DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUSTAINABLE ...

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The concept of sustainable development of Latvia was developed in 2002, and a .... Clayoqout Biosphere reserve in Canada, Vancouver Island, established in ...
UNDP/GEF project

Biodiversity Protection in North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROFILE FOR THE NORTH VIDZEME BIOSPHERE REERVE Final report-summary

Prepared by Vidzeme University College Department of Tourism Organisation and Management: I.Druva-Druvaskalne, A.Līviņa March, 2008

Sustainable Development profile for the NVBR

Vidzeme University College Department of Tourism Organisation and Management

CONTENT

Introduction

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NVBR Sustainable Development Profile Elaboration Methodology

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The essence of sustainable development in specially protected nature territory – theoretical findings Characteristic features of sustainable development. analysis of case studies

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Characteristics of the NVBR territorial development from the natural, social and economic development perspective (homogeneity) Provisions for sustainable development in planning documents concerning the NVBR territory Assessment of THE NVBR integrated monitoring programme

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The NVBR residents’ understanding of sustainable development

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Indicators of the NVBR sustainable development profile

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Consolidation of sustainable development in the management and progress of the nvbr territory 8.1. Scenarios for sustainable development in the territory of NVBR

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8.2. Proposal for Research Results Publicity

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Conclusion

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References

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1. 2. 3. 4.

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Sustainable Development profile for the NVBR

Vidzeme University College Department of Tourism Organisation and Management

INTRODUCTION “Sustainable development is like a house: one generation lays the foundations and builds it while each next one perfects it without destroying the previously created.” (an anonymous Aloja resident, from North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve survey in October, 2007)

In the conception of sustainable development four main sustainable development goals and priorities may be singled out: 1. Provision of material living standard – development of national economy. 2. Conservation of natural environment quality and resources. 3. Balanced social development including: qualitative and quantitative reproduction of nation's gene pool and population, preservation and reproduction of cultural environment, provision of social equality. 4. Institutional capacity – development and introduction of national, regional, or local level long-term policy, providing all the three previously mentioned goals. Within the framework of the UNESCO programme “The Man and the Biosphere” specially protected nature territories – biosphere reserves – have been created with an aim to combine nature protection and conservation, and man’s economic activities, in addition, by doing it in a sustainable way. Biosphere reserves are benchmark regions for sustainable development (Hadley 2002). North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve (hereinafter: NVBR) is one of the 531 biosphere reserves in 105 countries in the world (UNESCO PRESS 2008), which in accordance with Madrid Declaration (UNESCO 2008), passed by the Third World Biospheres Congress ( it took place in Madrid, 4 – 9 February, 2008) should enhance cooperation with the local residents, governmental institutions, the private sector, mass media, local governments, research and educational institutions and to implement the Madrid action plan in the period of 2008 – 2013. The profile of sustainable development for a territory, according to the authors’ research, is usually estimated with the help of indicators or indices. The indicators are mostly used for evaluation of the existing situation in achieving the set goals in four basic dimensions: in the natural, social, economic and institutional environment and for elaboration of proposals for improvement of the situation. What is the use of evaluation of complex development of the territory with the help of indicators? • • • • • •

It characterises conditions in the given environment (natural, social, economic, institutions). It gives the society a clear idea of the social attitude to nature diversity and protection, and social welfare issues. It determines the process changes in the time period. It identifies problems and weak links. It facilitates understanding of regularity of natural laws. It gives the society an insight into its behaviour.

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It may affect the decision makers’ actions.

Systems or packages of sustainable development indicators are offered by various international organisations, each for different target audiences and objectives. NVBR Sustainable Development Profile Elaboration Methodology To elaborate a sustainable development profile for the NVBR, the following methods and sources were used: 1. Theoretical literature and case study analysis – the authors studied theoretical and research literature on sustainable development issues, studied the experience of protected territories, including biosphere reserves regarding planning, introduction and monitoring of sustainable development 2. Analysis of normative acts – elaboration of the profile was based on legislation of the Republic of Latvia and in compliance with the planning documentation of the European Union, Council of Europe and the Baltic Sea Region by integrating the basic approaches set by the profile research. 3. Analysis of the regional and district planning documents – the profile was elaborated taking into account the priorities set by Vidzeme and Riga Planning Region development programmes as well as considering the priorities and proposals set by the regional governmental planning documents. 4. Data and information compiling, generalisation and analysis – the authors used the data provided by the state statistics institutions, the relevant state institutions and local governments, as well as data provided by the NVBR administration and specific research results for the profile elaboration 5. Site visits to the territory in June, August, October and November of 2007. 6. Working seminar on the results of the residents’ survey and on directions of further research in Salacgriva on 12 February, 2008, in the administration premises of the NVBR. 7. Research “Study of local residents’ viewpoints regarding understanding of sustainable development in the NVBR territory ” – for the study and evaluation of the current situation the authors carried out a survey, including three district administrative territories within the NVBR territory.

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Sustainable Development profile for the NVBR

Vidzeme University College Department of Tourism Organisation and Management

1. THE ESSENCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURE TERRITORY – THEORETICAL FINDINGS The concept of sustainable development was first defined in the report Our Common Future made by the United Nations (UNO) World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, it is also called the Brundtland Report, 1987. The concept of ‘sustainable development’ became widely used only after the UNO conference in Rio de Janeiro “Environment and Development” in 1992 (informally called the Earth Summit) which adopted the main documents: “Rio Declaration” and “Agenda 21”; they outlined a general action plan for a global transition to sustainable development, their basic principles envisage provision of social needs alongside nature conservation and promotion of economic development. The basic principles of balanced development were initially based on ecological carrying capacity theory (ecological carrying capacity – maximum number of individuals or amount of biomass a habitat can sustainably support) The concept ecological capacity was introduced by E.P.Odum. The words ecology and economy have the same root; they are both derived from the Greek word ”oikos”, meaning “home”. A precondition for any long-term development is sustainable use of resources, meaning the boundaries set by the ecological carrying capacity of the respective natural resources at a given time. Full scale development does not exist, it is rather a process towards something that is more sustainable than before. Besides, it is a multidimensional process, which makes its definition complicated. In a wider sense it has economic, social, cultural, political, geographic and ecological aspects which require interdisciplinary approach, respectively, all these aspects should be taken into account. Environmental ethics Professor J.Hattingh from Stellenbosh University (SAR) maintains that the simplified traditional 3-circle or pillar model cannot precisely depict the harmonisation among these three spheres, so he offers a model he has invented; this model is based on natural environment sphere (the author calls it ecological sphere), and the other spheres are in interrelation with the ecological sphere. Awareness of the natural environment dominance and its balanced utilisation should become the main priority in the development of society in future.

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Picture 1. J. Hattingh model

Vidzeme University College Department of Tourism Organisation and Management

Picture 2. Traditional 3 pillar model

Picture 3. Sustainable development model in protected nature territories (Verechi 2007).

