2015 IEEE European Modelling Symposium
Design of 24 Hour Energy Generation from Renewable Energy Mohammad Reza Maghami1,2,*; Chandima Gomes1; Hashim Hizam1,2, Mohammad Lutfi bin. Othman1,2 1. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 2. Centre of Advanced Power and Energy Research (CAPER), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: Mohammadreza Maghami; E-mail:
[email protected] Abstract-A hybrid energy system as describe in paper, this research will provide an advantages over the conditional system. Hybrid energy systems are a mechanism that explores multiple sources of energy connected together to achieve synchronised power generation. Many research works have confirmed that Hybrid Energy System (HES) in off-grid applications are economically workable, mainly in island and remote area. This work focuses on the design and construction of a hybrid system from three renewable energy sources within Malaysia, namely wind, rain and solar. Malaysia is located within a tropical climate which has huge potential for harvesting renewable energy. In order to do the experimental work, Laboratory D2.1 which is located in the Faculty of Engineering was selected. The main objective of this study is to design and optimise a hybrid renewable energy system by analysing the power generation ability with load demand characteristics. Another objective of this study is to model and simulate the system to evaluate the performance of the system and also to identify the barriers that can be addressed.
Fig 1: Sample of hybrid alternative energy system
A. Literature Many people in the world lack access to electricity and approximately 80 % of reside in rural Africa and Asia. Also, because of the global rise in the level of energy consumption, coupled with reports of a decline in the level of accessibility to energy, researchers and energy experts have found the need to provide alternative methods of energy production. This situation, from Local point of view has thrown up support for Renewable Energy (RE) exploitation in some developing countries in a more economical way by using HAE. Although RE such as wind, solar and biomass energy have presented a very significant research interest in the field of energy production, it would appear that hybrid power system applications using RE systems have been a research area of interest with limited number of publications. HAE is still an ongoing research hot spot especially for RE electrical power engineers and experts. In a part of the study, it is stated that solar radiation and wind are comprehensively the most favoured RE for their availability and inexhaustibility [5]. In a hybrid system, an integrated PV system, wind energy system and a battery unit share a DCbus and an AC-bus arrangement [6]. This supplies energy to a load in the absence of a utility grid. In reality, other n from Renewable Energyand hydrogen have also been including fossil fuel based back-up systems[7]. Nixon et al. focus on the feasibility of a hybrid solarbiomass system performance in India. They investigated different criteria of economic, technical issues concerning electricity generation, environmental and the process of heat production using simulation models. Founding from this study shows that a hybrid system is highly cost saving compared to a single RE energy source for output power.
Keywords: Hybrid renewable energy, Design of hybrid energy systems, energy potential, energy harvesting
I. INTRODUCTION Smart grid planning and better energy storage could significantly boost the use of renewable energy around World [1-3]. Hybrid alternative systems (HAES) are plays and important part on smart grid planning. HAES is a mechanism that explore multiple sources of energy connected together to achieve synchronised energy generation. Nowadays, the various application of HAE systems are working very much in favour of renewable energy system exploration. Notably, a Hybrid Alternative Energy System (HAES) has enormous potential to provide quality, secured and reliable electricity to consumers, especially for micro-grid operations for islands and remote areas[4, 5]. Figure 1 presents an illustration of a simple HAE utilising a wind turbine generator and a PV system. Presently, renewable based hybrid energy supply systems are becoming a widespread parameter in the energy sector.
978-1-5090-0206-1/15 $31.00 © 2015 IEEE DOI 10.1109/EMS.2015.50
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generate energy from the wind. For the experiment, the roof of one of the laboratory buildings (D2.1) in the Faculty of Engineering was chosen in University Putra Malaysia.
