in Jos,. Nigeria. Cnjptococcus neoformans var neoformans was isolated from feces of four captive bird species. Five isolates belonged to serotype. A while two.
of t%i!(/!,fe
JOUfl#{252}l
Cryptococcus
neoformans
of Captive
Birds
E. 0. A. Irokanulo,
A. A. Makinde,
The
n3ans,
was
the Jos Wildlife Cnjptococcus isolated
yeast,
found
in
feces
isolates
belonged
were
serotype
D.
was
isolated
cygna
eagle
and
owl
peacock
C.
face
duck
and and Wilson
et
found
in
are cal the
al.,
most
parts
of
sociated
with potential nest
natural
source
the
and
carriers et al.,
the
C.
collected
and
1992
and filtered filterate
for
5 mm.
the
and
December 1).
for
buffered 3 hr
(Biotec United
unlike assoil
SDA
such as the 1977). The
seed
muslin gauze. at 2,000 X G
for
colonies
and
examined
for
presence
and
the
yeast-like
cells
which
Pfeiffer,
1990).
capsules
were
Reports neoforrnans ied, with maining
on bird species in their feces the the
1955; Ajello Our objective
pigeon principal et
al., was
that have
(Columba carrier
harbor been species)
and
of
their
sugar
C. var-
patterns
re-
also
(Emmons,
1967; DiSalvo, to evaluate the
ence
preparation
(Baker for
their
(Cowan, 1975). were confirmed
1987). birds at
their 343
ability
and ability
the A
suspected
hr
unto fresh was carried of capsules showed
further and
1980)
hydrolyze
the
for
assimilation
Breach, to
pres-
tested
The encapsulated as C. neoformans
to assimilate
by
of the
subcultured for 72
fermentation
on
Niger
Gram-positive as yeast.
out
(Ellis
grew the
stained
trees
highlighted
incuSmall
on
dulensis
was
were
which
were
and USA)
6 days.
colonies
wet
earlier incubated
Scarlet
plates
37C
variety has remained unknown until recently when an association between the var gatti serotypes and the soil as well as vegetation around the Eucalyptus carnal-
colonies SDA and
and
G.
seeded
media
ink
used
Laboratories, Kingdom) con-
method and large cells were considered
India
were of Sabourand
Maryland,
brown-tan
agar
Grams coccoid
were shaker
chloramphenicol
and
or off-white and
saline (PBS) dissolve the
to
(William
Baltimore, The
col-
in 5 ml
formed
(SDA) Surrey,
25C
Jan-
These
plates
seed
and freshly
a mechanical
pellets
dry
April,
1991, and
duplicate
mg/ml
were
in the
suspended
on
The
at the
March,
droppings.
0.05
at
kept
each
Dry
were
Niger plates.
gattii
for
neofor-
Nigeria,
through a sterile was centrifuged
Company,
cream
species one
(Table
agar
taining
var
var
February,
caked
agar
neoformans
of
vigorously
bated
and
Institute, Jos; Jos
Nigeria,
in Jos,
cultured:
phosphate to stand
and The
on
Zoo
specimens
dextrose Lightwater,
all
Park,
15 bird
month
clini-
from
Research of Jos,
neoforrnans
and
to inoculate
are
world
droppings
birds (Bennett
two and
serotypes
A and D, are commonly
bird
of
(Jaw-
serotypes
Wildlife
of
Park
shaken
C. neoforA and D)
recovered
materials. Serotypes B and C serotypes,
feces
hard
divided into groupings
All
commonly
where pigeon,
1997
Droppings
Veterinary University
of C.
Wildlife
of sterile and left
Cryptococcus known
and
November,
gatti (serotypes B and Bennett, 1984;
1986).
most
:34:3-345
pp.
Association
735.
uary
a
cap-
in nature
var
Zoo
season
The from
neoformans,
differences: (serotype
C. neoforrnans C) (Kwong-Chung
presence
lected
is widespread
epidemiological mans var neoformans
neoformans
isolated
yeast,
etz et al., 1982). The four of this species have been groups based on serologic
Jos
The two
cnistatus).
two (serotype D), were eagle owl. Key words: Cryptococcus tive birds, Wildlife Park, Zoo.
neoformans,
from
National Sciences,
Natural
the Tflhl
(Dendroafnicanus ci-
(Bubo
of
the
species.
A while
(Pavo
encapsulated
at was
bird
A of
other spotted
The
Nigeria.
Jos,
to serotype a white
viduata),
1senascene)
in
captive
Serotype
from
neofor-
birds
neoformans
var
four
Faculty
healthy
Zoo
and M. Ekwonu,31
Department, Nigeria
Cnjptococcns
apparently
of
Five
C. 0. Akuesgi,2
Botany State,
2
Park and neoformans
from
Isolated
1997.
Disease
in Nigeria
Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Zoological Garden, Jos, Plateau
ABSTRACT:
var neoformans
3:32:.
I)i.s,ases. © \\ildlife
and urea
yeasts based on
following
car-
344
JOURNAL
1.
TABLE
OF WILDLIFE
Bird
species
DISEASES,
investigated
VOL. 33, NO. 2, APRIL
for
C.
neofonmnans
1997
betweenn
1991
Janninarv
1992
annd
ins Jos.
Nigeria.
