Dictionary Setting A8-final.pmd

A Comprehensive Bilingual Reference Book on Media History

Media Encyclopedic Bilingual Dictionary Series

Volume 1 | Media History

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Volume 1 | Media History

Media Encyclopedic Bilingual Dictionary Series

Chief Editor Robi Augustine Mundackal

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ISBN 93-81504-85-7

9 789381 504857

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Chief Editor: Robi Augustine Mundakal E-mail: [email protected]

Media Encyclopedic Bilingual Dictionary Series

Printed at: Viani Printers

First Edition: September 8, 2013 Layout : Thoolika Graphics Kanjirapally Copyright: Chief Editor Published : Vimala Books & Dept. of Journalism, Mar Ivanios College

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Distributed by Vimala Books Pastoral Centre, Kanjirapally - 686 507 Ph: 04828-206513 (Office) Cell: 9446712487 (Shop), 9495638516 (Publication) E-mail: [email protected] Web: vimalabooks.com

Sl.No.345-300813/1000/21.3 14 15 16 17 / 5 4 3 2

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AAAA - American Association of Advertising Agencies (-1917): A national trade association, representing the advertising industry in the United States.

AAAI - Advertising Agencies Association of India (1945 ): Established as a society in Calcutta. Its objective is to benefit the Indian adverti-sers by promoting and increasing their sales as well as productivity and profitability.

Aaj (1920): The Hindi newspaper started by Sreeprakasha from Varanasi. It is owned by Sivaprasad Guptha. B.R.P Pararkar (also known as the father of Hindi Journalism, by some historians) was the editor in its initial stage.

Aaj Tak (28 Dec, 1999): A Hindi news and current affairs channel owned by TV To day Network

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Limited(TVTN) started and promoted by Living Media India Limited (LMIL). LMIL has been conducting news broadcasting business through one of its divisions, TV Today Division, since 1994. Presently, TVTN runs four, 24 hours news & current affairs channels, namely Aaj Tak, Dilli Aaj Tak, Tez (Hindi) and Headlines Today (English).

Alam Ara (1931): The first sound movie in India directed by Ardeshir Irani, a 124 minute Hindi film. Alam Ara means beauty of the world. Though the film has never been described as an artistic triumph, its impact was astonishing. Tickets disappeared in to the black market and police aid had to be summoned to control the crowd. As an influence of it, in the same year 22 other Hindi films

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appeared (Further reading: Barnouw; Erik, Indian Film, p.63-65; Ahuja, B.N; Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, 1998, p.359). AAP -Australian Associated Press ( 1935 ) : Australia’s national news agency. The organization was established by Fairfax the Herald & Weekly Times. (Fur- ther Reading: Ahuja, B.N.; Theory and Practice of Jour-nalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi,1998, P. 303, 304). ABA - Australian Broadcasting Authority : 1) An Australia based Govt. agency whose main role is to regulate broadcasting, radio & telecom-munications. 2) American Book-sellers Association. (Further reading: Ravindran, R.K.; Encyclopedia Dictionary of Journalism and Mass Communication, Dominent Publishers, Delhi, 1999, p. 28). ABC - Audit Bureau of Circulation (1948): One of the several organizations of the same name operating in different parts of the world. It is a non-profit auditing organization started in 1948 that carries out circulation surveys and audits on a regular

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basis and issues certificate of net paid sales every six months. Its members are regional & national publishers, leading advertisers, news agencies and advertising agencies. It surveys the circulation of publications in Hindi, English & other regional languages in more than 50 major Indian towns. They are regularly referred for media selection and advertising. (Further reading; Sigler, Evan, Dominant’s Advanced Dictionary of Journalism, Dominent, New Delhi, 2000; Gupta, V.S; Handbook of Journalism and Mass Communication, p. 119-120). Abdurahman, O (1944): The Editor of Malayalam newspaper, Madh-yamam. Born at Chennamangalor in Calicut district. He started his career by joining Prabodhanam weekly (196472) and had his higher studies at Qatar (1972-74). Later, he worked at the Indian embassy, served as the Principal of Chennamangalore Islamia College (1982). He has authored many books on Islam and contemporary issues. (Refer: Madhyamam, Page 244). ABP Group - -- -- Ananda Bazar Patrika Group (1922): A large media conglomerate with

headquarters in Kolkata. Dailies under the group are: 1) Anandabazar Patrika (Bengali daily- 1922); 2) Business Standard (English daily-16 th Dec. 1970); 3) Ebela (Bengali newspaper-Sept. 2012); 4) The Telegraph (English daily- 7 July 1982); Periodicals: 1). Anandamela (Bengali children’s periodical); 2) Unish-Kuri (fortnightly Bengali maga-zine19 June 2004); 3) Sananda ( Bengali magazine - mid -1980s); 4) Anandalok ( Bengali film magazine-25 Jan. 1975); 5). The Telegraph in Schools (student run newspaper-1999); 6). Desh (Bengali magazine-1933); 7). Boiyer Desh: (bookreview fortnightly by Desh) 8). Business World (Business Magazine1981); 9) Fortune. Television Channels:1) ABP News ( Hindi news channel); 2) ABP Ananda ( Bengali news channel - 1 June 2005); 3) ABP Majha ( Marathi news channel- 22 June 2007); 4) Sananda TV (Bengali channel- 25 July 2011-7 Nov. 2012). Publishing Houses: 1. Ananda Publishers (1957- Bengal) 2. Penguin India.

Achutha Menon, C.P : Founder of the Vidya Vinodini literary magazine (1889). He was the pioneer of literary criticism in

Abraham, Sunnykutty : Political journalist who has worked with Jai Hind TV as Chief Editor and CEO for about 5 years and editorial board member of Mathrubhumi daily for more than two decades.

Mavelikkara. At 32, he went to London and sold cartoons to Daily Sketch, Punch Magazine, Tribune etc. He joined The Observer, (the oldest Sunday newspaper) as its first ever political cartoonist (1956-66). After returning to India (1968), he worked as a political cartoonist with Indian Express (196881). During emergency, he fell out of favour with Mrs. Indira Gandhi and could not publish his cartoons, which later resulted in the publication of the book, The Games of Emergency (1977). Merciless attack on politics and corruption were the trademark of his cartoons. Salt and Pepper was the name of his strip cartoon. He was a nominated member to the Rajya Sabha (1972-78) and obtained an award from British Film Institute (1970).

Abraham, Abu (1924-2002): The famous cartoonist, Attumpurathu Mathew Abraham was born in

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Malayalam. He also served as the secretary of education dept, Kochi, secretary to diwan etc. ACM - Association for Computing Machinery (1947): An American based international society for computing. Acta Diurna (BC 131): Daily Roman official notices or daily Gazette in public places. Its first form appeared around 131 BC in the Roman Republic. They were carved on stone or metal & presented in message boards in public places like the Forum of Rome. They constituted the journal of the day. (Further reading: Glen Stovall James; Journalism Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, Delhi, 2011, p. 359). Address : A designator that defines the identification of a terminal, peripheral device or any other node on a computer network. ADSL -Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A type of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology or a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission. (Further reading: Ray, Tapas;

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Online Journalism, Foundation Book, 2006, p. 236). Advanced Networks and Services (1991): A non-profit company formed by IBM, MERIT and MCI which owns and operates the higher-speed internet back-bone. Advertisement : A paid form of non personal communication that is transmitted to a target audience through a mass medium such as newspaper, magazine, radio, TV, film, outdoor publicity etc. It promotes ideas, goods and services of an identified sponsor. (Further reading: Kamath, M.V, The Journalist’s Handbook, Vikas Publications House Pvt Ltd, Delhi, 1983, p. 189- 216; Ahuja, B.N, Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, 1998, p. 153, 322, 336). AFP - Agence France Presse ( 1944):A Paris based French news agency which is the third largest news agency in the world. Initially it originated as the Havas agency. Subsidized by the French govt, it distributes 2 million words, numerous news photographs and graphics in English, Spanish, French, German, Arabic and Portuguese

per day. It is essentially strong in the coverage of news from the Middle East and Africa. (Further reading: Vilanilam J.V, Dr. Mass Communication in India, Sage Publication, p.73 f; Nib lock, Sarah, Journalism, P. 10; Kumar, Manjula B, Advance Dictionary of Mass Communication, Sarup and Sons, Delhi, 1999, P. 9; Ahuja, B.N; History of Press, Press Laws & Communication, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, P. 213).

Agence Havas ( 1836 ) : A French news agency started by Charles Havas. Until 1840 it was not firmly established and only after 1845 did it prosper notably; later it changed to Agence France Presse. Two of its prominent employees were Paul Julius Reuter and Bernard Wolf who later started news agencies in the U K (Reuters) and Germany (Wolff). (Further reading: Chauhan, Swati and Chandra, Navin; Journalism Today Principles, Practices and Challenges, Vol.2, Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi, 1997, P. 17.

Aha Zindagi ( 2004): A monthly started by Dainik Bhaskar group.

AINEC ( 1940 ) : All India Newspaper Editors Confe-rence (Further Reading: Arora, D.D; Business Journalism, Saloni Publishing House, Delhi, P. 5; Kamath, M.V, The Journa- list Handbook, Vikas Publica-tions House, Delhi, 1983, p. 282).

Aircel ( 1999): Indian mobile network operator headquartered in Chennai. It is a joint venture of Maxis Commu- nications, Berhad of Malaysia and Sindya Securities and Investments Private Limited. Sandip Das is the Executive Director and CEO.

Airtel ( 7 July, 2001): Indian multinational telecommunications services founded by Sunil Bharathi Mittal. Its headquarters is in New Delhi. It operates in 20 countries across South Asia and Africa.

Akbar, M.J (11 Jan, 1951- ): Mobashar Jawed Akbar is a leading Indian journalist who has served in various media such as Times of India (1971), Illustrated Weekly (1971-73), Onlooker (1973-76), SundayAnanda Bazaar Patrika group (1976-82), Telegraph (1982-89), Asian Age (1994-), Deccan Chronicle (2004-), The Sunday

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Guardian (2010) etc. He is the author of several nonfiction books, including Byline; Nehru: The Making of India, Kashmir: Behind the Vale, Riot After Riot, India: The Siege Within, The Shade of Swords etc. He started the first global newspaper from India - Asian Age (1994), which had an international edition in London. He joined the Living Media group as the editorial coordinator (2010). Akhar Gwalior ( 1852 ) : A weekly publi-shed by the Maharaja of Gwalior, Jiyajirao Scindia, published simultaneously in Hindi and Urdu at a press established in Gwalior. Al Ameen (1924): Malayalam newspaper started by Muhammed Abdul Rahman from Kozhikode to support Nationalistic movements. It was published on Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays. When it become a newspaper in 1930, the British Govt again sealed the newspaper through an ordinance. Its publication restarted in 1939 but again it was banned because of their editorial, ‘congress and disputes’. After independence it continued publication as an evening newspaper.

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Al Hilal (1912): Famous Urdu newspaper started by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad from Calcutta. Al-Jazeera (1996) : The first independent news channel in the Arab world, caught the attention of the West during the hunt for Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban in Afghanistan after the 2001 September 11 attacks on the United States. It aired videos received from Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban, beeming news footages of the world’s most wanted fugitive to be newsworthy. Some criticized the network for giving a voice to terrorists. But it has continued to grow in reach and popularity due to its global coverage, especially from destinations underreported. Al- Jazeera English, is part of the Al-Jazeera Network. Often termed as the roaring lion of Sahara,it is headquarted at the Qatar capital Doha, with assistance from the Emir of Qatar. (Further reading: Encyclopedia of Communication, Sage publications). All India Radio -AIR (1930): The National radio broadcaster of India & a division of Prasar Bharathi, is one of the largest radio networks in the world. Its

headquarters is Akashvani Bhavan, New Delhi. Initially in 1921, Times of India in collaboration with the Post and Telegraph department, broadcast from its Bombay office, a special programme of music at the request of the Governor of the Province, Sir George Llyod. In 1923 Madras Presidency club & in 1924 Radio club of Culcutta were started. IBC, a private company was formed in 1927 by merging these two radio clubs. A 10 year license was issued by the Government to IBC. In 1930, the govt took over these transmitters. A separate office of the controller of broadcasting was created in March 1935 with Lionel Fielden of the BBC as its first Chairman.The govt. run broadcasting set up was called the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS). In 1936 it was changed to All India Radio. It was transferred to the department of Information & Broacasting in 1946 and remained with it until September 1997 when the Prasar Bharathi or Broadcasting Corporation of India, an autonomous statutory body was constituted under the Prasar Bharathi Act (1990). AIR presently has 237 radio stations & provides radio coverage to a population of 98.8% spread over

90% area of the country, covering 24 languages. Its external services covers 27 languages 17 national & 10 foreign. Bahujana Hitaya, Bhahujana Suhaya is the slogan of AIR. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol. 4, Anmol publications, Delhi, P. 66-83; Yadav, K.P.; Encyclo-pedia of Mass Communication, Vol. 2, Sarut & Sons, Delhi, 1998, p. 19; Ahuja, B.N, Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi 1998, p. 339, 362). (See appendix: Milestones of Indian Radio: P.434).

All India Small and Medium Newspaper Federation (1964): An Association started with the interests of small newspapers (430 members as of 1955) to solve problems related to the growth of small scale news papers. New Delhi is its headquarters.

Allen, Paul (21 Jan, 1953 - ): Co-founder of Microsoft Corporation with Bill Gates. His famous memoir, Idea Man: A Memoir by the Cofounder of Microsoft was released on April 19, 2011. This American philanthropist and investor was

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ranked the 48th richest person in the world in 2012. Al-Manar ( June 1991): Al Manar (the beacon) is a Lebanese satellite television station which started broadcasting from Beirut, Lebanon. It was banned in France, Spain, Germany and US designating it as a global terrorist entity. AMA-American Marketing Association ( 1937): A professional association for marketing, established by merging the National Association of Marke-ting, and the American Marke-ting Society. Amar Ujala (18 April, 1948): Newspaper laun-ched from Agra and published by Amar Ujala Publications Ltd. It is considered the 4th largest read Hindi daily in India. Circula-tion:1.5 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Amazon Web Service - AWS (2006): A collection of remote computing services that together make up a cloud computing platform offered over the internet by Amazon.com. The first AWS service launched for public usage was simple Queue service in November 2004.

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American Federation of TV & Radio Artists: A trade union in USA, repre- senting more than 70,000 artists, performers, actors and broad-cast journalists. AMIC - Asian Media Information & Communication Center ( 1971 ) : A nongovernmental, non-profit organization based in Singapore. It was started with the help of the Singapore govt & Federal Republic of Germany. It is unique as it is a famous regional media and communication research organization in the world. Amma Ariyan (1980): Directed and scripted by John Abraham, it is the first film made entirely with public funds. It was included among the 10 best Indian films for the official entry to the British Film Institute. The story revolves around the incidents following the death of a young Naxalite, upon whose death, his friends travel to the village where his mother lives to inform her of the death of her only son. Amrita TV ( 2005): A 24-hour Malayalam channel under the guidance of Matha Amritanantha Mayi Devi. Some of the important programs are Kathayallithu Jeevitham,

Super Dancer Junior etc. The theme song, Lokasamastha was composed by Rahul Raj.

Amritha Bazar Pathrika (1868-1999): An English daily in Bengal started by Sisir Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh. Initially started as a Bengali weekly, it started publishing in English from 1878 March 21. From 1891 Feb 19, it became a daily.

Ananda Bazar Patrika (1922): Bengali daily owned by the ABP Pvt Ltd Group is a family owned business. The first editor of the paper was Prafulla Kumar Sarkar. Upon his death (1958) Ashok Kumar Sarkar, his only son became the editor and continued till his death (19581983). Since March 1983, Aveek Sarkar, the eldest son of Ashok Kumar, is the editor. Its circulation is 12.32 lakhs copies (ABC, 2012).

Anchal, Rajeev : Noted Malayalam film director. Guru (1997) directed by Rajeev was chosen as India’s official entry to the Oscars. His Beyond the Soul won three awards at the New York International Independent Film & Video Festival. His latest film is Paattinte Palazhy (2010).

Andhra Jyoti (1965): The Telugu newspaper which introduced a serialized novel in a main newspaper for the first time. When Doordarshan screened the popular Mahabharata late in the 1980’s, it bought the Telugu rights of the screen play and published it on Sundays which added a circulation of 40,000 to 50,000 copies for the paper. Its editor is K.Srinivas. Circulation: 6.26 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Andhra Patrika ( 1909 ) : A weekly from Mumbai by Keshinathuni Nageshwara Rao to campaign effectively for the freedom struggle. In 1914, he moved the journal from Mumbai to Chennai and introduced it as a daily.

Andhra Prabha ( 15 Aug, 1938): Telugu newspaper started from Chennai by Ramnath Goenka. It is a part of the New Indian Express group. It mainly competes with Eenadu and Andra Patrika. Mootha Gopalakrishna is its chief editor. Circulation:5.07 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Andreesen, Mark : Launched the computer language mosaic X in 1993 while working in NCSA

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(National Center for Supercomputing Application) in US. It is user friendly and has improved graphic capabilities. Later he commercially launched the mosaic-based browser netscape through his company. Now it has been overtaken by Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. Android (Oct, 2003): A Linuxbased operating system designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers. Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California by Andy Rubin and Rich Miner. Animation ( 1 April, 1976): American Multinational Corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniaks and Ronald Wayne. Best known hardware products by them are the Mac line of computers, the iPod music player, the i phone smartphone and the ipad tablet computers (Further reading: Kumar, Manjula B, Advanced Dictionary of Mass Communication, Sarup and Sons Publication, Delhi, 1999). Anirudh, Richa: An IBN 7 television news anchor from New Delhi. She hosts the

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famous show Zindagi live on IBN7. She has earlier worked with India News Channel, Headlines Today and Channel 7. Anti Trust Laws : Legislation designed to prevent large corporations forming a monopoly to the detriment of smaller enterprises. AOL - America Online (1985): A multinational mass media corporation based in New York that develops, grows and invests in media and websites. It was founded by Quantum computer services, an online services company by Jim Kimsey. (Further reading: Dewdney, Andrew and Ride, Peter; The New Media, Routledge Publication, New York, 2006, p. 51). Appachan, Navodaya (19252012 ) : Founder of Navodaya studio, renowned director and producer. Original name was Maliamurakkal Chacko Punnoos. He was the producer of South India’s first cinema scope film, first 3D film and first 70mm film etc. In 2011 he got J.C. Danniel award from the Kerala Government.

Aparajito (1956): The Bengali film directed by Satyajit Ray is the second part of the Apu Trilogy. It is adapted from the last one-fifth of Bibhutibhushan Bannerjee’s novel Pather Panchali and the first one-third of its sequel Aparajito. It focuses on the life of Apu from childhood to college. The film won eleven international awards, including the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. It is followed by the third part of the trilogy, Apu Sansar (The World of Apu).

Apte, S.S : Founder of India’s first multilingual news agency, Hindustan Samachar.(See, Hindustan Samachar, P.169).

Apu Trilogy (1955-1959): Three works of Satyajit Ray, Pather Panjali (1955), Aparajito (1956) and Apu Sansar (1959) together form the Apu trilogy. It is a skillful narration of the life of a family through three generations. Ray had the same team: photography by Subrata Mitra, music by Ravi Shankar, art direction by Bansi Chandra Gupta and editing by Dulal Dutta for the trilogy.

Aravindan, G ( 1935 -1991) : Noted Malayalam film maker and musician. Started his film career in 1974 through Uttarayanam and ended with Vasthuhara in 1991.

Archer, Fredrict Scott : A British photographer who introduced wet glass plates using collodian instead of other chemicals as coating materials in 1851 and it was called West Collodian Process.

Areopagatica (1644-): A speech by John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenced Printing, at the Parliament of England, is a 1644 prose piece against censorship. It is one of history’s most influential and impassioned philosophical defences of the principle of the right to freedom of speech and expression. It is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever written because many of its expressed principles form the basis for modern justifications of that right. Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s protest against the press ordinance of Governor General John Adam in 1823 is considered as the Areopagitica of the Indian Press. (Further reading:

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Kumar, Manjula B; Advanced Dictionary of Mass Communication, Sarup and Sons Publications, Delhi, 1999, p. 17; Guha, Paranjoy Thakurta, Media Ethics, Truth, Fairness and Objectivity, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 2012, P. 259, 260). Aroor, K.K (1908-1989): Hero of the first sound movie in Malayalam, Balan (1938). Born in Cher-thala. Original name was Kunju Nair. He acted in movies like Jnanambika, Kudumbini etc. Arpanet - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( 1969 ) :The forerunner of internet and an arm of US defence department. This computer network evolved into internet by 1989. (Further reading: Ray, Tapas, Online Journalism, Foundation books, 2006, P. 12-14). Article 19: Aclause in the European convention for the protection of Human Rights. The article defends the legal conditions & restrictions to be placed upon expression in order to protect other rights such as the right to privacy. Article 19 (1 A) : One of the articles found in Part 3 of the Constitution of India which

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enumerates the fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression with reasonable restrictions. It means the right to express one’s own convictions and opinions freely, through word of mouth, writing, pictures or any other mode. This article also includes the Freedom of Press. Arunodayam (June, 1927): A magazine published from Ottappalam as the 60th birthday memoir to Vellor Sankaran Nair. His son P. Narayanan Nair was its owner. Chelanattu Achuthamenon and Vidwan C.S.Nair were the editors. Aryadarpan: Monthly magazine started by Swami Nigamananda Paramahansadev in a literary medium of Hindu religion. Aryakesari (1915 ) : The magazine of the Brahmin community published from Harippadu. It was printed in Mavelikkara Keralabhimani Press. P.S.Purushothaman Namboothiri was its printer and publisher. It was a one volume, 1/8 dummy size, 28 page magazine.

Asahi Shimbun (25 Jan, 1879): One of the five national newspapers in Japan. The company has its registered headquarters in Osaka. The newspaper had an alliance with the International Herald Tribune, which is owned by The New York Times.

ASCI - Advertising Standard Council of India (Oct, 1985): A voluntary self regulatory advertising organization registered as a not for-profit company.

Asia Pulse ( 1996 ) : A joint venture formed by major news and information organizations including Xinhua, PTI & Antara of Indonesia to distribute business intelligence on Asian markets.

Asia Week ( 1975-2001 ): A weekly news magazine based in Hong Kong, established by T.J.S. George & Micheal Oneel. It is published by Asia Week Limited.

Asian Age, The (16 Feb, 1994): An English daily newspaper with editions in 5 major cities of which four are located in India

and one in England. M.J. Akbar is the founder. T.Venkatta Ram Reddy is the editor in Chief. (See: Akbar M. J, P.18).

Asian News International - A NI : A leading Indian news agency based in Delhi, provides multimedia news to 50 bureaus in India & also to other parts of Asia. The coverage includes general news, entertainment, lifestyles, busi-ness, science, sports & features (Further reading: Prabhakar, Naval Basa Narendra, Encyclo-pedia of Mass Media and Communication in 21st Century Vol 8, Common Wealth Publishers, 2006, p. 295).

Asianet Communications Limited - ACL : An Indian media conglomerate jointly owned by STAR TV/Fox International Channels and Jupiter Entertainment. It was formed in 1991 by Sasi Kumar and Dr. Regi Menon. Headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram, the company owns several television channels including Asianet, the first privately owned satellite channel broadcasting in Malayalam.

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In 2008, Asianet communications Ltd shared its majority shares with Rupert Murdochs Fox International and News Corporation. Through this conglomeration Star TV got the owership of Asianet, Asianet Plus (Malayalam,), Suvarna (Kannada), Sithara (Telungu) and Star Jupiter got star Vijay (Tamil). The company is headed by the Malayalee entrepreneur Rajeev Chandrasekhar. Associated Press - AP (1848): A multilingual non-profit news agency based in New York and jointly owned by contributing newspapers, radio and TV stations, all of which contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists. It has a digital photo-network that supplies thousands of photos a day worldwide about 8500 international subscribers & since 1995, a 24-hour continuously updated online news service called The Wire. There are, in addition, a TV news service & AP Network News, the largest single radio network in US. AP’s various services are available in German, Swedish, Dutch, French and Spanish. (Further reading: Kumar, Manjula B; Advanced

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Dictionary of Mass Communication, Sarup & Sons Publications, Delhi, 1999, p. 1-9). Associated Press of India API (1908): A privately owned Indian news agency started by K.C. Roy. Later, it was merged with Reu-ters due to financial problems. In 1945, Reuters registered it under its banner. It started the first teleprinter circuit from Mumbai to Kolkata in 1937 (Further reading: Chauhan, Swati and Chandra, Navin, Foundations of News and Journalism, Kanishka Publishers, Delhi, 2005, p. 23-24.) Athmaposhini ( 1910 ): A magazine started from Kunnamkulam. Pulikkotil Joseph Ramban was its first editor. Moorkkoth Kumaran, Vallathol Narayana Menon & Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai had served as its editors. ATS-6 (1975-76): An American satellite used for the SITE project in 1975-1976, the first experiment ever to relay educational TV programmes directly from a satellite to receivers in 2400 villages in India. (See, SITE project, p. 362).

