review covers: cantilever, enclosed, free edges, arched and suspended roof ... cable-reinforced double air-inflated membrane used for this building is a hybrid ... possible develop-line for the study of large lightweight roof structures under the.
International Workshop on SIMULATIONS IN URBAN ENGINEERING September 20-22, 2004 Gdańsk, Poland
SIMULATION OF WIND LOADING ACTION ON HANGING STRUCTURES LITERATURE SURVEY A. AMBROZIAK1, P. KŁOSOWSKI1 1 Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
1. Introduction The hanging structures are the progressive kind of space structures. A great functionality of these constructions consists in possibility of very big surfaces roofing with relatively restricted number of supports. Hanging roofs serves as hall roofs (amphitheatres, sports, exhibitions), also as airports, hangars etc. One of the most important conditions of their calculations is proper determination of changeable in time loads, among them the decisive role plays the wind loading. Wind loads are applied on a structure as the result of complex interaction between wind and the structure itself. This interaction can be classified by aerodynamic and aeroelastic effects [27]. The present paper gives the literature review of the wind loading determining for hanging roofings. 2. Literature review The value and distribution of wind loading taken into account in calculations mainly depends on: shape, proportions and dimensions of the roof, direction of wind acting and zone of wind loading, which is specified by national standards. The Polish Standard (PS) [24] concerning wind loading does not give directly detailed guidelines for loads acting on such not typical constructions. The regulations for these kind of loading application can be found in British design codes (BS 6399, [5]). This code presents the methods for calculating of the wind loads that should be taken into account in buildings designing, structures and components, taking into account wind speed, dynamic pressure of the wind, pressure and force coefficients. The guidelines for taken of wind loading can be found also in the other codes, for example: [13] – Euro Standard, [11] – German Standard. Studying the problems of wind loadings are worth pay attention to the monumental book [4], elaborated by BISPLINGHOFF ET AL., concerning the problems of aeroelasticity. An interesting approach to various aspects of the dynamic loads for structural design is presented in [23] by NORRIS ET AL. Two important types of dynamic loading are discussed there. In chapters 19 and 20, vibration of girders under moving traffic loads and dynamic effects of wind load are considered. The advantage of the wind tunnel tests is that we know exact distribution of wind loading. The work [17], elaborated by KAZAKIEWICZ ET AL., describes tunnel tests for
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many shapes of hanging structures and gives values of the reduction coefficient which can be used for practical determination of wind loading for calculations of structures. The two volume engineers’ handbooks [8] and [7], written by COOK, concerned on the foundations of the wind loading specification. The books give the practical instruction to these loads values determination. The response of very large roofs systems has been presented by MELBOURNE [22] through a number of areoelastic model studies. The review covers: cantilever, enclosed, free edges, arched and suspended roof systems. The paper [9], elaborated by DAVENPOR, discusses three key spatial functions which control the magnitude of responses: the influence lines, the mode shapes and pressure distribution. The paper describes, how the different time dependent loadings – the mean, background and resonant responses – are related to the spatial functions. Background and main features of the Romania standard on wind action, STAS 10101/20-90 are presented by SANDI [25]. Research is focused on: summarizing the developments of some reference codes, zonation of wind loading in Romania, the dynamic effects of wind gusts and on structural safety. Development in techniques and approaches, in wind engineering, including: physical modeling, numerical analysis, field studies, methods of analysis; are discussed by BIENKIEWICZ [3]. DYRBYE and HANSEN [12] discussed the wind load chain: wind climate (global wind), terrain (wind at low height), aerodynamic response (influence of wind flow on pressure), mechanical response (wind pressure to structural response) and design criteria. In the book [12] focused on to meteorological considerations, static wind load, dynamic wind load and scaling laws used in windtunnel tests is described. The authors also present a treatment of wind effects on structures and designing wind-sensitive structures. SUZUKI ET AL. [28] describe a largespan structure with a new structural system comprising a semi rigid hanging roof composed of glulams and steel plates. In the study the wind-pressure tunnel tests were conduced to investigate the characteristics of fluctuating wind pressure’s action on the roof. The response analysis of a roof was