22,339,440.00. Quezon. 37. 63.50. 53.75 55%. 366.00. 13,908,000.00. Rizal. 935.00 ..... In Maulawi Island, Isabela City, Basilan, an adult of C. caluanica was.
Crop Protection Cluster-National Crop Protection Center, College of Agriculture, UP Los Baños
Regional Consultative Workshop on Research and Technology Generation for Local Development in REGION IX Part II. Scientific Career System Orientation. Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte. September 21, 2016.
COMMON CUTWORM, Spodoptera litura Fabr. (Pangasinan 2003)
As leaf feeder, it is capable of defoliating its host. It feeds also on other plant parts including fruits.
Natural epizootic of Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus (NPV)
NPVs are highly host specific insect pathogens used as microbial pesticides The route of infection is through ingestion
They multiply in all internal organs and tissues, killing the host insects
They cause no disease on mammals, birds, fishes and non-target insects
Field demo on the efficacy of Spodoptera NPV
Spodoptera NPV farm-level production
Village-level training on mass production of Spodoptera NPV
Spodoptera NPV farm-level production MANUAL on • mass rearing of cutworm • mass production of SNPV • preservation of SNPV • field application
BLACK ARMYWORM, Spodoptera exempta Walker (CALABARZON 2010)
Janagdon, Sariaya, Quezon
Tuy, Batangas
Some Established Biological Attributes: In eastern Africa, there are typically six to eight outbreak generations per year, with four to five in southern Africa.
Flying moths have been shown to be concentrated by wind convergence associated with rainstorms and topography and may also accumulate moths flying into them. Localized oviposition by these concentrations of moths that result in outbreak. Larvae develop in markedly different forms or 'phases' depending on larval densities in the early instars. Adult moths are obligatory migrant.
Infestation reported 2 weeks after and along the path of Typhoon Basyang (International Name Conson). Possible wind convergence as Typhoon Basyang was approaching could have provided the favorable condition . Outbreak of black armyworm almost always occur in southern Mindanao because of regular yearly occurrence of ITCZ during the onset of rainy season in that area.
https://www.google.com/search?q=path+of+typhoon+Conson&client=firefox b&biw=1008&bih=420&noj=1&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahU KEwiQs5zhwtXRAhUHOrwKHWgkCAoQ_AUICCgB#imgrc=IZPiyl5z9tp q8M%3A
Black larva from gregarious population and green larva recovered from a remnant population days after insecticide treatment
Color variation of larvae reared individually in test tubes
Natural Enemies of Black Armyworm
Fungus
NPV
Entomopathogens
Parasitoids
Predators
Commonly encountered NE in outbreak areas visited
Mistaken for cutworm and reported in tv news that it attacked eggplant and other vegetables
Feed only on grasses growing with sweet potato (Left). Corn spared from attack due to barrier effect of sweet potato planted around corn field (Right)
Recommendations: Emergency measure like, use of insecticide, should be done only when infestation is of direct threat to graminacious crops
Test for possible cross infection in Spodoptera litura and S. exempta with their respective NPV’s
Outputs: Navasero MM, Navasero MV and Candano RN. 2011. Comparative development of Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) on Zea mays L. and Panicum maximum Jacq. in the Philippines with notes on its host range, larval feeding and post emergence behavior of adults. The Philippine Entomologist 25(2): 156-174.
Navasero MV and Navasero MM. 2012. Field and laboratory observations on the biology of the Black Armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) in the Philippines. 43rd PMCP Anniversary and Annual Scientific Conference. Mallberry Hotel, Cagayan de Oro City. May 6-9, 2012.
