The Šlapanice II Cemetery. ... The Rebešovice Cemetery ........................................................................................................ 60. The Slavkov u Brna Cemetery.
Social Differentiation in the Late Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age in South Moravia (Czech Republic)
Daniel Sosna
BAR International Series
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures...................................................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Social Differentiation .............................................................................................................................. 4 Vertical Social Differences ......................................................................................................... 6 Age and Gender .......................................................................................................................... 8 Institutionalization of Vertical Social Differences.................................................................... 10 Changes in Gender Relations.................................................................................................... 13 Theoretical Basis of Mortuary Studies .................................................................................................. 14 Benefits and Problems of Mortuary Studies ............................................................................. 15 Archaeology and the Body ....................................................................................................... 17 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC SETTING................................................... 20 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 20 The Geomorphological Setting ............................................................................................................. 20 Geological History of South Moravia....................................................................................... 20 The Geomorphology of South Moravia.................................................................................... 20 Environmental Conditions ........................................................................................................ 21 The Archaeological Setting ................................................................................................................... 21 The Paleolithic and Mesolithic ................................................................................................. 22 The Neolithic ............................................................................................................................ 22 The Early and Middle Copper Age........................................................................................... 23 The Late Copper Age................................................................................................................ 24 The Early Bronze Age .............................................................................................................. 28 Chronology ............................................................................................................................... 30 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES AND MODELS............................................................................ 39 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 39 Vertical Social Differences ................................................................................................................... 39 Gender Relations ................................................................................................................................... 42 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 49 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 49 Data Collection...................................................................................................................................... 49 Mortuary Data........................................................................................................................... 49 Non-Mortuary Data .................................................................................................................. 50 Analysis of Mortuary Data .................................................................................................................... 50 Intra-Site Variability ................................................................................................................. 50 Cemeteries vs. Burials in Settlement Pits ................................................................................. 54 General Comparison Between the Periods ............................................................................... 54 Analysis of Non-Mortuary Data............................................................................................................ 55 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 6 SAMPLE SELECTION AND STUDY MATERIALS................................................................ 58 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 58 Selected Cemeteries .............................................................................................................................. 58 The Šlapanice II Cemetery........................................................................................................ 58 The Ostopovice Cemetery......................................................................................................... 59 The Rebešovice Cemetery ........................................................................................................ 60 The Slavkov u Brna Cemetery.................................................................................................. 61 Burials from Settlement Pits.................................................................................................................. 61 Samples for General Comparison.......................................................................................................... 61 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 7 RESULTS OF ANALYSES......................................................................................................... 71 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 71 The Šlapanice II Cemetery .................................................................................................................... 71 Body Preparation and Treatment .............................................................................................. 71
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Grave Inclusions ....................................................................................................................... 72 The Ostopovice Cemetery ..................................................................................................................... 73 Body Preparation and Treatment .............................................................................................. 73 Grave Inclusions ....................................................................................................................... 74 The Rebešovice Cemetery..................................................................................................................... 74 Body Preparation and Treatment .............................................................................................. 74 Disturbances ............................................................................................................................. 75 Grave Inclusions ....................................................................................................................... 76 The Slavkov u Brna Cemetery .............................................................................................................. 77 Body Preparation and Treatment .............................................................................................. 77 Disturbances ............................................................................................................................. 78 Grave Inclusions ....................................................................................................................... 78 Burials in Settlement Pits ...................................................................................................................... 80 Comparison of General Mortuary Samples ........................................................................................... 81 Comparison of Non-Mortuary Data ...................................................................................................... 82 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 8 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 128 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 128 Institutionalization of Vertical Social Differences .............................................................................. 128 Cemeteries .............................................................................................................................. 128 Burials in Settlement Features ................................................................................................ 132 Non-mortuary Evidence.......................................................................................................... 133 Great Man vs. Big Man Strategy......................................................................................................... 134 Mortuary Evidence ................................................................................................................. 135 Non-mortuary evidence .......................................................................................................... 136 Gender Relations ................................................................................................................................. 136 Mortuary Evidence ................................................................................................................. 136 Burial Disturbances ............................................................................................................................. 138 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 139 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 140 Vertical Social Differences ................................................................................................................. 141 Gender Relations ................................................................................................................................. 142 Future Research................................................................................................................................... 142 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 144 APPENDIX A DATA TABLES ...................................................................................................................... 167 APPENDIX B FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. 224