To provide and plan a sustainable development model, it is not enough to carry out the monitoring of the protected territory, therefore one should take into account both the prevailing economic and social, even political factors. Sustainable development of the territory should be focused on the future without ignoring currently topical issues. One cannot expect quick success, the invested effort today will bear fruits only in the future. It is with this understanding that one should begin with. (Eagles & Haynes et al , 2002). The concept of sustainable development of Latvia was developed in 2002, and a new national strategy for sustainable development 2030 is being elaborated. In Latvia’s policy planning documents and legislation the concept ‘sustainable development’ is used only in documents developed by Environmental Ministry, or where it is required by the EU.(Āboliņa, 2005; Kļaviņš 2007). The principles of sustainable development have been integrated into several normative acts of Latvia, which is essential when elaborating the NVBR sustainable development profile and the territorial management plan: • Regional Development Law (sustainability principle). • Territorial Planning Law (sustainability principle). • Basic Concepts of Latvia’s Tourism Development for 2004 – 2008 (Tourism sustainable development principle). Sustainable development profile shows possibility of a territorial development in three significant environments: social, economic and ecological. Evaluation of the current situation and a vision of future development are important aspects for the evaluation of the sustainable development profile. Basic evaluation in the sustainable development profile is given after evaluating the following indicators: •

Social sustainability – describes the social structure and process maintenance and development. This means provision of existence of the community members in a long

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term perspective, equal distribution of resources, participation in social processes and maintenance and further development of the social system. Economic sustainability –for its implementation it is necessary to provide the ability to meet the basic needs of the national economy. The national economy should provide maximum return with minimum negative impact on the ecological and social conditions. Ecological or environmental sustainability – not to exceed the local and global systems’ carrying capacity overload limits.

Two sustainability stages have been defined: Weak sustainability – provision of sustainability when the nature capital and/or the human capital are evaluated jointly with the man-made capital and the total joint estimation should be sustainable. Weak sustainability allows for substitution of nature capital (or human capital) with man-made substitutes, the only requirement being not exceeding the limits of ecological endurance and self-regeneration of the system. Strong sustainability – provision of such sustainability within the framework of which sustainability is required for every type of capital separately, excluding a possible substitution. Neither the nature capital nor the human capital should be diminished. Proposal: By definition the NVBR should develop the strong sustainability model. 2. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES To evaluate development trends of a territory, different indices – indicators are used. In general, all the sustainable development indicators may be divided into three types according to the structure of their formation: • categories (a simple list of indicators, trend indices in specific sectors); • goal/indicator matrix (indicator and goal linkage); • driving force-state/response matrix (showing relationship of elements with community). One of the most common conceptual models of evaluation of sustainable development is the so called driving force –pressure –state- impact –response or DPSIR sustainable development model which is used in the European Union for registering sustainable development indicators monitored by Eurostat. The indicators are divided into ten themes and subthemes characterised by several indices. (Eurostat 2008). Sustainable environment development evaluation of the European Environment Agency is based on evaluation of the current condition and impact assessment indicators (they are classified by the following typology: A= descriptive indicators, B= performance , C= ecological impact, D= political efficiency, E= total welfare indicators. The European Environment Agency is currently stocktaking 28 indicators (EEA 2007).

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Researchers consider that UNO is using the so-called driving force- state- response (DSR) sustainable development criteria model. The driving forces are supposed to be the processes (in environment, social sphere, economy) that affect development. Division for Sustainable Development of the UNO Department of Economic and Social Affairs has elaborated 50 basic indicators, divided into 14 themes according to four interrelated dimensions: environmental, social, economic and institutional dimensions ((UN 2007). The four dimension sustainable development model is also proposed by the Joint Research Centre of the EU Commission (UNESCO SCOPE 2006). UNDP has set 8 Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by 2015, by measuring the eight goals and their subgoals with 48 progress indicators ( (UNDP 2007). The seventh goal provides: “Ensuring environmental sustainability”, one indicator being the proportion of protected terrestrial and marine territories. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with 30 member states apply the pressure - state – response (PSR) sustainable development criteria model (OECD1993). OECD has elaborated 100 indicators, divided into 12 themes (OECD 2008). In 1991 a new project was launched within the framework of the programme “The Man and The Biosphere” – drafting of Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring, BRIM; and methodological regulations have been prepared for carrying out environmental and socio-economic monitoring. Within the framework of the UNDP/GEF project in 2004 for the NVBR the Canadian expert G.Whitelaw in his report pointed out that social monitoring in biosphere reserves had been neglected and at the moment of drafting the report in 2004 social monitoring had been completed only in 40 (or 9%) of all the biosphere reserves (Whitelaw 2004). Elaborating a sustainable development profile for the NVBR, other specially protected nature territories, incl. promoting activities and methods for sustainable development of biosphere reserves were evaluated.The examples were chosen according to the following criteria: • • • •

G Whitelaw’s recommendations; protected nature territory, preferably a biosphere reserve; available scientific research on the respective protected territory; available information from biosphere reserve home pages regarding sustainable development issues (integrated monitoring, sustainable development plans and strategies).

Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve, established in 1990 and characterised as a territory with high anthropogenic effects, has been chosen for different types of research (geology, planning, archeology, tourism, birds) (Whitelaw et al 2004). In 2006 researchers identified 93 indicators in the Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve in the following themes: natural heritage, waters, use of land, tourism and recreation, publicly accessible space, landscape characteristics (Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve 2008; Niagara Escarpment plan 2005, 2006).

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Clayoqout Biosphere reserve in Canada, Vancouver Island, established in 2000, residence place for Nuu-chah-nulth local indigenes who comprise half of the population in the region. The key purpose of the reserve is to maintain the territory of the indigenous population as a social capital, therefore the monitoring programme is more focused on the social, economic and institutional development (Dobell, Rod, 2001). The monitoring development will be in the working process until March 2008, and the following groups of indicators will be defined: • administration or management indicators (institutional indicators), total number 12 – 15; • balance indicators (social, economic, environmental); • essential indicators (reflecting uniqueness of the Clayoqout Biosphere Reserve (Canadian Biosphere Research Network 2008). Menorca Biosphere reserve (Reserva de Biosfera de Menorca) in the Balearic Islands in Spain was established in 1993, and enlarged in 2004. As the Balearic Islands is a significant tourism centre in the Mediterranian, consequently, the main tasks are to safeguard the territory from uncontrolled touristic activities and research of coastal waters, fauna and flora of the isalnd (Bernaldez 2005). Menorca Socio-Environmental observatory is engaged in measurements of social, economic and environmental indicators, classifying them according to OECD indicators model (Rita 2003). One of the functions of the obswrvatory is to develop joint indicators that would integrate information from several important statistical values which will be compiled in a document “Sistema d’indicadors del Pla Territoria Insular 2005”. The indicators are divided into 9 themes (biological diversity, ecosystems, territory identity, historical development, education and culture, demography and society, impact assessment, political factors) (OBSAM 2005). Bialowieza Biosphere Reserve – founded as a national park in 1932, since 1977 is a biosphere reserve, located in the territory of Poland and Belarus, characterised as a sparsely populated territory, the main values being broadleaf forests and ecological research of the European bison. Owing to long-term research (observations of different type have been carried out for 150 years) and the scientific capacity in the Polish part of the territory (more than 65 completed projects, 18 of them – permanently), there are several monitoring programmes – bison relocation and monitoring of their number with the help of transmitters, forest inventory – measurement of diametres of trees, record keeping of visitors (UNESCO 2008). Grosses Walsertal Biosphere Reserve in Austria, established in 2000, comprising six small local municipalities with 3500 residents whose basic aim is to maintain the balance between the Alpine scenery and socio economic development, including development of local services with the help of different projects. One of the minor aims was introduction of the European Eco Management and Audit Scheme, EMASEU, in all the six municipalities. In 2003 and 2004 the basic indicators were developed, they were divided into the following components: environment, agriculture and forestry, energy, transport flow, planning of building and settlements, tourism and trade, social issues, young people and health, schools, education and culture. Each basic indicator has an index which may be measured (CIPRA 2006).

