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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013)

Cost Estimation and Comparative study of Intermittent & Continuous Water Supply System of Dulhi Village, Kheri Sandeep Maurya1, Y.K. Bind2, Vikas Srivastava3 1

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PG student, Assistant. Professor, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad - 211007. India The Centre would provide entire grants under the sustainability and support activities component of NRDWP. The grants under sustainability will be used exclusively to achieve drinking water security by providing specific sustainability components for sources and systems with major emphasis on water quality affected and over-exploited areas. State Level Scheme Sanctioning Committees (SLSSC) has been constituted and action plans have been approved. There is a provision to continue HRD/IEC program under the support activity component. Under this programme (NRDWP), 24182 PW schemes have been completed and commissioned (since inception to the end of March 2010) both under Central and State sectors During 2009-10, it has been programmed to commission 1,905 Piped Water Supply schemes at a cost of 63.55 crores. 1,943 Piped Water Supply schemes have been completed and commissioned to the end of March 2010 at an estimated cost of 141.16 crores. Gram Panchayaths are maintaining Piped Water Supply Schemes and an amount of 8000 per Piped Water Supply Scheme is provided per annum towards maintenance. The Population Census data indicate that in 2001, about 78 percent of the rural population had access to a safe source of drinking water, up from 56 percent in 1991. The Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) had set a target of extending access to safe drinking water for 100 percent of the rural population by 2007. Although this target has not been fully achieved, the expansion of coverage attained during the 1990s, as reflected in the Census data, shows the objective of 100 percent safe water access should not be difficult to achieve in the next five years or so. Indeed, the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12) foresees the provision of safe drinking water to all rural habitations. However, a critical question that remains is with regard to the quality of services being provided. While official statistics on coverage suggest that most rural households have access to a „safe‟ drinking water source, it is generally perceived that access to „reliable, sustainable, and affordable‟ services is lagging. A village pipelined water supply scheme serves the drinking water from a common water source. Such schemes may be solutions to provide drinking water to regions facing groundwater scarcity and no perennial non-contaminated surface source of water.

Abstract--This study is undertaken with the aim of estimating the total capital expenditure of a village water supply system and for the fixed assets: mechanized borehole, over head tank, pipe work and stand post. The results are presented the total capital expenditure for a water system and capital expenditure for the civil work E&M (Electrical & Mechanical) work, pipe work and stand posts. Identifying the real costs of support to Rural Water Supply Scheme and to highlight the main cost drivers associated with such support and examines how cost drivers can be used to predict capital expenditure for construction of piped water supply for a village. The design period of the project has been adopted as 30 years, commencing from the year 2015 (base year). The middle and design year shall be 2030 and 2045 respectively. The distribution of water from over head tank by different hamlets through a system of 65-85mm dia. G.I. pipes. The projects served about 60% households by house connections and about 40% by standpost. Keywords-- cost estimate, cost comparison, intermittent & continuous supply, water supply system

I. INTRODUCTION The total availability of water on the earth is estimated as 1370 million km3. Out of this 1336 million km3 (or 97.5 percent) is continued in oceans and seas which being saline is unfit for domestic and agriculture purposes. The remaining 34 million km3 (or 2.5 percent) is available fresh water. The fresh water stocks found in lakes, rivers, soil, atmosphere, vegetation and exploitation underground aquifers are estimated to be around 1.4 million km3. This very small friction, only around 0.1 percent of the global obtainable water, has to sustain all the terrestrial forms of the life on this planet. Rural Water Supply schemes have to be implemented as per 2009-10 revised guidelines of National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP). It aims at providing every rural person with adequate safe water for drinking, cooking and other domestic basic needs on sustainable basis. As per the present NRDWP norms the FC/PC (Fully covered/Partially covered) concept has been modified from conventional LPCD norm to population coverage by percentage provided with water supply schemes. Water and Sanitation Mission has been set up at the state level. The revised guidelines stipulates for allocating the funds of the State and Centre among various components of rural water supply.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013) Village schemes have potential to operate at economy of scale, provide quality service and can also offer long term feasible solution in areas with acute water shortage. However they may require significantly higher investment, substantial technical capabilities and coordinated involvement of multiple agencies.