Avatar ( 2009 ) : An American epic science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron. The film is set in the mid 22nd Century. Its title refers to a genetically engineered Na’vi body with the mind of a remotely located human, and is used to interact with the natives of Pandora.

Avisa Relation Order Zeitung (1615): The first regular printed paper of Europe.

Ayer and Sons, N.W (1869): One of the oldest advertising agencies, established by Francis Wayland Ayer in Philadelphia.

Ayyappan, Parvathy : Woman journalist who published a magazine named Sthree for the upliftment of woman. She married freedom fighter Ayyappan in 1930.

Azad, Moulana Abul Kalam ( 1888 - 1958 ): A patriot & freedom fighter who founded the Urdu newspaper Al-Hila Wrote an exhaustive history of India India Win Freedom.

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B.G. Verghese Committee (1978): A committee appointed by the goverment of India headed by veteran journalist B.G Varghese to draft the bill for the autonomy of Akashavani and DD. It submitted the report on February 1978 and recommended the setting up of National Broadcast Trust (Akash Bharathi). Babbage, Charles ( 26 Dec, 1791- 18 Oct, 1871): Considered as ‘father of computer’, this great mathematician conceived the idea of a programmable computer. He invented the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. Bailey, Benjamin (Nov.1791 April 1871): A British missionary moved to Kerala in 1816 when

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B

the Anglican Church began its work in Kerala. He founded a mission station at Kottayam, in 1821 and established a printing press. He was the founder of both Malayalam printing and book publishing. The CMS press he established (1821) at Kottayam was not only the first printing office but also the first bookpublishing house. He translated the Bible into Malayalam and was the first lexicographer in Malayalam. He compiled, printed and published two dictionaries: A Dictionary of High and Colloquial Malayalam and English (1846), and A Dictionary in English and Malayalam (1849). He started Jhana Nikshepam (treasury of knowledge -1848), the third Malayalam journal. After 34 years of service he left Travancore in 1850. (Further reading: Madhyaman-

galum Malayala Sahityavum, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum, 2002, P. 18).

Baird, John Logie (13 Aug, 1888-14 June, 1946): A Scottish engineer who became the first person to demonstrate a working television hence known as ‘father of Television’. The breakthrough came in October 1925, when Baird showed television pictures with light and shade (half-tones), making them much clearer. His achievements included high-definition colour and 3D television, and a system for sending messages very rapidly as television images.

Balachandran, V.M (25 Nov, 1924- 9 Jan, 2010): Known as Vimcy, considered as the pioneer of sports journalism in Kerala. It was under him that sports writing became a separate branch of Journalism in Kerala. He started the entire sports page with Mathrubhumi at a time when Malayalam newspapers dedicated very little space to sports news.

Balakrishnapillai, Kesari ( 1889-1960): A writer, hyper critic, journalist, thinker and visionary, well known by the name Kesari. He first worked as

an editor of Samadarshi (1922) and later started his own journal Prabodhakan (1930). When it was banned he founded Kesari weekly (Sept 18, 1930). It was banned because of its criticism against the government.

Balan (1938): First sound movie in Malayalam; directed by S. Nottania and written by Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai. Music direction was by K.K. Aroor, who was also the hero of the film. It was first exhibited in Modern Theatre, owned by T.R.Sundaram, who was also the producer.

Balarama (1972): Malayalam children’s magazine published by the Malayala Manorama Group from Kotta-yam. Started as a monthly in 1972, it became a fortnightly in November 1984, finally becoming a weekly in 1999. Beena Mathew is the current editor-in-chief. Circulation is 1.75 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Banga Doot ( 1829): The Hindi newspaper published by Raja Ram Mohan Ray and Dwarika Prasad Thakore with Nilratan Haldar as its editor. It was also published in English, Bengali and Persian.

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Barrat, Thomas J (1841-1914): Father of modern advertising. He was the chairman of the soap manu-facturer Pears and was the person who pioneered brand marketing. Basel Missionaries (1815-): A Christian Missionary Society founded as the German Missionary Society in 1815 and changed its name to Basel Mission. They had worked in different parts of the world such as Russia,Ghana, Latin America etc. They came to India in 1834. Their major focus was to create employment opportunities for the people of the area where each mission was located. The society taught printing, tile manufacturing and weaving and employed people in these fields. Herman Gundert, Frederick Muller etc were members of this society. They started a lithographical press at Illikkunnu, Tellicherry. The first Malayalam newspapers Rajya Samacharam (1847) and Paschimodayam (1848) were produced by them. Battleship Potemkin (1925): A soviet silent film directed by Sergei Eisenstein. It is based on the mutiny of Russian sailors against their tyrannical superiors Aboard the Battleship Potemkin

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during the Revolution of 1905. Cast: Alexander Antonov, Vladmir Barsky, Gregory Alexandrov. It was produced by Jacob Bliokh; script was by Nina Agadzha-nova-Shutko and Sergey M. Eisenstein; Music: Edmund Meisel; Eisenstein theorized and practiced the concept of montage through this. BBC - British Broadcasting Corporation (1922): A semiautonomous public service broadcaster was established in 1922 as a company by private radio manufacturers. In 1926 it became a public corporation. Its main responsibility is to provide impartial public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. It is the largest broadcasting employer with about 23,000 staff. As it is non-commercial it is funded by an annual license fee paid by television owners. The BBC is sometimes referred to by other British media as Auntie or the Beeb. Since 2002 six 24 hour news channels and round the clock children’s programmes have been introduced. BBC world is its 24 hour international news service. It has proved to be an effective alternative to private channels since it is independent of commercials. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind;

Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol.4, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, 1998, p.77; Branston, Gill Stafford, Roy; The Media Students Books, Routledge Publications, London, P. 284288).

Bengal Gazette (1816): The first Indo-Anglican newspaper (newspa-pers by Indians primarily for English educated elite Indians are called Indo Anglican papers) started by Gangadher Bhattacharya in 1816. He was a disciple of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Both of them were active members of ‘Athmiya Samajam Mohan Roy regularly wrote in it. It was a medium to propagate his ideologies. (Further reading: Sharma MS; Journalism for Students, Mohit publications, Delhi, 2000, P. 23).

Bengal Journal (1785-1791): A British - India weekly from Calcutta started by William Duane and Thomas Jones.

Bengalee (1862-1931): An English newspaper from Calcutta started as a daily newspaper and subsequently turned into a weekly.

Benjamine, Towne : The founder of Pennsylvannia (1783) Evening Post, the first daily newspaper in Philadelphia.

Bennerjee, Bhowanicharan : The editor of the first thirteen issues of Sambad Kaumudi Newspaper by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Bennet Coleman and Co. Ltd: The largest mass media company in India that remains a familyowned business as the descendants of Sahu Jain family controls majority stake in the Times Group. It has over 11,000 employees and revenue exceeding $1.5 billion. (Refer: Times of India, P.384)

Bennet, James Gorden (17951872): Founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald and a major figure in the history of American newspapers.

Benny Hill Show (1969–1989): A 30 minute British comedy television show staring Benny Hill was aired in over 140 countries. It is a sketch-comedy series in which Hill would often play multiple characters and satirize popular British and American performers and stars.

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Bernama: A news agency of the government of Malaysia. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture.

Berlusconian Phenomenon : The way in which former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi came to power by controling the Italian media is termed as Berlusconian Pheno-menon. Bernstain, Carl: Washington Post newspapers investigative reporter who broke the Watergate Scandal (1972) which led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon.

Bharat Mitra (1878): Newspaper published from Calcutta which became the leading Hindi newspaper of the time under the dynamic stewardship of its early editors, Balmukund Gupta and Ambika Prasad Bajpai.

Bhagwati, P. N. (21 Dec, 1921): Prafulla-chandra Natwarlal Bhagwati, the 17 th Chief Justice of India (1985 - 1986) was appointed as the external Ombudsman of The Times of India in 1988. But the position lasted only a couple of years. This prompted other newspapers to appoint Ombuds-men or Readers Editors. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2007.

Besant, Annie (1 Oct, 1847- 20 Sep, 1933): A prominent British socialist, theosophist, women’s rights activist, writer, orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self-rule. News paper by Annie was New India (formerly known as Madras Standard).

Bernays, Louis Edward (22 Nov,1891- 2 Mar,1995): An Australian - American public relation scholar who is known as the father of Public Relations. Berners Lee,Tim ( 8 June, 1955-): A British computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989 and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet. (Further reading : Stovall, James Glen, Journalism Who, What, When, Where, Why and How, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2011, p. 441; Ray, Tapas; Online Journalism, Foundation Books, Delhi, 2009, P: 16, 135, 136).

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Bharathadeepam (1920): The magazine published from Kollam, chiefly aimed to propagate Brahmasamajam. Sadhu Siva Prasad was its editor and P.K. Padmanab hanashan was its manager. Each volume consisted of 1/8 dummy size, 38 pages.

Bharati, Subramania: Chinnaswami Subramania Bharati, popularly known as Mahakavi Bharathiyar, was a famous poet, journalist and social reformer from Tamil Nadu. He joined as the sub editor of Swadeshamitram newspaper (started by The Hindus’ co founder G. Subramania Aiyer) in 1904.

Bhargavinilayam (1964): The first horror film in Malayalam; story and screenplay were by Vaikom Muhammed Bashir and was directed by A. Vincent.

Bhartia, Shobhana (1957- ) : The chair-person and editorial director of the Hindustan Times Group and Pro Chancellor of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani. She was a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha (2006 - 2012). She is the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper and probably one of the youngest.

Bhasha (1986 ): The Hindi language news service of PTI has its own network in the Hindi speaking states. It is a network of 140 bureaus with around 2000 staff.

Bhasha Kaumudi (March 1905): An educational monthly magazine which started publishing from Kollam. S. Kunju Krishna Pillai was its owner and publisher. Each volume consisted of 20 pages.

Bhashabhooshanam (Sep. 1912): A short lived magazine from Harippadu was printed from Kayamkulam Suvarna Ratna Prabha Press.

Bhashachandrika (Sep. 1921): A Malayalam magazine published from Thiruvalla-Vennikulam. Vennikulam Gopala Kurupu was its editor. It was published only for two years. Each volume: 1/8 dummy size; 40 pages.

Bhashaposhini (1892): A monthly magazine from Malayala Manorama group of publications, is one of the oldest Malayalam literary review magazines. It was founded by Polachirakkal Kocheppan Tharakan, nephew of Kandathil Varghese Mappillai and later

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tookover the charge of the Malayala Manorama group of Publications. The magazine was an initiative of Kavi Sama-jam (association of poets), the first literary association in Kerala started in August 1891, later renamed as Bhashaposhini Sabha. Kandathil Varghese Mappilai, the first editor of Manorama, was the motive force behind this. Contribution of veterans like Kerala Varma Valiyakoyi Thampuran, Mulloor S. Padmanabha Panicker, Kattakkayathil Cheriyan Mappilai and Moorkkoth Kumaran had appeared in its pages. It continues publication as a standard literary magazine. (Further reading: Kunjappa, Moorkothu; Malayala Manorama, Malayala Manorama Publishing House, Kottayam, 1973, P. 412). Bhashaposhini Chitramasika (April 1892): A magazine started as a trimonthly, became a monthly in 1896. When Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyyer banned Malayala Manorama on September 1938, this also ceased. After one year, in September 1939 it was republished as Chitramasika. The editor is unknown.

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Bhaskar, B.R.P (1933- ): Veteran Malayalee journalist started his career in 1948 as a reporter of his father’s newspaper Navabharatham. In 1952 he became the journalism trainee of The Hindu. He got Magzaze fellowship from the Philippine Government in 1958. Later he worked in the Patriot, published from New Delhi. In 1993 he retired from Deccan Herald and worked in Asianet. His weekly program ‘patravishesham’ in Asianet was highly commendable. Bhaskar, Thulasi: Woman journalist who started her career with Chintha magazine in 1977 and joined as a subeditor in Deshabhimani in June 1984. She was the first woman in the editorial group of Deshabhimani and in 1988 she headed the pullout Anthapurakazhcha and Sthree. Bhaskaran, P (1934-2007): Born in Thrissur, he started his career as a journalist in All India Radio. He proved his talents as a poet, director and actor. He directed more than 44 films in Malayalam. In 1994, he got the J.C. Daniel Award for his various achievements.

Bhattacharya, Gangadhar : A learned disciple of Raja Ram Mohan Roy who started the Bengal Gazette. (1816)

Bheemji, Devji : A business man from Gujarath who started two presses at Kochi. In 1863 he started the press Western Star. But Kerala Govt. shut it down and then based on an agreement restarted. Keralamitram, a malayalam newspaper was published from here. He contributed a lot to Malayalam language and literature.

Bible Ki Kahaniya (1993-1995): An Indian epic serial based on the Bible scriptures in Hindi language. It was one of the first high budget serials in India. It was created by Navodaya Appachan, directed by Raghunath Paleri, Issac Thomas Kottukapally and T. K. Rajeev Kumar.

Bicycle Thieves (1948): Directed by Vittorio De Sica, this masterpiece of Italian neorealism defined an era in the world of cinema. The story is about a poor father searching post-World War II Rome for his stolen bicycle, without which he will lose the job which was to be the salvation of his young family. It is adapted

from a novel by Luigi Bartolini. It received an Academy Honorary Award in 1950.

Big Five: A term used by scholars to denote the five big news agencies in the world such as Agence France Presse (AFP), Associated Press (AP), Reuters, TASS, and United Press International (UPI) which are headquartered in Paris, New York, London, Moscow and New York. Later on, the word Big Three was also used to denotate AP, Reuters and UPI.

Biharbandhu (1872): The first Hindi News-paper published from Bihar was started by Madan Mohan Bhatta.

Bi-Weekly: A magazine or newspaper published once every two weeks.

Black Comedy : A comedy based on serious subjects such as death or illness that are not normally regarded as humorous.

Blackberry: A trade name for a handheld wireless device which combines e-mail and internet access or a phone and software application.

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Blackout: A period during which no news stories may be reported since a bar is imposed by government or any other organisation. The emergency period of India (1975- 1977) is an example for this. Blitz (Feb. 1941): A tabloid weekly started from Mumbai. Russi Karanjia was the founder and editor. It was a radical and idealist, left oriented pro-Soviet weekly. Blogger: A person who creates a blog. Blogging is the act of creating or maintaining a weblog. (Further Reading: Stovall, James Glen, Journalism - Who, What, When, Where, Why and How, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2011, p. 133). Blogosphere : The part of the world wide web where bloggers communicate with each other. Bloomberg Business Week (1929): A weekly business magazine by Bloomberg Limited. Business Week was its first name. It is currently headquarted in New York City.

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Bolts, William (1739 - 1808): He began his career as an employee of the English East India Company but subsequently

became an independent merchant. He is known for his book, Considerations on India Affairs (1772), which detailed the exploitation and despoliation of Bengal by the East India Company and its officials which began shortly after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Bollywood: Hindi films are known as Bolly-wood Films. It is one of the big film industries in India and world. Name Bollywood was proposed by eminent coloumist Shobha De. Bombay Samachar (1822): The oldest continuously published newspaper from Mumbai in English and Gujrathi. Current Editor: Pinky Dalal. (Further reading: Chauhan, Swati & Chandra, Navin; Modern Journalism; Issues and Challenges, Kanish-ka Publishers, Delhi, 1997, P: 224). Bombay Chronicle (19101959 ): An English-language newspaper, published from Mumbai by Sir Pherozeshah Mehta (1845-1915). It was an important Nationalist newspaper of its time, and an important chronicler of the political upheavals of a volatile preindependent India.

Bombay Courier (1790): Luke Ash-burner was the founder. In 1838 its name was changed to Bombay Times. It was the fore runner of Times of India.

Bombay Gazette (1791): A monthly started in Bombay by Francis Warden.

Bombay Herald (1789): The first newspaper from Bombay.

Bombay Talkies (1934): The Bombay Talkies Limited was a movie studio founded by Himansu Rai and Devika Rani. It produced a series of around 102 movies and impressive list of actors and actresses. Devika Rani was the first recipient of Phalke award when the award was instituted in 1969. Ashok Kumar and Dilip Kumar who became great actors later were products of this Talkie.

Bombay Times : A free supplement of The Times of India, in the Mumbai region. It covers celebrity news, news features, and international and national music news and fashion news, lifestyle and feature articles pegged on news events that have local interest value. Over ten years of presence, it has become

a bench-mark for Page 3 Journalism.

Boole, George (2 Nov,1815-8 Dec, 1864): English mathematician, philosopher and inventor of the prototype of what is now called Boolean logic, which became the basis of the modern digital computer. He is regarded as a founder of the field of computer science.

Bose, Subhash Chandra (23 Jan,1897- unknown): Also known as Netaji, he was one of the most prominent Indian nationalist leaders who attempted to gain India’s independence. He started the newspaper Swaraj and took charge of publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee.

Brady, Mathew B. (1822 1896): One of the most celebrated 19th century American photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and documentation of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of Photo-journalism.

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Brahmonical Magazine (18211823): A magazine published by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in English. It ceased to exist after the publication of four issues.

Braun, Karl Ferdinand (6 June, 1850 - 20 April, 1918) : German Physicist who effectively made radio a medium for carrying human voice across the globe on 24 th Dec. 1906. For his work in adopting diodes for radio in 1900 he bagged the Nobel Prize in 1909 shared with Marconi. Breakfast Television - BT : A Canadian morning news and entertainment program which is aired on the city stations of Canada. Each station produces its own local edition of BT. Brittas, John Dr. (24 Oct,1996): The managing director of Kairali Television (Malayalam Communications, Ltd.) and former Business Head of Asianet Communications. He started his career as a sub editor in Deshbhimani and later moved to Kairali TV. He got the Journalism educational award from the Goenka Foundation for his doctoral research on “the Impact of Globalization in Print Media”. Broadcast Bill-1997 (1997 ) : Preparation of a broadcast bill began in 1995 and was introduced in Parliament in May 1997. It had recommended

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setting up of the radio and TV authority of India. Several security and national integrity concerns reflected in the bill particularly in the conditions for giving/cancelling licenses. It include that broadcasting should not incite crime, lead to disorder, be offensive to the public feelings and news should be impartial and accurate. Broadcasting : The dissemination of message through transmission over radio and television that provides for reception by the public as opposed to narrowcasting. BSNL - Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited : An India Govt. owned telecommunications company founded in 19th century. R. K. Upadyay is the Chairman and MD. Headquartered in New Delhi. It is India’s oldest and largest Communication Service Provider. It is the largest provider of fixed telephony and fourth largest mobile telephone provider in India and is also a provider of broadband services. It has foot-prints throughout India except for the Metropolitan Cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar

Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL). The main telecom services provided by BSNL are Universal Telecom Services, Cellular Mobile Telephone Services, WLL-CDMA Telephone Services, Internet, Intelligent Network (IN), 3G, IPTV, FTTH, Helpdesk, VoIP, WiMax., DSPT etc. However, in recent years the company’s revenue and market share plunged into heavy losses due to intense competition in Indian Telecommunications sector (Further reading: Prabhakar, Naval & Basu, Narendra, Encyclopedia of Mass Media & Communication in 21st Century, Vol. 13, Common wealth Publishers, P. 219).

Buckingham, James Silk (25 Aug,1786-30 June, 1855): A journalist and traveller who arrived in India (1818) as the editor of Calcutta Chronicle, started by Kolkata merchants. In Oct, 1818, he started the Calcutta Journal, a bi-weekly consisting of 8 pages. It set a new standard in Kolkotta journalism through its content and presentation. The paper was a great financial success. Though the newspaper was the mirror of the people, he was deported to England because of many encounters with the

Government. Though he was deported he kindled a spark of enquiry, undercover and criticism in the career of journalism. Jawaharlal Nehru has described him as among the earliest champions of the freedom of the press in India (Further reading: Anand, Shyam Dr., Mass Communication and Journalism, Upkar prakashan, p.216219.)

Buniyaad (1986-): An Indian television dramaseries that set up a bench mark in Indian TV serial history and even known as the Sholay of television was aired in 1986 in DD national. It was directed by Ramesh Sippy and Jyoti Sarup. The series was written by Manohar Shyam Joshi and dealt with the partition of India in 1947 and its aftermath. The soap that fascinated the audience in 1980’s was relaunched by Sahara One TV in 2006 and other channels.

Burnett, Mark (17 July 1960): A British-born American television producer and director, based in Los Angeles. He is currently the executive producer of five network television series with seven hours of network programming. His current series

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are The Bible, Survivor, Celebrity Apprentice, The Voice and Shark Tank. Bush, Vannevar : He has influenced the growth of 20 th century communication science and is considered as the father of New Media by some communication experts. In 1945 he wrote an article named, As We May Think in Atlantic Monthly, in which he had anticipated all modern technological advancements such as speech recognition technology, micro film, personal computer, speech to printer - type writer etc. has become an actuality after three decades. Business & Political Observer - BPO : A publication by Ambani Group. The group bought a Bombay business weekly called Commerce and turned it into a daily under this title. Business Line (1994): An Indian business newspaper, published by Kasturi & Sons. Editor in chief is D. Sampathkumar (Jan 19, 2012- ) who was succeeded by N. Ram (Circulation: 1.85 lakh copies, ABC, 2012).

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Bwana Devil (1952): First feature-length 3-D film entirely in color; written, directed and produced by Arch Oboler.

CNN- Cable News Network ( 1980 ): A major English language television network founded by Ted Turner. It is now owned by Time Warner group. It is the first station to provide 24-hour television news coverage. The credit of having popularized the Gulf war goes to CNN. With its round the clock live telecast with a wide network of reporters, it is now second only to BBC News in the number of employed news journalists and worldwide news bureaus; and ranked number two behind Fox News in total audience in US. It is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the American channel from its international counterpart, CNN International which has combined branded networks and services that are available to more than 1.5 billion people in

C

over hundred countries and territories. (Further reading: Yadav, K.P., Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Vol 1, Sarup & Sons, Delhi, 1998, P: 107).

CNNI - Cable News Network International : Atlanta (US) based cable television network. It is a 24 hour news service which has become the benchmark for others.

Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act; 1995 : On 29th Sept, 1994, an ordinance was promulgated to provide for the regulation of the operation of cable television networks in India. Accordingly, all cable operators were obliged to transmit at least one Doordarshan channel and to stop the relay of programmes and commer-

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cials of foreign satellite channels. However, the act has lost its relevance with the formation of the Prasar Bharati. Cable TV : A television service in which the viewer receives various channels through coaxial or fiberoptic cable rather than over the air. The central source may transmit programmes either by itself or pickup signals from satellites and distribute it through subscription. Cable TV revolution in India: It became popular in 1991-92 with the arrival of foreign satellite channels. However, only the government controlled television system namely Doordarshan was allowed to broadcast from Indian soil. STAR TV began beaming BBC and others into India via satellite from 1991 at the time of Gulf war. In 1992, Hindi based entertainment channel Zee TV beamed programmes. Responding to these challenges from the private sector DD launched a second metro channel, sports channel, regional channels etc. By 2000 around 40 TV networks including Zee-TV, SONY, CNN, BBC and many others were broadcasting programmes using cable TV (Further reading:

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Singhal, Aravind and Rogers, Everette M; India’s Communication Revolution, p.91 ff). Calcutta Committee Report on Privacy and Related Matters 1990 : A report which investigated privacy issues and the press, recommending the formation of the Broadcasting Complaints Commission. (Further reading: Kumar, Manjula B, Advanced Dictionary of Mass Communication, Sarup & Sons Publications, Delhi, 1999, P. 51). Calcutta General Advertiser (1780) : The first English language newspaper and indeed the first printed newspaper to be published in the Indian subcontinent. James Augustus Hicky was the founder. (Refer: Hicky, James Augustus; p. 166). Calcutta Journal (2 Oct, 1818): Calcutta Journal was founded in Oct 1818 by James Silk Buckingham as the editor. (Refer: Buckingham, James Silk; p 63). Camera Lucida : An optical device that is used in making layouts. Nicknamed Lucy, the instrument works on the principles of reflected and

deflected light through a prism and enables the artist to enlarge or reduce an image and then to copy it by hand. (Further reading: Kumar, Manjula B, Advance Dictionary of Mass Communication, Sarup & Sons Publications, Delhi, 1999, P. 52).

Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom : A pressure group in the UK that campaigns for greater accountability of the media, particularly the right to respond.

Campus Radio (2004) : A type of radio run by the students of a college, university or any educational institution. It is otherwise called college radio,university radio or student radio. On 2nd February 2004, Anna University, Chennai unveiled India’s first campus radio station.

CBC- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation : CBC which is operated by the crown in Canada, has both English and French language service and covers all regions throughout the country, (Further reading: Beer, Arnold; Global Journalism, PHI, p.435).

Cannes Film Festival (1946): Held annually in May at Cannes in the South of France, it is one of the world’s oldest and most influential film festivals. The most prestigious award given out at Cannes is Golden Palm for the best film. Louis Lumière agreed to be the President of the first festival, set to be held from 1 to 30 September 1939 but due to war it was postponed and relaunched after the War in 1946. The 2013 Cannes Film Festival took place from May 15- 26, 2013. The President of the Jury was American film director Steven Spielberg.