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Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea and Hallig Islands Biosphere Reserve (SchleswigHolsteinisches Wattenmeer und Halligen Biosphere Reserve) is the largest protected nature territory in Germany, established in 1990, enlarged in 2004; the main element of the landscape are halligas – dam unprotected wetland islands – sandbanks in the Wadden Sea, it is also a prominent concentration place for migrating birds. Guidelines for the biosphere reserve territory have been developed, they determine sustainable tourism promotion and monitoring processes. Socio-economic monitoring has been carried out since 1999. Data and estimation of the National Park region are provided by socio-economic monitoring – SÖM Watt. This monitoring programme consists of three parts: 1) SÖM Regional – the regional situation is evaluated with an emphasis on tourism offer in the region and development of economic situation. It implies regular research and analysis of the following components: National Park as an economic factor in the region; offer of the national Park; tourism; environmental trends. 2) SÖM Trend – statement of the latest trends with the help of counting, guest surveys, calculation and mapping methods. 3) SÖM Meinung – research of public opinion by carrying out surveys of local residents and tourists (Ministerium fur Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und landliche Raume des Landes Schleswig-Holstein 2005). Surveys in spring, summer and autumn are carried out by park/biosphere rangers (Rokpelne 2007). As the Wadden Sea coastal zone belongs to three states – Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands – they carry out joint environmental monitoring of 26 indicators, and since 2001 attention has been paid to joint socio-economic environmental monitoring as well. As of 2001 a joint International Wadden Sea School , IWSS) is regularly organised . In general one may conclude that • indicators are used for evaluation of development in territories of different size (starting from small municipalities to regions consisting of several states, and for identifying the world global development trends); •

as evaluation of indicators is carried out by different organisations, it may happen that indicators are essentially different or formulated differently, and actually they are not comparable for determining trends;



each protected territory, including biosphere reserves, selects the most relevant indicators from the common recommended list of indicators, the selection is by the number, by components or themes, thus accentuating the prioritary directions in their operation and in potential development of their territory;



quite often indicators are grouped as prioritary (also called early warning indicators) and secondary according to how precisely and in how long time period they can identify any changes or modifications;



the necessary data collection and measurement of indicators is the duty of the administration of the respective organisation, research institutions (institutes,

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observatories, higher education institutions) and the local community – students, residents); •

inclusion of socio-economic and institutional components in the evaluation of sustainable development of biosphere reserves is a new accent (the audited biosphere reserves have included this component in their reviews within the last ten years).

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NVBR TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT FROM THE NATURAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE (HOMOGENEITY) The NVBR was established: in 1997 on the basis of North Vidzeme Regional Nature Protection Complex which in its turn was founded in 1990. Area: 474 350 ha (457 697 ha mainland, 16 750 ha sea aquatorium ), comprising 7.1 %1 of the whole mainland territory of Latvia. Geographical location: located in Latvia’s northern part, in the borderland area with Estonia, in Northern Latvia and Piejuras (Coastal) Lowlands, the highest point is Zilaiskalns 127 m above the sea level. Length of the coastline – 62 km (from Ainaži to Varzas). NVBR zoning. According to the existing law “On North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve” (11.12.1997.) and Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 353 “ Regulations on Individual Protection and Use of Northern Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve”(10.10.2000.) the zones are: • Special areas of conservation: nature reserve zone (34 198.3 ha, 7.2 %); • Landscape protection zone (240 106 ha, 50.5 %); • Neutral zone (200 819 ha, 42.3 %). Specially protected territories in NVBR: one nature park "The Salaca River Valley”, three nature conservation areas, 24 nature reserves. In total 27 sites are included into Natura 2000 network. Population: in January 2007 the NVBR territory was populated by 78 610 residents (according to LRCSP 2008 data), which comprises 3.4 % of the total Latvia’s population. Calculations were made according to the recommended proportion by SIA ELLE, assuming that 96% the population of Limbaži administrative district live in the area of the NVBR. Compared to SIA SELLE calculations as of 1 April, 2006, we may conclude that no major changes have taken place in the number of population (2006/2007 + 59 residents), however this number has decreased by 4 thousand residents (or 5%) (SIA ELLE, 2007) within the previous decade. The majority of the population is concentrated in towns. Number of local governments: three district governments (Limbaži, Valka, Valmiera Districts) and four urban governments (Limbaži, Valka, Rūjiena, Strenči towns), six towns including rural territories (Ainaži, Aloja, Mazsalaca, Salacgrīva, Seda, Staicele), one Burtnieki county council 1

Authors’calculation on the basis of data: NVBR mainland area is 4743.5 km 2, Latvias mainland area is 64 589 km 2