carried out to evaluate both static and dynamic response induced by static or fluctuating wind force. The results of extensive experimental investigation on the loading on the membrane roofing of the hangar at the airport in Riga in Latvia made in the wind tunnel are presented by KAZAKEVITCH [16]. The wind pressure distribution on the upper and lower surface of the roofing; the total values of pressure at the open hangar on its surface for the service stages are given too. In YASUI ET AL. [29] study, a wind tunnel test was conducted for an actually designed long-span structure. Basing on the data obtained from that experiment, there was simulated a multi-point fluctuating wind pressure by the time series using the Monte Carlo method. The paper [2], elaborated by ANDO ET AL., describes the design method, test results, construction site, result survey, and construction method of a double membrane air-supported structure used for the Park Dome Kumamoto in Japan. The cable-reinforced double air-inflated membrane used for this building is a hybrid construction. A 1/10 scale model was built and tested to validate the design. HOLMES in [15] provided a comprehensive and practical examination of the wind loading on structures. Fundamentals of wind loading are described in details, with the nature of wind discussed, prediction of wind speed and force, and dynamic response of buildings. The application of wind loading in a variety of different types of structures, including tall and low rise buildings, towers and masts, stadiums and bridges is discussed. KRISHNA [19] presented the survey article on tension roofs and bridges. The note covers
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a summary discussion on materials, analytical approach, illustration of forms, and the latest information and trends on cable technology and aerodynamic problems. The numerical analysis of the response of wind-loaded flexible structures is presented by LAZZARI ET AL. [20]. Initially the modeling and simulation of wind velocity are studied. In the second part of this paper, a cables network with a geometrical shape corresponding to a hyperbolic paraboloid subjected to wind load is investigated in the finite element approach. DAVENPORT in the paper [10] describes a perspective of development of wind engineering. This article is devoted to the scales of turbulence, the wind loading chain, wind effects in nature, future of wind engineering, and so on. A review on wind tunnels capable to simulate natural winds, the boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT), and trends in their extensive use in civil-engineering practice is presented by CERMAK [6]. The aim of the paper [21], by LAZZARI ET AL., is to present a possible develop-line for the study of large lightweight roof structures under the dynamic effects of the turbulent action of the wind. Static and dynamic analyses of the roof over La Plata stadium in Argentina is described there. A partitioned coupling approach for time-dependent fluid–structure interactions is applied, by GLÜCK ET AL. [14], to thin shells and membranous structures expressing large displacements. A complex shape membranous roof of glass-fiber synthetics was exposed to a timedependent wind gust which was superimposed on a constant basic wind flow parallel to the ground. A novel suspension system has been developed by SARKAR ET AL. [26] for the wind-tunnel section model study of the wind-excited vibrations of flexible structures. This system enables simultaneous of vertical, horizontal, and torsional motion of the suspended model. It captures the effect of coupling between different degrees of freedom for a flexible structure immersed in a dynamic flow field. Results from two experiments are also presented, to demonstrate the functioning of the suspension system. The practical example of a hyperbolic paraboloid hanging roof dynamic calculations is presented by KŁOSOWSKI [18]. This paper describes the elementary rules of the wind loading determination and discusses the behavior of the chosen hanging roofs on the blast of wind loading. The proposed concept of wind loading has been extended by AMBROZIAK and KŁOSOWSKI in the paper [1]. 3. Conclusion This note is an attempt to make a survey of the latest issues and developments in wind loading action on hanging and suspension structures. The paper is especially focused on the latest and future trends in wind loading design. This article will be the introduction to the comprehensive investigation. The wind loads have a great influence on design not only the hanging constructions. A lot of structures or parts of constructions which were subjected to wind action were destroyed, because at the design stage the miscalculation or inadequate wind loading was perpetrated. During the Workshop the practical concept of wind loading for the chosen shape of hanging membrane roof will be presented for static and dynamic cases. 4. References [1] Ambroziak A., Kłosowski P.: Dynamic analysis including special constitutive model for PVC-coated fabrics. 15th Technical Meeting DYMAT, Metz – France, 2004.