Afgan et al, [8] investigated on sustainability considerations for HES. The study revealed a few levels of indicators that could be used as measurement factors for sustainability assessment when considering implementation of HES. The indicators were economic indices, an environmental portfolio and social acceptability. Getachew et al, [9] designed a HES comprising of a photovoltaic-wind system for energy generation for a remote area in Ethiopia. In this research, a software tool was used to analyse data concerning the potential of wind and solar. Furthermore, the emergence of HES has also enhanced the exploitation of energy storage systems to boost the availability of electricity to potential users. In another research[10] studied the needs, opportunities as well as challenges for RE hybrid energy storage systems. This study considered variety of energy storage systems and strongly acknowledged the advantage of the incorporation of an energy storage system into a HES especially for the elimination of intermittency. Also, they are review of some possible issue related to energy storage in hybrid power systems, and the modelling and simulation techniques required for the performance analysis of the system integrated elements. In another study conducted by [11], efforts were rationalised to unveil the characteristics of integrating different type of RE systems such as wind turbine, solar panel, full cell and ultra capacitor systems, for power generation. Literature from numerous authors [12] has also focused on the use of RE based HES.
II. METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN The research methodologies used to achieve the aims and objectives of this research are a combination of literature desktop research and field studies. The main proposals of this research are to optimise a Power Management (PM) system comprising potential of several RE generation systems (Wind, rain, a photovoltaic (PV)). HES consisting of a wind turbine, gutter generation, solar arrays, a battery, and a controller are utilised to meet a specific AC load. A. Location of project The building location and orientation significantly influences the building energy generation potential. The building height and the surroundings are the deciding parameters for potential energy. The site for this research study is located in the KEE laboratory, D2.1 Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia which is close to the library. The height of this building is 6 m and the surrounding area is around 500m2.
B. Energy Potential in Malaysia Malaysia has two main weather conditions which may be divided into two main categories, sunny and rainy. During summer days, sunlight is sufficient and day time is too long. The rainy season lasts more than half a year. According to the Malaysian weather information based on monthly averages from 2013, it can be observed that the mean number of precipitation days is 223 days annually. From September to April, the mean total of precipitation is around 250 mm monthly based on the maximum and minimum average temperature and average monthly rainfall. The data was retrieved from the Malaysian Meteorological Department, (MARDI, UPM)[13]. This study focuses on the design and construction of a hybrid System from three renewable energy sources (wind, rain and solar) in Malaysia, which can be used during sunny, rainy, and windy days. During sunny days, the arrangement collects sunlight by using solar panels and transfers solar energy to electric power. During rainy days, collects rainfall and uses Piezoelectric or turbo Fans devise to generate electricity. Finally, a wind turbine is used to
Fig 2: D2.1 Electrical Engineering Laboratory
B. Design and configuration The proposed HES-based stand-alone power system consists of a solar panel, a wind turbine, a rainfall turbine, an energy storage system, and a load as shown in Figure 3. Here, the rainfall turbine, the solar cell, the wind turbine, controller, and battery storage system, are connected to the DC link by appropriate power electronic circuits. Finally, a set of AC loads are connected to the system via a controlled inverter.
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results against each other. This process can be time consuming and is likely to lead to missing the most optimal solution. Automating the optimisation process by specifying combinations of HAE components that can be combined then simulating all possible combinations, has improved the likelihood of finding optimal solutions, although, again this is not guaranteed. Simulation can be carried out using deterministic techniques and probabilistic. Deshmukh et al,[14] review of method to modelling HES components, designs and their evaluation. Conti et al. [15] developed a probabilistic model and calculated the long-term system performance in terms of the monthly average fraction of the load met by the generation system. Mitchell et al. [1]modelling a wind, PV, storage in both grid connected modes stand alone. In stand-alone mode, the model showed a rapid law of diminishing returns’ effect, whereby the objective of complete energy independence would be prohibitively expensive in practice without some sort of stand-by plant. In an analysis of a PV/wind system, Tina et al. [16] developed analytic expressions to obtain the power generated and reliability analysis was performed based on energy expected but not supplied. Although a more complex approach, it was shown that a good evaluation of the long-term average performance of a hybrid system could be obtained through a statistical approach alternative to time step simulations.