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Vidzeme University College Department of Tourism Organisation and Management

and 33 parish councils according to the administrative division as of 1 February, 2008. In total 43 local governments are located in the area of NVBR. Latvia has defined specially supported territories in which development is facilitated with the state support in many different forms. In 2006 Valmiera District had a positive development indicator while Valka and Limbaži Districts had negative indicators. It should be noted that Valka District had a positive index in 2005, but faced a negative development trend in 2006. Regarding the territorial development indicator in 2005 there are several slow growth areas in Limbaži District: Ainaži including rural territory, Salacgrīva (i.r.t.), Staicele (i.r.t.), Aloja (i.r.t.), Braslava, Brīvzemnieki, Pāle, Viļķene and Umurga Parishes. The rest of the parishes belong to medium growth areas (Riga Regional Development Agency 2007) Traffic flows and intensity: NVBR territory is intersected by two national asphalt surface motorways: (A1 (E 67 VIA Baltica) Riga - Ainaži in Limbaži District and A3 InčukalnsValmiera-Valka where the border of the NVBR partly lies along the motorway. Car traffic intensity has increased greatly on all the main roads in the territory of NVBR. Other important roads: ten first category motor roads with the total length of 312 km intersect the NVBR territory. A general trend - the closer to a town/city, the bigger traffic intensity. A significant role is played also by second category roads, only part of them with asphalt surface. Railway line Skulte-Limbaži-Rūjiena-Estonia was closed gradually: in 1996 (Aloja-Ipiķi), in 1997 (Limbaži-Aloja), in 2001 (Skulte –Limbaži). The only operating railway line intersecting the NVBR is Riga-Lugaži in the section of Strenči-Valka. Some future perspectives may be connected with the project Rail Baltic planning construction of a high-speed railway line from Tallinn to Warsaw; it would include the section of Strenči-Valka. There are two harbours located in the territory of the NVBR: Salacgriva (export and import loads) and Kuiviži (fishing and yacht harbour), the latter is presently being modernised. Brief Characteristics of Entrepreneurship and Agriculture The most essential branches of economics that are developed in the territory of the NVBR are: timber industry, food processing, fishery and fish processing and building. NVBR boasts not only medium-, small- and micro enterprises. There are 19 large enterprises employing 13 % of all the working population (SIA ELLE, 2007). The existing agricultural enterprises produce about 64% of the produce for local consumption. This means that agriculture plays an essential social role as less than 1 % of farms are market oriented, i.e., sell all the produce. Barley, oats and rye are the main crops grown in the territory of the NVBR. 208 biological farms, mainly involved in crop farming and dairy farming (SIA ELLE 2007). The last five years have witnessed growth of tourism industry – both in tourist accommodation sector and service diversity; tourism infrastructure is also improving. In 2007 there were 75 tourist accommodation places in the territory of NVBR. This number has grown by 2.3 times

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Vidzeme University College Department of Tourism Organisation and Management

since 2003 while the number of beds has grown by 3.7 times. During the tourist season in 2007 tent sites were offered by 43 entrepreneurs, additional services – sightseeing, manufacturing of pottery, angling, paintball, etc. – were offered by 42 entrepreneurs and farms. The number of people visiting museums and attending events has also grown. 4. PROVISIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN PLANNING DOCUMENTS CONCERNING THE NVBR TERRITORY NVBR is located in two planning regions (Riga and Vidzeme planning regions) which makes development planning more complicated and increases the number of participating partners. The NVBR Limbaži District territory is included in Riga planning region documents while the territories of Valka and Valmiera Districts are included in the Vidzeme planning region documents. This research deals with and analysis of the Basic Concepts for Transport Development 2007-2013 in more detail and the Basic Concepts of Forestry and Forest-Related Industry Development. In general, the conclusions are: • Sustainable development principles are included in the national scale development documents, however, introduction of the planned documents is not being carried out according to the elaborated action programmes and deadlines. • Basic concepts for transport development 2007 -2013 are of extreme importance in the case of implementation of strong sustainable development in the NVBR; it is one of the most essential preconditions in the sustainable development of the territory. • The NVBR and its local municipalities being and acting in two different planning regions, it fragments the work of the reserve administration, thus diminishing efficiency and increases the number of stakeholders. • Both Riga and Vidzeme planning regions have included issues which are topical for NVBR problem solving in their development programmes and territory planning. • Most of municipalities have drafted and enforced territorial planning which facilitates sustainable development in the NVBR territory. • It is vital to draft binding regulations in local governments (by form and by contents) that would promote sustainable development of the territory, for example building regulations requiring traditional constructions for the given area, regulations regarding waste management, etc.) 5. ASSESSMENT OF THE NVBR INTEGRATED MONITORING PROGRAMME The integrated monitoring programme, drafted for the NVBR in 2005, prescribes five components: air quality, waters, biodiversity, mainland environment and its components and social economic development. Actually four of the five components in the monitoring programme refer to the environmental or ecological sustainability. And only one component characterises social and economic sustainability.

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Altogether 115 indicators have been defined, the measurements or statistical data of which have to be evaluated every year. Primary and secondary indicators, as well as methods and/ or information sources for measurement have been identified. Observation venues for the necessary monitoring have been defined. 62 indicators have been identified for which the measurements should be carried out once in three to ten years. Proposal: It is necessary to indicate the time when the programme has been drafted and approved in the NVBR territory and to point out which indicators are to be measured every year. Proposal: The description of the integrated monitoring, its primary indicators and the results should be publicly accessible on the home page and in the NVBR library. Implementation of the NVBR public monitoring from 2005 deserves a positive assessment; it promotes the NVBR social sustainability component as measurement taking involves the local community, the young and the old, which facilitates the experience heritage and strengthens the feeling of belonging and responsibility for the NVBR territory. The performance of the public monitoring programme is transparent; members of the NVBR consultative committee were acquainted with the achieved results in 2007, information about the measurements for the public monitoring indicators is published on the NVBR home page. They are divided into three groups: • wildlife elements, • inanimate nature elements, • cultural history elements. Proposal: once in three years the NVBR consultative committee should review the characteristic indicators for sustainable development of the reserve and register the current situation and changes in the development of the territory. The official UNESCO biosphere reserve Internet site http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/ brdir/ directory/biores.asp?mode=res&code=LVA+01 gives information regarding the NVBR on the following monitoring (last modified in 2005): the Salaca River as a venue for wild salmon population monitoring, marsh monitoring, air quality measurement by using lichen, structure and dynamics of coastal meadows, regeneration and monitoring of small rivers, botanical and zoological surveys, development of socio-economic structures, lithological measurements of the quarternary period in North Vidzeme, winter water flow, wetland botanical structure. As a specific monitoring for abiotic environment – air quality and geology. Biological diversity: coastal and sea birds, functioning of ecosystem, its structure, flora, fauna, freshwater, inland waters, indicators, lichen, methodology, regeneration. Socio-economic aspects. Integrated monitoring: management issues. Proposal: to update information in the official UNESCO Internet site (http://www.unesco. org/mab/) on completed monitoring activities in the NVBR, including information about the public monitoring activities, the landscape ecological plan, etc., updated information.