Towards this goal, the crucial role of the water losses occurring in a water distribution system is demonstrated. This will help an effective and socially just water pricing policy to be developed. The cost components (direct – DC; environmental – EC; and resource – RC) comprising the FWC are analyzed, introducing approaches for their reliable calculation. Regarding the DC, the marginal capacity cost and the necessary preconditions for its integration to the final water price along with its contribution towards effective water demand reduction are analyzed. Regarding the EC, its dynamic character and the ways it interacts with the DC are presented. The role of the stakeholders in setting those price levels is also checked. Crucial parameters are analyzed for a socially just water cost allocation to domestic users. The role of the water utility is examined, considering its responsibility in water losses. The basic policies (marketbased vs. conventional) used to achieve conservative water use are evaluated. In addition, the role of the State is criticized.

Objectives 1. The major objective of study is to estimate the cost for diverse parts of the water supply systems used for village. 2. To provide the safe drinking water for habitants of the village. 3. Comparability study of cost estimate of continuous and intermittent water supply. II. REVIEW O F LITERATURE The literature concerning researches and studies on the different aspects of water projects. The basic content and form of this chapter bear testimony to the intellectual exploration that have been made connection with economic evaluation of rural drinking water supply projects, following are research work in India and abroad. Recognizing the importance of water, United Nation Water Conference says that a convenient supply of water is an essential ingredient of a healthy, productive life. Water, that is not safe for human consumption, can spread disease and reduce productive time and energy of the water carrier. Coupled with malnutrition, the water become diseases take a dreadful toll in developing countries. For example in one Middle Eastern country half of the children born alive die before reaching the age of five as a result of the combined effect of disease and mal nutrition. In the contrast, only two percentage of the children born in UK die before reaching their fifth birthday. The conference asserts that it is invariably the poor who suffer the most from the absence of safe water. The National Water Policy 2002 on user charges states: “There is a need to ensure that water charges for various uses should be fixed in such a way that they cover at least the operation and maintenance charges of providing the service initially and a part of the capital costs subsequently. These rates should be linked directly to the quality of service provided. The subsidy on water rates to the disadvantaged and the poorer sections of the society should be well targeted and transparent.” Source: National Water Policy, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, 2002 V. Kanakoudis, et al. (2009)reported that the basic methodological framework for an integrated action plan (in terms of successive steps) to be developed that will guarantee the reliable calculation of the Full Water Cost (FWC), as defined by the WFD 2000/60/EC.

III. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study is undertaken with the aim of identifying the real costs of support to Rural Water Supply Schemes and to highlight the main cost drivers associated with such support. The paper also evaluates the usefulness of cost and budget estimation tools that have been developed by various government departments in India. Various government departments in India have developed tools and guidelines to assist municipal officials and professionals in the financial planning for the installation of new infrastructure, as well as for operation and maintenance. These tools were developed on the basis of a „costed norm‟ approach. Since the base costs determined in all of the methods used in this study were recorded in different years, it was necessary to equate these to a cost relevant in 2010. The current replacement costs (CRC) quoted in this paper assumes that a contracted company will be used for construction of capital works. Items such as VAT, contractors, Preliminary & General items and Engineering Fees are included. The population to be served estimated on the basis of past census records, adopting the following universal methods: (i) Arithmetic increase method. (ii) Geometrical increase method. (iii) Incremental increase method. (iv) Graphical method: (a) On ordinary graph, (b) On semilog graph.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013) The various census population of the village is tabulated below: Sr. No.

1.

Name of Village

Dulhi

The design of distribution system has been done with help of computer, using Hazzan William formula optimizing the system considering the various factors and the cost of total system including the cost, the minimum dia of pipes proposed is 65mm GI and the pipe line would be laid underground with a cover one meter upto general ground level.