ONION ARMYWORM, Spodoptera exigua Walker (Nueva Ecija 2016)
Estimated loss resulting from the outbreak of onion armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, on onion in Nueva Ecija (February to May 2016)*
Municipality Aliaga Bongabon Cuyapo Gapan City Gen. Natividad Laur Llanera Munoz Palayan City Quezon Rizal San Jose City San Leonardo Sto. Domingo Talavera TOTAL
No. of Farmers Affected
Loss Area Planted
Area Affected
Yield
11
6.80
6.80
50%
2,668 119 2 66 85 144 22 197 37
3,295.48
480 1 525 224
62.34 1.00 115.70 283.55 86.90 45.60 181.25 63.50 935.00 907.56 1.00 475.20 265.03
2,938.88 29.69 1.00 89.50 96.25 33.08 12.20 163.30 53.75 841.50 0.60 1.00 427.05 178.19
90% 65% 50% 40% 60% 60% 30% 30% 55% 100% 80% 100% 100% 20%
4,581
6,725.91
4,969.86
*Report of DA-RFO 3 submitted to BAS
Volume (MT) 40.80
Value 1,550,400.00
27,157.79 1,027,328,096.00 248.19 9,431,220.00 6.00 228,000.00 429.60 16,324,800.00 693.00 26,334,000.00 260.22 8,900,040.00 43.92 1,668,960.00 587.88 22,339,440.00 366.00 13,908,000.00 11,328.80 412,032,400.00 531.22 19,250,208.00 12.00 456,000.00 5,124.60 194,734,800.00 486.22 18,476,208.00 47,316.23 1,772,962,572.00
Responding to request for assistance
DA-RFO III
Seminar conducted and published a primer on onion armyworm control
Crop and weed hosts documented Weeds:
String Beans
Corn
Pepper
Bitter Gourd
Bitter Gourd
Rottboellia conchinchinensis Elucine indica Commelina benghalensis Centrocema pubescens Achyrantes aspera Amaranthus viridis Synedrella nodiflora Tagetes sp.
Life history of Spodoptera exigua on fruit s of stringbeans Development time Stages (day) Generation time only Mean ± SD Range about 18 days Egg 2 Larval period 7.3 ± 0.7 5.0-9.0 First instar 1.6 ± 0.6 1.0-3.0 Second instar 1.5 ± 0.6 0.5-2.5 Third instar 1.1 ± 0.4 0.5-2.5 Fourth instar 1.1 ± 0.3 0.5-2.0 Fifth instar 2.1± 0.5 1.0-3.5 Pre-pupal period 1.0 ± 0.2 1.0-2.0 Pupal period 5.4 ± 0.5 5.0-6.0 Adult longevity 7.06 ± 1.9 5.0-11.0 Female longevity 7.13 ± 1.87 5.0-11.0 Male longevity 6.92 ± 2.02 5.0-11.0 Planned study -Comparative biology of Spodoptera exigua on different crop hosts
Sites Visited Nueva Ecija Palayan City Gabaldon Laur Bongabon Muñoz Sto. Domingo San Jose City Rizal Pangasinan Bayambang Bautista Malasiqui Alcala Umingan Ilocos Sur Santa
Infestation started simultaneously in Sto. Domingo, N.E; Central Pangasinan (Bayambang and Bautista) and Santa, I.S.)
Molecular analysis study on-going to determine if the outbreak population is from the same population. Outbreak suspected to have resulted from mass long distance migrants from countries northeast of the Philippines which could have been triggered by El Niño
COCONUT LEAF BEETLE, Brontispa longissima Gestro (2005-2008)
C. morio for Coconut hispine beetle
Mass Rearing Technique of Earwig, Chelisoches morio
Additional natural enemies of Brontispa longissima were documented during the course of the study
Pupal parasitoid, Tetrastychus brontispae
Beauveria
Metarrhizium
Fungal Pathogen
Egg parasitoid, Ooencyrtus sp
A species of parasitic mite
Outputs: Navasero MV, Saavedra NT and Zipagan MB. 2008. The Coconut Leaf Beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Chrysomellidae, Coleoptera), a serious threat to the Philippine coconut industry. Proceedings. 39th PMCP Anniversary and Annual Scientific Conference. Asturias Hotel, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. May 6-9, 2008. p. 16-25 (Plenary paper) Navasero MV, Navasero MM and Candano RN. 2008. Possible natural control of the invasive Coconut Hispine Beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera, Chrysomellidae, Hispinae) by its diverse indigenous natural enemies. 39th PMCP Anniversary and Annual Scientific Conference. Asturias Hotel, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. May 6-9, 2008. Navasero MM and Navasero MV. 2010. Biology of the Black Earwig, Chelisoches morio (Fabricius) (Chelisochidae, Dermaptera). The Philippine Entomologist 24(2): 122-136.
Navasero MM and Navasero MV. 2015. Chelisoches production. National Crop Protection Center-Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, UPLB. ISBN 978-971-8778-93-7
LOPHOPID PLANT HOPPER, Virgilia sp. (New Bataan, Compostela Valley; October 2015-present)
Estimated area affected by the malady to have reached 100 hectares covering three barangays (Florencio Salundaguit, pers. com. December 2015). Latest update, infestation had expanded to new areas (Dr. Rose Monsalud, pers. com. March 14, 2016)
The Pest
Nymphs
Adult
Damage
Based on reviewed literatures, the species in found Compostela is different from lophopids previously reported attacking coconut. elsewhere We consulted and send specimens to Dr. Adeline SoulierPerkins of the French Museum of Natural History ,an authority on lophopid, who confirmed our opinion and the said species is undescribed or a new species.