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6. THE NVBR RESIDENTS’ UNDERSTANDING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT A survey of local residents was carried out in the framework of elaboration of the NVBR territory sustainable development profile; its aim was to identify the local residents’ understanding of sustainable development. Methodology: • Questionnaire development – October 2007. • Carrying out the survey – October - November 2007, 59 second year students of Vidzeme University College involved. • Results of the survey – 1038 responses to the questionnaires received, suitable for data processing; 1014 questionnaires from 25 parishes, seven from towns and five from towns including rural territories (38 administrative territories) in the area of the NVBR. • Survey questionnaire processing – November - December 2007 by using SPSS data processing programme. Survey questionnaire structure: Part I: 38 statements representing four sustainable development dimensions: institutional (10), environmental (8), economic (11), social (9). Part II: 1. Respondent’s understanding of the term sustainable development. 2., 3. Perspective territories and popular tourism objects. 4. Infrastructure evaluation (15 services on a scale from 1 to 6). 5., 6. Evaluation of information and type of received information on the NVBR Part III: Information about the respondent (age, nationality, status or employment, education, income level, place of residence and length of residence in the territory). Survey results in detail are described and analysed in the full text of the report in Latvian with attached tables in the text and graphs and charts in the appendices. Conclusions of the survey: 1. Residents are not informed about exact borders of the NVBR (consequently they do not know and are not sure which territories belong to the NVBR) Understanding of environmental issues is equal to all generations and all education levels. 2. Full understanding of sustainable development was demonstrated by half (49%) of the respondents) although 34% of the respondents did not answer this question at all. 3. The local residents are quite ignorant about the sightseeing places in the vicinity. 4. Lack of public catering places and their unprofitability in the NVBR territory (except along the VIA Baltica motorway). 5. Bad mutual relationships between the residents and the local authorities are the most disincentive factors. 6. Overall development of the territory (especially in the N, NE and central part, in the border areas of the NVBR) currently are in a state when sustainable development is

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impossible as the elements of the existing infrastructure are weak and their existence is problematic (postal service, shops, public transport). 7. Majority of residents (73.1 %) do not see or do not understand the benefits of the new administrative territorial reform. 8. It should be noted that residents of the remote parishes are unpretentious which testifies for the minimal requirements and conciliation with the existing conditions. 9. To promote full-scale territorial development, the local residents should be provided with active social and cultural life. 10. An essential factor is the people’s own activity, their wish to be busy and active, to do something for improvement of the quality of their life. The people have not lost their belief in economic, incl. tourism, development in the region based on the fact that the place of residence is located in a specially protected territory. 11. Majority of the respondents (~70%) acknowledge to be interested in the surrounding activities and would like to receive and use the received information. This could be the last moment when there is still a possibility to change the situation for the better and the residents would not lose the will. 12. Possession of information definitely determines the trends of sustainable development. Actually this factor could always be more positive including not only a bigger amount of information, but also its quality, structurability and categorisation. Proposals: 1. Closer cooperation with local governments, entrepreneurs (by offering the use of the NVBR logo on their products, announcing tenders for the use of the NVBR logo on the agricultural produce, especially on health promotion products). 2. Parish home pages should have links to the NVBR homepage with the NVBR logo. 3. Publications from regional newspapers “Auseklis”, “Rūjienas vēstis”, “Liesma” may be offered for the local parish newsletters (creating an e-mail data base with journalists). 4. Creation of an e-mail news group (news from NVBR) accessibility of application for it directly from the home page. 5. NVBR billboards along motorways, logo signs next to the tourism objects. 6. Cooperation with all TICs and and TIPs in the NVBR territory (booklets, info, poster, etc.). 7. Interactive tourism site on the NVBR homepage. 8. Annual photo competitions, travelling photo exhibitions in parishes. 9. Organisation of people’s forums in Limbaži, Staicele, Kārķi, Rūjiena, Burtnieki. 7. INDICATORS OF THE NVBR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROFILE On the basis of the drafted NVBR monitoring programme the research authors recommend 20 indicators for the description of the current situation and for the future development of NVBR sustainable development profile; the indicators may be divided into four thematic groups; environmental, social, economic and institutional. A proportionally bigger number of indicators is planned for the environmental thematic group (35%), as referring to J. Hattingh’s sustainable development model, natural environment is the basis for everything. In addition to the traditional approach to the understanding of sustainable development which is based on three pillars, the

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authors have singled out another institutional group (25%). During the evaluation of the NVBR specific goal or the distinction from other specially protected nature area categories the authors have concluded that institutional group indicators are absolutely essential in the direction of complex sustainable development of the territory. Summarisation of the residents’ survey questionnaires and their analysis have actually revealed that this is the weakest link in the sustainability components chain in the NVBR territory. Social and economic group indicators each have 20%. Appendix No. 4 shows a sample of an indicator table with the assessment of the current situation. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT INDICATORS Conservation of Biological Diversity Stocktaking of indicator species population size Indicator: Salmon Salmo salar Indicator description: Number of smolts in the Lower Salaca River Data source: Latvian Fish Resources Agency, LVGMA. Current situation description: the number has been growing within the last 3 years, possibly due to the river restoration work on the Lower Salaca River. Indicator: Wolf Canis lupus Indicator description: Number of animals estimated by simultaneous footmark counting Data source: State Forest Service Current situation description: characterises both the condition of the species and accessibility of forest tracts, and the range of other mammals for food. The indicator has been stable for the previous years. Indicator: Lynx Lynx lynx Indicator description: Number of animals estimated by simultaneous footmark counting Data source: State Forest Service Current situation description: characterises both the condition of the species and accessibility of forest tracts and the range of other mammals for food. The indicator has been stable for the previous years. IndicatorIndikators: snipe Gallinago media Indicator description: number of males estimated in the mating time in the territory of the NVBR. Data source: LVGM, the Latvian Nature Fund, NVBR Current situation description: indicator rising in the recent years, possibly due to floodland restoration in the NVBR and in the whole territory of Latvia. Indicator: forest key biotopes Indicator description: Area of forest key biotopes in the NVBR, i.e., areas registered/ protected in the State Forest Register. Data source: State Forest Service

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Current situation description : according to the latest updating of the State Forest Register database (2006) the area has increased five times and the total territory is over 2000 ha. Indicator: Field bird index Indicator description: Synthetic indicator, including 10 most common bird species count Data source: Latvian Ornithology Society, NVBR Current situation description: To estimate the ecological conditions in the agricultural territory, a field bird index has been created. The fall of this index below 1.0 in 2006 testifies of decrease of those bird species population who are adapted to the agricultural area habitat. Most probable explanation is the decrease of areas for pastureland – many meadows and perennial pastures have been ploughed up after joining the EU. (LVGMA 2007). The indicator is included in the list of EUROSTAT as one of the people’s living quality indicators. It characterises a whole complex of processes created by human activity. It will be estimated in 2009 for the first time trying to obtain representative data about the previous four years as well, and estimation is already being organised. Landscape Change Indicator: Common area payment (CAP) covered territory % compared to all the territory of the NVBR. Indicator description: Common Area Payment (CAP) is available in Rural Support Service centres only for the agriculturally usable land which was in good condition in 2003 (land should be cultivated, no invasive species or shrubs, draining systems in good condition, perennial meadows and pastures as well as perennials sown in the arable land should be pastured or mown by 1 August). Data source: Rural Support Srvice (RSS) Current situation description: The largest tracts which are not cultivated ( small number of applicants to the common area payment, only 0 – 49%) are concentrated in the SW part of the NVBR – Limbaži District, Liepupe and Limbaži Parishes, in the central part of the NVBR in the E part around lake Burtnieks in Valmiera District, in the E part of the NVBR in Ērģeme and Valka Parishes in Valka District, in the NW part of the NVBR in the rural territories of Salacgrīva and Ainaži and in the N part of the NVBR in Ipiķi Parish in Valmiera District. Neglected territories in most cases are concentrated along linear objects – water courses, roads, borders (city and national) and in territories bordering on marshes. SOCIAL COMPONENT INDICATORS