Sonrce
NVhite-face Tawny
dtnck eagle
Africans
eagle
(Tertergt/nopius
Afmicann
Spotted
black
kite
owl
(Bnbo
eagle
N’Iaraboin (;rev
(Cancuma vocfer) (Buteo auguralis
buzzard
Batelennr
stork
Ptrrot
Peacock
Pealsen
(Bubo
goose
NVlsite-backe(i
(Pleetroptenis
tose
or
tose,
(Love
lation,
all
the
yeasts
creatinine
lac-
inability
C.
neofinnans
agar
Based
on
performed
glycmne
a peacock
birds
and
differentiation
CGB,
all
isolates
neoforrnans was carried
group into out using
bromothymol
blue
et
Seven
al.,
were
neoformans rotype D.
thymine
A and D dextrose
medium
(Iro-
that
captive had
birds their
serotype Six
of the
A
and
isolates
collected the white
belong-
did
C. to two
were
se-
were
from
the
from face
the Jos Zoo: duck (Den-
1
0
2
0
1
0
I
:3
0
2
6
0
closed
captive
these
var
ery
of
C.
any
prior
this
as
activity, changes
The
isolation
droppings
potential var
The
at six different
formans
of the remained
birds.
for may
of the
relatively
low
bird’s
year, var
C. be the
each
neoformans
is
the not
Though from
periods
C.
A
further
related
cage
se-
serotype
examined
completely
prevalence
for
recov-
neoformans the
collected
that
carriers
serotypes.
neoformans
were
of
is evidence
the natural site var gattii serotype
specimens
pat-
lose,
the
therefore
to
l)irds fluffed
breathing
particularly
that
investiga-
of the
reduced
droppings
the
infec-
symptoms
be
stud.
of
any mycotic
to
eyes,
had
of this
that
neoforinans
only,
the
time
from
may
the
of
examined
examination
neoformans
from
droppings None
were
abnormal
birds
birds
the
made the
cristatus).
neofi)rmans
four
africanus
isolate
such
river and
(Bubo
flaky skin, feather and weight lOSS.
terns,
C.
African
from
from
find
dry in droppings
the
clarno.s), owl
1)50
wings,
evidence
neoforthe var
not
6
feathers,
the
2
suffered
drooping
from
droppings
infected with isolates belonged
droppings each from
had
rotype
of 52
species
Five
physical
1994).
(13%) 15
the
var
1
0
at the
On
of
S
0
evidence
for
belonged
4
came
no
tion.
neoformans of the
serotypes creatinine
symptoms
was
tion
using
C. neoforinans var A further differentiation
clinical
the
1982).
2 0
excreta
birds
al.,
(3
(Paro
whose
iieo-
blue
et
2
0
only
park
There
we
0
eagle
The
of
1978);
5
and
spotted
iso-
al.,
bromothymol
(Kwong-Chung
a
tre-
blue
et
from
wildlife
using
bromothymol
serotype
CDB
C.
the
2
2
rocifer
cinerascene).
possessed
2
0
viduata)
(Cancurna
eagle
the
primary
of
drocygna
maland
On
(Kwong-Chung
canavanine
(CGB)
bird one
1985).
was
agar
cultured mans.
their
galactose
al.,
dextrose
(CDB)
to
not
dextrose,
differentiation
f ortnans
ing
as
garaffi-
capsules.
Serotype
kanulo
but
lactose, et
moderate
to the group.
dulcitol,
or ferment
sucrose,
halose
xylose,
as well
nitrate
sucrose,
inositol,
and
melibiose,
to reduce
gaonbensis)
l)engalensis)
maltose,
cellobiose,
trehalose
rolnmnc/nos)
gambensis
(Gt1ps
dextrose,
lactose,
enithacus)
lueteus)
vinitinre
bohydrates:
the
cnn imnein(ferus)
pelic’tn (Pelecamn us en/f/n
owl
Spinr-winiged
nose,
cinerascene)
nifeseens)
vhite
eagle
salvadoni)
onigrans)
afnicanus
(Psittacu.s entlnacus (Pavo cnstatns)
Anniemncans
and
(Mucus
Zoo
0
ecaudatu.s)
(IA’ptoptilos
(Pelecanus
Milky
viduata)
rapes)
eagle
Red-tailed NVest
(Dendrocrgna
(Aquila
river
\Vildlife
species
Bird
the neo-
(13%).
Two good
reasons may management
explain and
this finding: care for the
that were
the droppings not allowed
late. Isolations were months of December, ruary.
These
coldest months fore becomes elaborate tween and
months
of the necessary
environmental
considering sible existence
constitute
year the
an
the genus Cryptococcus; may differ from one
coast
another
1974). The investigation presence yeast ported of C.
and
observations have again of
in
(Sneller
the
birds
are
associated
AN1)
NV
livia).
with
the
E.
L.,
T.
S.
inistoplasnnnosis Tropical BAKER.
ne()f()nmnans
nine
dextrose
J..
ninicrohiologicah
1982.
J.
BENNETr.
BREAcH.
Lange
E.,
K.
J.
1977.
serot\pes
(:owAN, the
S. T.
1975.
Canssbridge p. A.
of
Uisiversitv
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identifications
F.
1967.
and
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bacteria,
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Mvcotic
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creati-
thvisninse
Biomedical
niiedi-
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J.,
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(serotvpes
of A
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Large brain
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232.
on the postemperature
range for lationship to
bia
the
in Nigeria
earlier report of definite soil
H.,
ESISI0NS, C. neof()nnans
relationship beyeast’s existence
temperature
D.
habitat Clinical
in Jos. It thereconduct more
to
studies on C. neoformans
the
and debris to accumu-
made only in the January, and Feb-
three
for
345
147-153. ELLIS,
and the fact in the pens
risk
pationnal
the birds
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
199.5.
for 820-823.
neoExperi-
