Cremona, Italy

An innovative monitoring plan: the case of Museo del Violino (Cremona, Italy) G.V. Fichera1, M. Albano1, M. Malagodi1,2, T. Rovetta1, C. Invernizzi1, P. Dondi1, G. Fiocco1, F. Cacciatori3, M. Licchelli1,4 (1) Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva, Università di Pavia, via Bell’Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy (2) Dipartimento di Musicologia e Beni Culturali, Università di Pavia, corso Garibaldi 178, 26100 Cremona, Italy (3) Fondazione Museo del Violino Antonio Stradivari, p.zza Marconi, 26100 Cremona, Italy (4) Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy

WoodMusICK Conference Preservation of Wooden Musical Instruments: Ethics, Practice and Assessment Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels

Introduction Code of the Cultural Heritage and Landscape * “The conservation of the cultural heritage is ensured by means of a consistent, co-ordinated and programmed activity of study, prevention, maintenance and restoration”

The peculiar case of the historical musical instruments Material conservation Acoustical fuction

What are the ethical and practical limits of musical instrument conservation? To play o not to play? The collection of the Museo del Violino (Cremona, Italy) * Legislative decree no. 42 of 22 January 2004, Rome – Section II Conservation Measures, Art. 29 WoodMusICK Conference - Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels

The monitoring program The monitoring program of the Arvedi Laboratory of Non Invasive Diagnostics Totally non-invasive approach

AIM

Application of non-invasive analytical techniques to monitor materials preservation

Phase 1: selection of violins and areas to be monitored Phase 2: control of microclimatic conservation conditions Phase 3: definition of optical, chemical, physical properties Experimental tests WoodMusICK Conference - Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels

The monitoring program. Phase 1: Violins Violin Vesuvio, 1727

Violin Carlo IX, 1566

Antonio Stradivari

Andrea Amati

Playing frequency (2017) 65%

Playing frequency (2017) 0.6%

WoodMusICK Conference - Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels

The monitoring program. Phase 1: Violins Plan of the museum

Room 5 “The Treasure Box”

Room 5

Violin Carlo IX

Violin Vesuvio WoodMusICK Conference - Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels

The monitoring program. Phase 1: Macro-areas Violin Vesuvio, 1727

Violin Carlo IX, 1566

Antonio Stradivari

Andrea Amati


The monitoring program. Phase 2: Microclimate Thermal and hygrometric parameters Temperature T (˚C) and Relative Humidity RH (%) 7 data loggers per room (2-hour step) 1 data logger per showcase (2-hour step)

Plan of the Room 5 “The Treasure Box”

Violin Carlo IX

Data logger Showcases

Violin Vesuvio


The monitoring program. Phase 2: Microclimate Critical period

Indoor Climate Data

T required interval: 18 - 22˚C

RH required interval: 50 - 60 %

Time profile of T (°C) and RH (%) daily mean values WoodMusICK Conference - Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels


Indoor Climate Data

Closing day (Monday, June 2017)

T (°C)

8 a.m.

T (°C)

6 p.m.

RH (%)

8 a.m.

RH (%)

6 p.m.

T (°C) and RH (%) horizontal distribution WoodMusICK Conference - Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels


Indoor Climate Data

Opening day (Saturday, June 2017)

T (°C)

8 a.m.

T (°C)

6 p.m.

RH (%)

8 a.m.

RH (%)

6 p.m.



Showcase Climate Data T (°C)

8 a.m.

Carlo IX

Opening day (Saturday, June 2017)

Carlo IX Vesuvio

Vesuvio RH (%)

6 p.m.

T (°C)

8 a.m.

Carlo IX

6 p.m.