Population demography Indicator: natural growth of population Indicator description: the indicator shows the difference between the number of born and diseased people in a certain timeframe in the given territory. A positive indicator shows a steady sustainability of the region and is an important indicator for development of the territory. Data source: LR Central Statistics Bureau Current situation description: The natural growth indicator in the territory of NVBR is negative. The largest negative growth of indicators is in towns and neighbouring territories

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(Valka Town – minus 55, Salacgrīva incl. rural ter.– minus 30, Rūjiena – minus 26, Mazsalaca incl. rural ter. – minus 22 and Kocēni Parish – minus 22. The highest positive natural growth is in Variņi Parish – plus 4 and in Dikļi Parish – plus 2 (data 2006). Employment Indicator: demographic load Indicator description: ratio of the able-bodied per 1000 inhabitants. Demographic load characterises ratio of children ad retired people versus employable inhabiatants Data source: Latvian Statistics Institute, LR Central Statistics Bureau Current situation description: in 2003 the mean indicator of demographic load in the territory of the NVBR was 678.06 (calculation based on statistical data for average local government) On average the demographic load indicator in Latvia in 2003 was 602.9 and in 2007 it was 531.2. The demographic load is decreasing in Latvia due to changes in legislation regarding retiring age: people may retire at a later age now. Social Life in the NVBR Indicator: public activities organised by the NVBR administration for its residents Indicator description: public activities organised by NVBR administration for its residents within a year. Data source: NVBR administration Current situation description: compared to 2006, the number of organised activities is bigger in 2007; the reserve celebrated its tenth anniversary: NGO forum "The Man and the Nature – a Rendezvous”, bird watching days in floodplain meadows, by Lake Burtnieks, in Seda peat bog), two nature concert hall projects (at “Līči” farmstead in Ramata Parish and at “Ievlīči” in Vijciema Parish), an interactive exhibition “Rhythms of Nature and Peoples on the Banks of the Salaca River”, a photo exhibition. Development of Biological Farming Indicator: Rural Support Service payments to biological farming enterprises per year. Indicator description: payments in LVL for three categories: (1) development of biological farming, (2) management of valuable grassland, (3) conservation of genetic resources. Data source: Rural Support Service (RSS) Current situation description: Increasing in the previous years Indicator: Biological agriculture farms Indicator description: the number of biological in the given period Data source: Latvian Biological Agriculture Association data Current situation description: The number of biological farms has increased since 2004 when it became possible to receive additional payments. In 2007, compared to the previous years, the number of biological farms has not significantly changed because of the increase in certification expenses and due to the lack of financial support. Compared to the neighbouring Cēsis District, one may conclude that the number of biological farms in the territory of the NVBR (Latvian Biological Agriculture Association data) is relatively smaller (there were 233 operating biological agricultural farms in Cēsis District in 2007, 89 farms in Valmiera District, 148 in Valka District and 176 in Limbaži District). 19

Sustainable Development profile for the NVBR

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ECONOMIC COMPONENT INDICATORS Economic Welfare of Population Indicator: Average income per capita Indicator description: income tax of the population per capita in the local government per year. Data source: Latvian Statistics Institute, LR Central Statistical Bureau Current situation description: in 2002 the average income tax per capita was 55.22 Ls in the NVBR territory. The figures were calculated on the basis of statistical data per average local government Entrepreneurship Environment Indicator: number of not liquidated enterprises per 1000 inhabitants Indicator description: indicator characterises involvement of residents in entrepreneursip activities. Data source: Lursoft data base. Current situation description: The number of enterprises in Latvia per 1000 inhabitants is one of the lowest among the member states of the EU. It has been increasing in average by one enterprise a year since 1977. However, the number of not liquidated commercial companies per 1000 inhabitants is a more precise figure that would characterise the entrepreneurship environment. By 1 January 2007 on average there were 66.3 legally not liquidated (closed) companies per 1000 inhabitants in Latvia (in Limbaži District – 64.6) Building in the NVBR Territory Indicator: NVBR confirmed number of building activities in the NVBR territory. Indicator description: NVBR issued statements of building per year. Data source: NVBR administration. Current situation description: 258 statements were issued for building in the NVBR territory in 2007 . Compared to the previous period (2006) there are no considerable changes. Tourism Entrepreneurship Indicator: tourist accommodation places and number of beds in the NVBR territory. Indicator description: Annual register – number of service providers, number of offered beds. Data source: Data compilation from registered “Rural Tourist” members and data from LVRA certified tourist accommodation places, data compiled by Vidzeme University College Tourism Organisation and Management department. Current situation description: In general the growing number of both local and foreign visitors in Latvia has facilitated the growth of the number of service providers, including the number of tourist accommodation places. Compared within the period of five years (2005 - 2007), the number of tourist accommodation places in the NVBR territory has increased by 2.3 times, but the number of beds – by 3.7 times which testifies fast tourism growth in the NVBR territory. The

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number of nights spent in the NVBR territory is not currently being registered. The number of tourist accommodation places having received the green certificates is 8. INSTITUTIONAL COMPONENT INDICATORS

Population Participation and Activity Indicator: The number of people involved in public monitoring. Indicator description: The number of people involved in public monitoring, the number of received responses (protocols), the number of monitoring spheres. Data source: NVBR administration Current situation description: The number of participants characterises both potentially accessible scientific information and also the people’s wish to participate in the NVBR processes, including environmental management, monitoring and decision making. The programme was initiated in 2005 (86 respondents monitored 140 objects in 5 monitoring spheres). In 2006 there were 131 respondents’ monitored 677 objects in 14 monitoring spheres. In 2007 there were 246 respondents’ monitored 789 objects in 18 monitoring spheres. Residents and Guests’ Awareness of the NVBR Indicator: Number of visitors to the internet site www.biosfera.gov.lv Latvian version per year Indicator description: Number of visitors to the internet site www.biosfera.gov.lv Latvian version per year; registration by the NVBR information system Data source: NVBR administration Current situation description: The number of visitors characterises the people’s interest in the NVBR activities. The renewed portal was launched at the beginning of 2008: the first measurement will be taken at the beginning of 2009. Sustainable Development of the Territory Indicator: Integration of Landscape Ecological Plan (LEP) into the NVBR local governmental plans. Indicator description: proportion of local governments (% of total area) having planning with integrated LEP requirements Data source: NVBR administration Current situation description: LEP introduction began at the end of 2007. LEP is included into two parish plans, at the beginning of 2008 two to three more parishes are planned. However, the main activity is expected after the territorial reform. Waste Management Indicator: The number of contracts with the waste management organisation. Indicator description: the number of contracts of physical and legal persons with the waste management organisation. Data source: data from waste management organisations SIA "ZAAO", SIA "Hoetika", etc.

