Triacontanol (Vipul). The periment was laid out in a split plot design. Results. Pooled data revealed that e ect of variety, spacing and fertilizer was significa at in ...
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Input Management
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the frequency and intensity of harvesting. This was evident in.the case of coconut, where harvesting was done once in 50-60 days. The nutrient balance sheet revealed that the nutrient loss from the system through harvested produce was counter balanced by nutrient addition through various sources. In several systems the losses of nutrients during harvest far exceed the rate of replenishment by weathering of minerals in soils or precipitation. The potential need to replace lost nutrients to sustain productivity is sometimes ignored.
replenish the nutrient pool, permanent losses occurring through harvest may need to be compensated through external inputs. Hence, in agro-silvopastoral systems dominated by annuals and bearing coconut palms, judicious additional application of nutrients through organic manures and inorganic fertilizers is necessary to sustain productivity.
Reference Carey,
Conclusion From the present study, it can be inferred that though various nutrient cycling processes tend to
~
Extended
Surnrnaries
VuL 1 ,2nd International
Agronomy
M.L.. Farrell, E.P. and Mcaleese, D.M. 1981. Mobil isation of of nutrients in a sitka spruce forest floor-interaction of leaching with lime and fertilizers under lab conditions. Forest Ecology Mallagemellt 3 (3) : 229-236.
Congress,
Nov. 26-30,2002,
New Delhi, India
Development of agronomic practices for mulberry (Morus alba) under irri ated condition RAMA KANT, B.D. SINGH,
P.K. DA
R.S. KATIYAR
Regional Sericuliure Research Station, Sah . Mulberry is the sole food for silkworm, BOl1lbyx L. Mulberry is a perennial crop and the plants undergo repeated harvesting and intensive cultural operations followed with manurial applications for obtaining 5 to 6 harvests per year. Poor maintenance of mulberry retards the metabolic activities of the plants as well as the growth of root, shoot and leaf. Hence, it is necessary to establish a package of practices for mulberry cultivation for obtaining quality mulberry leaf. An attempt was made to develop a suitable cultivation package for mulberry under irrigated conditions.
mori
Methodology An experiment was conducted at the Central 5ericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore. The field soil was red loamy and pH varied from 7.5 to 8.5. Soilbased inoculum (20 spores/ dry soil) was used to raise requisite number of saplings. About 5 to 6 months old samplings were
IIr,
AND
B.K. SINGHAL
Dehradun, Llttaranchal, India
trans lanted to raise a new plantation. After transpl nting nursery raised saplings with VA mycorrh a in the main field, phosphorus was applied u 0 P,O; kg/hC;lo/year. Transplanted mulberry pia ts were kept'for establishment up to 6 months. The e. eriment was undertaken with eight treatments and our replications. The treatments consisted of two rieties viz. '5-36' and 'V-I': two spacings viz. 60 x ern and 180 + 90 ern x 60 ern: and two fertilizer dos viz. 300: 120 : and 150:30:120 : 120 kg N. pps and K2 fha, supplemented with 20 kg of Azotobacter app ied in 5 split doses. VA mycorrhizal inoculation a ad foliar application of nTriacontanol (Vipul). The periment was laid out in a split plot design.
Results Pooled data revealed that e ect of variety, spacing and fertilizer was significa at in respect of leaf yield, plant height and numbe of shoots per
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pial t. On an average, the mulberry variety 'V-I" at close spacing of 60 em x 60 ern and full dose of fertili r performed better than variety '5-36' , paired r w plantation and reduced fertilizer dose with Azo bacter and VAM inoculation (Table 1). Interaction Vt0ng varieties, spacing and fertilizer was not sigriificant with respect to leaf yield. Though higher leaf yield was obtained in the variety 'V-I' with full d e of fertilizer, the cost: benefit ratio was higher ith reduced dose of fertilizer supplemented throu h Azotobacter biofertilizer and VAM inoculation. Ba terial biofertilizer @ 20 kg/ ha/yr (5' splits) has been ound to curtail 50% of the chemical N input in irrigate mulberry without any reduction in leaf yield and quality (Das et al., 1992). Similarly, the VAM fungus, loiuus IIIOS5(,lIe has been found to curtail 75% of ch rlcal phosphatic fertilizer input in irrigated mulbe ry without any reduction in leaf yield or its quality (Katiyar, 1990). Physiological parameters viz. photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, inter-cell lar CO, concentration and transpiration rate were studied ~ It was observed that 'V-I' variety at 90+ 180 ern x 60 em spacing and full dose of fertilizer showed maximum photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, inter-cellular CO, concentration and transpiration rate as compared to other treatments. Although the variety 'V-I' with wider spacing and full dose of fertilizer yielded maximum leaf, the quality of leaf was better with reduced rate of fertilizer application.