Population 1981

1991

2001

4114

5567

6253

4.1 Operation & Maintenance Cost. Annual O&M cost works out to Rs. 12.05 lakhs, Rs. 14.60 lakhs and Rs. 18.25 lakhs in the base year (2015), Middle year (2030) and design year (2045) respectively.

Sr.No.

Year

Population

1

2015

10400

Water demand in kld 837.20

2

2030

15000

1207.50

3

2045

21200

1706.60

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Rs. in lakhs

After calculation of population by above different methods, the Semilog Graph plot method is adopted for the further study of the projects. The projected population by Semilog Graph method seems to be appropriate. The demand on the basis of 85 lpcd has been worked out for various stages. Water demand and adopted projected population of the village for base year (2015), middle year (2030) and design year (2045) for this estimate is given below:

The estimated costs of the works reflect the costs of the materials and the costs of constructing the various components of the water supply scheme. Various cost escalating factors such as topography, soil conditions, remoteness, availability of contractors and security are accounted for. The actual final cost of the water supply scheme may however be almost double the estimated capital cost in view of additional expenses incurred in terms of: • P & G‟s for contractor‟s establishment • Contingencies for unforeseen expenses • Professional fees in terms of feasibility studies, design and construction supervision.

Year Fig. 4.1 Annual Operation & Maintenance Cost

4.2 Annual Revenue Work. The annual revenue works out to Rs. 9.45 lakhs, Rs. 16.63 lakhs and Rs. 29.58 lakhs in the base year, middle year and design year respectively.

35 30 25

Rs. in lakhs

IV. RESULT AND D ISCUSSION

20

The design period of the village water supply scheme has been adopted as 30 years, commencing from the year 2015 (base year). The middle and design year shall be 2030 and 2045 respectively. Village pipelined water supply scheme serves the drinking water from two tube wells, common water source, having the expected discharge 1500 each in lpm. Good aquifers of sufficient thickness are available in the project area. The water from the over head tank is proposed to be distribution to the different hamlets through a system of 65 to 80mm dia. G.I. medium class pipes and 100mm and above D.I. class k-7 pipes.

15 10 5 0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year Fig. 4.2 Annual Revenue Works Out

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013) 4.3 Annual Profit Work. Annual profit works out to Rs. (-) 2.56lakhs, Rs. (+) 1.79 lakhs and Rs. (+)11.30lakhs in the base year (2015), middle year (2030) and design year (2045) respectively.

Rs. in lakhs

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -21980 -4

4.5 Cost Comparison Cost comparison has been done separately for houseconnections and standpost. It is assumed that 60% households shall take house-connections and these households will be charged Rs. 40 for initial and Rs. 50 for ultimate stage per month. Remaining 40% shall fulfill their needs through public stand posts and will be charged Rs. 12 & Rs. 15 for initial and ultimate stage per month.

2000

2020

2040

2060

Year Fig. 4.3 Annual Profit Works Out

4.4 Comparison between intermittent & continuous supply 1. High levels of bacterial contamination are experienced in the first 10 minutes of repressurization of an intermittent system, in some cases persisting for up to 20 minutes. But in continuous supply maintaining full pressure removes that risk. 2. People have a general tendency to keep the tap open during non-supply hours, so that they may come to know of it as soon as the supply is stored. Many a times, water goes on flowing unattended even after the supply is restored, thus resulting in wastage of water. Whereas, continuous supply reduces that wastage arising from overflowing storage systems and open taps. Its saves on stored household water that is discarded when new supply comes in. 3. Intermittent systems of supplies do not cover fire risks during non-supply periods. Any fire break-out during such periods may bring disaster and immense damage to life and property. In continuous, its covers fire risk and any fire breakout it reduces damage. 4. Consumers can access more water for improved health and hygiene while saving time in queuing and carrying, and gainfully using the time thus saved for employment opportunities. Inspite of these limitations and disadvantages, the intermittent supply system is largely employed in India. This system may or may not help in saving water, but may definitely help in supplying water to high level areas with adequate pressures, by zoning the city or town. This system may also facilitate the repair works as the same can be done during non-supply hours.