RH (%) Carlo IX

Vesuvio

Vesuvio


The monitoring program. Phase 3: Materials Optical, physical, chemical properties PROPERTY

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE

UV fluorescence colour

UVIFL technique *

ALTERATION Finishing layer thinning or removal Discoloration

VIS colour

Colorimetry **

Varnish yellowing Wood darkening

Chemical composition

XRF and FTIR reflection spectroscopy ***

Chemical transformations

* The images were acquired with a Nikon D4 full-frame digital camera (50mm f.1.4 Nikkor objective), using two Wood lamps Philips TL-D 36 W BBL IPP low-pressure Hg tubes (emission peak at 360 nm) as UV sources. ** Konica Minolta (CM-2600d) spectrophotometer. *** Portable energy-XRF spectrometer ELIO produced by XGLab srl and Alpha portable spectrometer (Bruker) equipped with the R-Alpha module. WoodMusICK Conference - Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels

Results. Vesuvio: Colorimetry - UV fluorescence Colorimetric analysis ΔE < 3

UVIFL analysis Top macro-area: χ2 < 0.1 Bottom macro-area: 0.1 < χ2 < 0.4

χ2 = 0.4 Bottom


Results. Vesuvio: XRF spectroscopy Areas without variation

Areas with variation

K Kα

Ca Kα

Zn Kα Cu Kα

Elements detected: K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb

Variation detected from session 1 to 3 (bottom area): counts increase of K, Ca, Cu and Zn


Results. Vesuvio: IR spectroscopy Amide I, II

vN-H

Session 2

Session 1

Proteins 3345 1650 1550 1455

Amide I, II

Session 3

vN-H vC=O (amide I) vC-N and δN-H out-of-phase comb (amide II) vC-N and δN-H in-phase comb (amide III)

vN-H

Session 3

Session 2

Session 1

Variation detected from session 1 to 3: intensity increase in proteinaceous bands


Results. Vesuvio: IR spectroscopy Amide I, II

Session 3

Amide I, II

Session 2

vN-H

Session 3

Session 2 vN-H

Session 1

Proteins 3345 1650 1550 1455


Session 1

No variation detected from session 1 to 3: steady intensity of proteinaceus bands


Results. Carlo IX: Colorimetry - UV fluorescence Colorimetric analysis ΔE ≤ 2

UVIFL analysis Top and bottom macro-area: χ2～0 Top WoodMusICK Conference - Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels

Bottom

Results. Carlo IX: XRF spectroscopy

Areas without variation

Elements detected: K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb

No variation detected from session 1 to 3: steady counts of all elements


Results. Carlo IX: IR spectroscopy Amide I, II

Session 3

Amide I, II

Session 2

vN-H

Session 3

Session 2 vN-H

Session 1

Proteins 3345 1650 1550 1455


Session 1

No variation detected from session 1 to 3: steady intensity of proteinaceus bands


Discussion Vesuvio vs Carlo IX Variations in the bottom area of the blackplate Colorimetry

ΔE ～ 3

UV-induced fluorescence

0.1 < χ2 < 0.4

XRF spectroscopy

Counts increase in Ca, K, Cu, Zn

IR reflection spectroscopy

Intensity increase in protein bands

Hypothetic types of alteration Thinning of more superficial finishing layer * Sweat residues **

Hypothetic causes of alteration Violin-musician and violin-chin rest interactions * C. Invernizzi, A. Daveri et al., Microchem. J. 2016, 104, 743-50. ** J.-P. Echard, B. Lavedrine, J. Cult. Herit. 2008, 9, 420-29. WoodMusICK Conference - Musical Instruments Museum, 5-7 October 2017, Brussels

Conclusions

Preliminary results from the monitoring of historical musical instruments with different playing frequency Collaboration between the Museo del Violino (Cremona) and the Arvedi Laboratory of Non Invasive Diagnostics Innovative approach validated: non-invasive analytical techniques to monitor the materials preservation Significant variations detected in the violin with the highest playing frequency: the violin Vesuvio (Stradivari, 1727)


Thank you for your attention [email protected]

Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the Museo del Violino and the Cultural District of Violin Makers in Cremona. Special thanks to the Fondazione Arvedi Buschini for funding research of the Arvedi Laboratory of Non Invasive Diagnostics.