CANA - Caribbean News Agency (1976 ) : Founded in January 1976 as the successor to the former Reuters Caribbean Service. Stake holding media companies share their own local content with CANA.

Caricature : A description, drawing or performance that exaggerates something or somebody’s characteristics for satirical effect.

Catholic Legion of Decency (1930): A US pressure group advocating severe film censorship from 1930s, made up of

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CATV - Community Antenna Television : TV distributed to receivers via cable from a master antenna.

religious leaders from all Catholic denominations.

Common Wealth Publishers, 2006, P. 15).

CBS - Columbia Broadcasting System : A US radio and TV network headed by David Sarnoff. Other networks owned by him were American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC). By the end of 1990 CBS was acquired by Viacom Media. (Further reading: Stovall, James Glen; Journalism - Who, What, When, Where, Why and How, PHI, New Delhi, 2011, p. 430431).

C-DOT-Centre for Development of Telematics (1984): A great step in the Indian telecommunication sector was the development of C-DOT in 1984. Sam Pitroda was the brain behind this. Rural telephone exchanges were developed throughout

CBFC-Central Board of Film Certification : The Central Board of Film Censors which was renamed as CBFC (1 Jun,1983) was set up by the Central Govt. under the Cinematograph Act of 1952 and Censorship Rules 1958. As per the rule films can be publicly exhibited only after being certified by the CBFC. It consists of 9 members and a Chairman. Headquarters is at Bombay and there are offices in Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, and Trivandrum. Depending on the film standard, CBFC provides 'U’, ‘U/ A’, ‘A' certificates. (Further reading : Kumar, Keval J, Mass Communication in India; Jaico, Mumbai, 2012, p. 238 ff; Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication Vol.3, Anmol Publications, Pvt. Ltd. Delhi, 1998, P. 103).

Censorship : The practice of deciding that something or part of something may not be broadcasted, published, distributed etc because of its content. To censor something means to alter or take away information from something or to change the way information is presented. (Further reading: Prabhakar, Naval & Basa, Narendra; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication in 21st Century, Vol. 8,

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India. C-DOT became the mother hen of various telecommunication businesses contributing to wealth and job creation.

Cern: The European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Switzerland, where the WWW software was devised by Tim Berners Lee.

Chanakya (8 Sep, 1991-19 Aug, 1992) : A 47 part, 15 minutes epic Indian television historical drama written and directed by Dr. Chandraprakash Dwivedi that was originally telecast on DD National. It was produced by Prakash Dwivedi and edited by Mohan Kaul Rajeev Khandelwal.

Chanda Committee (1964): Constituted in December 1964 by Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the then Minister for Information and Broadcasting, with Ashok K. Chanda as the Chairman as an initiative to modernize broadcasting. It reviewed operations of various media units and submitted a report in April 1966. It recommended the constitution of separate autonomous corporations for Akashavani and Doordarsan. The cabinet considered the recommendation in 1969 but took effect only on 1 April, 1976. (Further Reading:

Kumar, Aravind, Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 150; Ahuja, B.N., Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, P. 349).

Chandy, Anna : Chief Editor of the feminist weekly newspaper Shrimati which published the activities of women both in India and abroad. She was an active member of All India Women’s Organization, Travancore branch and the first women judge in a district court.

Chandra, Vikram: The executive director and CEO of NDTV Group. Began his career in television journalism in 1991 working with a TV news magazine called News Track. His show The Big Fight is one of India’s top rated talk and current affairs shows.

Chandrakanta (1994-96): An Indian fantasy television series partly based on Devaki Nandan Khatri’s novel Chandrakanta. It was originally telecast in DD was produced by Nirja Guleri and directed by Sunil Agnihotri. The serial was controversially pulled off air by Doordarshan in 1996.

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Chandra Pal, Bipin (7 May, 1858-20 May, 1932): A wellknown teacher, journalist and writer who founded the journal Swaraj (1905). Chandrika (1935):1) Malayalam newspaper run by the Indian Union Muslim League was established in 1935 at Thalassery. Former Kerala Chief Minister C.H. Mohammed Koya was once its Chief Editor. Chandrika Weekly, Mahila Chandrika, Sports Chandrika, Arogya Chandrika etc are published from the Chandrika family. Chief Editor: T R Cheruppa 2) Malayalam magazine started from Kollam, Manomanam Press. K.Govinda Bhattar was its owner and P. Raman Thampi and P. Kesava Pillai were the editors. It was 1/8 dummy size, 34 pages. It was published for about 3 years. Channel 4 (2 Nov, 1982): A British public-service television broadcaster owned and operated by Channel Four Television Corporation. This group also operates pay TV channels including E4, E4+1 and three film channels. Channel 5 (March 1997): The newest commercial terrestrial

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TV channel launched with a programme philosophy aimed at the younger audience. Channel V (23 May 1994): The brand name for multiple international music TV channels owned by Star TV and Fox International Channels. Plays music is the slogan of this channel. Chartered Institute of Journalists (Oct 1884): A professional association for journalists and the senior such body in the UK and the oldest in the world. It was founded to promote and advance the common interests of the profession of journalism. It changed its name to Institute of Journalists in 1888. Chawla, Prabhu (1946- ): One of better known political journalists in India.Began his career as a lecturer in Delhi University. Later he joined India Today, left for Indian Express and then rejoined India Today, first as editor of the Hindi edition and then the English one. He hosts Sedi Baat, a talk show with celebrity guests, and he hosts a new talk show on ETV called Sachchi Baat. He is now the editorial director of The New

Indian Express. He was awarded Padma Bhushan (2003).

Chellappan Nair, N.P : Born in Alappuzha, he appeared as an actor and writer in Malayalam. He started his career in 1940 through the film Prahlada.

Chemmeen (1965): The film, based on Thakazhi Siva Sankara Pillai’s novel Chemmeen, was directed by Ramu Kariyattu. Madhu, Sheela, Sathyan and Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair were in the lead. It won the gold medal from India Government.

Children’s Film Society (May 1955): A nodal organisation of Govt of India that produces childrens films and various TV programms, inspired by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. (Further reading: Yadav, K.P; Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow, 1998, P. 22).

Chithrahar (15 Aug, 1982): The longest running film based programme in India and aired in Doordarshan. It is aired for half an hour on all Friday nights with the latest songs in Bollywood. Mohan Middha is its director and Manav Kaushik is the script writer.

Chitramela (1967): First anthology film in Malayalam, directed by T.S. Muthiah. It consisted of three short films Nagarathinte Mukhangal, Penninte Prapancham, Apaswarangal.

Chomsky, Noam (7 Dec, 1928): Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher and media critic. He is the Professor Emeritus of the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy Massachu-setts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he has worked for over 50 years (1956-2006). In addition to his work in linguistics, he has written on war, politics and mass media and has authored over 100 books. He has become well known for his critiques of US foreign policy, American capitalism and the mainstream news media. His media criticism has included Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988), an analysis articulating the propaganda model theory for examining the media. His contributions to the field of media such as in semiology and public relations are remarkable.

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Chrome (2008): A web browser developed by Google. It was released as a beta version for Microsoft windows on 2 September, 2008. As of February 2013, according to star counter, it has a 37% world wide usage share of web browsers making it the most widely used web browser in the world. Cinematograph Act 1952 : Any person desiring to exhibit any film shall make an application to the Board for a certificate and after examining, the board may sanction then unrestricted public exhibition and grant U certificate (universal certificate) or sanction the film for public exhibition restricted to adults only and issue A certificate. The act came in to force all over India except in the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Class Magazine: A general term to designate the periodical intended for a readership with a special range of common interests which often reflect an above-average income. Click: A weekly BBC television programme, covering news and recent developments in the world of consumer technology. It was previously known as Click Online. BBC World Service

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broadcasts a weekly sister radio show, also called Click. CNBC - Consumer News and Business Channel: A satellite and cable television business news channel in the US owned and operated by the NBC Universal. It was ranked as the 19th most valuable cable channel in the United States. Its headquarters is in New Jersey. CNN-IBN : Cable News Network - Indian Broadcas ting Network (2005): An English language news channel, launched on 16 December 2005 and based in Noida. N. Dileep Venkataraman is its current CEO and Rajdeep Sardesai is its editor. It is owned by Network 18 and Turner International India. Major shows produced by it include: The Larry King Show, Devil’s Advocate (Karan Thapar), India @ 9, E-To night etc. (Further reading: Stovall, James Glen, Journalism- Who, What, When, Where, Why and How, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2011, p. 438). CNW : A commercial news release service owned by PR Newswire. It distributes media materials on behalf of a variety of customers such as companies,

governments, non-profit agencies and other establishments.

Colors (21 July, 2010): Mumbai based Hindi entertainment channel, is part of the Viacom 18 family. It was added to Virgin Media on 1 April, 2011.

Columbia Pictures (1914): Major film studio based in Hollywood. Many popular films were produced from this studio such as Karate Kid (1984), Spider Man films (from 2002), Men in Black (1997).

Commercial Television: TV stations which broadcast advertisements that help to pay for its programming costs. Commercials on television were introduced in India on an experimental basis, from 1 January, 1976 with sponsored programmes only. Later, the system of spot advertising was also introduced.

Commonwealth Broadcasting Association (1945): A representative body for public service broadcasters throughout the commonwealth. As a non-profit non-governmental organization, it is funded by subscriptions from 102 members and affiliates from 53 countries. Its stated goal is to promote best practices in public service broadcasting and to foster freedom of expression.

CDA-Communication Decency Act 1996 (1996): This regulation was part of the US Telecom Act of 1996. It controls the use of obscene as well as indecent material on-line. The act has often been criticized for being almost impossible to enforce and also on the grounds that it is against the principle of the freedom of speech.

Community Radio : It is characterized by community participation and community ownership with non-state, non profit, narrow-casting where at least 5% of the programmes are made by the local community. In 2006 Government opened up FM radio licenses to voluntary organizations, autonomous bodies and public trusts. Worlds first community radio station was established by Pasafica Foundation in US in 1949. First community radio in India was Raghav FM of Bihar. But it was unlicensed. First campus community station in India was Anna FM launched on 2 Feb, 2004. (Further Reading: Prabhakar, Naval & Basu, Narendra, Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication in 21st Century, Vol. 1, Commonwealth Publishers, P. 80).

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Conglomarate: A corporation or other business group that owns a number of different companies (See Walt Disney, The Times Group, Malayala Manorama etc). Consumer Protection Act 1987 (1987): An Act of Indian Parliament that bans the use of misleading information to encourage potential purchasers to buy. Contempt of Court Act 1981: A court order which in the context of a court trial in a hearing declares a person or organization to have disobeyed or been disrespectful of the court’s authority. Often referred to simply as “contempt”, it is the judge’s strongest power to impose sanctions for acts which disrupt the court’s normal process. There are two types of contempt of courts: a) civil contempt and b) Criminal contempt. (Further reading: Kumar, Manjula B, Advance Dictionary of Mass Communication, Sarup & Sons Publications, Delhi, 1999, P. 84). Cooper, Martin Marty ( 26 Dec, 1928): The father of cell phones and a pioneer and visionary in the wireless communications industry.

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CEAC-Copyright Enforcement Advisory Council (Nov, 1991): The council set up by the government of India to review the progress of enforcement of Copyright Act periodically and to advise the government regarding measures for improving the enforcement of the act. Copyright Law : It intends to encourage the creation of art and culture by rewarding authors and artists with a set of exclusive rights. It grants authors and artists the exclusive right to make and sell copies of their works, the right to create derivative works and the right to perform or display their works publicly. CPB- Corporation for Public Broadcasting (1968): A nonprofit, non governmental US agency headquarted in Washington, D.C. It was founded by the Federal Government to promote and finance the development of non commercial broadcasting. CWCR- Countrywide Class Room : An educational video program of the UGC aimed primarily for the undergraduate students, has been the result of SITE (1975-76) experiment. It telecast twice a day over

Doordarshan. UGC has a number of media production centers all over the country for producing these programs. Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET 1984), State Institute of Education Technology, IGNOU etc telecast educational programs. CWCR helps to bring higher education to a large number of citizens. (Further reading: Anand Shyam, Mass Communication and Journalism, p.249-251).

Crawford Committee (1925): The Committee whose 1925 recommendations for an independent, public-service broadcasting body that led to the founding of the BBC.

Creel, George (Dec. 1876- 2 Oct, 1953): An investigative journalist and PR practitioner. In 1889 he became the sole owner, editor and publisher of the Independent. He was the head of Committee on Public Information; a propaganda agency created by Woodrow Wilson which is popularly known as Creel Committe.

Cross Media Ownership : A situation in which a person, or corporation owns newspapersradio- TV stations etc.

Cyber Cafes : As part of the communication revolution in India, cyber cafes sprang up in the late 1990s. Prior to 1995 internet connections were only available to non-commercial organizations. But after 1995 it became available to individuals on a commercial basis. The first commercial cyber café began in 1995 in Bangalore. Now it has become old fashioned since net is available everywhere. (Further reading: Rogers Everette, Singhal Aravind, India’s Communication Revolution, Sage, New Delhi, 2001, p. 235237).

Cyberspace: A term coined by William Gibson in his science fiction Neuromancer, in 1984. It can be described as computergenerated environment where you can interact with other people and work and play. It is also used to describe the whole range of information resources, available through computer networks. (Further reading: Ray, Tapas; Online Journalism, Foundation Books, 2006, p. 5,7).

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DAB þ Digital Audio Broadcasting (1 June, 1995) : A digital radio technology for broadcasting radio stations was launched by Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. It offers more radio programmes over a specific spectrum than analogue FM radio. Daily Courant ( 11 March, 1702-1735): First British Newspaper published by Elizabeth Mallet from London. It was a global satirical newspaper and consisted of a single page with advertisements on the reverse side. It lasted until 1735 when it was merged with the Daily Gazette. (Further reading: Stovall, James Glen; Journalism-Who, What, When, Where, Why and How, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2011, p. 438). Daily Mirror (1903): A British daily tabloid which was founded by Alfred Harmsworth. It had an

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D average daily circulation of 10 lakh copies in january 2013. Its sunday paper is the Sunday Mirror. (Further reading: Chauhan, Swati & Chandra, Navin; Modern Journalism: Issues and Challenges, Kanishka publishers, Delhi, 1997, P. 97, 104). Daily Mail (1896): British daily tabloid published by Lord Northcliffe. It switched to a compact format on 3 May 1971. It was owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust. It’s Scottish and Irish editions were launched in 1947 and 2006 respectively. Daily News and AnalysisDNA (30 July, 2005) : An Indian English broad sheet. Deepak Rati is its publisher. It is the first English broadsheet daily in India to introduce an all-colour page format. It targets a young readership and is owned and managed by Diligent Media Corporation.

Dainik Bhaskar (1956) : A Hindi daily newspaper published by DB Corporation Ltd.Yatish K. Rajawat is its founding editor. It was launched to fulfill the need for a Hindi language daily. It was renamed as Bhaskar Samachar (1958) and later Dainik Bhaskar (2010). It is the No. 1 daily newspaper in India (and No. 11 worldwide) in terms of circulation. It launched Bussiness Bhaskar, the first bussiness daily in Hindi (27 june 2008), which become the largest Hindi language business daily.

Dainik Jagaran (1942): A Hindi daily broadsheet owned by Jagaran Prakashan Ltd. Currently 36 editions are published across 11 states.

Dalit Voice (1981): A political magazine published from Banglore. The current full title is Dalit Voice: the Voice of the Persecuted Nationalities Denied Human Rights. It was founded by V.T. Rajshekar, a journalist for the Indian Express, who is still its editor. It is the largest circulated Dalit journal in India.

Dalmia, Ramakrishna (7 April, 1893- 26 Sep, 1978) : Social reformer, philanthropist and

founder of the Dalmia-Jain group or Dalmia Group and the Times Group. In 1945 he acquired the ownership of Bennett Coleman Company Ltd. At one point his name was said to have been considered for the position of India’s Finance Minister. He was also the author of A Guide To Bliss, Fearlessness, Faith in Divine Law. He was a man of vision and courage.

Dalrymple, William (20 Mar, 1965 ): A prominent broadcaster, award winning British writer and one of the co-founders of the annual Jaipur Literary Fest. His 2009 book, Nine Lives: In Search of the Sacred in Modern India, went to the number one slot on the Indian non-fiction section bestseller list.

Dana, Charles (1819-1897): Editor of the newspaper New York Sun. When he purchased the paper in 1868, he emphasized a clear, condensed form of writing that readers immediately took to.

Daniel, Defoe (1660- 1731) : A pioneer of economic journalism. He was an English writer, journalist, pamphleter and versatile writer who wrote more than 500 books, pamphlets and journals on various topics.

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Robinson Crusoe is his famous work. Daniel Pearl Freedom of Press Act (17 May, 2010) : An act named after Daniel Pearl, a Wall Street Journal reporter who was kidnapped and murdered by terrorists in Pakistan. It requires the United States department to expand its security of news media intimidation and freedom of the press restrictions (Refer: Pearl Daniel, Page 299). Daniel, J.C. (1893-1975): Joseph Chella-yyan Daniel known as the father of Malayalam cinema worked as the director, producer, cameraman and actor for the first Malayalam movie Vigathakumaran (1930). He finished his formal education from Maharaja’s college, Trivandrum. In 1926, he established the first film studio in Kerala named The Travancore National Pictures. The Department of cultural affairs, Government of Kerala instituted the J.C. Daniel Award in honour of him in 1992. In 2013, a biopic on Daniel titled Celluloid, written and directed by Kamal was released. The Lost Life is a documentary on Daniel by R. Gopalakrishnan.

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Dataquest (1982): A fortnightly magazine that focuses on IT related articles. It is published by Cyber Media India Ltd. It was one of the first publications to champion energy/green issues and the application of IT in governance. Its head-quarters is in New Delhi. Cheif editor: Ibrahim Ahamad. Dataram and Company (1915): An Indian advertising agency established by B. Dataram. DAVP- Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (1955): A nodal agency of Govt. of India for advertising for the various ministries and organisations of Govt., including public sector undertakings and autonomous bodies. The directorate includes an advertising wing, audio - visual wing, research wing, outdoor publicity wing and language wing in addition to the audio publicity. Dawn (12 Oct, 1942): Pakistan’s oldest and most widely read English newspaper, published by Pakistan Herald. It was founded by Mohammad Ali Jinnah in Delhi. Daw Jones (1882): A news corporation company founded by

Charles Dow, Edward Jones and Charles Bergstresser. The Dow Jones Local Media publishes community newspapers, websites and other products in six U.S. states. It now publishes news in a dozen languages around the world.

Dey, Jyothirmayi (1- 955 - 2011): Popularly known as J. Dey, was the crime and investigative editor of Mid Day tabloid. This expert of Mumbai underworld started his career in Hindustan Times. He had also worked in Indian Express before joining Mid Day. He had authored two books on underworld activities, Zero Dial: The Dangerous World of Informer and Khallas and did many reports on underworld dons Dawood Ibrahim and Chotta Rajan. He was shot dead (June 11, 2011) by four unidentified motorcycleborne gunmen in Mumbai.

De, Shobha (7 Jan, 1948-): An Indian columnist and novelist born in Mumbai. She began a career in journalism (1970) during the course of which she founded and edited three magazines - Stardust, Society and Celebrity. She contributed to the Sunday magazine section of The Times of India in 1980’s.

In her columns, she used to explore the socialite life in Mumbai and lifestyles of celebrities. She writes four weekly coloumns in mainstream newspapers.

Deepam (17 Aug, 1929): The Malayalam magazine published from Ernakulam. Thomas Paul was the owner and Moorkkoth Kumaran was the editor. It was printed at CMS Press Kottayam and V.V. Press Ernakulam. Later in 1931, it became a newspaper. Sir C.P. Ramaswamy banned this newspaper in Travancore since it supported the freedom struggle.

DeFleur, Melvin Lawrence (27 April, 1923-): A professor and scholar in the field of Communication. His initial field of study was Social Science. DeFleur cites his idea of the languageshaping function of the media as one of the four theories on how media shapes messages and what that means for social conduct (1989). The other three are the meaning - construction function of the press (Together with Walter Lippmann, 1920s); cultivation theory (Together with Gerbner); the agenda setting function of the press (Shaw and McCombs).

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Deepika (15 April, 1887) : The oldest existing daily in Malayalam; started as a fortnightly news bulletin from Mannanam. Nidhireekkal Mani-kathanar was the founder editor. It was printed in the Mannanam press started by Blessed Chavara Kuriakose Elias. It started publishing as a mock piece of Jathaika Sangham, an organization of Christian missionaries in the name Nasrani Deepika. On 3 Jan, 1927, it became a daily and changed its name as Deepika. On August 1, 1939 it was shifted to Kottayam. In 1989 it became Deepika Ltd, a public limited company. Rashtra Deepika eveninger (1992) is a popular tabloid under its banner. Karshakan (1993), Kuttikaluday Deepika, Business Deepika (1992), Sthridhanam, Childrens Digest (1997) Cinema etc. are its allied publications. It was the first Malayalam newspaper to start its online edition. Fr. Alexander Paikada is the Chief Editor. Deepika (Jan, 1931): The Malayalam magazine published from Vakkom. It was printed from V.V. Press, Thiruvananthapuram. Vakkom Abdulkhadar Maulavi was its editor. It was 1/8 dummy size, 96 pages. After 12 volumes it stopped publication.

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Delivery of Books and Newspapers Act; 1954 (1954): An act to provide for delivery of books to the national library, Culcutta and other public libraries. It was enacted by the Parliament in 1954. Deohans, Kiran : Eminent ad film maker and cinematographer. Famous works are Lakme, Maruthi, Hero Honda, Vivel, Glucose D etc. He is an award winning cinematographer of Jodha Akbar, Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham, Aks, Qayamat Se Quayamat Tak etc. Deshabhimani (6 Sep, 1942) : A Malayalam newspaper and the mouthpiece of the Kerala State Committee of the Communist party of India (Marxist). Started as a weekly on 6 September 1942 from Kozhikode it was converted to a daily in 1946. It has a predecessor, Prabhatham started in 1935 and was the manifesto of the socialist group in the Indian National Congress. Through the efforts of eminent leaders like A.K.Gopalan and E.M.S Namboodirippad it became the voice of the Communist Party of India. Various personalities like E.M.S. Namboodirippad, V.T. Induchudan, K.P.R Gopalan and V.S. Achutanandan

had served as the cheif editors. It is the third most widely read newspaper daily in Kerala. Dakshinamoorthi is the current chief editor.

Deshabhandhu ( April 1959): A Hindi newspaper launched from Rajpur by the veteran journalist Mayaram Surjan. Chief editor: Lalit Sajan.

Devarajan, G (1924-2006 ): The evergreen Malayalam music director born at Paravoor, Kollam. The work that brought him to limelight was the drama song title Ponnarival Ambiliyil Kanneriyunnole by Kerala People’s Arts Club (KPAC). Through his compo-sitions, Devarajan could cast an indelible imprint in Malayali theatre arena, especially after the famous KPAC drama Ningalennay Communistaakki written by Thoppil Bhasi ( 1952). The first movie for which he composed music was Kaalam Maarunnu (1955). Devarajan Vayalar Ramavarma combination bacame the golden era of Malayalam film music.

Development Digest: Monthly magazine published by the information servicing agency, Research Reference and

Training Division (RRTD), an organ of ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

Devil’s Advocate : TV talk show hosted by Karan Thappar on CNN-IBN. One of the best talk shows in the Indian Television.

Dhanwantari (1903-1926): Kerala’s first ayurveda and scientific magazine. It was published from Kottakkal. P.S.Warrior was the editor. One volume: ¼ dummy size, 40 pages. Its cost was Rs.4/- for a year.

Dharmakumaran (March, 1926): Malayalam magazine published from Thevalakkara, Kollam as a memoir for Mahakavi Kumaranashan. Panikkasseri K. Padmanabhappanikkar was its owner and publisher. Though short lived, it contained valuable information about Kumaranashan’s life.

Dharmayug (1947 - 1989 ) : A popular Hindi weekly published by The Times of India Group.

Diary : Fortnightly by the information servicing agency, Research Reference and Training Division (RRTD), an organ of the ministry of IB.