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[2] Ando K., Ishii A., Suzuki T., Masuda K., Saito Y.: Design and construction of a double membrane air-supported structure. Engineering Structures, Vol. 21 (1999), pp. 786-794. [3] Bienkiewicz B.: New tools in wind engineering. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics (JWEIA), Vol. 65 (1996), pp. 279-300. [4] Bisplinghoff R.L., Ashley H., Halman R.L.: Аэроупругость. Издательство Иностранной Литературы, Москва 1958. [5] BS 6399, 1997, Loading for buildings Part 2: Code of practice for wind loads. [6] Cermak J.E.: Wind-tunnel development and trends in applications to civil engineering. JWEIA, Vol. 91 (2003), pp. 355-370. [7] Cook N.J.: The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures Part 2: Static structures. Building Research Establishment BRE Butterworth, London 1990. [8] Cook N.J.: The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures Part 1: Background, damage survey, wind data and structural classification. BRE Butterworth, London 1985. [9] Davenport A.G.: How can we simplify and generalize wind loads? JWEIA, Vol. 54/55 (1995), pp. 657-669. [10] Davenport A.G.: Past, present and future of wind engineering. JWEIA, Vol. 90 (2002), pp. 1371-1380. [11] DIN 1055, Teil 4 Windlasten. [12] Dyrbye C., Hansen S.O.: Wind loads on structures. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1997. [13] EUROCODE 1: Wind actions, ECS Ref. No. ENV 1991-2-4. [14] Glück M., Breuer M., Durst F., Halfmann A., Rank E.: Computation of wind-induced vibrations of flexible shells and membrane structures. Journal of Fluids and Structures, Vol. 17 (2003), pp. 739-765. [15] Holmes J.D.: Wind Loading of Structures. Taylor & Francis, 2001. [16] Kazakevitch M.: The aerodynamics of a hangar membrane roof. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics (JWEIA), Vol. 77&78 (1998), pp. 157-169. [17] Kazakiewicz M.I., Miełaszwili J.K., Sułabieridze O.G: Areodynamika dachów wiszących, Arkady, Warszawa 1988. [18] Kłosowski P.: Dynamiczne działanie wiatru na tekstylne przekrycie wiszące. Inżynieria i Budownictwo, Vol. 11 (1985), pp. 396-398. [19] Krishna P.: Tension roofs and bridges. Journal of Construction Steel Research, Vol. 57 (2001), pp. 1123-1140. [20] Lazzari M., Saetta A.V., Vitaliani R.V.: Non-linear dynamic analysis of cable-suspended structures subjected to wind actions. Computers and Structures (C&S), Vol. 79 (2001), pp. 953-969. [21] Lazzari M., Vitaliani R.V., Majowiecki M., Saetta A.V.: Dynamic behaviour of a tensegrity system subjected to follower wind loading. C&S, Vol. 81 (2003), pp. 2199-2217. [22] Melbourne W.H.: The response of large roofs to wind action. JWEIA, Vol. 54/55 (1995), pp. 325-335. [23] Norris C.H., Hansen R.J., Holley M.J., Biggs J.M., Namyet S., Minami J.K.: Structural design for dynamic loads. McGraw-Hill, New York, Toronto, London, 1959. [24] PN-77/B-02011. Obciążenia w obliczeniach statycznych. Obciążenie wiatrem. [25] Sandi H.: Background and main features of the Romania standard on wind action. JWEIA, Vol. 65 (1996), pp. 217-230. [26] Sarkar P.P., Chowdhury A.G., Gardner T.B.: A novel elastic suspension system for wind tunnel section model studies. JWEIA, Vol. 92 (2004), pp. 23-40. [27] Simu E., Scanlan R.H.: Wind effects on structures. 3rd Edition, Wiley, New York, 1996. [28] Suzuki M., Sanada S., Hayami Z., Ban S.: Prediction of wind-induced response of semiright hanging roof. JWEIA, Vol. 72 (1997), pp. 357-366. [29] Yasui H., Marukawa H., Katagiri J., Katsumura A., Tamura Y., Watanabe K.: Study of wind-induced response of long-span structure. JWEIA, Vol. 83 (1999), pp. 277-288.
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