FUNGAL PATHOGENS COLLECTED The specimens were given to an insect pathologist. One of the pathogen turned out to be a new record for the Philippines and is being used as a microbial biocon agent in other countries against thrips .
RECOMMENDATIONS CONTROL APPROACHES/ TACTICS Chemical Control Spray of systemic insecticide
Trunk injection of systemic insecticide
Spray of organic insecticides (at least those that had been tested effective for CSI) Biological Control* Use of entomopathogenic fungi
Cultural Control Use of sticky trap
ADVANTAGE(S) Effect is immediate Not toxic to potential arthropod natural enemies
Effect may take some time Not toxic to potential arthropod natural enemies Effect is immediate
DISADVANTAGE(S) Toxic to pollinators Requires big volume of spray solution Need spraying machines Not sustainable Toxic to pollinators Not sustainable
Requires big volume of spray solution Need spraying machines Not sustainable
Quite easy to mass produce Infect wide range of arthropod May need only inundative including natural enemies application Require favorable environment (not favored by dry condition) Easy to apply
Pruning of affected fronds and burning Will contribute in lowering population of the pest
Will affect only a small proportion of the population of the pest Laborious Many will escape because the pest is active
COCONUT SCALE INSECT, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (CALABARZON 2010-2014; Bataan 2014-2015; Basila 2012-?)
IN MARCH 2013 WE STARTED OUR OWN INDEPENDENT RESEARCH WHEN THE LARGOZA FAMILY OF SAN PABLO CITY OFFERED THEIR FARM AS EXPERIMENTAL SITE
Crown Drenching
Soil Drenching
Trunk Injection
Bioefficacy trial for neonicotinoids was done on small trees (Sta. Monica, San Pablo City, March-April 2014)
ASSESSMENT FOR EFFICACY OF NEONICOTINOIDS
Mortality of Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on coconut treated with different neonicotinoids using different method of applications (Sta Monica, San Pablo City.) (Statistical analysis used: Repeated Measure ANOVA, mean comparison is by TukeysTest)
TREATMENT Dinotefuran crown drenching Thiametoxam crown drenching Imidachloprid crown drenching Dinotefuran trunk injection Thiametoxam trunk injection Imidachloprid trunk injection Dinotefuran soil drenching Thiametoxam soil drenching Imidachloprid soil drenching Dinotefuran soil drenching + watering** Cochin + dishwashing liquid*** Untreated Control *mean of three sampling dates **watered twice in four days (40L water) ***350ml Cochin + 200ml Joy/200L water
10DAT 48.43 a 36.06 a 37.05 a 54.51 a 38.03 a 52.59 a 53.06 a 19.28 a 36.95 a 32.92 a 49.08 a 18.42 a
% MORTALITY 17DAT 31DAT 65.96 ab 59.49 ab 71.37 a 76.16 a 60.02 ab 64.82 ab 56.79 ab 86.65 a 67.98 a 74.42 a 40.02 ab 70.11 ab 58.03 ab 49.23 ab 44.65 ab 47.08 ab 42.35 ab 55.12 ab 50.33 ab 54.87 ab 39.79 ab 55.64 ab 17.29 b 20.44 b
MEAN* 57.96 ab 61.20 ab 53.96 ab 65.98 a 60.15 ab 54.24 ab 53.44 ab 37.00 bc 44.81 ab 46.04 ab 48.17 ab 18.72 c
Table 2. Percent parasitism on CSI by Comperiella sp. on coconut trees treated with different neonicotinoids using different methods of application (San Pablo City. April 21, 2014). TREATMENT
RATE
REPLICATE
MEAN
(g/ml FP)
I
II
III
IV
Dinotefuran crown drenching
2.5
1.2
13.6
4.2
0
4.75
Dinotefuran trunk injection
2.5
0
0.9
0.3
0
0.31
Dinotefuran soil drenching
5.0
1.5
4.8
11.3
6.5
6.04
Thiametoxam crown drenching
2.0
0
0.8
2.9
6.5
2.55
Thiametoxam trunk injection
2.0
5.1
0
9.0
0
3.53
Thiametoxam soil drenching
4.0
5.2
13.8
5.9
0.6
6.38
Imidachloprid crown drenching
2.0
0
0
6.3
1.6
1.97
Imidachloprid trunk injection
2.0
0.5
3.4
2.3
1.6
1.91
Imidachloprid soil drenching
4.0
0
9.6
3.0
4.3
4.23
Dinotefuran soil drenching + watering
5.0
2.3
2.6
31.7
0
9.13
0
2.8
21.9
5.1
7.44
6.6
12.2
2.5
12.5
8.48
Cochin (350ml/4L) + Joy (200ml/4L) Untreated Control
FEMALE
MALE
Comperiella calauanica Barrion et al. (Encyrtidae, Hymenoptera)
Exit Holes
Pupae
Larva of Parasitoid
Bloated-looking Adult Female Cocolisap Typical healthy Adult Female Cocolisap
RAPID APPRAISAL TO DETERMINE THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PARASITOID
Maloles Farm in Brgy. San Bartolome, Santo Tomas, Batangas (April 29, 2014)
Distribution Map of C. calauanica (as of December 2014)
66 municipalities surveyed parasitoid present except in 8 municipalities (blue dots) where A. rigidus-infested coconut trees were not encountered.