Conclusion It is evident from the results that 'V-I'variety surpassed '5-36' in improving productivity as well as quality of mulberry leaf. Application of reduced
tiP
Extended Summaries Vol. 1 , 2nd lnternationa
Agronomy
Congress,
2002
Table 1. Effect of variety, spacing, and fertilizer doses on leaf yield and C : B of mulberry varieties Treatments
Leaf yield (kg/ha/var)
C: B ratio
Varieties 'V-I' 'S-36' CD (P=0.05)
54,018 46,706 2,036
1.51 1.43
Spacings (CIII) 60 x 60 (180+90) x 60 CD (P=0.05)
55,526 45,198 1,325
1.39 1.56
Fertilizer (kg NPK/lzn) 300: 120: 120 150 : 30 : 120 + biofertilizers CD (p=0.05)
51,124 49,599 1,133
1.53 1.41
dose of 150 kg N, 30 kg P,O; and 150 K,O/ha along with different biofertilizers can be recommended for achieving more yield and quality of leaf of mulberry.
References Das, P.K., Ghosh,. A., Choudhury, P.c., Katiyar, n.s. and Sengupta, K. 1992. Response of irrigated mulberry to Azotobacter and Azospirilliun biofertilizers under .aded levels of nitrogn. In: Biofertilizer Tec/l/lology Tr nsjer. L.V. Gangwane (Ed.). Associated Publishing Company, New Delhi. pp. 71-77. Katiyar, n.s.. Das, P.K., Ghosh, A., Choudhury, P.c. and Datta, R.K. 1990. Interaction between Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal colonization and phosphoru application in mulberry. In: Mycon'hizal SYlllbiosis all Plant Growth. D.). Bagyaraj and Manjunath, A. (Ed.). University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore, pp. 79-80.
Agronomy Congress, Nov. 26-30,2002, New Deihl., India
Influence of intercropping and fertility management in hybrid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on total productivity and economics A,V. RAMANJANEYULU
AND
B. BUCHA REDDY
Department of Agronomy, AcJwryn NG Rnllga Agricllltllral University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andlira Pradesh, India Cottton (Go5sypilll7/ cash crop of .Telangana
hirsut
uni L.) is a principal region of Andhra Pradesh ..
The crop is sown at wider provides space for cultivation
"Present address: Division-of ~gronomy, fARf, New Delhi 110012, India
row spacing and of short-duration
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651
intercrops like soybean and grollndnut. The practice of intercropping stabilizes the productivity besides enhancing the total returns (Mukherjee et al., 1987).Fertilizer management is important in the successful management of cotton-based intercropping system. Hence, a field investigation was undertaken to evaluate the total productivity and economics of cotton-based intercropping system under different fertilizer levels. Methodology A field experiment was conducted during rainy sea on, 1999 at Students farm. College of Agriculture, Hyderabad. The soil was an Alfisol (sandy loam) with pH 6.5, normal in electrical conductivity (0.8 dS/d), low in available N (232 kg/ ha), medium in available P (27.5 kg/ha) and high in available K (370 kg/halo Treatments consisted of two cotton hybrids viz. (H,: NHH -390 and H2: NHH-44, two intercrops viz. groundnut (C,: TMV Table 1. Effect of different intercropping Treatment
H,C,F, H,Cl, H,C,F, H2Cl, H,Cl, HICl2
Yield (q/ha)
Seed cotton equivalent yield (q/ha)
-2 and soybean C2: PK-472); and three fertilizer levels viz. F1: cotton and intercrops fertilized with 120-60-0 kg N-PP5- Kp/ha, F2: cotton and intercrops fertilized with 120-60-0and 20-40-0kg NP20,- K20/ha, F and F3: cotton and intercrops fertilized with 90-60-0and 20-40-0kg N-P,O.- K,O/ ha respectively. There were four treatnw~ts ~herein only the sale crops of hybrid cotton and intercrops of groundnut and soybean were grown' by applying recommended fertilizer dose. In cotton crop, the nitrogen and P20:; @ 60 kg/ha each were applied as basal. Top dressing of 30 kg N/ha each at 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) in F] and F2, and only at 30 DAS in F3 was done. In groundnut and soybean.the entire dose of Nand P was applied as basal in F2 and F3 treatments. The experiment was laid out in a randornised block design with 16 treatments, replicated thrice. In sole cropping, 100% population of cotton hybrids (90x60 ern), growldnut and soybean (30x10 em) was maintained. In intercropping, 60 %
systems and fertilizer levels on seed cotton equivalent yield and economics Gross returns (Rs/ha) Cotton
Intercrop
Total
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha)
Net returns (Rs/ha)
B:C 'ratio
14.00 12.18
El.44
27,267
12,208
39,475
18,174
2,1301
1.17
19.40
24,2]7
15,592
39,806
17,200
2,2606
1.31
16.38
21.71 21.93
32,167
11,578 14,445
43,745
18,174
1.41
17,203
13,835
44,183 41,132
2,5571 2,6980 2,1646 2,4935
1.11 1.35
14.83 13.55
20.20
29,738 27,298 25,476
19,486
1.56
12.67
20.63
17,971
43,450
H,Cl,
16.87
32,193
13,397
45,590
18,515 19,486
• 2,6104
1.34
H,Cl,
15.68
22.61 23.51
30,942
18,189
49,131
18,545
3,0616
1.65
H,Cl~
15.97 13.29
20.09
27,525
13,314
40,839
19,244
1.17
20.80
25,747
16,601
42,349
18,363
2,1595 2,4076
16.75
32,134
12,902
45,036
19,244
2,5792
1.34
16,077
46,194
18,273
2,7921
1.53
24,202
912
1,6290
0.91
42,124
17,912
2,4212
1.35
H,Cl~ H,C,F,
1.32
H,Cl, Sole cotton (H,)
15.59
22.37 22.lJ8
17.76
17.76
30,117 3·+,202
Sole Cotton (H2)
21.96
21.96
42,124
Sole ground nut (CI)
10.64
7.92
17,968
17,968
10,579
7,389
0.70
Sole soybean (C2)
17.02
10.41
23,163
23,163
9,551
13,612
1.43
CD (P=0.05)
1.32
1.86
I
2,368
Price: Seed cotton: Rs. 1800/ q; Groundnut pods: Rs. 1400/ q and Soybean: Rs. 1150/ q. Cotton stalks: Rs. 25/ q; Groundnut & Soybean haulrns : Rs. 200/q.