Fig 3: Hybrid alternative energy design
The experiment demonstrates a powerful new method for combined wind, rain and solar HES system. Using a rain hydroelectric turbine solution. By placing the arrangement on the roof of the building, the Solar Arrays not only optimal the maximum sunlight received from sun irradiation, but also plays an important part in collecting rainfall above the water container. When water in the container has reached a desired level, water starts to flow along the designed pipe, rotating the hydroelectro turbine and forcing the current generating motor to convert rotating energy to electric. In this research, the wind energy conversion system consists of a variable speed wind turbine-based on an interior type permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous generator. The wind energy conversion system is connected to the DC link through a Pulse Width Modulation controlled rectifier, which is designed to achieve:
D. Software tools for analysis A HAE incorporates two or more electricity resources options based on alternative energy or a fossil fuel unit. The technique economic analysis of the HES is require for the efficient utilisation of RE resources. Hybrid Energy System analysis is quite complex and requires to be analysed thoroughly due to using multiple generation systems. For this reasons, it is requires to use software for the configuration design, optimization, simulation, etc. In a research done by Sinha[17], software tools for hybrid renewable energy systems with their main features and current status were presented. The capabilities of different software were also highlighted. The software investigated were HOMER, RETScreen, Hybrid2, RAPSIM iHOGA, TRNSYS, iGRHYSO, HYBRIDS, SOLSIM, SOMES, ARES , HySim, HybSim, IPSYS, HySys, INSEL, SOLSTOR, and HYBRID DESIGNER[17]. The Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER), is the most widely used, freely available and user friendly software. The software is suitable for carrying out quick prefeasibility, optimisation and sensitivity analysis in several possible system configurations. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) USA developed in 1993 for both off-grid and on-grid systems.
1) Optimum power from the wind by controlling the rotor speed and 2) Efficient operation of the IPM synchronous generator by controlling the d and q axes components of the stator current. A battery storage controller includes a lead-acid battery which is used in the research, connected to the DC link of the system through a bi-directional DC-DC converter. This converter is controlled so as to manage the discharging and charging of the power of the battery storage system. C. Modelling and simulation Modelling and simulation are the most common ways of assessing the implementation of a HAE. Each part of the system is mathematically modelled. A dispatch strategy is employed, and the model is run as a computer program. In this way, different configuration can be compared to, whether in terms of cost or unmet load. This optimisation process can be in the form of developing a number of distinct designs, running the model, and comparing the 286
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors grateful acknowledge the financial support for this study by the Universiti Putra Malaysia.
This software program has been downloaded from the web by over 80,000 people in 193 countries from the date of release [9]. It uses windows as a computer desktop with Visual C++ as the programming language. It uses inputs such as various technology options, component costs, resource availability, manufacturer’s data etc. to simulate different design and to generate results as a list of feasible configurations sorted by net present cost. HOMER can simulate a system for 8760h in a year. This software also can displays simulation results in a variety of graphs and tables which helps to consider different design and evaluation all of them on their technical merits and economic. It can determine load serve policies with the lowest cost source to meet the load. It can suggest the design of various systems based on economic variable. The tables and graphs made by a simulation can also be exported. Also, it has been used extensively in the literature for HAE system optimisation and various case studies. Figure 4 gives a schematic representation of this software.
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Input: Load demand, resources, components, constraints, emission data HOMER
[8] Output: Sizing, cost of energy, capacity, fuel consumption, renewable energy fraction
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Fig 4: Schematic representation of HOMER
III. CONCLUSION [11]
Hybrid Renewable Energy system is the mechanism that combine multiple sources of RE to achieve synchronised power output. Many research consider on design and optimal of HES in different area around world. This paper bring brief information for project that will be done in Universiti Putra Malaysia. Three type of resources that available freely on this area was selected in order to design HAE system. The main proposals of this thesis are to optimise a PM system comprising of several RE generation systems. Wind, rain, PV, HES consisting of a wind turbine, gutter generation, solar arrays, a battery, and a controller are utilised to meet a specific DC load bank for any application. An overall PM strategy is design in order to the optimal of the energy generation from the different RE source. HOMER software is suitable for carrying out quick prefeasibility, optimization and sensitive analysis several possible system configurations. It uses inputs such as various technology options, component costs, resource availability, manufacturer’s data etc. to simulate different design and to generate results as a list of feasible configurations sorted by net present cost.
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