Fig. 4.5.1 Initial & Ultimate stage charge of house-connection for one month.

Fig. 4.5.2 Initial & Ultimate stage charge of standpost for one month

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013) 4.6 General abstract of project cost Sr. No. A 1 2 3

4

5

B 1 2 3 4 5

6 7

Description

However, the intermittent system should not be continued as a long term policy, and be replaced by the continuous system at the earliest opportunity, because of the inherent limitations of this system. In spite of these limitations and disadvantages, the intermittent supply system is largely employed in India. This system may or may not help in saving water, but may definitely help in supplying water to high level areas with adequate pressures, by the repair works as the same can be done during non-supply hours. As a result of this analysis, it zoning the city or town. This system may also facilitate is concluded that: 1. There is a definite need for effective technical and management support to rural water schemes to maintain functionality of the infrastructure. Such a support team may require a significant number of highly skilled staff members. 2. The cost of such technical support represents a large proportion of the overall cost of operation. 3. The recurrent costs associated with material, spares and fuel for rural schemes were found to be proportionally low in the overall cost, particularly where there were few mech/elec installations.

Work cost

E&M WORKS Tube wells Pumping plant & chlorinating plants Transmission line, power connection, internal electrification and lighting of water works compound Cost of automatic voltage stabilizer including its installation complete in all respect. Running and maintenance of pumping plants for 3 months CIVIL WORKS RCC Over head tank Rising main and bye pass arrangement Distribution system & appurtenant works Pump house Gate, boundary wall, site development & approach road etc. Hiring of godown Staff quarter Total

2662000.00 930000.00

1100000.00

260000.00

122000.00

7422777.50 1232159.00

REFERENCE

40312822.00

[1] [2]

504355.00 1756930.00

[3]

114000.00 1251245.00 57667288.00

[4]

There is a need for continued monitoring of costs incurred in providing rural water services. Importantly the actual level of service delivered must be recorded along with the cost data. This is necessary since it is implicit that similar levels of effectiveness and efficiency must be considered.

[5]

[6] [7]

V. CONCLUSION The intermittent supply system may sometimes lead to some saving in water consumption due to losses occurring for lesser time and more vigilant use of water by consumers. This method may, therefore, be adopted at places where there is a shortage of water at the source. But at many places, the intermittent supplies may not give much saving over the continuous supplies.

[8]

[9]

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Census Data Document. Clark, R.M. & Stevie, R.G. (1981).”A Water Supply Cost Model Incorporating Spatial Variables”. Land Economics. Vol. 57. No. 1, pp. 18-32. University of Wisconsin. Link 2012 06-10: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3145749. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). (1996). Guidelines for Level of Service for Water Supply Schemes to Local Authorities and Rural areas on the Reconstruction and Development Programme Projects, Pretoria. Eilers, R.G. (1984). “Cost equations for small drinking water systems”. US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA. Link 2012-06-07: http://nepis.epa.gov search words: “Eilers 1984.” Haller L, Hutton G and Bartram J. (2007). Estimating the costs and health benefits of water improvements at global level. Journal of Water and Health, 05.4.and sanitation. Head official of U.P. Jal Nigam, Lucknow. Website, www.upjn.org/zonal_offices.aspx‎‎moc. MGP (2003) „Community management in water and sanitation sectors: Framework for cost estimation and determination of user charges‟, available at http://www.keralamgp.org/documents/dips/I.6.1.PDF Ministry of Rural Development. The year-wise figures have been adjusted for price change. Economic Survey, 2006-07, (p. 224), notes that from 1972-73 till 2006-07, there has been an investment in rural water supply of about Rs 660 billion (at current prices). Online information about kheri website Swww.indiamapped.com/uttar-pradesh.