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Current situation description: As the largest waste management organisation in the NVBR territory is SIA ZAAO, so its data were used for estimation of the current situation although in Strenči Town and in Seda waste management is the duty of Strenči Town Council Communal Department. In some parts of the NVBR territory waste management is carried out by other companies, yet on a smaller scale than by SIA ZAAO. The number of contracts of legal organisations with SIA ZAAO in the territory of the NVBR since 2004 (the number of contracts is provided for all administrative territories included in the NVBR, ignoring their partial inclusion in it) has changed minimally (e.g. in 2004 there were 78 contracts, in 2007 – 114 contracts), however the number of contracts with physical persons has considerably grown in the previous two years (in 2004 – 595 contracts, in 2007 – 826 contracts (SIA ZAAO 2008). State Financing for the NVBR Administration Indicator: the NVBR administration budget and changes in the number of employees. Indicator description: the NVBR administration budget in 3 categories: (1) state budget; (2) NVBR administered project budget; (3) number of NVBR employees. Data source: NVBR Current situation description: The budget and the number of employees at least quantitatively reflects its capacity of fulfilling the ascribed duties. The NVBR budget has permanently increased within the previous four years. 8. CONSOLIDATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MANAGEMENT AND PROGRESS OF THE NVBR TERRITORY 8.1. Scenarios for sustainable development in the territory of NVBR Three possible scenarios have been developed on the basis of theory, other biosphere reserve development profiles, plans and the current situation in the NVBR, including evaluation of a residents’ survey results: for a variant with strong sustainability, weak sustainability, no sustainability. Status quo keeping Scenario for dramatic NVBR operation changes in the NVBR improvement scenario scenario management Strong sustainability Aim, activity

Aim – NVBR territorial development by retaining historically established branches of national economy and crafts for residents and entrepreneurs of the NVBR territory combined with conservation of natural values.

Weak sustainability Aim – NVBR territorial development by adapting it to the demands of the market, changes in national economy and society with respect to eco system’s endurance and regeneration.

No sustainability Aim - the main direction of activity is focused on specially protected nature territory conservation.

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Institutional component Management Requires changes in the subordination of the NVBR on a national scale expanding cooperation of the NVBR administration with other ministries on the basis of normative acts, so that strong sustainability would be guaranteed which requires consideration of principles of synergy. Financial and human resources support from branch ministries

NVBR administration cooperates with branch ministries for implementation of the NVBR territorial development

NVBR management and administration retains the existing framework and system

Financing

Financing for development of the NVBR territorial infrastructure, reconstruction and support of sustainable development activities is planned in branch ministries, thus increasing investments in the territorial development of the NVBR

Activities the same as in the status quo. Additional attraction of financial and human resources from external financing sources for implementation of development activities.

NVBR plans and requires the necessary financing from the Environmental Ministry according to the NVBR administration operation strategy 2007-2012, updating it every year.

Cooperation of residents and the local government

Residents, entrepreneurs, local government and NVBR administration have common development goals, they cooperate and complement each other.

NVBR administration organises informative events for local governments, NGOs, especially for clarifying development possibilities in the territory

NVBR administration organises informative events for local governments, NGOs and residents

Building according to Building Regulations in local government territories and territorial planning.

Building according to Building Regulations in local government territories and territorial planning .

.

Economic component Building, renovation

Building Regulations for local governments provide with building design principles requiring to retain traditional building for the given territory.

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Sustainable Development profile for the NVBR

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Territorial planning taken into consideration. Residents’ welfare, poverty

Residents’ average income is above subsistence level, income from work in the NVBR territory, employed in branches of industry typical for this territory. Priority to micro, small enterprise development with local capital

Residents’ average income is above subsistence level, place and type of income source not important

Residents’ average income is above subsistence level, thus facilitating conservation of nature values

Natural demographic growth positive, no considerable migration of residents

Natural demographic growth positive

Natural demographic growth positive

Social component Residents

Regular activities (incl. traditional): informative, cognitive, recreational, with active participation of residents and entrepreneurs of the territory

Public debate events Activities for the for residents and NVBR residents and entrepreneurs of the entrepreneurs regarding NVBR territory specially protected area regarding specially management plans and protected area other normative acts. management plans and other normative acts. Informative activities on development possibilities in the NVBR territory. Environmental NVBR territory retains biological diversity, flora and fauna development trends component in the NVBR territory are explored, and, if necessary, activities are undertaken for minimising some specific species. Landscape is cultivated according to the NVBR ecological plan. Monitoring of environmental component is carried out in accordance with the Integrated Monitoring Programme, elaborated by the NVBR administration, and with indicators of the environmental component required by this profile. The greatest changes are required in implementation of the scenario “Dramatic Changes in the NVBR Administration” which is focused on strong sustainability in the NVBR development. Launching of this scenario also requires a longer period as it is connected with changes in legislation. Social life

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8.2. Proposal for Research Results Publicity The following activity complex is recommended for elaboration of the development profile, agenda and introduction of the research results to residents, entrepreneurs and scientists in Latvia and abroad: •

• • •



A press conference for the local and national media in the NVBR territory. The authors recommend to organise the press conference at the beginning of April at Vidzeme University College with participation of the NVBR administration, UNDP representatives, Vidzeme University College students and the academic staff who were involved in the research. To publish the drafted NVBR development profile (preferably in PDF format) on the NVBR home page, and also the presentation on the results of the residents’ survey. To publish the English version of the summary of the NVBR sustainable development on the NVBR home page. Include a special section in the Latvian language in the North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve scientific conference programme “Sustainable Planning Instruments and Biodiversity Conservation”, planned for 13-14 April at Vidzeme University College; the section would introduce findings of the research to a wider target audience, including local community. Research authors are planning and submit two international publications: one for the Second North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve scientific conference “Sustainable Planning Instruments and Biodiversity Conservation”, and another one for a scientific journal (potential journals International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning or Journal of Sustainable Tourism, or some other).