Collect and Release
A sample of 30 leaflets from Malvar, Batangas (June 21, 2014) yielded more than 1000 adult parasitoids.
CSI R&D Projects DOST-PCAARRD Decision-making Protocol for the Formulation of CSI Management Strategies
Dr. Sheryl A. Yap CPC, UPLB
Development of Molecular Diagnostic Tools for Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Dr. Barbara L. Caoili CPC, UPLB
Morphology-based Diagnostics of Armored Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Dr. Ireneo L. Lit, Jr. Diaspididae) and their Natural Enemies on Coconuts and Associated Crops CAS, UPLB Mass Production, Release and Conservation of the Parasitoid, Comperiella Dr. Divina M. Amalin sp., against Coconut Scale Insect Aspidiotus rigidus DLSU
Survey, Monitoring and Strategic Release of Comperiella sp. (Hemiptera: Mr. Mario V. Navasero Diaspididae) against the Invasive CSI, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: CPC-NCPC, UPLB Diaspididae) Monitoring of Insecticide Application on Coconut and Detection of Residues
Ms. Cristina M. Bajet CPC-NCPC, UPLB
Monitoring and Surveillance System for Coconut Scale Insect Infestation
Dr. Celia DR Medina CPC-NCPC, UPLB Ms. Erlene C. Manohar PCA Region IV-A
Table 1. Rapid Appraisal and Mapping of the Parasitoid in CSI- Infested Areas in CALABARZON. (as of December 2014. UPLB Basic Research Program ) Province
No. of towns infested
Cavite
14
Laguna
15
Batangas
21
Quezon
7
Table 2. Results of monitoring conducted from December 2015- August 2016 Province
No. of towns infested
Cavite
3
Laguna
1
Batangas
8
Quezon
6*
*three towns (Sampaloc, Mauban and Pagbilao) not previously visited
Table 3. Collection sites with Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and Comperiella calauanica Aspidiotus rigidus C. calauanica Barrion Encyrtidae). SAMPLING SITES et al. (Hymenoptera: DATE Presence Level of Infestation Presence % Parasitism Batangas Coral na Munti, Agoncillo Sta Cruz, Alitagtag Gumamela, Balayan Palsara, Balete Aga, Nasugbo Bayabayasan, Nasugbo Banaybanay, San Jose Poblacion I, Sta Teresita Balele, Tanauan Wawa, Tanauan Cavite Bancal, Carmona Sampaloc IV, Dasmariñas Mabato, Maragondon Laguna Daniw, Victoria Quezon Lucban Ilayang Dupay, Lucena City Ilayang Dupay, Lucena City Cagbalete I Island, Mauban Cagbalete II Island, Mauban Concepcion, Mauban Santol, Mauban
February 19, 2016 February 19, 2016 February 19, 2016 April 1, 2016 February 19, 2016 February 19, 2016 April 1, 2016 February 19, 2016 April 1, 2016 April 1, 2016
Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present
Some fronds only Some fronds only Some leaflets only Some leaflets only Some leaflets only Some leaflets only Some leaflets only Some fronds only Some leaflets only Some leaflets only
Absent Present Absent Present
0 100 0 5.0
Present Present Present Present Present
100 100 100 100 100
March 29, 2016 March 29, 2016 March 28, 2016
Present Present Present
Some leaflets only Some leaflets only Some leaflets only
Present Present Present
92.45 100 100
February 11, 2016 Present
Some fronds only
Present
78.57
February 12, 2016 March 17, 2016 January 28, 2016 June 10, 2016 June 10, 2016 December 3, 2015 December 3, 2015
Some Leaves of anahaw Some leaves of mangosteen Some fronds only Some Trees Some Trees Some fronds only Some fronds only
Absent Present Present Present Present Present Present
99.82 99.74 99.23 94.59 95.46