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Dickens, Charles John Huffam (7 Feb,1812 - 9 June 1870): An English writer, social critic and journalist. In 1836, he published The Pickwick Papers. He edited a weekly journal for 20 years. Digdarsan (April 1818): First monthly of Bengal in Bengala language, published by the Serampore Baptist Mission and edited by John Clark Marshman. Dina Thanthi ( 1942): Tamil daily published from Chennai under the ownership of S.P. Adithanar (1905-1981). It emphasized local news especially about crime, film and politics. It is the largest circulated paper in Tamil Nadu. Dinakaran ( 1977): Tamil newspaper published from Chennai in 1977 by K.P. Kandaswamy. It supported the D.M.K party and the circulation of the paper was mainly through the same party. Cheif editor: V. Kathirvel. Circulation: 12.43 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Dinamalar (1951): Tamil daily published from Chennai under the ownership of Ramasubbaiyar. It was started from the state of old Thiru - Kochi, later shifted to

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Tirunelveli. Circulation 10 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Dinamani ( 1934): Tamil newspaper published by Express Publications (Madurai). The Chairman and MD is Manoj Kumar Sonthalia. Circulation: 1.47 lakhs (ABC, 2002), 2 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Directorate of Field PublicityDFP (1953): Started in 1953 with 32 publicity units and 4 regional offices as a 5 year publicity organization under I & B. In 1959 it was re-named as Directorate of Field Publicity. Its mandate is to promote the people’s participation in the development activities and to provide a forum to express their views and reactions on the various national programmes and project the feedback to the Govt. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 85-89; Ahuja, B.N; Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet publications, Delhi, P. 336-338). Directorate of Film Festivals (May 1973): Set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, implements the scheme of National Awards and regulates

India’s participation in International Film Festivals. It also organizes festivals of foreign films in India and of Indian films abroad under a bilateral cultural exchange programmes. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol.3, Anmol Publications, Delhi, 1998, p. 100; Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication Vol.4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, p. 100-102).

Discovery Channel (1992): An American satellite and cable speciality channel. John Hendricks founded the channel and its parent company, Cable Educational Network. It was initially available to 156,000 households and broadcasted for 12 hours.

Disney, Walt: Walt Elias Disney entered Hollywood as an artist and started producing short animated cartoon called LaughO-Games. He became popular through his 1928 cartoon Steamboat Willie which introduced the famous Mickey Mouse. Later he produced The Snow White and Seven Dwarfs and Fantasia (1940), which was his most creative effort. Walt Disney Company is now the second largest media conglomerate

which owns 11 TV stations, and more than 70 radio stations in US. It also owns ESPN, A& E Television, History channel, Movie Production Company, (Mira Max films and Pixar), publications (Mira Max Books and Hyperion books), 20 magazines, and other businesses (water theme parks, hotels and Disney stores). (Further reading: Herbert, John; Global Journalism, P. 116 ff.).

Divyakokilam ( Mar, 1925): The Malayalam magazine published from Paravoor, Kollam as a memoir to Mahakavi Kumaranashan. Paravoor K.K. Raghavapanickar was its editor.

Doctrina Christina (1593): An early book of Roman Catholic Catechism written by Fray Juan de Plasenica; one of the earliest books printed in Philippines.

Doordarshan (15 Sep, 1959) : Govt. Controlled TV broadcasting company; started on 15 September 1959 in Delhi. Only educational programmes were broadcasted at first. The Government established 21 community centres and teleclubs around Delhi. Each teleclub consists of 20 to 25 members. Educational programmes for Delhi students

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were launched on October 24, 1961. In 1965 it started its general transmission for one hour a day, four days of the week and the service was extended to Bombay and Amrithsar. From August 15, 1965 onwards it started broadcasting for one hour every day. Agricultural related programme Krishidarsan was launched on January 26, 1967. From 1968, broadcasting time increased to two hours on Sunday and one and a half hours on other days. From 1971 December, English news Bulletin was started. Soon after, the second centre was inaugurated in Mumbai (Oct.2, 1972), a third centre in Srinagar (Jan.26, 1973) and fourth centre in Amritsar (Sep.29, 1973). On August 1, 1975 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi inaugurated SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) programme. It was part of AIR till 1976 and was separated in April 1976 and became known as Doordarshan (DD). Launching of Indian National Satellite (INSAT 1- A) on April 10, 1982 created a revolution in the field of communication technology which helped to bring international events to the homes of viewers. On August 15, 1982 DD started colour transmission during the ninth Asian Games in New Delhi.

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During 1984, India’s first soap opera Hum Log was introduced and another serial Buniyad (1986-87) also became a hit. Ramayan (1987-88), Mahabharat (1989-90) etc were popular programmes. Later on, channels were added in Delhi (1984), Mumbai (1985), Kolkata (1987) Chennai (1988) and in 1993 these four transmi-tters were lined to provide entertainment in 54 major cities which is popularly known as DD-2 metro entertainment channel. In 1985 DD started its Malayalam transmission from Trivandrum. DD News (Jan.26, 2002-earlier known as DD Bharathi), Gyandarshan (educational channelfrom Jan.20, 2000) were launched later. From 1997 it became an autonomous institution under Prasar Bharati. Presently, it operates 21 channels - two All India channels - DD National and DD News, 11 Regional Language Satellite Channels (RLSC), four State Networks (SN), an International channel (DD India),Sports Channel (DD Sports) and two channels Rajya Sabha TV & Lok Sabha TV for live broadcast of Parliamentary proceedings. (Further reading: Kumar, Keval J; Mass Communication in India, p.296 ff; Yadav, K.P; Encyclopedia of

Mass Communication, Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow, 1998, P. 9-10; Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol.3, Anmol Publications, Delhi, p. 48-75; (See: Appendix 4: Milestones of DD, P. 437).

Drucker, Ferdinand Peter (19 Nov, 1901-1 Nov, 2005): American management guru and author who invented the concept of ‘management by objectives’. He contributed a lot to the philosophical and practical foundations of the modern business corporation which are of great benefit to modern media management.

Drugs and Magic Remedies Act; 1954 : An act to control or prohibit the advertisement of drugs.

Drudge Report ( 1997) : The first news source to break the Monica Lewinsky Scandal to the public after Newsweek decided not to publish the story. People behind this were Matt Drudge, Joseph Curl and Charles Hurt.

DTH-Direct to Home (23 March, 2004): A system of transmitting signals to individual household using dish powered

satellites. Reliance, Sun Direct, Airtel etc are some of the famous DTH operators.

Dua, Vinod : Famous anchor, political commentator, election analyst, producer and director. Most prominently known for his very famous show Zaika India Ka on NDTV. Other notable programs which he has anchored are Chunav Chunauti and Kaun Banega Mukhyamantri. Awarded Padmashri in 2008.

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Dutt, Barkha (-18 Dec 1971-) : A popular Indian TV journalist born in New Delhi as the daughter of one of Delhi’s first women reporters Prabha Dutt (Hindustan Times). After completing Masters in Commnication (Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi) and Journalism (Columbia University, America) she started off with Star News, and later went on to join NDTV and is its current group editor. Her reporting on the Kargil war (1999) brought her in to prominence. She got Padma Shri (2008) for her coverage of Tsunami in 2004. She writes a column for Hindustan Times called Third Eye. We the People is a famous program in NDTV. Open Magazine carried a story of her involvement in 2 G lobbying (Neera Radia tape controversy) in 2010.

E.TV: Fifth terrestrial television channel in South Africa and the first privately owned, but freeto-air television station in the country. The channel broadcasts from both Cape Town and Johannes-burg. Early Bird (1965): 1) World’s first commercial communication satellite Intelsat I A (1965). 2) An earth observation satellite launched in 1997. Eastman, G (1854-1932): An American innovator and entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and popularized the use of roll film in 1885, helping to bring photography to the main stream. Though Hannibal Good Win is considered as the inventor of celluloid film, Eastman stands out as having a great impact on photography and motion pictures.

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E

E-Bay : An American multinational internet consumer-toconsumer corporation headquarted in California. Its online auction and shopping website is ebay.com, in which people can buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide. Eco, Umberto (1932) : An Italian, famous as a Semiotician, essayist, philosopher, literary critic and novelist. He is famous for his novel which combined semiotics in fiction called the Name of the Rose (1980). He wrote novels such as Foucault’s Pendulum, The Island of the Day Before, The Prague Cemetery. Economic and Political Weekly -EPW (1949): A leading academic journal on current affairs and social science published from Mumbai by the Sameeksha

Charitable Trust. First published in 1949 as an Economic Weekly. Since 1966 it was re-christened as Economic and Political Weekly. The present editor is Dr. C.Ram Manohar Reddy. Circulation is around 10,000 copies (ABC, 2012).

Economic Times (1961): English business daily published by the Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. The founder editor was P.S. Hariharan. It is published from 12 cities and the headquarters is in Delhi. Supplements: 1) Brand Equity: (Edited by Ravi Balakrishnan and Vinod Mahanta). 2) Corporate Dossier: Editer: Vinod Mahanta. 3) ET Travel 4) Zig Wheels. 5) ET Realty 6) ET Wealth. Circulation: 2.28 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Edison, Thomas Alva (18471931): An American inventor who developed the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and in particular, telecommunications.

Editor’s Guild of India (1977): An organisation of editors of newspapers and magazines in

India. It gives proper suggestion to the development of newspaper. Narasimhan Ravi, Director of Kasturi and sons is the present president.

Educational Broadcasting Corporation-EBC: Non- profit, non-partisan organisation chartered by the New York Board of Regents and licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to operate WNET/ Channel 13 in the public interest. In addition, it produces programmes distributed by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) to non-commercial television stations in the U.S., it absorbed the National Educational Television organisation 1972).

Educational Television:- Usage of Television for formal and non formal education. England, Japan, and US developed it. In 1961 Doordarshan channels in Delhi started broad-casing curriculum based shows and thus Educational television (ETV) came to India. (Further reading: Ahuja B.N; Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet publications, Delhi, P. 236-237).

Edusat (20 Sept. 2004): An ISRO sponsored communication satellite built to serve the

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education sector exclu-sively. It is a Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) which was launched from Satish Dawan Space centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh at 4.01 pm on 20 Sept. 2004. This education satellite is expected to revolutionize distance education. Eenadu (10 Aug 1974): Founded by the Indian media Baron Ramoji Rao at Vishakhapatanam, it is the largest circulated Telugu newspaper in Andra Pradesh. Ramoji Rao, who is considered as the Telugu Rupert Murdoch played notable role in educating its readers about alcohol and anti arrack agitations through proclaiming war on liquor. Eenadu played a key role in building up Telugu Desham Party (TDP) and hoisting N.T Rama Rao (192395) to power in the 1980’s. Their severe advertising and circulation campaigns are a unique chapter in the history of Indian print sector. (Circulation: 9.11 lakhs ABC 2002; 17.06 lakhs - ABC, 2012) (Further reading: Jeffrey, Robin; Indias Newspaper Revolution, Oxford., p.133, 68 ff). EFE (1939): The Spanish agency has its headquarters in Madrid, and has close links with Latin

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America where Spanish is the major language. It was created by Ramon Serrano and Manuel Azhar Zubigary. Eisenstein, Sergei (18981948): A Soviet Russian film director and Film Theorist. He is considered as the Father of Montage. He directed the silent films Strike (1924),Battleship Pottemkin (1925) and October (1927). His debut film was Glumov’s Diary. As a theorist he wrote The Montage of Attractions. El Mundo (3 Oct, 1989): A Spanish newspaper founded by Alfonso de Salas, Pedro J Ramirez, Balbino Fraga and Julian Gonzalez. Pedro J Ramirez is its present editor. Electronics For You- EFY or E4U- ( 1969): An Indian technology-oriented English magazine based in New Delhi and owned by EFY enterprises. Ramesh Chopra is its current editor and publisher. It is India’s largest selling technology magazine. Eliot, T.S (1888-1965): 20 th century’s great writer and poet. He was also the founder and

editor of Criterion magazine, an influential literary journal. Won Nobel Prize for literature in 1948.

Elite Press : Newspapers prepared for and distributed to the well educated and affluent members of the society. Generally speaking, print medium emphasis more on intellectual content than on entertainment compared to television channels.

Ellington, Duke (1899-1974): A jazz pianist, composer and conductor. His quote on deadlines is famous: I don’t need time; what I need is deadlines.

Elton, John (1947- ): An English rock singer, composer, songwriter, pianist and actor. He is famous for the work Candle in the Wind (1997). I’ve Been Loving You (1968) was his debut work.

Employment News 9 (1976): A weekly published in English, Hindi and Urdu languages, is the flagship journal of the Publications Division, Ministry of IB. It publishes the job opportunities of both India & Kerala government. (Further Reading: Mass Media in India, 2008, Publication Division, Ministry of 1 &B, 2008, p. 147).

Engelbert, Dougles (1925- ): An American inventor and computer - internet pioneer. He is famous for his works on the challenges of human computer interaction which resulted in the invention of the mouse.

Eniac-Electronic Numerical Integrators and Computer: First electronic general-purpose computer conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.

ESPN-Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (7 Sept, 1979): An American global cable television network focusing on sports related programming. It is a joint venture of The Walt Disney Company and Hearst Corporation, founded by Bill Rasmussen. Chett Simonson is its president and CEO. Their slogan is -The worldwide leader in sports.

Essel Group (1976): An Indian conglomerate headed by Subhash Chandra, and based in Mumbai. Media companies under this group are: Zee Entertainment Enterprises (Oct. 1992, Mumbai); Zee News (1999); DNA (Daily News Analysis - July 30, 2005- English Newspaper).

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ET Now (17 June, 2009): A 24 hours business news channel owned and operated by the Times Group. It has a strategic partnership with Reuters and is produced in collaboration with The Economic Times. Its headquarters is in Mumbai. European Broadcasting Union - EBU: The world’s foremost alliance of public service media entities, comprising 74 active members in 56 countries and 35 associate members from a further 22 countries. It is unrelated to the European Union. Everybody Loves a Good Drought : Book written by the rural affairs editor of The Hindu and Magsaysay award winner P. Sainath. It is his research findings of poverty in the rural districts of India such as Bihar, Madyapradesh, Rajastan, Orissa etc. It is translated in to Malayalam by Mathruboomi books. (Refer: Sainath, P, p. 342).

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Facebook (Feb. 2004): A social networking service launched by Mark Zuckerberg with Eduado Saverin, Andrew Mc Collum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. As of September 2012, it has over one billion active users.

Farenheit 9/11 (2004): The documentary of Michael Moore, that examines the 2001 September 11 attack, President George Bush’s response to the attacks and details of how US has become a target for hatred and attack.

Farm Magazines : Magazines circulated to farmers and their associates. It may be for a general or specialized subjects related to farmers. Indian Horticulture (English), Indian Farming (English), Kheti (Hindi), Karsha-

F

kan (Malayalam), Karshakasree (Malayalam) etc. are examples of farm magazines.

Feature News Agency : While a typical news agency concentrates on breaking news, feature news agencies write about the context of the events, their background, its inner matters etc. The prominent ones are Indian News and Feature Alliance (INFA), Indian Press Agency, Gemini feature, National News Services, Newsmen’s Feature etc (Further reading: Hassan, Seema; Mass Communication, CBS Publishers, Delhi, P. 219 ff).

Feature Syndicate : A news organization that prepares and provides specialized materials to the print media. It acts as a news agency. Features, interpretative

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Federal Communications Commission -FCC (1934 ) : One of US government’s administrative agencies, charged with regulating interstate & foreign communications in or from United States. It licenses broadcasting stations and assigns frequencies (Further reading: Niblockm Saron; Journalism Guides, One world Publications, 2011, P. 14).

reports, investigative reports, development reports, success stories and human interest stories are supplied through feature syndicates. (Further reading: Ahuja, B.N.; History of Press, Press Laws & Communication, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, P. 217).

Fessenden Reginald (18661932): A Canadian inventor, born in Quebec, who had performed pioneering experiments in radio, including early and possibly the first radio transmissions of voice and music. He acquired around 100’s of patents in the field of technology.

Fifth Estate : The term ‘Fifth Estate’ was coined by Tom Baistow in his classic text Fourth Rate Estate: An Anatomy of Fleet Street to describe the expansive public relations industry in the UK. Baistow claimed that a fifth estate of public relations & marketing specialists were being deployed by political and economic elites

Fielden, Lionel: The first Director General of All India Radio from 1935 to 1940. He was a BBC reporter dispatched to India for upgrading the British government operated radio system. One major purpose was to broaden the potential audience for the London short wave programmes beamed to India. His famous autobiography The Natural Bent, gives some idea of the battle he fought between 1935-40 with officials, for a proper recognisation of AIR. (See: All India Radio, P. 21).

Femina (July 1959): A fortnightly women’s magazine published from Mumbai and owned by Worldwide Media is a 50:50 joint venture of BBC Worldwide and The Times Group. It is published in English, Hindi and Tamil. Circulation: 1.30 lakhs (ABC, 2002), 1.15 lakhs (ABC, 2012). (Further reading: Sharma, MS; Journalism for Students, Mohit Publications, Delhi, 2000, P. 206).

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to obscure the critical oversight which journalists previously provided to protect the public interest.

Film Fare (1952): English monthly about Bollywood published from Mumbai by Times Group. Circulation: 1.35 lakhs (ABC 2002).

Film Federation of India -FFI: A body of the Indian producers, distributors, exhibitors and studio owners. Its headquarters is in Mumbai.

Film Finance Corporation (Mar, 1960): The government of India set up the film finance corporation in 1960. In tune with the objective of the corporation, emphasis for the grant of loans has shifted from box-office formula to more valid cinematic values.

Film Magazines : Refered to as mags by film writers, has a large readership both in English and regional languages. It inculcates in the readers a sense of film appreciation, undertaking detailed coverage of film events, stories, gossips about heroes, heroines etc. Film Fare, Femina, Woman’s Era, New Women (film magazines from Times Group), Movie, Stardust, Cine Blitz, Vellinak-

shatram, Rashtra Deepika Cinema, Cinema Mangalam etc. are some film magazines.

Film Review (1950): A magazine published by Associated British in association with Pathe (Business Company). James Mc Crossan, Peter S Haigh, Vincent, Nigel Robinson were some of the contributors. It ceased its publication in 2009, but continues its online magazine.

Financial Express, The (1961): English business daily published by the Indian Express Group. M K Venu is the editor. It specializes in international business and financial news. It has 12 editions.

Financial Times - FT (9 Jan, 1888): One of world’s leading business news and information organization publishes a daily newspaper in 23 cities internationally and also has a news website. It is owned by Pearson PLC and was founded by James Sheridan & Horatio Bottomley. It has an average readership of 2.2 million people worldwide. It is printed as a broadsheet on light salmon paper. Its current editor in India is Shivendra Kumar Singh and it is published from Delhi and Bangalore. Circulation: 1.47 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

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Firewall : Anti virus software used to help keep a network secure. Firewall technology emerged in the late 1980s when the internet was a new technology in terms of its global use and connectivity. First Press Commission: See Press Commission, P. 308. Five P’s of Marketing : In 1960, E. Jerome Mc Carthy introduced the 4 p’s of marketing to describe the mix of factors needed to successfully market a product. They were product, price, place and promotion. Later some argued that there are 5 p’s and the ‘5th p’ is people. Flash : A tabloid from Kerala Kaumudi. Flipkart (2007): An Indian ecommerce company, headquartered in Bangalore. It was founded by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal. It focuses on online sales of books, electronic goods and a variety of other products. It offers multiple payments and the most important of all, cash - on - delivery. Their cash-on-delivery model has proven to be of great significance since credit card and net banking

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penetration is very low in India. Thus they are becoming popular. FM Radio : Radio stations that broadcast using frequency modulation between 87 & 108 MHz. FM radio can be broadcast in stereo and has cleaner sound quality than AM but lacks its range. It was introduced in India in 1977 in Madras and later at Jalandhar in 1992. On Aug 15, 1993 a frequency modulation channel was launched in Bombay, with 9 hours of radio time leased to private producers like Times FM, Radiostar & Radio Midday. The monopoly of All India Radio ended in 1999 when the industry was opened up to private commercial FM radio. The government approved the establishment of 150 private FM radio stations in 40 Indian cities, and in principle allowed nongovernmental organizations, educational institutions and citizens’ groups to establish community radio stations. In 2001,108 FM radio licenses for 40 cities were up for grabs. By the end of 2007, the FM Radio industry was worth over Rs.310 crores. Big FM, Survan, Radio Mirchi, Radio City and AIR’S FM stations are the main players By 2000, privatisation start in FM

broadcasting. IInd and IIIrd phase of privatisation occured in 2005 and 2011 respectively. Focus Group : A small number of individuals who share common interests in specific issues and who are asked to take part in interactive discussions. Focus group study became popular in 1960’s with marketing analysis and media viewership.

of viewers or listeners. It is also known as excessive generality.

Fortnightly : A magazine or periodical that is published once every two weeks.

Fortune Magazine (1930): English business monthly in USA, founded by Henry Luce.

Four P’s : A way of summarizing the essentials of marketing mix such as: product, price, place and promotion. (See: five P’s, P. 125).

Folk Media : A term used to denote ‘people’s performance’. It describes folk dance, rural drama and music. Also known as traditional folk media (See appendix, P. 448).

Forbes Magazine (1917): An American business biweekly owned by Forbes, Inc. It features original articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics. The motto is The Capitalist Tool. Editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes and its CEO is Perlis. Forbes India magazine was started in India in 2009. The chief editor of Forbes India: Indrajith Gupta. Circulation: 52,000 copies (ABC, 2012).

Four P’s Magazine: A global business and marketing magazine with an India centric approach.

Forward : 1) Syrian- English monthly published in Damascus from January 2007. It was the first private English-language periodical to be licensed in Syria. In December 2009, it launched its digital edition in collaboration with Press Mart Media. 2) English daily started by Chittaranjan Das in 1923 from Calcutta. Motilal Nehru and Sarath Chandra Bose were on the board of editors. 3) English national daily in New York, established on April 22, 1897. James Norich is the publisher.

Formula Broadcasting : Adopting peculiar and stereotype broadcasting programmes to attract and keep a large number

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Four Waves of Media : A long wave of technological advancement which took place in the media world through different phases such as 1st wave (Invention of printing press), 2 nd wave (Invention of telegraph, telephone, camera), 3 rd wave (Radio, Television ), 4 th wave (New media, teletext, Cable TV, DTH, Broadband). (Further reading: Keval J.Kumar, Mass Communication in India; Jaico Publishers, Mumbai, P. 37-40). Fourth Estate : A term derived from the notion of estates of the realm simply refers to press. French society had a hierarchy of three estates: the king and the clergy, the aristocrats, and the middle class and poor. In the American political system the three estates corresponds to the branches of Government: Executive, Legislative and Judiciary. It has been attributed to several thinkers including Edmund Burke, Richard Carlle and Henry Leeve. Political philosopher, Edmund Burke during a parliament debate referred to the press gallery and said, here sits the Fourth Estate, more important than all. This states that the press is the most important element in the society since it acts as a ‘watchdog’ over the other three estates through

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monitoring the working of governments (as Walter Lippman has commented) and provide a platform of expression for ordinary citizens. Thus it can be considered as the fourth pillar of democracy together with Judiciary, Legislature and Executive. (Further reading: Franklin, Bob (ed), Key Concepts in Journalism, P. 85; Kaid, Linda, Encyclopedia of Political Communication, P. 250 ff). Fox News Channel - FNC (1996): A cable news network in US. It is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of News Corporation of Rupert Murdoch. It continues to draw more viewers than any other network news including CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC etc. Former US Presidential candidate, Sara Palinns famous show Real American Story was telecast in it. Franklin, Benjamin (17061790): A printer turned journalist who entered into journalism in 1722, has contributed more to the development of journalism in the 18th century. He set himself up as a printer in Philadelphia in 1728 and took over the failing Pennsylvania Gazette and turned it into a successful news-

paper. He was also the publisher of the first non-English newspapers in the colonies, The Philadelphia Zeitung. His writing was short and lively and his famous pithy sayings are: ‘early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise; and ‘a penny saved is a penny earned’.

Frankfurt School : Critical theory proponents or NeoMarxist social thinkers associated with the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research during 1930s. Leading figures of this school were Theodor Adornov, Erich Formm, Max Horkheimer and Gergon Habermas. They represented an interdisciplinary approach within Social Science, and their writings identified forms of media culture, mass culture and society, sym phony, music, semiotics, hermeneutics etc. According to them, ‘mass media reproductions of high culture were inferior and divert people from seeking out the real things’. Parallel to this school of thought was the Toronto School in Canada developed by Harold Innis, Marshal Mc Luhan etc (Further reading: Encyclopedia of Communication, P. 143).

Frederick Dougles Paper (1840): Frederick was born as a slave in US, who later started a newspaper named North Star. Later the paper was changed to Frederick Dougles paper. It was a fearless voice of the emancipation of black people.

Free Press Journal, the (13 June, 1930): An English daily established by Swaminathan Sadanand, who was the first editor. He started it to complement a news agency, the Free Press of India. It was published from Mumbai. It played a significant role in mobilizing sympathetic public opinion during the Independence Movement. S.S.Dhawan is its current editor.

Freedom of Information : The right of citizens to have access to records of the deliberations and decisions of governments, public authorities or anyone who works for these in an official capacity. This applies to all matters except those which affect state security or infringe upon the right of individuals to privacy.

Freedom of Press : The right of free expression extended to media publications. This is

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designed to uphold the independence and diversity of opinions and voices of the media. (Refer : Article 19(1) A, P.32). Freedoms Journal : African American newspapers or the Black Press began in 1827 with the publication of Freedoms Journal. The publishers were two black men, Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm. It was committed to the education and freedom of the Black people. By the time the civil war broke out in 1861 there were around 40 Black newspapers. Freelancer : A self-employed writer, artist, editor, or advertising man who is not associated with any organization. Also known as freelance journalist. French New Wave : A term coined for a group of French film makers of the late 1950’s and 60’s. They made vibrant, innovative and highly self concious films which used fragmented discontinuous editing, long takes, objective and subjective realism with authorial commentary. Eg: Goddard’s Breathless.

