .

3-5

+

g * $U=7

# .

3-6

>

=A 1 (-) 1( )

!

5 * 0

EB %?

[ 1! (

EB %?

( 8@ $8 Z* 8 ) pIM -------------------------------- (100) = ----( 8@ $8 8 ) F pIM 16

19

3-2 3-3

# .

A

3-1

$ \

(

1389 1

# . # .

b * a 0)5 * + N ( I ( C !5 * 1

=. + ,-

# .

*

5 * 0 *

# . =A

3-7 3-8

!"#

6=7 h 1 + ,-) , :

+ ,- Y

$%! &$' ())*

22

+,

! X B)* :4!#


:

V F* V ( Z# )( M .k= Q9 $l .T 9 5 |( # B .u

Z# 1 7 3 =,

1

2 =,

_

0 1 =,

)\I

!# 1 ( Z# 1

1)"

+ ,- 1)" [ * *

=A 1

=A 1 ,*

,*

4-1

i# + #) * C c I

* i# + #)

#1 ( )7 * 1 k $ =60 h 1 *

,*

=A 1

< Z#

* i# + #)

8@ $8 Z* 8 ) pIM ---------------------------------- (100) = ----8@ $8 8 ) F pIM 12

Z* 8 ) pIM --------------------- (100) = ----8@ 8 ) pIM 68

1389 1

4-2 4-3

#1 ( )7

=A 1 ) "/ 6* Z# =A 1

+ ,-

#1 ( )7

=A 1

=.

19

4-4 3-5 4-6