Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells-A glance from european - Centre for ...

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Motivation Photovoltaic Solar Energy. • European Solar Energy Strategic Research Agenda .... 30.000 new jobs between 2000 and 2006 in Germany.
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Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells - A Glance from Europe Joachim John

Outline • Introduction to IMEC • Motivation Photovoltaic Solar Energy • European Solar Energy Strategic Research Agenda • IMEC Solar Energy • Summary and Outlook

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Introduction to IMEC Statistics:   

  

Independent Belgian R&D institute Total Revenue (2006): 227 M€ Personnel (2006): 1500 - 330 visiting scientists and industrial residents - 220 PhD Students 35% non-Belgian, 51 nationalities Average age = 35 years 1652 scientific papers, 139 invited, 97 patents filed

Infrastructure:

 32nm CMOS

 24,400m2 offices and laboratories  5,200m2 cleanroom I (200mm) - 1,750m2 class 1 - Basic process: 90nm CMOS 3,200m2 cleanroom II (300mm) - Basic process: 32nm CMOS  Pilot Lines - 300mm and 200mm silicon pilot line - solar cell pilot line - multi-chip-module pilot line  Laboratories - Bio, Organic, RF, DSP - Material and Components Analysis

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Introduction to IMEC Annual Revenue (M€)

No. of scientific publications

Personnel

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Introduction to IMEC

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Outline • Introduction to IMEC • Motivation Photovoltaic Solar Energy • European Solar Energy Strategic Research Agenda • Solar Energy in IMEC • Summary and Outlook

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Motivation Photovoltaic's

R. E. Smalley, Rice University

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Energy Generation • Resources (what/how much) – Conventional (coal, oil, gas, nuclear) – Renewable (solar, wind, water, geo, bio)

• Cost (commercial) – €/W (investment, amortization, materials, personal)

• Environment (real costs) – Coal, oil and gas: Social cost of coal (SCC) – Nuclear: (external costs) • storage of Plutonium waste (unsolved), • worst case scenario insurance (not existing), • decontamination of the nuclear power plant (not calculated)

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Energy Generation

Prices of coal, oil and gas increased from 2000-2005 factor 2-3, uranium factor 4.5 Joachim John Source: Ministry for Environment, Germany (2007)  imec restricted 2008

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Impact on South Africa’s Biomes

∆T=2.5°C

Source: J. TURPIE et al,2002 Economic Impacts of Climate Change in South Africa

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Consequential Costs Caused by : • Climate change • Air pollution • Water pollution • Ground pollution

Increase of natural disasters 1950-2000

Others Floods Storms

number

Earthquakes

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Consequential Costs Increase and trend of economical damage of natural disasters 1950-2000

Economical Damage amounting to 2000

Insured Damage amounting to 2000

Trend Economical Damage Trend Insured Damage

Source: Münchner Rück Insurance (2001)

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Consequential Costs In SA: 316Mt CO2, 8,2 Tonnen CO2 per person = Italy or France Social cost of coal (SCC) 0.15 €/tCO2 up to 3 €/tCO2 *, (UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs - Defra) Actual price of coal = 7ct/kWh,

*Downing et al. (2005)

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Stock of Energy Source

47 years*

62 years

64 years

* Red Book (NEA/OECD)

200 years

Reasonably assured Resources (RAR) Joachim John  imec restricted 2008

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Change of the worldwide energy generation

Source: scientific advice council of the federal government (germany)Joachim John

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Renewable energy as a job motor

- 30.000 new jobs between 2000 and 2006 in Germany - More jobs as in conventional energy industry together

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Economy growth with less green house gas emission

Source: Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, Germany 2006

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PV-market World PV Growth (1989-2006) 2500

90%

68%

2006: 2.55 GW

2000

43%

42% 30%

[Mwp/y]

1500

23% 20%

70% 45%

42%

36% 33%

30%

16% 5%

10%

1000

-10%

Module Production 500

50%

Growth Rate

Source: Maycock PV News

Yearly Growth rate -30%

0

-50% 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Module Production

40.2 46.5 55.4 57.9 60.1 69.4 77.6 88.6 125.8 154.9 201.3 287.7 390.2 520.2 742 1250 1818.

Yearly Growth rate

20% 16% 19%

5%

4%

16% 12% 14% 42% 23% 30% 43% 36% 33% 42% 68% 45%

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Present PV-technologies: terrestrial application Cell Technology

Type of junction

Lab efficiency [%]

Industrial efficiency [%]

Bulk crystalline Si solar cells

p-n homojunction

24.7

13 – 17

a-Si:H

p-i-n homojunction multijunction

Market share [%] 92

6-7 single junction 9-10 multijunction 13

5

(a-Si:H; a-SiGe:H, µc-Si:H))

CuIn(Ga)Se2(S2) =CIS = CIS

p-n heterojunction with CdS

18.8

9 - 13

CdTe

p-n heterojunction with CdS

17

9 - 12

}

3

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Outline • Introduction to IMEC • Motivation Photovoltaic Solar Energy • European Solar Energy Strategic Research Agenda • Solar Energy in IMEC • Summary and Outlook

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A Strategic Research Agenda for PV Solar Energy Technology

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European Research Agenda

Turn-key system price

30 25

Euro/Wp

20 15

30

10 5 5

1 2.5

0.5

0 1980

2007

2015

2030

long term

year Joachim John

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European Research Agenda

Solar energy generation costs

2 1.8 1.6 Euro/kWh

1.4 1.2 1

2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3

0.2

0.15

0.06

0.03

0 1980

2007

2015

2030

long term

year Joachim John

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European Research Agenda

Energy pay-back time

10 9 8

years

7 6 5

10

4 3 2 2

1

1

0.5

0.25

0 1980

2007

2015

2030

long term

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European Research Agenda

Concentrator efficiency

60 50 40

60

% 30 40

20 25

30

10 10 0 1980

2007

2015

2030

long term

year Joachim John

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European Research Agenda

Flat-plate module efficiency

40 35 30 25

40

% 20 15

25 20

10 5

15 8

0 1980

2007

2015

2030

long term

year Joachim John

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Learning curve

1. Module price decrease by 20% for every doubling of the cumulative Production 2. Keeping the dynamics, 1$/Module price will be reached at 10GW cumulative production in 2008 Joachim John  imec restricted 2008

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Grid Parity in Europe 2010

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Grid Parity in Europe 2015

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Grid Parity in Europe 2020

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Outline • Introduction to IMEC • Motivation Photovoltaic Solar Energy • European Solar Energy Strategic Research Agenda • Solar Energy in IMEC • Summary and Outlook

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SOLAR+ Roadmap: 1 sun Silicon Solar Cell Program Thin crystalline Si (200  80 µm)

Higher efficiency (1520%) Si-ribbons Thin-film crystalline Si (