Contents - New Age International

Contents (Term II) Preface .......................................................................................................................................... (v) Latest Syllabus ........................................................................................................................ (vii)

UNIT 1: INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD II (History) 1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe ............................................................................................................ 2 2. The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China ............................................................................................... 22 3. Nationalism in India .................................................................................................................................. 41

UNIT 2: INDIA—LAND AND PEOPLE (Geography) 5. Minerals and Energy Resources ............................................................................................................... 62 6. Manufacturing Industries ........................................................................................................................... 79 7. Lifelines of National Economy .................................................................................................................. 98

UNIT 3: DEMOCRATIC POLITICS II (Civics) 5. 6. 7. 8.

Popular Struggles and Movements ......................................................................................................... 115 Political Parties ........................................................................................................................................ 128 Outcomes of Democracy .......................................................................................................................... 141 Challenges to Democracy ........................................................................................................................ 152

UNIT 4: UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT II (Economics) 3. Money and Credit ..................................................................................................................................... 166 4. Globalisation and the Indian Economy ................................................................................................... 184 5. Consumer Rights ...................................................................................................................................... 201 Value Based Questions ....................................................................................................................... 219 Practice Papers (I-III) ................................................................................................................. 222-230

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UNIT 1: India and the Contemporary WorldII (History) UNIT 2: IndiaLand and People (Geography) UNIT 3: Democratic PoliticsII (Civics) UNIT 4: Understanding Economic DevelopmentII (Economics)

Each chapter contains: ★ TIPS AND TRICKS ★ FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ★ SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT ●

CBSE and Other Important Questions

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Objective Type Questions

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Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

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NCERT Textbook Questions

HISTORY

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

1 CHAPTER

Tips and Tricks Introduction: During the nineteenth century nationalism emerged as a force. It brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe. The end result of these changes was the emergence of nation states in place of multinational dynastic empires of Europe. The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation: The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution of 1789. The political and constitutional changes led to (i) Transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to the citizens. (ii) Measures and practices that created a sense of common identity amongst the French people. (iii) Revolutionary wars and Napoleanic reforms. The Making of Nationalism in Europe: The dominating features of mid eighteenth century, in Europe were (i) Autocratic rules. (ii) Political and social dominance of the landed aristocracy. (iii) Majority of the population was made up of the poor peasantry. (iv) Growth of new social groupsthe middle classes made up of industrialists businessman and professionals and a working class population. (v) Popularity of the ideology of liberalism especially among the educated liberal minded middle class. Liberalism: Stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before law; concept of government by consent, end of autocracy, a constitution and representative government, and freedom of markets. (vi) Defeat of Napoleon in 1815.

(vii) The Congress of Vienna (1815) established a new conservative order in Europe monarchies that were autocratic intolerant of criticism and dissent. (viii) Following 1815, fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists underground. Revolutionaries set up secret societies. Example: Carbonari, Giuseppe. Mazzinis Young Italy and Young Europe. The Age of Revolutions: 18301848: As conservative regimes tried to consolidate nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe. (i) Revolution: July Revolution in France 1830, Greek War of Independence. (ii) Romanticism a cultural movement. Romantic artists: Johonn Gottfried, Grimm brothers and Karol Kurpinski. (iii) Hunger hardships, increase in population, migrations in Europe. (iv) France1848 food shortages, widespread unemployment revolts of the poor. (v) Parallel to the revolts of the poor there was a Revolution of liberals, the educated middle class. France, February Revolution (1848) abdication of monarchy, and establishment of a republic based on universal suffrage. In other parts of Europe e.g., Germany, Italy, liberal middle class combined demands for constitutionalism with national unification. Example: Frankfurt Parliament (18 May 1848) 2

THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

The Making of Germany and Italy: (i) (a) German unification under the leadership of Prussia. Otto von Bismarck, the chief architect of the process carried it out with the help of the Prussian army, bureaucracy, and three wars waged over seven years. (b) German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors Versailles on 18th January 1871. (ii) Italian unification was the result of works of Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II. (iii) The formation of the nation state of Britain

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was a long drawn process with the Parliament as the chief instrument Glorious Revolution of 1688; Act of Union 1707. Visualising the Nation: Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries represented a nation as female figures: France: Marianne, Germany: Germania (India: Bharat Mata). Nationalism and Imperialism: By the last quarter of the 19th century nationalism became a narrow creed with imperialist aims and limited ends. (i) Balkans emerged as an area of intense conflict and greed among European powers. (ii) Nationalism aligned with imperalism led Europe to disaster and World War I.