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French Revolution : The first twitter novel by Matt Stewart. It is an epic San Francisco tale,

exploring the extremes of the French Revolution within the microcosm of a dysfunctional family. He started the novel on July 14, 2009. July 14 is Bastille Day-the day that kicked off the real French Revolution. Friedman, Thomas Lauren (1953-): An American journalist, columnist, and author. Writes a twice-weekly column for The New York Times. He has written extensively on foreign affairs including global trade, the Middle East, globalization and environmental issues and has won the Pulitzer Prize three times. Famous works: From Beirut to Jerusalem, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Longitudes and Attitudes: Exploring the World after September 11, The World As Flat. etc. Friend of India (13 April,1818): An English monthly founded and published by the Serampore Missionaries. Editor: J.C. Marshan. In June 1820, a quarterly of Friend of India was started. By 1827 both publications stopped because of financial difficulties. Friend of India was republished in 1835. Fromm, Erich (1900-1980): German psycholo-gist and

sociologist who was associated with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory.

Frontline (1984): English fortnightly published by The Hindu Group from Chennai. It was originally intended to be a newspaper when started by founders Dr. Biswadip Mitra and Gautham Seth. The founders later sold it to PL investments Ltd, which later sold it to The Hindu Group. Circulation: 0.61 lakhs (ABC, 2002), 0.69 lakhs (ABC, 2012). R. Vijayasankar is the current editor.

Fuller, Jack (1946 ) : Former editor of the Chicago Tribune and President of the Tribune company. He is the author of News Values: Ideas for an Information Age and Five Novels.

Future Shock (1970): A book by Alvin Toffler which became an international best seller through the article, The Future as a way of life in Horizon magazine. The book has been widely translated.

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Gandhi, M.K (1869-1948): Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, father of the nation, is a unique phenomenon and can be called as a role model for the journalism profession and industry. He was the founder editor of, journals in Hindi, Gujarat and English and wrote regular columns in all of them. His first attempt in journalism was the weekly Indian Opinion (1903) at his age of 33 in South Africa. After returning to India, He started the Guajarati weekly Navajeevan (October 1919). His auto-biography The Story Of My Experiments With Truth was published in this weekly. He published the English weekly Young India (8 October, 1919) along with Navajeevan. In 1930, these two publications were seized by the British government.

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G

It was restarted in 1931. In 1933 January Navajeevan Press and publications were seized by the government. On Feb.11 1938 he started Harijan, an English weekly newspaper for the ‘untouchables’, It had a circulation of 10,000 copies. He was its editor till his death. Sathyagrahi was another weekly newspaper published in Hindi and Gujarathi. (Refer: Indian Opinion, p.185; Navajeevan, p. 277; Harijan p.160, Young India, p. 420; (Further reading: Saptrisi, Aruna, History of Journalism, Dominant publishers and distributors, Delhi, 2005, P. 182- 190). Ganeshan, Sivaji (1928-2001) : Villupuram Chinnaiahpillai Ganesan Manrayar was an actor who performed in 282 films in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada

and Hindi languages. He became the first Indian actor to win the Best Actor award at the International Film Festival held in Cairo. He started his career as a stage artist. Because of his excellence in acting he got the title Nadigar Thilagam. He made his acting debut in the 1952 film Parasakthi. Hero (1954), Tenali Raman (1956), Veerapandya Kattabomman (1959), Mudhal Mariyadhai (1985), Oru Yathramozhi (1997) etc are some of his famous films. He received Padmasri (1966), Padmabhushan (1984), Chevalier (1995) and Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1997).

García, Mario R (15 Feb, 1947): An American magazine and newspaper layout designer and media consultant. He was the first recipient of the Society News Designs Lifetime Achievement Award. The Hindu, Malayala Manorama, Mint etc were designed by him. Author of the famous book, iPad design lab: storytelling in the age of the tablets.

Garrison, William Loyd (18051879): An American journalist and social reformer who edited

the England based weekly newspaper, The Liberator (1831). He also served as the editor of the Boston based newspaper The National Philanthropist (1828).

Gates, Bill (1955): An American business magnate, philanthropist and co-founder of the world’s largest software business, Microsoft, (4 April, 1975) with Paul Allen. He is the current chairman of Microsoft. His famous works are: Business at the Speed of Thought, The Road Ahead, Los Negocios, En La Era Digital etc.

Gazette: A public journal in English and French speaking countries. Newspaper publishers have applied the name Gazette since the 17th century. Today, numerous weekly and daily newspapers bear the name the Gazette. A synonym for newspaper, now seldom used as such, but considered as part of newspaper.

Gazette De France (30 May, 1631-1915): The first weekly magazine published from France. It was founded by Theophraste Renaudot. It progressively became the mouthpiece of one royalist faction, the Legitimists.

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Gemini Music (First 24 x 7 nonstop Telugu music channel, popular for the interactive shows is operated by the Sun TV Network. Initially launched as Adithya TV, it has been renamed as Gemini Music. Gemini Studio (1940): Founded by S S Vasan (1903-1969) in Chennai. Madhanakamarajan (1941), a Tamil film was the debut production of Gemini. It produces Feature films, TV serials, Telefilms and Documentaries. Vanjikottai Valiban, Paigham, Mangamma Sapatham are some of their works. The studio was abandoned later. They opened a luxury hotel there in place of studio in 2002. George, Thayil Jacob Sony TJS George ( 7 May 1928-): Currently the Editorial Advisor of The New Indian Express, he began his career in The Free Press Journal (1950) and moved through the International Press Institute, The Searchlight and The Far Eastern Economic Review. He is also the founder editor of Asiaweek (Hong Kong). Famous works: Krishna Menon, The Life and Times of Nargis, Editing: A Handbook for Journalists, Ghoshayatra. He has won Padma Bhushan (2011).

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Gerbner, George (1919- 2005): Born in Hungary, he became a US Citizen in 1939. After graduation in journalism he worked as a journalist at the San Fransico Chronicle. After MA and Ph.D in Mass Communication, he joined the communication faculty of Illinois University (1956) and later served as the Dean of University of Pennsylvania (1964-’89). He served as the executive editor of the Journal of Communications for many years. He researched in detail on the causes and prevention of television violence and analysed the content of television programmes. He is best known for his studies of television violence. He coined the Mean World Syndrome to describe the fact that people who watch large amounts of TV are more likely to perceive the world as a dangerous & frightening place. Ghana News Agency (5 March 1957) : The Official news agency of the country of Ghana. Ghosh, Aurobindo (18721950): An Indian Nationalist, poet, philosopher, freedom fighter etc born in Calcutta. In 1909 he started an English weekly called Karmayogin and a Bengali

weekly called Dharma. He founded the philosophical monthly magazine Arya (19141921). The Life Divine, Synthesis of Yoga are some of his famous literary works.

Gibson, William (1948): An American -Canadian writer who has coined the term Cyberspace in 1982 and popularized it in his first novel , Neromancer (1984). The terms like cyber world, cybertechnology gained popularity after this (Refer Cyberspace p. 88 ).

Gill, S.S : The Secretary to Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (1985) and the first CEO of Prasar Bharathi (1997 -1998). He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1985.

Gladiator (2000): An epic historical film directed by Ridley Scott based on the story of David Franzoni. The story was about the Roman people. Screen play was done by David Franzoni, John Logan and William Nicholson. Russel Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Connie Nielsen, Oliver Reed etc were the actors. It won five academy awards (2001) including best picture and best actor for Russel Crowe.

Glister, Paul: The journalist focuses on space technology & its implications. In past years, he has contributed to numerous technology & business magazines.

Global News Agency (1996): Founded by Francis Mintoff. It is formally known as Press Research Services and is headquartered in Florida. It provides instant coverage of global news.

Global Village : A term coined by Marshall Mc Luhan (19111980) in his books The Guttenburg Galaxy : The Making of Typo-graphic Man(1962) and Understanding Media: An Extensions of Man (1964). The idea is considered as a compact community generated out of electronic communications and information technology. As he visioned, the electronic media tied the entire world in to a networked village and a new form of social organisation is formed. Electronic-cable revolutions and internet penetration has made the globe in to an interconnected village where there are no boundaries at all. (Refer: Mc Luhan Marhsall, P.255).

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Glossy Magazine : 1) A bimonthly magazine printed on shiny paper containing a lot of bright fashionable pictures but not much serious information. It is published from London. Tallulah Doherty is its editor. 2) There is a category for magazines under this name which is other wise called pick me up and buy me magazines. Magazines which are published in glossy papers and include soft materials come under this category. G-mail (2004): An electronicmail service provided by Google. It was launched on 1 April 2004 and it became available to the general public on 7 February 2007. Paul Buchheit created it. God Father ( 1972 ): An American crime film written by Mario Puzo and directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It was based on a novel written by Puzo which carries the same title. It won three Oscars including best picture and best actor (1973). It is considered as one of the greatest cinemas in the history of world cinema. Its success in the box office led the crew to make sequels of it in 1974 and 1990.

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Goebbles, Joseph (1897-1945): Paul Joseph Goebbles, is credited as the single most influential person in propaganda and public relation history. After completing PhD in literature and philosophy (1921) he worked as a German district leader (1926), chief propagandist of Nazi party (1930-33), Minister of Propaganda (1933-44), Commissioner of the total war (1944) and Chancellor of Germany (April 30, 1945- only for a day, because he committed suicide on the following day!). He turned the radio into a powerful propaganda weapon for anti-jewish campaign. The famous Goebblesian principle, a lie repeated thousand times will become a truth goes to his credit which he had experimented and succeeded during his tenure of office. Goenka, Ramnath (19041991): A Mumbai based newspaper publisher who started The Indian Express (1931) and created the Indian Express group. In 1932 he took over The Free Press Journal. In 1941 he was elected as the President of National Newspapers Association. Gokhale, Gopal Krishna (1866-1915): The national leader and political guru of Mahatma

Gandhi. He was the editor of the English section of the EnglishMarati newspaper Sudharak (1885) started by Agarkkar. When Lord Minto tried to modify the Official Privacy Act of 1889, to control the freedom of Newspapers, he strongly opposed it.

Golden Age of Cinema : The period from 1940-1960 is considered as the golden age of Indian cinema because this period witnessed the parallel cinema movement. Emergence of directors like Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Chatak, Bimal Roy etc happened at this stage. Films like Pather Panchali (Satyajit .Ray), Swayamvaram (Adoor), Do Bigha Zameen (Bimal Roy) were released in this period. Technologies, music etc became unavoidable contents of cinema. Indian Cinema cemented a valuable position in the history of world cinema at this stage.

Golden Pen of Freedom (1961) : An annual international journalism award given by the World Association of Newspapers to individuals or organisations. Ahmet Emin Yalman, a journalist from Turkey was the first winner. Sein Win of Burma (Myanmar) was the first Asian winner (1963).

Google (4 Sept, 1998): Founded by Larsy Page and Sergey Brin as an American Multinational Corporation specializing in Internet related services and products such as search, cloud computing, software and online advertising. It is head-quartered in California.

Google Buzz : A social-networking, micro blogging and messaging tool, developed by Google and integrated into Gmail. Users could share links, photos, videos, status messages and comments organized in “conversations” and visible in the user’s inbox. Buzz was discontinued on December 15, 2011.

Google Plus (2 June 2011): A multi lingual social networking and identity service owned and operated by Google. As of December 2012, it has a total of 500 million registered users.

Gopalakrishnan, Chelangatt (June 6, 1932-June 4, 2010): He started his career as a journa-list in a regional newspaper Malayali. Later he worked for some other news-papers including Mathrubhumi. During this time, he established his own name in film journalism. He was

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a Jury member of the Kerala State Film Awards for several years. The recent block-buster Kamal film Celluloid is based on his biography on J. C. Daniel. Gopalakrishnan, Adoor (1941) : Notable Malayalam film director, producer and screen-writer, Matteth Gopalakrishnan Unnithan was born in Adoor. He started his career from his debut film Swayamvaram (1972), which had won many international awards. His film Elippathayam had won the British film institute award in 1981. The nation honoured him by giving Padmasree, Padmabhushan and the Dada Saheb Phalke awards. Other notable films of the director who won the national awards sixteen times are Nizhalkuthu, Naalu Pennungal, Vidheyan, Anantaram, Mughamugam etc. Gopinathan Nair, N. : Known as Janayugom Gopi, he was the founder editor of Janayugom, the first weekly and daily newspaper of the undivided Communist Party. Gore, Albert (1948-): Proponent of information super highway. Albert Arnold Gore who served as the 45th vice president of US

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is credited for supporting legislation that led to the development of the internet. His efforts resulted in developing the concept information super high way or an infrastructure for global village. He is also the founder of Independent Media Company and television channel Current TV. He received Nobel peace prize in 2007. Gospel Magazine (1766): A Calvinist, evangelical magazine from the United Kingdom. Most of the editors have been Anglicans. It is currently published as a bi-monthly. Gossip Column : Usually appears in newspaper or magazine containing the columnist’s opinion about the personal lives of celebrities and public figures. First gossip columnist was Walter Winchell who wrote gossip columns for the New York Daily Mirror. Hedda Hopper, Louella Parsons, Cindy Adams, Rona Barett etc are some famous gossip columnists. 3am (Daily Mirror), Page 6 (New York Post), Inside the Beltway (The Washington Post) are some famous columns. Goswami, P C (1914-2011): Prabodh Chandra Goswami was

an eminent scholar, critic and author. He was a correspondent of The Assam Tribune and was also the founder president of North Kamrup Journalist Association.

GPRS - General Packet Radio Service : A Packet oriented data service on 2G and 3G cellular communication system. It was established by European Telecommunications Standards Institute. It offers SMS, MMS, Push to Talk, Internet applications, Point to Point service etc. GPRS was introduced in different phases. First phase was introduced in 2000.

Graham Bell, Alexander (3 Mar, 1847-2 Aug,1922): An eminent scientist, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.

Gramsci, Antonio (1891-1937): An Italian writer, politician, linguist, media philosopher and political theorist. He became a reputed journalist through the articles he had written in Grido Del Popolo. In 1916 he became the editor of the newspaper Avanti. In 1919 he started the weekly newspaper L’Ordine

Nuovo. When he founded the Communist Party of Italy, (1921) it became the newspaper of the party.

Grandhalokam (1948): A literary magazine of Kerala State Library Council (earlier known as Grandhaloka Sahithyam) from Thiruvananthapuram. Prof. S. Gupthan Nair was the first editor. Book reviews constitute a regular feature in this monthly.

Grapevine : An informal communication system. It is unofficial information through gossip. It is a word of mouth communication. The term gained popularity through its use in Motown song I Heard It Through the Grapevine (1960) by Marvin Gaye and Gladys Knight.

Greeley, Horace (1811-1872): An American newspaper editor, publisher and presidential candidate who founded the New Yorker, the weekly literary news journal in 1834. He also launched the weekly Log cabin (1840), New York Tribune (1841) and edited Jeffersonian.

Grihalakshmi (July 1979 ): A complete woman monthly

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magazine from Mathrubhumi group. It is available in Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada and Hindi languages.Managing Director is Sreedharan Nair. Circulation 1.30 lakhs (ABC 2002), 2.31 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Grihashobha (1979): A fornightly magazine for woman started by the Delhi Press Group in Hindi. It carries features on housekeeping, dress designing, handicraft etc. It has eight language editions. Paresh Nath is its present editor and publisher. Its Hindi edition alone has 3.15 lakhs copies of circulartion. (ABC, 2002). Circulation of whole seven editions are 3.42 lakhs. Guardian, The (1921): British newspaper published from London was started as Manchester Guardian in 1921. It received the name Guardian in 1959. Guglielmo, Marconi (18741937): An Italian inventor who invented Radio (2 June 1896). He invented radio after Hertz invented electromagnetic radiation / radio waves. He shared Nobel Prize for Physics for his contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy with Karl

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Ferdinand Braun in 1909. Guha, Ramachandra (29 April, 1958-): A historian and columnist for the newspaper Hindustan Times, Guha has written extensively for the magazines and newspapers. Famous works are: India after Gandhi (2007), Patriots and Partisans. Guild (1933 ): Short form of Newspapers Guild International Union of Journalists. It was founded in Canada to improve the working conditions and wages of journalists and to fight for honesty in journalism. Bernie Lunzer is its president. Gujarat Samachar (1932): A Gujarati newspaper, published by Lok Prakashan Ltd. It is the leading newspaper in Gujarat head-quartered in Ahmedabad. Shreyans Shah is its present editor and publisher. Circulation: 10.47 lakhs ABC, 2002). Gulab, Kothari : Chief editor of Rajasthan Pathrika Group. The 54 year old company started as an evening newspaper is one of the fastest growing media conglomerates today. It is the no:1 Hindi daily in Rajasthan.

Gundert, Herman (4 Feb, 1814 - 25 April, 1893): A Basel missionary from Studgart, Germany arrived in Kerala in 1838. A great scholar having proficiency in 18 languages, started a press at Illikkunu, Tellichery. He was the founder editor of Rajyasamacharam (1847) and Paschimodayam (1848). He published a dictionary in Malayalam popularly known as Gundert Dictionary (1872). During the twenty years of service in Kerala he published around 27 books, established schools and made remarkable contributions to Malayalam journalism and language (Further reading: Madhyamangalum Malayala Sahityavum, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum, 2002, P. 24).

Guru (1997): India’s first official entry to the Oscars for nomination in the best foreign film category. It was directed by Rajeev Anchal and screenplay by C.R. Rajendra Babu. Mohanlal played the lead role.

Gutenberg Galaxy (1962): Book based on media studies written by Marshall Mc Luhan in 1962. It analyses subjects like The new man and the culture

entered after the arrival of printed books.

Guttenburg, Johannes (1398 1468): A German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer & publisher who introduced printing to Europe. He started experimenting with printing by 1438 & invented the printing press in 1440. He developed the method of printing from movable type & printed the first book via movable type, the forty-two-line Vulgate Bible. This bible printed in Latin, is also known as Guttenburg Bible.

Gyandarshan-I (2010): The main educational channel catering to all sectors of education started on 26 January 2000. It is operating on a C band transponder on INSAT 3C. From 26 January 2003 it became digital.

GyanDarshan-II (2011) : An exclusive educational satellite to provide interactive education using DVB-RCS technology. It offers education through Virtual Class Room mode and provides access to digital repository of educa-tional content hosted by IGNOU.

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Habermas, Jürgen (June 18, 1929-): German sociologist and philosopher. He is best known for his theory on the concepts of communicative rationality and the public sphere. His work focuses on the foundations of social theory and epistemology. Hacker : Also known as cracker, is one who brakes in to a system and network site to which they have no access through computers security. Hamset (25 May, 2005): Microsatellite developed by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to provide satellite based radio ameteur services to India as well as International HAM (Amateur Radio Operator) community. Hand Press : A hand operated printing press which was used in the earlier period. It is outdated with the arrival of modern offset press.

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H Hankey Committee Report on Television (Sept, 1943): British government appointed a Committee to prepare plans for the reinstatement and development of television service after the Second World War. Lord Hankey was appointed as its Chairman. It presented the report (29 Dec.1944) and the government agreed to its main recommendations (9th Oct 1945). This gave BBC its signal to go ahead and prepare for restarting the television service. Haribhoomi (1996): Hindi local daily founded by Captain Abhimanyu and published by Haribhoomi Communications Pvt Ltd. Its total circulation is 5.06 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Harijan (11 Feb, 1993): Newspaper started by Mahatma Gandhi. It was devoted to the cause of the Harijans or men of

God as Gandhiji called the untouchables. Shri. R.V. Sastry was its first editor. Due to ill health and arrest of Gandhiji, it was closed down twice. Till his death on 30 January, 1948, Gandhiji actively wrote in it. After the death of Gandhiji, on 3 February, 1948, Harijan carried a photo of Gandhiji. Gandhiji considered the paper as his views paper. (Further Reading: Sharma, MS; Journalism for Students, Mohit Publications, Delhi, 2000, P. 31).

Haris, Benjamin: The publisher of Public Occurrences, the first newspaper in America. His major works include War with Devil, The Protestant Tudor, English Liberties etc.

Harischandra Chandrika (1874): Magazine started by Bharatendu Babu Harischandra. It published poetry in folk form on contemporary social issues such as taxation, famine and social change.

Harper Collins Publishers (1989): One of the world’s largest publishing companies headquar-tered in New York City. Its worldwide CEO is Brian Murray. It has publishing groups in different countries including India.

Harper’s Weekly (1857-1916) : An American political magazine based in New York and published by Harper & Brothers. It carried extensive coverage of the American Civil War, including many illustrations of events from the war.

Harry Potter : A series of seven fantasy novels written by the British author J.K. Rowling. Main characters are Harry Potter, and his friends all of whom are students at Hog-warts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (30 June, 1997) was the first among the series followed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. This series has sold about 450 million copies, making it the bestselling book series in history, and has been translated into 67 languages.

Havas News Agency (1835) : The first French News Agency from where the Agence France Presse (AFP)-one of the largest

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news agencies with Associated Press and Reuters originated. Havas was acquired by Vivendi in 1998 and renamed Vivendi Universal Publishing. (VUP)-. Havas Advertising Agency (1879): Second largest advertising group in France. Hays Code (1922): A set of industry moral censorship guidelines that governed the production of most US motion pictures released by major studios from 1930 to 1968. It is also called The Motion Picture Production Code. It got its name after the chief censor of Hollywood at that time, Will H. Hays. The code enumerated a number of keypoints known as the Don’ts and Be Carefuls. HBO - Home Box Office ( 8 Nov, 1972): An American premium cable and satellite television network. It is owned by Time Warner. Its programming consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures, original television series, made-for-cable movies, documentaries, boxing matches and occasional stand-up comedy and concert specials. It was formerly called The Green Channel.

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HDTV - High Definition Television : TV that provides a resolution that is substantially higher than that of standard definition television. Its first demonstration in US took place in 1981. Early HDTV broadcasting used analogue technology, but today it is transmitted digitally and uses video compression and signal transmission through Optical Fibres. (Further reading: Yadav, K.P., Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Vol.1, Sarup & Sons, Delhi, 1998, P. 106). Hearst, William Randolph (29 Apr, 1863 - 14 Aug, 1951): An American media giant started the career in 1887 after taking control of The San Francisco Examiner from his father. In 1895, he acquired The New York Journal (formerly owned by Joseph Pulitzer) and engaged in a circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World. This led to the creation of yellow journalism. Acquiring more newspapers, he created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in America. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. His media empire had grown to include 20

dailies and 11 Sunday papers in 13 cities. He controlled the King Features Syndicate and the International News Service, as well as six magazines, including Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping and Harper’s Bazaar. He also ventured into motion pictures with a film company. By the 1920s, one in every four Americans were reading a Hearst newspaper.

Hertz, Heinrich (22 Feb, 18571 Jan, 1894): A German Physicist who clarified and expanded James Clerk Mass Well’s electromagnetic theory of light which proved that electricity can be transmitted in electro-magnetic waves. His experiments led to the development of the wireless telegraph and the radio. Radio and electrical frequencies unit became “hertz” after Heinrich Hertz.

Hicky’s Gazette (29 January, 1780): First newspaper of India, published by James Augustus Hicky, who was an employee of the East India Company. This English language journal was also known as The Calcutta General Advertiser or the Hicky’s Gazette. The newspaper described itself as ‘a weekly political and commercial paper open to all

parties but influenced by none.’ Gazette criticized the activities of the Governor General Warren Hastings and Eleja Imphy, the then Justice of Supreme Court. It led to the banning of its distribution through post offices; the first banning action against a newspaper ever in India. In 1782, the press and the newspaper was ceased by the government. Thus, the first Indian newspaper was a short lived one.

Hicky, James Augustus (25 Dec,1881-17 Apr.1928) : An Irishman and a printer of the British East India company resigned the job and launched the first printed newspaper of India in January 29, 1780. (Ref: Hickey’s gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser P.165).

Hind Samachar (1948): Urdu Newspaper founded by Lala Jagat Narain at Jalandhar. The same production house published Punjab Kesari, the largest circulated Hindi daily in Northern India until late 90’s. Hind Samachar Ltd was the proprietor. Circulation 0.12 lakhs. (ABC, 2012).