Conclusion In conclusion the authors of the given research recommend to implement the NVBR administration operational strategy for 2007 – 2012, considering strong sustainability principle which is included into the Scenario for Dramatic Changes in the NVBR Administration. The decision on the most relevant scenario for the NVBR sustainable development profile is to be taken by the NVBR administration in cooperation with partners. It is most essential to implement all the activities (grant tenders, projects, and planning document implementation) according to the decision on the potential sustainability type and scenario in the NVBR territory. The 20 indicators defined in the sustainable development profile, indices in the four thematic groups: environmental, social, economic and institutional themes should be registered and estimated according to the chosen scenario once in three years. The authors recommend to implement the proposals, stated in this research report, in practice as the majority of them do not require additional financial or human resources, but highlight and demonstrate the accomplishments of the NVBR administration to a wider audience in the NVBR territory, in Latvia, in Europe and in the world. You have every reason to be proud! Author of research: Iveta Druva-Druvaskalne and Agita Līviņa, Vidzeme University College

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Eurostat 2007. EU Sustainable Development indicators http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1998,66119021,1998_66391726&_dad=po rtal&_schema=PORTAL#THEME8 Gatje C. 2001. Socio-economic Monitoring in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein. Wadden Sea Nwesletter 2001-1. http://cwss.www.de/news/publications/Wsnl/Wsnl001/articles/07Gaetje.pdf Gunn C.A. 1994. Environmental Design and Land Use. In Ritchie B.J.R., Goeldner C.R (eds.)Travel,Tourism and Hospitality Research. Chapter 21 pp. 243-258. John Wiley& Sons Inc. Hadley M. 2002. Biosphere Reserves. Special places for pepole and nature. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Hattingh J. 2002. A new model of sustainable development http://academic.sun.ac.za/philosophy/cae/newsletter/cae_newsletter4.htm

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Jēkabsone I.2007. Tūrisma attīstības iespējas Vidzemes jūrmalā teritorijas plānojumu un būvniecības likumdošanas kontekstā. Maģistra darbs, Vidzemes Augstskola, Valmiera Jūrmalietis R., Ernšteins R.(red.) 2000.Vides zinības. Angļu-latviešu skaidrojošā vārdnīca. LU Vides zinātnes un pārvaldes studiju centrs, LU Ekoloģiskais Centrs, Rīga. Kļaviņš M. 2007. 1.nodaļa. Grāmatā Rompczyk E.Gribam ilgtspējīgu attīstību. Rīga, FridrichEbert-Stiftung, 13.lpp. Lass W., Reusswig F., 2002. Social Monitoring: Meaning and Methods for Integrated Management in Biosphere Reserves, Report of an International Workshop. Rome, 2-3 September 2001. Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring (BRIM) Series No. 1.Paris, UNESCO. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001287/128732e.pdf Lauku atbalsta dienests (LAD) 2007. Rokasgrāmata platību maksājumu saņemšanai 2007.gadā. http://www.lad.gov.lv/images/data/rokagramata_2007.pdf LRCSP 2008. Datu bāzes. Tabula: 4-46. Iedzīvotāju skaits Latvijas administratīvajās teritorijās gada sākumā un vidēji gadā. http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=0446&ti=4%2D46%2E+IEDZ%CEVOT%C2JU+SKAITS+LATVIJAS+ADMINISTRAT%CEVA J%C2S+TERITORIJ%C2S+GADA+S%C2KUM%C2+UN+VID%C7JI+GAD%C2++++&path =../DATABASE/Iedzsoc/Ikgad%E7jie%20statistikas%20dati/Iedz%EEvot%E2ji/&lang=16 LR Teritorijas plānošanas likums. 2002. Latvijas Vēstnesis 88 2002.06.12 Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmija 2002. Latvijas ilgtspējīga attīstība. Zinātnes Vēstnesis, Latvijas Zinātnes padome, Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmija un Latvijas Zinātnieku savienība. 17 (246), 2002.gada 21.oktobris.

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LVGMA 2007. Ilgtspējīgas attīstības indikatoru pārskats 2006. Vide 22. lauku putnu indekss. Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences 2008. Summer Schools in Ecology and Biodiversity .http://www.zbs.bialowieza.pl/bioseb/ Ministerium fur Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und landliche Raume des Landes Schleswig-Holstein 2005. Report for Periodic Review of the Biosphere Reserve "Wadden Sea and Hallig Islands of Schleswig-Holstein" by UNESCO Period covered by the report: 1990 -2005. http://www.wattenmeer-nationalpark.de/ueber/Eva_engl_05.pdf Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve 2008. http://www.escarpment.org/Monitoring/mon_purpose.htm

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OECD 1993. OECD core set of indicators for environmental performance reviews. OECD Environment Monographs No. 83. OECD. Paris. http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/dec/toolbox/Refer/gd93179.pdf OECD 2008. OECD Factbook 2007 - Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/vl=899113/cl=31/nw=1/rpsv/factbook/ Rita J. 2003. The Menorca Biosphere reserve, seeking the way towards sustainability. International Journal of islands affairs. http://www.cbd.int/doc/ref/island/insula-minorca-en.pdf. Rīgas reģiona attīstības aģentūra 2007. Rīgas plānošanas reģiona telpiskais (teritorijas) plānojums I daļa. Esošā situācija. Rokpelne L. 2007. Biosfēras rezervāts kā tūrisma galamērķis. Ar Šlēzvigas – Holšteinas Vatu jūras, Halligu un Ziemeļvidzemes biosfēras rezervātu kā tūrisma galamērķa piemēru. Valmiera, Vidzemes Augstskola, bakalaura darbs. Salacgrīvas ostas pārvalde 2008. Jahtu osta. http://www.salacgrivaport.lv/operations/Yachts Secretary of the Man and Biosphere Programme 2001. Special meeting on biosphere reserve intergrated monitoring (BRIM) http://www.fao.org/gtos/doc/brim1.pdf SIA ELLE 2007. Ziemeļvidzemes biosfēras rezervāta sociālekonomiskais raksturojums. SIA ZAAO 2008. Atkritumu apsaimniekošanas līgumi Ziemeļvidzemē 2004.-2007. SIA ZAAO, nepublicētie dati.

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TELE2 2008. Jaunumi. Jaunākās bāzes stacijas. http://www.tele2.lv/218_LVI_HTML.html Triatel 2008. TRIATEL bezvadu http://www.triatel.lv/nodes/view/127

sakaru

pārklājums

2008.

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februārī

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Sustainable Development profile for the NVBR

Vidzeme University College Department of Tourism Organisation and Management

Vides ministrija 2007b. NVO ziņojums par ilgtspējīgu attīstību Latvijā. Rīga, Vides ministrija. http://www.vidm.gov.lv/lat/darbibas_veidi/ilgtspejiga_attistiba/?doc=5109 Verechi G. 2007.Sustainable tourism in protected areas: Tourism as a tool for nature conservation and rural development. Presentation in UNWTO International Seminar “Sustainable development of tourism in Central and Eastern Europe, 28 February –1 March, 2007 –Vilnius, Lithuania. Whitelaw 2004. Final Report for UNDP/GEF Project number LAT/03/G31/A/1G/99 December 31, 2004. Whitelaw G., Craig B., , Jamieson G., Hame B.2004. Research, Monitoring and Education: Exploring the “logistics function” of four Canadian biosphere reserves. University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Environments Vol.32, N.3 pp.61- 78.

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