Formative Assessment ORAL QUESTIONS (Conversation Type) 1.

(i) 19th century Europe was marked by which significant development. (ii) What was the end result of nationalism? (iii) What were nation states? 2. (i) Ideas of nationalism were allied to which ideology. (ii) The word liberalism is derived from which term. (iii) Which class subscribed to this ideology? 3. (i) What does universal suffrage mean? (ii) Did revolutionary France giant universal suffrage? (iii) Who was given the right to vote?

ORAL QUESTIONS 1. Name three countries from Europe. 2. Which of these were not nation states till the 2nd half of the 19th century? 3. Which countries did (a) Napoleon Bonaparte, (b) Bismarck belong to? 4. What was the important fall out of nationalism? 5. Name any two countries which became colonies of European nations.

TRUE OR FALSE 1. The French armies carried the idea of nationalism abroad. 2. Napoleon helped to restore democracy in France.

3. Napoleons administrative reforms were rational and made the system efficient. 4. In French conquered areas the new administrative system went hand in hand with political democracy. 5. The landed aristocracy were connected with ties of marriage. 6. Minority of the population was made up of peasants. 7. In Eastern Europe bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners. 8. Medieval Empires were a patchwork of different regions and peoples. 9. Industralisation began in France and parts of Germany as early as the 18th century. 10. Equality before law entailed universal suffrage. 11. During the brief rule of the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage. 12. The customs union helped bound Germans economically into a nation. 13. Elle was the measure of cloth. 14. Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria collectively defeated Napoleon. 15. The Treaty of Vienna (1815) sought to create a new modern order in Europe. 16. 1830s were years of great economic prosperity in Europe. 17. Giuseppe Mazzini founded the secret societies of Carbonari and Young Europe. 18. Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian revolutionary. 19. The Balkan inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs.

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20. The First World War slowed down the nationalist struggles. 21. The 1830s were years of enormous increase in population all over Europe. 22. Year 1848 was marked by increased food shortages and unemployment in France. 23. Role of language was secondary in developing nationalist sentiments. 24. Giusppe Mazzini was a French revolutionary. 25. Instead of reason and science Romantics focussed on emotions and intuition. 26. Poland was partitioned by France, Russia, Prussia and Austria. 27. The Frankfurt Parliament had 831 elected representatives. 28. Friedrich Wilhelm IV accepted the offer of the Frankfurt Parliament. 29. Women were active participants in various political activities in Europe. 30. Carl Welcker believed in equality of sexes. 31. Conservative forces were able to suppress and restore old order in 1848. 32. Italy prior to its unification was divided into 9 states. 33. Southern states of Italy were united before the northern states. 34. Italy was unified by tactful diplomacy and wars. 35. The primary identities of the people of British Isles were ethnic. 36. The British nation was forged by the dominant English culture. 37. Struggle for independence in Greece began in 1821. 38. The Frankfurt Parliament was sensitive to demands of artisans and workers. 39. Scotland and Ireland were equal partners in the British Union. 40. The Romantics popularised the German culture through folk songs, poetry and dances. 41. The national anthem of Britain is God Save Our Noble king. 42. Otto von Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia and the architect of German unification. 43. The French artists sought to portray the attributes of liberty by a red cap, or broken chain. 44. The female allegory of the German nation was Christened Marianne. 45. The Balkans were a scene of intense rivalry between Russia, Germany, England and Austria-Hungary.

CCE SOCIAL SCIENCE—X

QUIZ 1. Identify the persons/paintings depicted in the following pictures. Which modern nations are they related to. (i)

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(a) Date the caricature. (b) Who is represented? (c) What do muzzles on the mouth and hand raised signify?

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(a) Identify the 2 figures represented. (b) What is symbolised?

(a) Identify the represented figure. (b) What is it trying to convey?