Hind Swaraj (Jan 1910): One of Mahatma Gandhi’s papers which was written in Gujarati and

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published in book form. It has been known as the "confessions of faith' Hindoo Patriot (1853-1892) : An English weekly paper published from Calcutta. Madhusudan Roy along with Sreenath Ghosh and Girish Chander Ghosh founded it.Girish Chander Ghosh himself became its first editor. Hindusthan 1885): First full fledged Hindi daily of the country founded by Raja Rampal Singh at Uttar Pradesh. Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya was its editor. Its aim was to propagate nationalistic view. Hindu 1948): Newspaper started in Sindhi language. Cheif editor was Kishan Varyani. Hindu, The (20 Sep, 1878): English newspaper established by six young men in 1878 was published as a weekly paper. The paper became a tri-weekly in 1883 and an evening daily in 1889. M.Subrahmania Aiyer and M.Veera Raghavacharier stayed on and thus, they became joint proprieters. In1905, Kasturi Ranga Aiyengar bought the paper. Sports and Pass Time started in 1947, later became the Sportstar. In 1984, it started a

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weekly which is published twice a week called Frontline. Business line, a business and economic English daily is also a part of The Hindu group. Yearly publications like Survey of Indian Agriculture, Survey of Indian Industry, and Indian Cricket are all part of it. It is the third largest english daily in India. Siddharth Varadarajan is the chief editor. Circulation : 9.25 lakhs(ABC, 2002); 14.11 lakhs ( ABC, 2012). Hindustan (14 Oct, 1936) : One of the most widely read newspapers in Hindi segment founded at New Delhi. It is known for its unflinching commitment to journalistic integrity, unbiased and balanced news reporting and analysis. Hindustan Times Ltd. which publishes Hindustan Times English daily (1924) owns the paper. Hindustan Computer Limited - HCL (1976): A global technology and IT enterprise that operates in 31 countries is headquartered in Noida. The company comprises two publicly listed companies, HCL Technologies and HCL Infosystems. It has focused on addressing the IT hardware market in India. Roshni Nadar, is its present chairperson.

Hindustan Samachar (1948): A multilingual news agency set up by S.S.Apte. It offeres its services in 10 languages. It merged with PTI, UNI and Bharathi Samachar during emergency period in 1976 to form a single agency under the name Samachar. (Further reading: Sharma MS; Journalism for Students, Mohit Publications, Delhi, 2000, P. 223).

Hindustan Standard (1937) : Founded by the Ananda Bazar Patrika Group in Calcutta. It played a notable role in carrying the messages of Mahatma Gandhi.

Hindustan Times (1 Jan, 1924) : A Daily Newspaper in English was founded by Master Sunder Singh Lyallpurit. Birla family owns the paper. K.M. Panikkar was its first editor and Shobhana Bhartia is its current chief editor. Devdas Gandhi, son of Mahatma Gandhi was a member of the editor’s panel. The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on 26 September 1924. Other sister publications are Mint, Hindustan, Nandan and Kadambani. They own a radio channel called Fever. HT Delhi is India’s largest single edition

daily. Circulation: 11.34 lakhs (Delhi edition alone, ABC-2002). (Further Reading: Sharma MS; Journalism for Students, Mohit Publications, Delhi, 2000, P. 2227).

Hindusthan (1916): Sindhi Newspaper established in Karachi. Hiran and Aramchand were its editors. The paper moved to Mumbai in 1948. Bombay Printers Ltd. was the proprietors. Circulation: 0.79 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Hiraka Sutra (868 AD) : This is believed to be the oldest printed book so far known. Sir Aurel Stern discovered it in the caves of China.

Hitvada (1911): An English daily published from Nagpur. Freedom fighter Gopala Krishna Gokhale was its founder. Later Benwarilal Purohit of Purohit Company took over the paper. Servants of India Society were its proprietors. Kaliprasanna Kavyavisharad was its editor. Circulation: 0.56 Lakhs (ABC, 2002), 1.43 Lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Horniman, B.G (1873-1948): Benjamin Guy Horniman, was the editor of Bombay Chronicle an English newspaper founded

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by Pherozshah Mehta, in 1913. He came to India as the Assistant Editor of The Statesman. His coverage of the Jallian Walla Bagh massacre and criticisms of the colonial govt led to his deportation to England in 1919. Later he returned to India and resumed the editorship. He launched a newspaper Indian National Herald in 1929. Later he resigned from Bombay Chronicle and started an evening newspaper called Bombay Senitel. Hortus Malabaricus (1678): The first book in which Malayalam transcript was used. Original book was written by Itti Achuthan Vaidyar. It comprised of 12 volumes of about 100 pages which contains scientific and authentic descriptions of Western Ghats and about medicinal plants found in Kerala. Hotmail (1996): First free webbased email service operated by Microsoft was founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith, from Mountain View, California. On April 3, 2013, Outlook.com (a newer web mail service by Microsoft) deprecated Hotmail. House Journal : An internal publication produced by an organisation in order to inform

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and entertain its employees and to generate better internal communication and relationships. HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language : A markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. (Further reading: Ray, Tapas; Online Journalism, Foundation Books, Delhi, 2009, P. 134-140). Hum Log (7 July, 1984 -17 Dec, 1985) : India’s first indigenous soap opera aired on Doordarshan.156 episodes of the serial were telecast twice a week. It was sponsored by Maggi Noodles. P.Kumar Vasudev directed it and Dr. Shobha produced it. Manohar Shyam Joshi was the script writer. It portrayed the ups and downs in the life of a North Indian lower middle class joint family with parallel stories which tackled the problems of smuggling, political corruption and underworld activities. Vinod Nagpal, Jaysri Arora, Rajesh Puri, Sushma Seth were the main actors. Hume, A.O (6 Jan, 1829-31 July, 1912) : Allan Octavian Hume was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress. He sailed to India in 1849.

During his service in India he introduced a local vernacular newspaper, Lokmitra. He left India in 1894.

Hungama TV (2004) : A TV channel for kids based in Mumbai. Originally it was a subsidiary of UTV Software Communications. The channel is available in three languages. Hindi, Tamil and Telugu.

Huntington, Samuel (19272008): A political scientist from America famous for his Clash of Civilizations (1993, 1996) thesis of a post-Cold War new world order. His famous works are Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (1991), Who are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (2004) etc. ...

Hutchins Commission (1947): The first scientific study of the press in USA was financed by Henry R Luce of Times Magazine and chaired by Robert M. Hutchins, the chancellor of Chicago University. The report named Free and Responsible Press stated that freedom of press was in danger in USA since those who controlled the press did not facilitate the communication of a wide

spectrum of ideas. (Further reading: Hasan Seema, Mass Communication - Principles and Practise. P. 571; Ahuja, B.N., Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, P. 230-231).

Hutton Inquiry, The (2003) : A judicial inquiry in the UK chaired by Lord Hutton to investigate the death of David Kelly, a biological warfare expert and former UN weapons inspector in Iraq. On 18 July 2003, Kelly, was found dead after he had been named as the source of a report into Iraq and weapons of mass destruction, reported by BBC journalist Andrew Gilligan. The Hutton report (28 Jan. 2004) strongly criticized the BBC, leading to the resignation of the BBC’s chairman Gavyn Davies and director-general Greg Dyke.

Hypodermic Needle Theory: A theory which states that media are powerful agents of influence capable of injecting ideas directly in to passive audiences. Mass media influences a very large group of people directly and uniformly by shooting or injecting them with appropriate messages designed to attain a desired response. It is also called magic bullet theory.

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IPod : A series of portable music players manufactured by Apple Inc. The first of this kind was released on 10 November, 2001. It can serve as an external storage device. It uses Apple’s iTunes software. IBM - International Business Machines Corporation (16 June, 1911): A multinational technology and consulting corporation was founded by Charles Ranlett Flint in New York. It manufactures and markets computer hardwares, softwares and offers infrastructure and consulting services. Ginni Rometty is its chairman, president and CEO. Idavakappatrika (Jan, 1829): A religious magazine published from Kottayam. Its original name was Malankara Idavaka Patrika.

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I T.M. Chacko was its proprietor. It contained 20 pages in a single volume. IDEA (1995): Indian mobile network operator based in Mumbai. Aditya Birla Group is the majority shareholder. It was started as a joint venture with AT & T and TATA group. It was awarded Mobile Operator of the Year Award – India for 2007 & 2008 at the Annual Asian Mobile Awards. Illustrated Weekly of India (1880-1993): English weekly magazine formerly known as Times of India Weekly, was renamed as Illustrated Weekly of India in 1923. It was edited by a group of prominent media personalities including A.S. Raman, Khushwant Singh, M.V. Kamath and Pritish Nandy. A.S.

Raman was its first Indian editor. The cartoons of R.K. Lakshman (you said it) and Mario Miranda gave an elegant look to it.

Imprimatur : A declaration authorizing publication of books. It is also applied to any mark of approval or endorsement. Since there are no theological or ideological mistakes. It simply means ‘let it be printed’.

Independent (Feb 1919-1921): Newspaper started by Motilal Nehru in Lucknow. Syed Hosain was its first editor. It was aimed to project the viewpoints of Gandhiji and the Congress party. It ceased publication in 1921 because of financial crisis.

Independent Broadcasting Authority : A regulatory body functioning in UK for commercial TV and radio broadcast. It has set guidelines on the content of programs and advertising, imposed strict limitations on the quantity and timing of it, limits the value of prizes to be given away in TV game shows etc.

Independent Television News ˛ ITN (1955): A news and content provider headquartered at London. It produces content

for ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, mobile phone operators, YouTube, MSN, Yahoo etc...

India 0000 : A manual published by the information service agency of Research Reference and Training Division (RRTD), an organ of ministry of I & B. It consists of background reference papers, fact sheets, copies of national importance, biographies of popular papers etc. ‘India 1953’ was the first among this series. ‘0000’ stands for the year of publication.

India Gazette (1780-1834): Newspaper established by Messer B. Mesenick and Peter Reed. It was published from Calcutta as a weekly in English and was also known as Calcutta Public Advertiser. It was the second newspaper in South Asia after Bengal Gazette.

India News and Feature Alliance - INFA (1959): Independent and objective communication agency created by Durga Das. It offers daily fare of news and features, analysis by top experts on Indian politics, business and economics. It also reports major developments in India and International relations.

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India Post (4 July, 1994 ): News weekly established by R.J Media Inc and founded by Romesh Japra. It provides news, information and entertainment. It is one of the fastest growing IndianAmerican Newspapers which covers not only people of Indian origin living in America but also people of Indian heritage living in different parts of the world. India Today (15 Dec,1975): English weekly magazine established by V.V. Purie, published under the media conglomerate Living Media Ind. Ltd. New Delhi. Puries’ daughter Madhu Trehan was the founding editor and later Puries’ son Arun became the publisher. At present it is published in English, Hindi (1986), Telugu (1990), Tamil (1989) and Malayalam (21 Dec.1981). Circulation: English 4.65 lakhs, Malayalam 0.50 lakhs (ABC - 2002). Editor in chief is Aroon Purie. India TV (20 May,2004): Hindi news channel based in Noida, launched by Rajat Sharma and wife Ritu Dhawan. It is the flagship service of Independent News Service (1998), started by they themselves.

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Indiainfo.com (14 April, 2000): An Indian Internet Portal at Bangalore which have channels in six languages. The first Malayalam language Internet portal is India info’s Malayalam Channel. Indian Broadcasting Corporation - IBC (Sep, 1926): A company in British India that started Radio Broadcasting on a commercial basis on 23 June 1927 at Mumbai with Lionel Fielden as the first controller. It also started another one in Kolkata on 26 August, 1927. Due to financial crisis it termi-nated its employees in February 1930. It was renamed as Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) later. In 1936, it came to be known as All India Radio and changed to Akasavani in 1957 (See: AIR, p. 21). Indian Economist (1868): A monthly journal published from Calcutta; started by Robert Knight. Indian Express (1936): English language daily newspaper published from Mumbai, by Indian Express Group. It was started by Perumal Varadarajalu Naidu. Due to some financial crisis he sold the paper to Swaminatha

Sadanand. He reduced the price and took several steps to increase its circulation. In 1933, it launched its Tamil edition Dinamani. From Sadanand, Ramanath Goenka received the editorship and created The Indian Express Group. After Goenka’s death in 1991, the group was split between the family members. After that the Chennai based Southern editions came to be known as The New Indian Express while the Mumbai based Northern Editions are called The Indian Express. (Further reading: Sharma, MS; Journalism for Students, Mohit Publications, Delhi, 2000, p. 2227).

Indian Federation of Working Journalists- IFWJ (28 Oct, 1950): The largest journalist organization that provide assistance to member publications in the aligned world was established in New Delhi. It has over 30,000 primary and associate members, working for electronic media, news agencies and journals in 17 languages. Its regional and territorial units have set up press clubs, press academies, reference libraries etc. It has bilateral relations with over 47 national unions of the world.

Indian Institute of Mass Communication - IIMC (1965): Media school run by Government of India is an autonomous society under the Ministry of I & B. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi officially inaugurated it on 17 August 1965. Its headquarters is at Delhi and has five regional centers in Aizwal (Mizoram), Amaravati (Maharashtra), Dhenkanal (Odisha), Jammu & Kashmir and Kottayam (Kerala). It offers courses in Print, Photo, Radio and TV Journalism. It offers PG and Diploma besides UG courses (Further reading: Ahuja B.N; Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, 1998 P. 362; Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol. 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 111-114).

Indian Journalist Association - IJA : Professional organization for practicing journalists. It first appeared in the 1920’s on a regional level in Ghorakpur.

Indian Language Newspapers Association (14 June, 1941): An association devoted to serve and protect the interests of language publications. It has over 700 members from all languages. It is trying to become a profes-

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sional body that safeguards the interests of publishers as well as guides them to improve their publication by better management and information. Indian Mirror (Aug, 1861): Man Mohan Ghosh started it as a weekly with financial assistance from Babu Devendranath Tagore. Later he converted it to a daily and started the weekly Sunday Mirror. Indian Nation (1931-1990): An independent nationalist daily newspaper published by Newspaper and Publications Pvt Ltd. It has its headquarters in Patna, Bihar. It was briefly suspended in 1932 and resumed in 1943. Indian Newspaper Society INS (1939): An independent body authenticating circulation figures of newspapers and periodicals in India. It acts as the central organization of the press of India and functions as an organization which protects the freedom of press in India. Its headquarters is in New Delhi. They publish an annual handbook which contains the details of all member publications. K.N. Tilak Kumar is the current President.

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Indian Opinion (4 June,1903): Newspaper founded by Mahatma Gandhi as a weekly from South Africa in four languages (English, Gujarat, Tamil and Hindi). It advocated the cause of British Indians in the subcontinent. The first editorial, ‘Ourselves’ was written by Gandhiji. Madanjit Vyavaharik was its proprietor. It was fool-scap sized, three column journal, filled with discriminatory law cases involving Indians. In lieu of money invested Gandhi was forced to take over the journal. Mansukhial Hirelal Nazar was appointed as the editor and he continued in the post till his death. Due to financial crisis the size was reduced from 16 to 8 pages. When Gandhi left South Africa in 1913, it was published under Mr. Polak. It continued publishing for decades. (Refer Gandhi, M.K; p.137). Indian Post Office Act 1898 (1898): The Act was passed in 1898. Through it power is given to certain officers of the post office to detain any postal article in the course of transmission if he suspects it contains any document of suspicious character. Indian Press Act 1910 (1910): Legislation propagated during the rule of British Empire in India

that imposed stringent censorship and restriction on all types of publication. The measure was put into effect in order to curtail and restrict the emerging Indian freedom struggle. In 1907 Herbert Hope Risly announced that the British administration was beleaguered with a collection of diverse material, some of which were misguided and seditious. This came as a reaction to a surge of descriptions that were associated with the Cow Protection Movement. Herbert Risley drafted the main substance of Indian Press Act 1910. In 1931 the British authorities imposed the Indian Press (emergency) Act. (Further reading: Ahuja, B.N; History of Press, Press Laws & Communication, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, p: 62-67).

Indian Society of Advertisers - ISA (1952): Founded by a group of large advertisers. Its objective is to monitor, measure and moderate costs, competition and viewership or readership of media in relation to advertisements.

Indian Sociology (1904): Political weekly started by Shyamji Krishna Varma (1857-1930) in London. It was later moved to Paris because it criticized British colonization of India.

Indian State Broadcasting Service - ISBS (1 April, 1930): The former name of Government run broadcasting set up of radio transmission in India which was started under the department of Industries and Labour. Lionel Fielden was its first Director General. In June 1936 it was renamed as AIR (See AIR, p.21).

IGNOU - Indira Gandhi National Open University (1985): A distance learning national university located in New Delhi is named after former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. It is the largest Open University in the world and is run by the Government of India. G. Ram Reddy was its first Vice Chancellor. Dr. P.K. Rajashekaran Pillai from Kerala was also served as the Vice Chancellor. It launched the first virtual campus (1999) by providing education via Internet. It offers audio and video courses through Radio & TV.

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Induprakash (1842- 1901): Marathi-English newspaper started by Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842-1901). It was published from Mumbai. Editor of Marathi section was J.S. Gadgil and that of English section was Ranade.

Information and Broadcasting Ministry - I &B : Its function is to formulate and administrate rules, regulations and laws related to information, broadcasting, press and films in India. It is also responsible for the administration of Prasar Bharati. Censor Board of India is another body functioning under the ministry. Indira Gandhi was the first I & B minister. Information & Broad casting ministry publishes three magazines: Yogana, Kurukshetra and Employment News (See Appendix, P. 443). Information Superhighway : Otherwise called Infobahn, the term was introduced by US Vice President and Senator Al Gore in 1992. It refers to the digital communications system and the Internet telecommunications network. It was popularized in1990s. (Further reading: Branston, Gill Stafford Roy; The Media Student’s Books, Rotledge Publications, London, P. 198). Information Technology Act 2000 (2000): Enacted by the Parliament of India in 9 June, 2000 it provides legal recognitions to transactions carried out by means of electronic and data

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interchange and other means of electronic communication. It has been amended through the IT act of 2008. (Further reading: Roy, Tapas; Online Journalism, Foundation Books, Delhi, 2009, P. 172). Infosys (1981): An Indian multinational provider of business consulting, technology, engineering and out sourcing services, co-founded by N.R. Narayana Murthy, Nandan Nilekani, N.S. Raghavan, S. Gopalakrishnan, S.D. Shibulal, K. Dinesh and Asok Arora. N.R. Narayana Moorthy is the chairman of this company which overtakes multicrores of business transactions. Infotainment : It simply refers to information and entertainment. It means diverse content phenomena such as soft news, personalization and human interest in traditionally hard news TV programs like talk shows that mix seriousness with fun, factual opinions with private feelings. It is mainly used in relation to television, but sometimes with the content of tabloid press. Innis, Harold (1894 - 1952): A Canadian professor. His writings on communication explore the role of media in shaping the

culture and development of civilizations. He divided media into ‘time binding and space binding types’. He wrote essays like Canadian Economy and Depression (1934). He established Canadian journal of Economic and Political Science in 1935 with Angus Macdonald.

Inquiry Committee on Small Newspapers (1964): Constituted by Government of India to promote the growth of small newspapers in India. R.R Diwakar was its Chairman. They submitted their report to the government on 9 March 1966. They classified publications based on their circulation rates.

INSAT - Indian National Satellite System : It refers to India’s communication satellite series. First was INSAT 1A (April 1982). Department of Space is responsible for its establishment and operation. The Direct Satellite for News Gathering (DSNG) is possible due to INSAT. The other projects by ISRO are INSAT 1B (1983), INSAT 1D and INSAT 1 (1990), INSAT 2A (1992), INSAT 2B (1993), INSAT 2C (1995), INSAT 3B (2000), INSAT 3C (2002), INSAT 3A (2003), INSAT 3E (2003), INSAT 3D (2004), and

INSAT-4 series began in 2005. The last of this series INSAT-4C (10 July 2006) and INSAT 4D (2007) aims at supporting DTH service and Digital News Gathering. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol. 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 129-132).

Integrated Service Digital Network - ISDN (1988): The original high speed internet service is an improvement upon dial up and it also paved the way for DSL and cable modem internet service thereafter. It can be considered the step of internet evolution.

Inter Mirifica (4 Dec, 1963): The Second Vatican Council’s decree on the Media of Social Communications was promulgated by Pope Paul VI. It insists that the Pastor should guide the members of the Church so as to help them spread good news and further help the common good of the people of the world through media.

Inter Press Service - IPS (1964): A non-profit international co operative of journalists is also a global news agency that aims to produce independent news and analysis about events. Its

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founders were the Italian journalist Roberto Savio and Argentine Political scientist Pablo Piacentine. International Federation of Journalists - IFJ (1926): A global union federation of journalists that aims to protect and strengthen the rights and freedom of journalists. It was relaunched twice in 1946 and 1952. Main office is located in Belgium and the official languages are English, French and Spanish. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry IFPI (1933): The organization that represents the interest of the recording industry worldwide was registered in Switzerland as a not-for-profit organization. Its prime function is to promote the value of recorded music and safeguard the rights of record producers and expand the commercial uses of recorded music. International Herald Tribune (4 Oct, 1887): An English broadsheet daily newspaper associated with The New York Times Company. Stephen Dunbar was its publisher. Its headquarters is located in France.

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International Press Institute - IPI (Oct, 1950): A global organization dedicated to the promotion and protection of press freedom and the improvement of journalism practices. It has members in over 120 countries. The U.S. National Television Academy (NTA) honored it with an International Emmy Award for its press freedom work in 2006. International Public Relations Association - IPRA (1 May,1995): A professional association of public relations practitioners from all over the world. It was formally established in London on May 1 1995, with the adoption of a constitution and the appointment of the first IPRA council. International Telecommunication Union - ITU (17 May 1865): A specialized agency of United Nations. It is responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies. It organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. Louis Church Rod was its first secretary General. (Further reading: Prabhakar, Naval & Basa Narendra; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication in

21 st century, Vol 6, Common Wealth Publishers, 2006, p. 298).

IRS - Indian Readership Survey (1995): Indian Readership Survey was launched with the objective of setting an industry standard for readership and other media measurement and to provide insight on media and product consumption as consumer behavior patterns.

programme to be broadcast over the internet.

ITV (1955): A commercial public service TV network in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest commercial network in the UK. Its official name was Channel 3 before the Broadcasting Act 1990 was passed.

Islamic Republic News Agency -IRNA (13 Nov, 1934): Formerly known as Pars News Agency, it is the official news agency of the islamic republic of Iran. It published the newspaer Iran.The organisation functions as the “mother sourse of information dissemination” within the country.

Iruttinte Athmavu (1967): Directed by P. Bhaskaran and written by M.T. Vasudevan Nair, it is considered as the first serious attempt at sensitive story telling. Prem Nazir, Thikkurissy, P.J. Antony were the lead actors.

International Typographical Union - ITU (3 May, 1852): A US trade union for the printing trade for newspapers and other media. Later it was dissolved (31 Dec.1986) and merged with CWA (Communication Workers of America) and IBT (International Brotherhood of Teamsters).

Investigative Journalism : Type of journalism in which the reporters need to investigate a single topic. It is a primary source of information. The term gained popularity through two eminent journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein who were associated with the Watergate Scandal which led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. They won a Pulitzer Prize for public service in 1973. Aswani Sarin (Indian Express), Chitra Subramanyam, Jyothirmayi Day (J. Day) are some of the Indian investigative journalists.

Internet Protocol Television - IPTV : A system through which television services are delivered using internet protocol suite over a packet. In 1994, ABC’s World News Now was the first TV

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Jabuva Development Communications Project - JDCP : An innovative broadcasting experiment conducted at Jabuva district, Madya Pradesh. Its purpose was to experiment with the utilization of an interactive satellite based broadcasting network to support development and education in the rural areas, (Further reading: Singhal, Aravind; India’s Communication Revolution, p.100-101). Jacket Cover : A protective wrapping like jacket for a book. It carries the blurb on its flap which fold around the front and back covers. Jacob, Thomas : The editorial director of Malayala Manorama daily, has more than 5 decades of media experience. He hails from Eraviperoor. He was the chairman of Kerala

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Press Academy. He has been handling the famous column kathakkottu for more than 8 years in the Malayala Manorama weekly. Jain, Samir (1954-): Current Vice Chairman and owner of India’s largest media group Bennett Coleman & Co.Ltd. He joined the company in 1975 as a junior executive and became the Vice Chairman in 1986. It was young Samir Jain who took over an ailing BCCL and transformed it into India’s most profitable company. (Further reading: Kandekar, Vanita Kohli; Indian Media Business, Response Books, New Delhi, P.25, ff). Jain, Vineet (1967-): Times Group Managing Director and younger of the two brothers who runs the media giant, Bennett & Coleman. He joined BCCL in

1986 after finishing his education in Switzerland. He took initiative for the establishment of Zoom TV in 2004 and won the Best Entrepreneur Award in 2013.

Jami Jahan Numa (1882-1888): The first newspaper of Urdu language, founded by Harihar Dutta in Calcutta. He was the son of Tara Chand Dutta, one of the founders of Bengali Weekly, Sambad Kaumudi. Sadasukhlal was the editor of this three page weekly paper.

Jan Satta (16 Nov, 1988): A Hindi daily from the Indian Express Group published from Delhi and Calcutta. In Hindi, ‘jan’ means people and ‘satta’ means government.

Janayugam (1947): Malayalam newspaper from Quilon was started as a weekly magazine to propagate the news and views of the Communist Party of India. The first editor was N. Gopinathan Nair. By 1950 the daily was also launched. In the 1970s it expanded with new publications but all of them were short lived.On 31 May 2007 Janayugam daily was restarted.

Janmabhoomi (14 Nov, 1977): Malayalam daily published in a broadsheet from Cochin was

owned by Matruka Pracharanalayam Ltd. Founder editor was M.P. Manmadan; Managing Director was M. Radhkrishnan.