Present Present Present Present Present Present Present
Table 3. Cont’d SAMPLING SITES
DATE
Aspidiotus rigidus Presence
Infestation Level
Comperiella calauanica Presence
% Parasitism
Quezon Cagsiay II, Mauban
January 25, 2016
Present
Some leaflets only
Present
94.62
Lual Bario, Mauban
January 25, 2016
Present
Some leaflets only
Present
100
Ilayang Palsabangon, Pagbilao June 16, 2016
Present
52 trees
Present
61.4
Bigo, Pagbilao
June 16, 2016
Present
Some leaves of mangosteen
Present
Anato, Pagbilao
June 16, 2016
Present
Some leaves of mangosteen
Present
Remnants with exit holes
Bayongon, Sampaloc
January 29, 2016
Present
Some fronds only
Present
90.43
Mamala I, Sariaya Bataan
January 25, 2016
Present
Some leaflets only
Present
86.79
Pag asa, Orani
October 10, 2015
Present
Present
> 80
Pag asa, Orani
October 29, 2015 Present November 11, 2015 Present
Present
84-100
Present
84-100
Present
98-100
Pag asa, Orani Pag asa, Orani Basilan
Trees with yellowing fronds widespread
December 11, 2015 Present
Isabela City (mainland)
February 5, 2016
Present
Leaflet samples given by PCA Present
Sta Barbara, Maulawi Island
February 5, 2016
Present
widespread
Present
0.039
• As far as our monitoring results, there is no indication of recurrence of outbreak. • This further confirms effectiveness of C. caluanica in regulating the population of A. rigidus.
Orani, Bataan
• One of the the residents is a trader of coconut fruits and seedlings which was sourced from Batangas, primarily from Mataas na Kahoy. • Infestation was first noticed in June 2014. • In less than a year, there were already report s of high parasitism of C. calauanica • May 29, 2015, Dr. Priyanthi Fernando, a consultant of the FAO, reported parasitism by C. caluanica on A. rigidus was already high. • August 15, 2015 according to Drs. Billy Joel M. Almarinez and Divina M. Amalin, parasitization on Aspidiotus rigidus by C. calauanica was already at 80.96 ± 2.52. • It could have been that the parasitoid was already present in some of the infested seedlings brought by the trader from Batangas.
Orani, Bataan (cont’n)
• Parasitism of C. calauanica increased from October to November and by December infestation of A. rigidus was completely controlled. Table 3 . Percent parasitism of Comperiella calauanica Barrion et al. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on moderately damaged fronds from neonicotinoid-injected and not injected coconuts (Brgy. Pag-asa, Orani, Bataan).
Treatment
Mean±SE
Injected Not Injected
94.53±1.08b 97.80±0.66a
Injected Not Injected
99.59±0.13b 100.00±0.00a
Injected 100 Not Injected 100 *significant at 5% level of significance **significant at 1% level of significance
RANGE Minimum Maximum October 2016 27.3 100 66.7 100 November 2016 60 100 100 100 December 2016 100 100 100 100
df
Pr > |t|
258
0.0104*
485
0.0014**
-
-
Pagbilao, Quezon Initial assessment of parasitism by C. calauanica on A. rigidus done in midJune 2016 was 61.4%. Presence of A. destructor was already noticed. Two months after, population of A. destructor had already surpassed that of A. rigidus. Parasitsm of C. caluanica increased to about 70-80% .
Number of Aspidiotus rigidus and Aspidiotus destructor (cm sq.) on moderately damaged fronds. CSI Mean±SE Minimum Maximum A. destructor 5.04±0.58 0 50.0 A. rigidus 1.50±0.30 0 21.33
df 299.66
Pr > |t| |t| 0.0004**
% Parasitization
100
Aspidiotus rigidus Aspidiotus destructor
80 60 40 20
P =