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additional population of groundnut/soybean was introduced in addition to 100% base crop population (2:1). Cotton, groundnut and soybean were sown on 261h June 1999. The intercrops of soybean and groundnut were harvested on -l-10-99 and 10.10.1999 respectively. In case of cotton, four pickings were carried out at 124, 140, 157 and 170 DAS. A total rainfall of 480.4 mm was received in 34 rainy days in the croping season.
Agronomy
Congress,
2002
net returns, and B : C ratio were higher with Hz hybrid cotton intersown with soybean under F, fertilizer level. It means adequate fertilization to both base and intercrops resulted in higher total prod ucti v ity in terms of seed cotton equi valen t yield. Musande and Chavan (1987) reported similar results. Intercropping of soybean gave higher gross and net returns and B:C ratio than groundnut with hybrid cotton. It was due to more seed yield obtained from soybean than groundnut.
Results Conclusion Among the sole crops, hybrid cotton, NHH-44 produced 23.7, 27.7 and 21.1°1., higher total productivity in terms of seed cotton equivalent yield over HI hybrid cotton, groundnut and soybean, respectively (Table 1). It was owing to significantly higher kapas yield obtained from H: hybrid cotton. Among intercropping treatments, H2Cl2, H2Cl3 and HzCly H2Clz and and H:r.F1 were at par and significantly superior to other treatments. It might be our to more additional yield obtained from intercrops besides kapas yield. Higher seed cotton equivalent yield was associated with H, hybrid cotton than HI under a given fertilizer level, Economic analysis revealed that among sole crops, Hz hybrid cotton (NHH-44) gave considerably higher gross and net returns. However, the B:C ratio was higher with sole soybean. The gross and
n.c.r,
~
Extended s~mm".'''
It can be concluded that intercropping of N.HH44 with soybean with application of 120 kg N + 60 kg pp/ha to cotton, and 20 kg N + 40 kg pp/ha to soybean can be recommended for higher total productivity and remunerative returns in red soils of souther Telangana of Andhra Pradesh.
References Mukherjee, N., Verma, B.L. and Ram P. 1987 Feasibility of intercropping early maturing summer greengram with irrigated American cotton in north-west Rajasthan, 1011mal of l n dian Society of Cattail llIlproVCIIlCII t 12 (1) : 37-41. Musande, V.C. and Chavan, Chavan, B. N. 1987. Nitrogen uptake in intercropping. Madras Agricultuml lourna! 74 (10-11): 481-485.
Vol 1 '2nd lnternational Agronomy Congress,
Nov. 26·30,2002, New Delhi, India
Recycling of di ent organic materials in rice tOryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivut cropping system for sustained productivity
irrigation
Research Station, Raiendr« Agricu
Nutrient requirement of crops in rice-wheat cropping system involves a large input of fertilizers. It has been observed that when inorganic fertilizers are used on a long-term basis, there is deterioration in soil health. Organic sources of nutrients play an important role in restoring soil health (Pillai et 111., 1990) and in a cropping sequence they are more effecti ve than inorganic fertilizers as they lea ve sufficient residual nutrients for the succeeding
. I University,
Madhepura,
Bihar 852 113, India
crop. n rice-wheat cropping system crop wastes of rice is m 'nly used as fodder and thereby it is not available fo ecycling. However, wastes from other crops like mai mustard, lentil, sunflower and other crops can b uitably used as a source of organic manure when' corp orated in appropriate dosage and time to benefi he subsequent rice crop. Organic sources are requi d in bulk to meet the nutritional requirement of cops. The crop wastes