Jaya TV (Aug, 1999): One of the major Tamil language satellite channels launched by Tamilnadu Chief Minister J. Jayalalitha. Its headquarters is in Chennai. Ragavendra Rao is the current CEO.

Jayachandran Nair, S (30 Jan, 1939-): Former editor in-chief of Samakalika Malayalam weekly published by New Indian Express group. Born in Sreevaraham Trivandrum, he started his career at Kerala Kaumudy daily. The Kala Kaumudy magazine was started by him and was the chief editor. He scripted for the film Piravi, directed by Shaji N. Karun.

Jayan (1939-1980): Born in Kollam. Officially known as Krishnan Nair, he is considered as the first genuine commercial superstar of Malayalam movie. He entered the film industry during 1970’s and became famous through action scenes. He met with untimely death while performing a stunt scene in a film called Kolilakkam (1981).

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Jazz Journalism : A period of journa-lism that was followed by Yellow Journalism and lasted from 1919-1942. It tended to cover subjects from sex and violence with an emphasis on photography rather than writing. It begun with Joseph Pulitzers The New York Daily News in 1919 and was followed by William Randolph Hearst’s New York Daily Mirror. Jeevan Television (14 July, 2002): Malayalam news channel headquarterd at Kochi. Started as a Catholic Church endeavor, majority of its shares are with them.Boby Mathew Somatheeram is its MD. Vidhushakan, Harithakeralam, Kazhchappathipu etc are the major programmes. Jeevitha Nauka (1951): First super hit film in Malayalam was directed by K.V. Koshy and produced by Kunchakko and K.V. Koshy. Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai was the script writer. Thikkurissi Sukumaran Nair and B.S. Saroja were the main actors. Jeffrey, Robin (1945-): Robin Bannerman Jeffrey is a Canadian born professor and a keen student of Indian history and politics for fourty years. In 1963 he started his career in journalism by writing sports news for a

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small newspaper in Canada. Later he focused on Media Studies and has been a professor at LA Trobe University Melbourne and Australian National University. His literary works include India’s News-paper Revolution (197799), What’s Happening to India (1986), Media and Modernity (2010), Politics, Women and Well being (2003), Cell phone Nation (2013) etc. The book India’s Newspaper Revolution has translated to Malayalam by P.K Sivadas and published by Kerala Bhasha Institute in 2004. Jnananikshepam (1848): This eight page magazine was the first printed magazine in Malayalam from C.M.S Press, Kottayam under the auspicious of Arch Deacon Koshy and Reverend George Mathan. Benjamin Beiliey (1805-1871) was the founder. The second novel in Malayalam language, Pulleli Kunju came out through it. It was stopped in 1892 and restarted in 1898. Jnananikshepam literally means 'treasury of knowledge'. (Further reading: Madhyamangalum Malayala Sahityavum, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum, 2002, P 41). Jobs, Steve ( 24 Feb, 1955- 5 Oct, 2011): An American entrepreneur, co-founder and former

chairman of Apple. He founded Apple on 1 April 1976 with Steve Klozhiak and Ronald Wayne. He also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios.

John, K.C. (1923-): Kuruvila Chandrappally John, born in Manganam, Kottayam, started his professional life in Free Press Journal and has also worked in Times Of India (1953-1984).

Joseph, Ammu : A journalist and media watcher based in Bangalore. She is the Co-editor of Just Between Us: Women Speaking About Their Writing (2004), Storylines: Conversation With Woman Writers (2003) and Terror (2003). She is the author of Making News and Who’s News?; The Media and Women’s Issue etc.

Joseph, Pothen (1892-1972): A veteran malayalee journalist who has worked in famous dailies like The Bombay Chronicle (1920), Capital from Kolkatta (19201924), Indian Daily Telegraph (1926), Indian National Herald, Indian Express, Deccan Herald etc. His famous column, over a cup of tea was published in several famous newspapers for 40 years. He also wrote columns like From the Pedestal, Hord’s de Oeuvre, Here and There etc.

Joshi, P.C: The chairman of the P. C Joshi Committee (1982) which was appointed for revamping television software for Doordarshan. They submitted report in 1984 and it was extremely critical of Doordarshan’s Delhi centrism.

Joshi, Prabhash (15 July, 1937 - 5 Nov, 2009): Hindi journalist began his career with Nayi Duniya and was the founder editor of Hindi daily Jan Satta. He played a key role in Gandhian - Bhoodan Movements.(Refer: Jan Satta P 199).

Journal of Commerce (1827): A weekly magazine published in the US that focuses on the trade topics. It was established by Arthur Tappan and Samuel Morse in New Jersey.

Juvenile Editor : An editor who specializes in books or magazines of children.

J. Walter Thompson (1864): An advertising company founded in New York by James Walter Thompson. It is the fourth largest advertising agency in the world. From 1987 the company was led by the WPP Group. It was relaunched in 2005 as JWT. At present the agency is controlled by Bob Jeffrey.

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Kabuliwala (1956): Bengali film directed by Tapan Sinha and produced by Calcutta film society. Kabu-liwala as well as Kudita Pasan (1960) were based on Rabindra Nath Tagore’s famous short stories. Kahona Pyar Hai (2000): A Bollywood romantic film directed by Rakesh Roshan and the debut film of Hrithik Roshan (son of Rakesh Roshan). It was the biggest Bollywood commercial success of 2000 and won many awards. Kairali TV (16 Aug, 2003): Malayalam Channel headquarted at Trivandrum. Malayalam Communications Ltd. is the holding company and is chaired by prominent film actor Mammootty. It is controlled by Communist Party of India. John Brittas is the Managing Director.

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Kakkar, Prahlad (24 March, 1950): Known as the advertising guru, he is a disciple of director Shyam Benegal. He founded Genesis Film Productions in 1977. His famous clients are Pepsi, Kitkat, Neutralight, Brittania etc. Kalaingar TV (15 Sep, 2007): A Tamil language satellite television channel based in Chennai was established by M. Karunanidhi. Block buster program of Kalaingnar TV are Maanada Mayilada and Naalaya Iyakunar. Sharad Kumar is its current CEO and MD. Kaliya Mardan (1919) : Mythological silent film directed by Dada Saheb Phalke which was produced from his own cinema studio Hindustan Films. His own daughter Mrinalini played the role

of boy Krishna in it. The film depicts Gods victory over the demon-kaliya, bringing respite to the villages.

Kalakaumudi (7 July, 1975): A Malayalam weekly by Kalakaumudi Publications Pvt Ltd. The group was founded by K. Sukumaran. Its founder editor was M.S.Mani and editor is M. Sukumaran. The group has various publications including Kalakaumudi daily, Big News mid day daily newspaper etc. Famous novels such as, Pravachakantay Vazhikal (O.V. Vijayan), Randamoozham (M.T. Vasudevan Nair), Daivathintay Vikritaikal (M. Mukundan) were published in serial form before being published in book format.

Kallarackal, Jabber : Malayalam advertising film maker and head of ‘purple dream productions house’. Famous works are Maldives tourism, Bhima, BPL mobiles etc.

Kalyani, T.C : One among the main editors of Saradha - a women’s publication. She translated lot of English books to Malayalam. Easoppinte Saropadesam was the first among them.

Kalyaniamma, B (1884): One of the main editors of Saradha. She was married to Swadesabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai. Vyazhavatta Smaranakal, Karmaphalam and Ormayil Ninnu are the famous works.

Kalyanikutty, K. : One of the active member of All India women’s organizations. She wrote several articles related to social reformation in Hindustan Times, during 1935.

Kamath, M.V: Madhav Vital Kammath was the ex-editor of the Illustrated Weekly of India and former Chairman of Prasar Bharati. He worked as the editor of The Sunday Times (1967-69) and as Washington correspondent of Times of India (196778). He serves as the Honorary Director of Manipal Institute of Communication. He has authored nearly 40 books on various topics and was awarded Padma Bhushan (2004). The Pursuit of Excelle-nce, Reporters At Large are some of his famous works.

Kanchanjanga (1962): Shot in Darjeeling, Himalayan Mountains, is the first colour film of Sathyajit Ray. It is the story of a family vacation in Darjeeling. It

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was in this film that Ray made dramatic use of current social issues for the first time. (Further reading: Barnaw, Eerik; Indian Film, p.230-232). Kandam Bacha Koottu (1961): First colour film in Malayalam directed by T.R. Sundaram. Actors were Thikkurissi Sukumaran Nair and Aranmula Ponnama. Kannada Prabha (4 Nov, 1967): Kannada daily from the Indian Express (Madurai) group. It has a circulation of around 0.65 lakhs copies (ABC, 2012). Kannada Samachar (1812): First newspaper in Kannada language published from Bellari. Kanwal, Rahul : The Managing Editor of Headlines Today started his career with Zee News as the youngest correspondent. In 2007, he became the youngest person to head a news channel in India by replacing director S. Srinivasan. Prime time news show Centre Stage is hosted by him. Kanyaka (1983): Malayalam fortnightly from the Mangalam group, Kottayam. M.C Varghese

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was the founding editor. Sabu Varghese is the current chief editor. Kapoor, Raj (4 Dec, 1924-2 June, 1988): Indian film actor, producer and director known as ‘the Show-man’. At 24 years of age he produced, directed and acted in Aag (1948), with his new company, RK Films. His films Awaara (1951) and Boot Polish (1954) won several awards. The Govern-ment honoured him with the Padma Bhushan (1971) and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1987). Kappa TV (2013): The second channel from the Mathrubhumi group, launched in 2013 February gives prominence to entertainment programs. Karter, Kevin (13 Sep, 196027 July, 1994): Award winning South African photojournalist who received a Pulitzer Prize for his photograph depicting the 1993 famine in Sudan. Karthyani, Ambadi : A columnist of Grihalakshmi (woman’s magazine). She published articles about educational reformation and women in India.

Karun, Shaji N (1952-): Shaji Neelakandan Karun won the best cameraman award for the film Piravi. He started the International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK) while he was the Chairman of Kerala Chalachitra Academy. His three films Piravi (1989), Vanapra-stham (1999) and Kuttysrank (2010) won national awards.

Karunakaran, Kambisseri (31 Mar,1922-27 July, 1977): The former chief editor of Malayalam weekly, Janayugam Varika, owned by the Communist Party of India. Important writings are Abhinaya Chinthakal, Anthya Darsanam etc.

Karutha Ratrikal (1967): First science fiction Malayalam film, directed by Mahesh.

Karyattu, Ramu (1927-1979): The famous film director who directed the film Minna Minungu (1957), Neelakkuyil, Mudiyanaya Puthran, Moodupadam, Chemeen etc. Chemmeen got the National Award and gold medal from the Indian President.

Kasauti (1974): A Bollywood drama film directed by Aravind Sen and written by Satish

Bhatnagar and Suhrid Kar. Amitabh Bachan, Hema Malini, Pran were the key actors. Music: Kalyanji-Anandji; Cinematographer: Alok Das Gupta.

Katha Sagar (1986): Popular Indian television series aired on DD National directed by Shyam Benegal. It featured a collection of stories by world famous short story writers such as Guy De Maupassant, Rabindrannath Tagore, Leo Tolstoy, O. Henry, Anton Chekov etc. After many years of original run, the series was again produced by Prem Krishen Malhotra and Sunil Mehta, founders of Cinevista Communications Ltd.

Kathakaumudi (1919): Malayalam magazine. B. Maheshwari Amma was its editor. One volume: 1/8 dummy size, 68 pages.

Kathavathini (1890): First fictional magazine in Malayalam started from Thiruvananthapuram. Pattayil Raman-pilla Asan was the first editor; ceased publication after its eleventh issue.

Katz, Elihu Dr. (1926-): Media resear-cher, who contributed to media research by examining the

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intersection of mass and interpersonal communication, uses and gratifications and media effects. He extensively studied television and its impact on culture, namely public opinion. In 1974 he played a major role in the development of uses and gratifications research by publishing The Uses of Mass Communication, Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research. His book, Personal Influence: the Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communication (1995) led to the development of two step flow of communication which suggests that information flows from the mass media channels to opinion leaders who then use their personal influence on less active members. Kaulalampor Declaration ( 1985): First interaction and conference of press councils. Kaumudi TV (5 May, 2013): Malayalam channel from Kerala Kaumudi groups. Kaun Banega Crorepati KBC 2000: A television game show in India was first aired on 3 July 2000. It was based on the UK game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? It ran 6 seasons. All seasons (1,2,4,5,6)

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except the third was hosted by Amitabh Bachchan and third was by Sharukh Khan in Star Plus (2000 - 2007) and Sony TV (2010-). On 5 August 2005, the show was restarted after a fouryear hiatus and renamed Kaun Banega Crorepati Dwitiya (Kaun Banega Crorepati the Second, or KBC2). Kavanodayam ( Jan, 1894): The Malayalam magazine started from Nadapuram. Kadathanadu Udayavarma Thampuran was its publisher. Till 1900 it was a quarterly and later became a biweekly. Kellog, Ansel Nash: Editor of Winsconstein paper (1861) and a pioneer in feature syndicates. He is known as the father of newspaper syndicate. To him came the idea of supplying small country papers with ‘insides’inside pages already printed but with front and back pages blank. In 1920 syndicates became well organised business. Kerala Chandrika (Jan, 1924): Malayalam magazine published from Kannur. The owner was M.K. Kunjiraman. It was short lived.

Kerala Kaumudi (1911): Malayalam newspaper started from Suvarnaprakasham Press, Kozhikode and was founded by C.V. Kunjiraman. Currently it publishes from Kozhikode, Kannur, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha, Kochi and Bangalore. M.S Mani is the editor-in chief.

Kerala Pathrapravarthana Charithram (1985): Historical book on journalism written by Puthupally Raghavan.

Kerala Press Academy (19 March, 1979): An academy of journalists to foster and coordinate activities in the sphere of journalism is a joint venture of the Government of Kerala, Kerala union of Working Journalists and Indian Newspaper Society. Head office: Kakkanad, Kochi.

Kerala State Library Council (1829): It came into existence after the Central Library of Trivandrum started functioning in 1829. In 1945, Akhila Thiruvithamcore Grandhasala Sangam came into existence under the Chairmanship of P.N. Panicker and got government affiliation for it in 1948. In 1956 it became the Kerala Library Society. In 1997

the Government renamed library society as library council. It give financial assistance and awards to libraries and promote their functioning. Its magazine is Grandhalokam.

Keralamitram (1881): Devji Bhimji, a business man from Gujarat founded a press named Keralamitram at Mattamcherri, Kochi in 1876. He started a weekly newspaper under the same name on Jan 1, 1881. Kandathil Varghese Mappilla was the editor for two years.

Keralan (1905-1910): A Malayalam political magazine published by Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai from Thiruvananthapuram.The Government ceased its publication due to the strong support which it had given to the freedom struggle.

Keralapatrika (19 Oct, 1884): First daily in Malayalam was also the first Malayalam newspaper published from Malabar. Chengulathu Kunjirama Menon was the editor.

Kerala Sanchari (1886): Weekly newspaper from Kozhikode; published by advocate Poovadan Raman. Kesari Vengayil Kunjiraman Nair was its

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first editor. After 6 months, C. Krishnan became the editor. Moorkkoth Kumaran took over the editorship on 1897. In 1921 it was merged to Mitavadi. Keralavilasam: The first press in Kerala was founded at Thiruvananthapuram by the help of the King Ishvarapillai Vicharippukar Uthram Thirunal. Keraliya Sugunabodini (1886): First women’s magazine in Malayalam was published from Thiruvananthapuram SMVR company press. C. Narayanapilla and Chidambaravadhyar was the editors. Kesari (18 Sep, 1930-1935): A weekly published by A. Balakrishna Pillai. He started it after the Travancore government rejected the license of his own Prabodhakan weekly (1930). Travancore Government introduced a law, which stated that a person without having license should pay penalty. The paper had to be shut down because he was not able to pay the amount. Kesavamenon, K.P (1 Sept, 1886- 9 Nov,1978): Born at Tiroor, Palakkad, Kizhakke Patta Kesavamenon co-founded Mathrubhumi as a tri-weekly

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paper in 1923. After completing law from England (1915) he actively worked in Indian National Congress and participated in the Vaikom Sathyagraha. He was its chief editor from the beginning till his death. His famous works are Jeevitha Chinthakal, Kazhinjakalam etc. (Refer Mathrubhumi, p 253). Khabar Lahariya (2002): The only Bundell language newspaper published in India from Karwi and Banda (UP). It is an eight-page weekly local language newspaper, brought out by a group of 40 rural women journalists. Meera Devi is the chief editor. Khaleej Times (1978): The second most popular English daily newspaper published in the UAE by Galadari Brothers in Dubai. Khan, Aamir (14 March, 1965 ): Aamir Hussian Khan, an indian film actor, director and producer began his professional career with Holi (1984). He had his first commercial success with QayamatSe Qayamat Tak (1988) and later with Raakh (1989). Raja Hindustani (1996), Lagaan, Mangal Pandey:The Rising (2005), Rang De Basanti

(2006), Ghajini (2008), 3 Idiots (2009) etc show his great performance. He was appointed as national brand ambassador of UNICEF to promote child nutrition and is part of the government organized campaign to raise awareness about malnutrition. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri (2003) and the Padma Bhushan (2010). In April 2013, he was among TIME magazine’s 100 most influential people in the world list. Khan was the anchor of the famous show Sathyameva Jayathe telecasted in Star Plus.

Khan, Bismillah (21 Mar, 1913-21 Aug, 2006): Indian musician credited with popularizing the Shehnai. He was invited by Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to play Shehnai at the Independence Day celebrations (15 Aug, 1947) in Delhi’s Red Fort. He was awarded Bharat Ratna (2001). Sangeet Nadak Academy instituted the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar (2007) in his honour. It is given to young artists in the field of music, theatre and dance.

Khan, Sharukh : Hindi actor, popularly known as the Badshah of Bollywood, King Khan, King of Romance etc. His debut

Hindi film was Deewana (1992). Some of his famous films are Darr (1993), Baazigar (1993), Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995), Dil To Pagal Hai (19970, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Swades (2004), Chak De! India (2007), My Name Is Khan (2010) etc. SRK was honoured with Padma Shri (2005). He is the co-founder of Dreams Unlimited, production company; co-chairman of the production and distribution company Red Chillies Entertainment and the animation studio Red Chillies VFX; co-owner of the IPL cricket team Kolkata Knight Riders; television presenter etc.

Khanna, Rajesh (29 Dec, 194218 July, 2012): Bollywood actor, film producer and polititian is refered to as the first superstar and the original superstar of Indian cinema. He appeared in a total of 180 films, 163 feature films and 17 short films. He made his debut in 1966 with Aakhri Khat and rose to prominence with his performances in films like Raaz, Baharon Ke Sapne, Ittefaq and Aradhana. He was a Lok Sabha member (19921996), Padma Bhushan winner and has achieved numerous awards.

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Khare, Harish : Former media advisor of the Indian Prime Minister (June 2009-Jan. 2012), presently working as the resident editor and bureau chief of The Hindu, New Delhi. He was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship (2012) for his project, Governing India in the 21st Century: Reinventing Nehruvian Executive Leadership Mode. Kheda Communications Project - KCP : A decentralized experiment in community based TV for education purpose and a pioneering experiment after SITE (1975-76). The spot chosen for the experiment was Kheda district, near Ahamedabad. 650 community TV sets were provided to 400 villages and installed in public places. TV serials, puppet shows, folk drama, popular local formats were used to address issues such as family planning, gender inequality and village sanitation. It received the prestigious UNESCO prize in 1984 for rural communication effectiveness. (Further reading: Yadav, K.P; Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow, 1998, p 187).

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Kinescope: Also known as tele-recording, it is a record device of TV programme made by filming the picture from a video monitor. It was the only practical way to preserve live television broadcasts prior to the introduction of videotape in 1956.

Knight, Robert (1825-1892): Founder editor of The Times of India and founder of Statesman (1875). He also served as the editor of The Bombay Times. In 1861, he was successful in bringing about a merges of The Bombay Times and two other Bombay papers, The Standard and The Telegraph.

King Features (1896): The feature syndicate started by William Randolf Heartz to sell the features he was using in his own papers. It was this feature that introduced the comic strip, the katzen jammer kid for the first time. Kipling, Rudyard Joseph (30 Dec,1865-18 Jan,1936): A British writer and journalist who had worked for Lahore and Military Gazette. The Jungle Book is his best known work. 5Ws and 1H concept was developed by him by stating that, I keep 6 honest serving people; they taught me all know; their names are what and why and when and who and where and how.

Knight-Ridder : The secondlargest newspaper and internet publisher in the US was founded by John S. Knight. It was brought by the Mcclatchy Company on 27 June, 2000. Its headquarters is located in

Klapper, Joseph : The schloar who is known for his famous theory of minimal or limited media effects as well as uses and gratification theory. His famous work, Effects of Mass Communica tion (1960), was a shift away from the tendency to regard mass communication as a necessary cause of audience effect. He established that list of uses to which people put mass communication and the gratification they derive from it don't constitute themselves as full factors of analysis, rather one has to examine the total situation such as psychological variables, audience motives etc.

Kiran TV : Second Malayalam channel from Sun Network, based in Trivandrum. The 24hour channel primarily airs music, with more than 12 hours of live songs from films. It also airs one film every day.

Sanjose, California. They sold 32 papers daily and widely known as the second largest publication of USA.

Kodiyettam (1977): A film written and directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan. Starring Bharat Gopi and K.P.A.C Lalitha; it won the national award in 1977.

Kolilakkam (1981): Film directed by Vijananda. Malayalam action hero Jayan was killed in 1980 while performing a stunt scene in this film. (Refer: Jayan, p 201).

Koopper, Martin (26 Dec, 1928-): A pioneer and visionary in the wireless communications industry. He is considered as the father of cell phone and is also cited as the first person in history to make a hand held cellular phone call in public. He is the cofounder of numerous successful communication companies with his wife Arlene Harris, also known as the first lady of wireless.

Koshi, K.V : Born in Thiruvalla, he started film distributing company in 1938 and the first sound movie Balan was distributed under this company. He created Kerala Film Chambers,

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the first association for those who are associated with films. He also started the weekly Chalachithra Pathrapravarthanathil Cinema. Krishi Darshan (26 Jan, 1967 ): A programme on Doordarshan aimed at disseminating agricultural information to rural, farming audiences. Krishikaran (Jan,1909 ): The first agricultural magazine published in Malayalam. Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (16 Oct, 1998): Hindi romantic comedy film written and directed by Karan Johar, starring Shahrukh Khan and Kajol. Rani Mukerji featured in a supporting role, while Salman Khan had an extended guest appearance. The film won many major awards. Kumar, Ashok (13 Oct, 191110 Dec, 2001): An Indian film actor who attained iconic status in Indian cinema. He was honoured with the Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1988) and the Padma Bhushan (1998) for his contributions to Indian cinema. One of his famous film was Achhut Kanya (1936).

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Kumkumam Weekly (1966): Malayalam weekly started publishing from Kollam under the guidance of R. Krishnaswamy. Made notable contributions in the field of novels, short stories and literary studies. Kumudam (1947) : Leading Tamil weekly started from Chennai. P.Varadarajan is the MD. It has a circulation of 3.48 lakhs copies. (ABC 2002). Kunchacko ( 1912-1976): Born in Pallikunnu, he became famous as a director and producer. Started K.K Productions Company with K.V.Koshi. Later he became an independent producer under the banner Excel Productions. Achan was his debut production. Prem Nazir made his debut through this movie. In 1960 through the movie Umma he became a director. Most of his films were produced at Udaya Studio. Kunjiraman, C.V (1871-1949): Social reformer and journalist who started Kerala Kaumudi (1911, Feb.24) as a weekly newspaper representing the Ezhava community. He opened his journalistic career in Sujananandini. He edited Malayalarajyam (1929) for ten years. He

also served as the editor of Vivekodayam magazine after Kumaranasan. Dharmakahalam, Navajeevan (1934-41) were also edited by him. Kathamalika (1933), Yukthivadi, Malayala Mano rama (1888) and Bhashaposhini (1898) were other papers with which he was associated.

Kunju Kunju Bhagavatar, Sebastian (1901-1985): An excellent actor and music director, born at Kanjiramchira in Alappuzha, started his career in acting through the second sound movie in Malayalam, Jnanambika. Also acted in movies like Jeevithanauka and Achan. He wrote books like Oru Nadintay Athmakadha and Nadakasmaranakal. He was honoured with the Sangeetha-Nadaka academy award (1965).

Kurushetra : Magazine published in Hindi and English by publications division, Government of India with its main focus on rural development. Ira Joshi is the current chief editor.

Kuttymalu, A.V: Eminent personality in the journalism and elocution field. She was the director of Mathrubhumi in its earlier times. She worked hard

for the growth and development of the newspaper with her husband Kozhipuram Madhava Menon.

Kyodo (1945) : A non-profit cooperative news agency based in Tokyo. It distributes news to almost all newspapers, radio and TV networks in Japan. It is the only remaining news agency to transmit news via radio fax.