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PUZZLES

(a) Identify the figure on the postage stamp. (b) What purpose was served by such representation? (iii)

1. In the puzzles below find the words which relate to the following: Hints: ⇒ Horizontally 1. System of government that has no restraints on the power exercised (10) 2. Principle of French revolutionaries (7) 3. Symbol of independent nation (4) 4. Those who believed basis of nation lay in a sense of a shared collective heritage and a common cultural past (9) ⇓ Vertically 5. Awareness of womens rights and interests based on equality of genders (8) 6. Vision of society so ideal that it is unlikely to exist (7) 7. Symbol of French revolutionaries (7)

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Across 8. Abstract idea expressed through a person or thing (8) 9. Secret society in Italy (9) 10. Place where European powers met after the defeat of Napoleon (6)

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CCE SOCIAL SCIENCE—X 10

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2. Solve the following Puzzle-based on significance of Symbols.

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Assignments Name: ........................ Class: ...... Section: ...... Roll No.: ...... Grade: ...... Teachers sign.: ..............

CLASS ASSIGNMENT 1 1. The first clear expression of nationalism came in 1789 with (a) Vienna Peace settlement (b) French Revolution (c) Greek war of Independence (d) Russian Revolution.

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2. Why was the Treaty of Vienna (1815) drawn up? (a) To establish tariff barriers (b) To restore the monarchies (c) To divide the German confederation of 39 states (d) To establish democracies. (CBSE Exam. 2011) .............................................................................. 3. Mention any four features of 18th century Europe. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

.............................................................................. 5. By the 1790s the French armies marched into which countries? .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

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6. Mention any three ways in which Europe was benefited from French rule.

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7. Name the architects of the Italian nation. ..............................................................................

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8. Explain, liberalism in the economic field. Support by giving example.

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.............................................................................. 10. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

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Name: ........................ Class: ...... Section: ...... Roll No.: ...... Grade: ...... Teachers sign.: ..............

CLASS ASSIGNMENT 2 1. Which one of the following is not true regarding Balkan Project (a) The Balkan states were jealous of each other. (b) Each state wanted to gain territory at the expense of others. (c) The Balkans were also the scene of big power rivalry. (d) The Balkans were under the control of Ottomon Empire. (CBSE Exam. 2011) .............................................................................. 2. Three main functions of the Prussian zolleverin was to (a) impose custom duties on imported goods (b) abolish tariff barriers (c) reduce custom duties (d) introduce new rules for trade.

5. Which three principles of eighteenth century Europe (France) influenced the whole world? .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 6. When and by whom and why was the Congress of Vienna held? Name the great powers represented at the Congress. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

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3. Which new social groups came into being in nineteenth century in Europe?

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7. What is meant by the Ottoman Empire?

4. Who were the main architects of the Unification of Germany?

List names of any three Balkan states which earlier constituted a part of the Ottoman Empire.

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8. How did Britain seek to forge a British nation?

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.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 10. Give any four provisions of Napoleonic Civil Code 1804. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

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HOME ASSIGNMENT 1 1. In 18th century Europe which class formed the (i) most dominant class, (ii)

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5. Give three reasons why ideology of liberalism and nationalism developed late in central and Eastern Europe. ..............................................................................

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2. Who was the main architect of the establishment of the nation state in England?

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.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 3. State any two important political and constitutional changes which came in the wake of the French Revolution of 1789. ..............................................................................

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6. What was the Zollverin? What were its wider implications?

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7. What were the political, social and economic consequences of the Revolution of 1848? .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 8. What according to Renan were the attributes of a nation? Why in the view are nations important? .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 10. Briefly trace the process of Italian unification. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

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9. Briefly discuss four important factors which led to the growth of nationalism in 19th century Europe.

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HOME ASSIGNMENT 2 1. Define the term feminist.(CBSE Exam. 2011) .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 2. What is a nation state? .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 3. How did the Grimm Brothers contribute to the process of nation building?

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 6. Mention any three territorial changes that occurred due to the Congress of Vienna and the aim behind these changes. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

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4. Who was Germania? What was the importance of the way in which Germania was portrayed?

7. How did language and folklore help in developing nationalist sentiments? Support with examples.

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5. Why did secret societies spring up during the years following 1815? Give reasons.

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8. Describe the four stages of the unification of Germany. (CBSE Exam. 2011)

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.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 10. Compare any three positions voiced by writers on the question of womens rights. What do they reveal about liberal ideology? .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

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