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Lagan (2001): Hindi movie written and directed by Ashutosh Gowariker and produced by Aamir and Mansoor Khan. It is a musical - sports drama set in India’s colonial period of British Raj. Aamir Khan, Gracy Singh, Rachel Shelley, Paul Backthorne etc were the lead actors. It became the third Hindi film to be nominated for the Academy Awards for best foreign language film. It was a huge success at the box office. Lahiri, Jhumpa (1967-): Nilanjana Sudhe-shna Lahiri is an Indo-American Pulitzer prize winning author who has been appointed member in Obamas’ Committee on the Arts, Culture and Humanities. Her debut short story collection was Interpreter of Maladies (1999) which won her the Pulitzer prize.

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L Lalkar, P.B. Dr. : Woman journalist who published her own magazine Lalkar (Hindi) in 1979. She served as the deputy editor of Mathrubhumi (Kozhikode unit) in 1979 and as the sub editor of Veekshanam (1976-79). Lanka Dahan ( 1917 ): A silent film written, directed and produced by Dhundiraj Govind Phalke (Dada Saheb Phalke). It was based on the epic Ramayana. Anna Salunke, Ganpat G Shinde etc were in the lead. It was Phalke’s second feature film. Lasswell, Harold Dwight Dr. (13 Feb, 1902-18 Dec, 1978): An American social scientist and communication theorist. The main communication model proposed by him, popularly known as Lasswell’s model is : Who says, what, to whom,

through which channel with what effect. He theorized the three major classic functions of communication in society as, surveillance of the environment, correlation of individual’s response and transmission of cultural heritage. Entertainment was also added to this later by Charles Wright. His definition of propaganda was also viewed as an important development in the PR scenario. His major works are: Propaganda and Communication in World History (3 volumes1979), Propaganda Techniques in the World War (1927), Psychopathology and Politics (1930), Politics: who gets, what, when and how (1936). (Further reading: Encyclopedia of Political Communication, p. 395).

Lazarsfeld, Paul F. (19011976): Most influential social scientist of the 20th century. He is credited with the founding of market research and communication research into media effects and creation of the two step flow model of mass communication. He was one of the first in the world who studied the effects of radio broadcast on listeners. He studied how mass media influenced peoples voting

behavior during 1940s US presidential election and discovered that two step flow of communication was important in it. This is explained in his books, the People’s Choice (1944), and Personal Influence (1955- Co authored with Elihu Katz). In collaboration with Frank Stanton, he developed the first media effects measurement machine, called Lazarzfeld Stanton Program Analyzer which was nicknamed as Little Annie.

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Lee, Ivy Ledbetter (16 July, 1877 - Nov. 9, 1934): Former Wall Street reporter who jumped in to publicity work in 1903 is regarded as the first successful PR counselor. The key philosophy of Lee was that, 'the public be informed and not be fooled'. He was a journalist at the New York Times and New York World. Together with George Parker, he established the third PR firm, Parker and Lee in 1905. In 1919 he founded the PR counseling office Ivy Lee and Associates. He is credited as originator of modern crisis communication and considered as the father of modern PR campaign. But for his involvement in the German Dye Trust which was associated with Adolf Hitler, he was branded as a traitor and was termed as ‘Poison Ivy’.

Letter to the Editor : A long standing tradition in journalism are letters sent to publications by readers to express the opinions about a wide range of issues. Letters are now also submitted through the electronic media and are sometimes read on the air. They provide a public forum in a democracy, can influence public policy and offer a space for public debate. They are a salient piece in the editorial page of a newspaper. (Further reading: Prabhakar, Naval and Basu Narendra; Encyclopedia of Mass Media & Communication in 21st Century, Vol 10, Common Wealth Publishers, P.15, 205). Leveson Report (July, 2011): A judicial public inquiry into the culture, practices and ethics of the British Press. It was chaired by Lord Justice Leveson. The commission was appointed after the News of the Worlds 'International' phone hacking scandal. It was published in 2012 which made recommendations to replace the existing Press Complaints Commission. Life (1936):Magazine started by Henry Luce, founder of Time magazine (1923) in 1936. Other magazines by him are Fortune (1930), Sports Illustrated (1954)

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etc. The main attraction of Life was its photography which was a novel idea at that time. Life of Christ (1905): A silent movie about the life of Jesus Christ, directed by Ferdinand Zecca and Lucien Nonguet. It was first released by France’s Pathe film company, which was later expanded and released again in its complete form. It was this film that prompted Phalke to jump in to the world of film in 1922. Lippman, Walter (1889-1974): One of the first political observers to identify and analyze the role of the media in shaping the opinions of the public. He is also credited with the discussion on how the media facilitate the development of stereo types. He is best known for his book, Public Opinion (1922). According to him, “News media provide the pictures in our heads that are more important than the reality of the world outside”. The first chapter in his work Public Opinion is, The world outside and the pictures in our head which later became a phrase to analyze the influence of media upon people. He was the founding editor of The New

Republic Magazine and was awarded Pulitzer Prize twice (1958 & 1962) for his syndicated newspaper column, Today and Tomorrow. (Refer: Baran, Stanley; Mass Communication Theory, Thomson Asia, 2002, P.74).

Lithography : A method for printing using a stone or a metal plate with a completely smooth surface. Invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder, it can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.

Little Annie : Paul Lazarsfelds media effects measurement machine, Lazarsfeld - Stanton program is nicknamed as Little Annie. It was a two-button device that could record audience’s likes and dislikes regarding media content in real time. It was quickly adopted in other fields such as advertising and media content pretesting.

Living Media (1975): Media conglomerate which publishes the India Today (1975) was founded in New Delhi by VV Purie. India Today was its first publication. Aroon Purie is the chairman and editor in chief and Ashish Bagga is the CEO. India Today Travel Plus, Woman,

Gadgets and Gizmos etc are their publications. Other ventures include Aaj Tak channel, TV Today network, Thompson press etc.

Lloyd, George sir: The Governor General of Bombay province who requested to air a special program of music in 1921. It was at his compulsion that Times of India in collaboration with Post and Telegraph Department broadcast a program in August 1921.

Llyod’s List: One of the world’s oldest continuously running journals, having provided weekly shipping news in London as early as 1734. Known simply as ‘The List’ it was started by Edward Llyod.

Lobbyist : One who advocates the social, economic and political interest of public and private groups to legislators. In other words, it is the process of influencing politics. There are two types of lobbying: inside/professional and outside/citizen. The former one is within the government through direct contact with politicians whereas the latter occurs outside the centre of politics via indirect political contacts. (Further reading:

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Encyclopedia of Political Communication, p. 409). Lokmat : A Marathi newspaper founded by Jawaharlal Darda in Nagpur. Vijay J Darda is its editor in chief. Lokmat Media group are its publishers. LokSabha TV (2004): An Indian cable television network channel from government proceedings and other public affairs. It is headed by Rajiv Mishra. It is owned by Lok Sabha and headquartered in New Delhi. Luce, Henry (1898-1967): The co-founder of the famous Time magazine (original title: ‘facts’march 23, 1923). He is also known as Father Time. Luce and his friend Briton Hadden had an idea that people would like to get the news in a different form than the ordinary newspaper. Thus, they prepared it brief, summed up, and entertaining. No man has had such a successful magazine publishing career and no company has been more influential than Time.Inc. (Refer Time magazine p 383). Lucknow Boy (2011): Autobiography of the eminent journalist and former editor of Outlook magazine Vinod Mehta. It was

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Published by Vikings in 2011. It charts his journey from Lucknow to the lap of India’s highest media agencies. The book provides some tips for the emerging journalists. Lumier Brothers : Augustin Lumiere (1862-1954) and Louis Lumiere (1864-1948), born in France were filmmakers by profession. They invented motion pictures (1892), film perforation process and autochrome colour image process. They were credited with making the first recorded images (1895). They held the first private screening of motion pictures in 1895. L’Arroseur Arose (1895) was their first film in India and Mumbai.

Mac Bride Commission (1976): International commission for the study of communication problems was set up by the director of UNESCO Ahmadou Mahtar M Bow. It was chaired by Irish nobel laurette Sean Mac Bride and representatives from 15 other countries. Gabriel Garcia Marques, the reputed writer from Columbia was a member of the team and from India B.G Varghese represented. It presented a preliminary report in October 1978 and final report in April 1980. The name of the report was Many Voices and One World. (Further reading: Menon, Mridula; Development Commission & Media Debate, Kanishka Publishers, P. 30).

Mac Bride, Sean (26 Jan, 190415 Jan, 1988): An Irish minister and prominent international

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politician who was the media commission chairman appointed by UNESCO for studying the global communication disorders. He received the Nobel peace prize (1974), the Lenin peace prize (1975-1976) and the UNESCO Silver Medal (1980).

Macmillan (1843): A private international publishing company owned by George Von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. It was founded by Daniel and Alexander Macmillan. Famous authors like Charles Kingsley (1855), Thomas Hughes (1859), Francis Turner Palgrave (1861), Christina Rossetti (1862), Matthew Arnold (1865), Lewis Carroll (1865), Alfred Tennyson (1884), Thomas Hardy (1886) and Rudyard Kipling (1890) worked here.

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Madhavan, T.K (18841930): The Malayalee journalist and social reformer who took over Deshabhimani in 1915 as a weekly and became the editor after two years. He also led the Vaikom Satyagraha. Madisons Advertising Pvt. Ltd (1988): One of India’s largest advertising companies. Sam Balsara is the chairman and managing director. It is considered as one of the most admired media agencies. Madras Mail (1868-1981): An English daily evening paper published form the Madras presidency. It was started by journalists Charles Lawson and Henry Cornish. Madras Presidency Radio Club (1924): Formed and started broadcasting in 1924, it can be considered as a pioneering stage in the development of Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) and later All India Radio (AIR). It continued for three years, but owing to financial difficulties gave it up in 1927 ( Refer: AIR, page 21). Madras Times (1835-1921): An English language newspaper founded as a bi-weekly (1835-

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36) and later converted to a daily in 1860. Madyamam daily (1 June, 1987): Malayalam daily newspaper published under Ideal Publications Trust, Kozhikodu. Gulf Madhyamam is the oldest and largest Malayalam newspaper in the Middle East, with highest number of editions in the Gulf countries than any other daily in the Middle East. O. Abdurahman is the editor and V. K Hamza Abbas is the chief Editor of gulf Madyamam. Magic Lantern: An early type of image projector developed in the 17th century. It is believed that Christian Huygens developed the original device. In its early development, it was mostly used by magicians and conjurers to project images, making them appear or disappear, transform from one scene into a different scene, animate normally inanimate objects, or even create the belief of bringing the dead back to life. Mahabharata (1988-90): A successful Indian television series based on the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata. The 94 episode series originally ran from 1988 to 1990. It was

produced by B R Chopra and directed by his son, Ravi Chopra. The music was composed by acclaimed music director Raj Kamal.

Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited - MTNL (April, 1986): It was founded by the Government of India to provide service in the two key metro cities Mumbai and Delhi. Headquarters: New Delhi. Dolphin, Trump and Garuda are its various service brands. At present the Government of India holds only 56.25% stake in the company. (Futher reading: Prabhakar, Naval and Basu, Narendra; Encyclopedia of Mass Media & Communication in 21st Century, Vol. 13, Common Weath Publishers, p. 220).

Mahavir, Prasad Dwivedi (1864-1938): Famous Indian Hindi writer, who has joined Hindi monthly Saraswati in 1903. During his tenure as the editor (1903-20) it became the most popular Hindi magazine. Sahitya Sandarbh and Vichar Vimash are his critical works.

Mail Today (16 Nov, 2007): A joint venture of the British newspaper Daily Mail and India

Today. Currently it has only an edition from Delhi. Sandeep Banzai is the current editor.

Maine Pyar Kiya (29 Dec, 1989): An Indian Bollywood film directed by Sooraj R. Barjatya, starring Salman Khan and Bhagyashree. It was the biggest hit of 1989.

Malabar Spectator (1879): A weekly Malayalam newspaper published from Kozhikode. It was started by Advocate Poovadan Raman and Dr. Kees was the editor.

Malaviya, Madan Mohan (1861-1946): Founder editor of nationa-list weeklies namely Hindusthan (Hindi), The Indian Union (English) and Leader (English). He was also the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946 and it was his hard work that resulted in the launch of its Hindi edition in 1936. Banaras Hindu University, the largest residential university in Asia, has been founded by him.

Malayala Manorama Company Ltd. (1888): One of the largest media conglomerates in South India, it started publi-cation of Malayala Manorama on March 22, 1890 as a weekly

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newspaper by Kandathil Vargheese Mappilai. The first editor was Varghese Mappila himself. After his death (1904), K.C. Mammen Mappila became the editor. In 1918, it become a tri- weekly and from 26 July. 1928 onwards a daily. For over nine years (9 Sept. 1938 - 29 Nov. 1947) the Diwan of Travancore shut down the paper because of its compaign demanding independent Tranvancore. After the death of Mammen Mappila, K.M Cheriyan (195473), K.M Mathew (1973-2010) and Mammen Mathew (2010-) became the chief editors. Currently it has 11 editions in Kerala. This media conglomerate has around 40 allied publications in different languages and categories. Some among them are: The Week, Vanitha, Tell Me Why, Bhashaposhini, Balarama, Balarama Digest etc. It also has broadcasting divisions such as Radio Mango (91.9 -19th May 2008), Manorama News (Aug. 17,2006-) and Mazhavil Manorama (31 Oct. 2011). Circulation: 12.12 Lakhs (ABC, 2002), 20.90 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Malayala Manorama Weekly (29 Aug, 1937): Started under the editorialship of E V Krishna Pillai it got much public acclaim. It was closed down for a period

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of nine years (1938-47). Though it restarted on 22 August, 1948 it continued only for 6 months. On 18 Feb, 1956 it again started and continues. Writers like Uroob, K M Thakaran were its eminent editors. Circulation: 4.2 lakhs (ABC, 2012). (Further reading: Kunjappa, Moorkottu; Malayala Manorama, Malayala Manorama Publishing House, Kottayam, 1973). Malayala Rajyam (1929-1960): Malayalam newspaper started as a weekly from Kollam. In 1931 it became a daily. It was published under the ownership and editorship of K.G. Sankar. Malayalam (1886): A Malayalam weekly started from Thiruvananthapuram. Pettayil Raman Pillai Asan was the first editor. C.V. Ramanpillai and Swadesabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai also served as editors. Mamman Mappilai, K.C (1873-1954): The eminent editor of Malayalam Manorama (1904-1954) after Kandathil Vargheese Mappilai. He was the member of Travancore Legislative Council (1917-21). Mammootty: Notable Malayalam film actor Muhammed Kutti Ismail was born in Kottayam. He

had acted in over 360 films including Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada. He had won national awards three times and state awards five times. He received Padmasree for the first time in the history of Malayalam cinema.

Man: A complete English entertainment monthly magazine for men from Malayala Manorama Group of publications. It covers wide topics on fashion, gadgets, automobile, travel, art and adventure.

Mangalam Daily (15 March, 1989): Started by M.C Varghese from Kottayam. Together with merchants association they started new editions. Their marketing strategies by reducing the price of the paper succeeded to a certain end. At present three sons of M.C Varghese namely Sabu (MD), Biju (printer and publisher) and Sajan (Chief editor) controls the paper. It has different allied publications such as Mangalam plus-eveninger, Cinema Mangalam, Balamangalam, Kanyaka, etc. Circulation: 0.99 lakhs (ABC, 2002).

Mangalam Weekly (1969): Started by MC Varghese from Kottayam as a monthly and later a byweekly and weekly. By the

mid of 1980s it was the largest selling publication in India (around 16 lakhs copies) surpassing Malayala Manorama Weekly. ABC 1988 JanJune, showed Mangalam with a circulation of 12 lakhs copies where as Manorama Weekly had only 8.46 lakhs.

Mangalodayam (Nov, 1908 Mar, 1971): Malayalam magazine started as the mouth pice of Nampoodiri Yogakshema Sabha. Eminent persons such as Vasudevan Moosathu, Kunjikuttan Thampuran, Changampuzha Krishna Pillai, P.C.Kuttikrishnan, Joseph Mundasseri etc served as its editors. It published only 36 volumes in its 63 years of publication (ceased its publication in 1929-1942 and 1953-1963).

Mangeshkar, Latha (28 Sept, 1929- ): One of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India. She has recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages. She composed music for the first time for Marathi movie Ram Ram Pavhane (1955). She is the second vocalist to have ever been awarded the Bharat Ratna. She was featured in the Guinness

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Book of World Records (1974 1991) for having made the most recordings in the world. Manorama Yearbook (1959): A concise encyclopedia of current affairs published annually in different languages by the Malayala Manorama group. It was first printed in Malayalam. Later English (1965), Hindi (March 18, 1989), Tamil (March 15, 1990) and Bengali editions (Kolkata - April 18, 1996) were launched. Many Voices and One World : See: Sean Mac Bride, p. 241; Maran, Kalanidhi (1964-): An Indian media baron who is the Chairman and Managing Director of Sun group. In June 2010, he acquired Spice Jet. Sun group is divided in to two holdings: Kal Media Services Pvt. Ltd. and Kal Airways Pvt. Ltd. Kal Media Services Pvt. Ltd consists of 32 TV Channels across Indian languages, 45 radio stations, 2 daily newspapers in Tamil, 5 magazines in Tamil, Sun Pictures, Sun Direct, (DTH companies etc.). Marana Simhasanam (1999): Indian drama film in Malayalam directed by Murali Nair. It was

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screened in the Cannes Film Festival 1999 and M.J. Radhakrishnan, its cinematographer won the Golden Camera Award. Marcony, Guglielmo (25 Apri.1874-20 July, 1937): An Italian inventor, known as the father of long distance radio transmission. He is often credited as the inventor of radio and radio telegraph system and has shared the 1909 Nobel prize in Physics in recognition of the contribution to the development of wireless telegraphy. Mark, Burnett (17 July, 1960-): A British-born American television producer. He is currently the executive producer of five network television series. Marthanda Varma (1933): A film directed by P.V. Rao, on the basis of Raman Pillai’s novel. It was produced by R. Sunder Raj. Maryada (1971): A Bollywood tragedy film directed by Aravind Sen. Actors were: Rajesh Khanna, Raaj Kumar and Mala Sinha. Mathew, K.K : Second Press Commission chairman (April, 1980). (See: Press commission, P. 309).

Mathrubhumi (1923): The second largest circulated daily in Malayalam founded by K.P. Kesava Menon from Kozhikode as a public limited company. In the beginning, only three issues were publised in a week and on April 6, 1930 it became a daily. K.Kelappan, K.A. Damodara Menon, P. Ramanunni Nair, P.Narayana Nair, C.H.Kunjappa, M.D. Nalappattu and A.P. Udhayabhanu had served a chief editors. M.P.Veerendra Kumar is the Chairman and P.V. Chandran is the Managing Editor. Today the company owns two TV channels - Mathrubhumi and Kappa; F.M Radio (93.9 FM), book publication division etc. Allied publications are Mathrubhumi Weekly (0.43 lakhs, ABC 2012), Chitrabhumi (cinema weekly), Thozhil Vartha (1.86 lakhs 2002, 0.38 lakhs in 2012), Arogya Masika (1.28 lakhs 2002, 2 lakhs in 2012), Sports Masika (0.70 lakhs- 2002, 0.38 lakhs - 2012) etc. Mathrubhoomi daily has 10 editions across Kerala. Circulation: 13 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Mathrubhumi Weekly (18 Jan 1932): Started publication from Kozhikode. By publishing Book reviews, film reviews, travelogues, photos etc it stays different

from other magazines. Eminent personalities such as N V Krishna Warrier, M T Vasudevan Nair were its editors. Editor: K.K Sreedaran Nair. Circulation 0.43 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Mazhavil Manorama (31 Oct, 2011): Malayalam general entertainment television channel from the Malayala Manorama group. It is headquartered at Aroor Near Kochi. Certain important programs are: Midukki, Verutheyalla Bharya, Thattim Muttim, Marimayam, Indian Voice etc.

Mc Combs, Maxwell (1938): Famous communication theoretician born in Birmingham, started his career as a reporter for the New Orleans Times Picayune (1961-63) and later obtained a PhD from Standfords University (1963-66). After teaching in different universities he moved to the University of North Carolina and started 40 years of research in collaboration with Donald Shaw. He is famous for his Agenda Setting Theory. Its basic premise is that, the way in which news media report particular issue influences and helps to shape public awareness and debate. Media agendas reflect a process of selection,

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prioritizing and framing. In this sense, the media do not tell us what to think; rather they may tell us what to think about. Mc Combs and Donald Shaw were awarded and appreciated for their continuing work and research on public opinion. Mc Luhan, Marshall (19111980): Canadian philosopher and media theorist. After the doctoral studies from Cambridge University he went on to teach at different universities. His works are viewed as one of the milestones of the study of media theory. He is best known for his phrases: The Medium is the Message (1964), Global Village, Hot and Cool Medium, Medium is the Massage etc. His major works are: The Mechanical Bride: The Folklore of Industrial Man (1951); The Guttenberg Galaxy: The Making af Typographic Man (1962); Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964); The Medium is the Message; an Inventory of Effects (1967); War and Peace in the Global Village (1968), From Cleache To Architype (1970); Culture is or Bussiness (1970), Take Today’s: Executive As drop Out (1972); Counter Blast (1972); Laws of Media (1988) etc.

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Mc Quail, Denis (1935- ): European media theoretician and journalist. He studied history and administration at the Oxford University and received PhD from Leeds University. Together with Jay Blumer, he was one of the early proponents of the Uses and Gratification theory. Mass Communication Theory (1983), Towards Sociology of Mass Communication (1960), Media performance are his major works. McLuhanism : Any concept deriving from or in the style of Marshall McLuhan is known as McLuhanism. The Medium is the Message, Global village, Medium as the Massage, Hot and Cool Medium etc are his major concepts. Media Development Foundation (1999): A non-profit public trust based on Chennai, was established by Sashi Kumar who also acts as the chairman. It aims to promote excellence in media related research and seeks to equip the aspiring modern journalist with the capabilities to achieve world-class standards in the profession. Media Mogul : A person who owns and operates major media

companies in a personal or eccentric manner. He is also called media tycoon, media baron or business magnate. The term was popularized with the development of mass circulated newspapers in the 19th century. Rupert Murdoch, Silvia Berlusconi, the Jain brothers of Bennet Colman Company, Ramoji Rao of Eenadu etc are certain media moguls.

typo, ‘leave it! Its great and right on target’. It has four possible readings: Message, Mess Age, Massage, Mass Age. All may be correct in the sense that he saw media as extensions of our human bodies, senses, minds etc. (Further reading: Menon, Mridula; Development Commission & Media Debate, Kanishka Publishers, P. 172).

Mehta, Vinod: Well known journalist who was the editor in chief of Outlook Magazine (till Feb. 2012). He launched Sunday Observer (Bombay daily), The Independent and the Pioneer. Lucknow Boy is his famous autobiography. At present he is the chairman of Outlook group.

Medium is the Message : A concept developed by Marshall Mc Luhan which states that the medium gains importance than the message. Or in other words, medium itself becomes the message. This is true in the new media context.

Media Update : Fortnightly of the Research Reference and Training Division (RRTD), an organ of Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

Menezes, Saira : The first woman editor of Dubai based The Emirates Evening Post. She had earlier been the editor of Sunday Mid Day and Savvy. In 2007 she joined as editor of People magazine.

Media One TV (2013): A Malayalam channel operated by Madhyamam Broadcasting Limited. Madhyamam Daily is its sister concern. The channel was licensed in September 2011 and was officially launched on 10th February 2013. Dr. Abdul Salam Ahmad is the CEO and Babu Bharadwaj is the programme editor.

Medium is the Massage (1964): Though the term is attributed to Marshal Mc Luhan it was actually a spelling mistake. It was supposed to have read ‘message’. When Mc Luhan noticed this mistake he said to the

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Menon, Appan (17 Sep, 194728 June, 1996): A very popular news editor and achor in NDTV. He anchored the international news show The World This Week (Doordarshan-1980s). He has worked with news agencies PTI and UNI. The Appan Menon Memorial Trust was set up in, Sept. 17 1996 in his memory. Menon, K. Thankam : The first lady news editor in Malayalam. She became the sub editor of Mathrubhumi in 1952 and also was one among the women who got an opportunity to write editorials. Menon, Leela: Eminent women journalist who wrote political reports in Kerala which were valuable and stuck a note in the conscience of the reader. Her report about Nadapuram riot, captured the attention of people. Menon, Reji : The main investor and pioneer of the first Malayalam television channel in the private sector namely, Asianet in 1990 together with his relative Sasikumar. Later the channel was taken over by Rajiv Chandrashekar (See: Asianet, P. 35). Merryland Studio (1951): Established by P.Subrahmanyan in Nemam, Thiruvanathapuram.

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Athma Sakhi was the first film came out from this studio, introducing evergreen star Sathyan. Metro Now (2006): A daily newspaper launched as a 50:50 venture of Metropolitan Media and HT Media Limited. It was founded by Bennet Coleman Co.Ltd. Metro Vaartha (2009): Malayalam daily published from Kochi and owned by Pharis Abubekar. This newspaper is run by Vartha Reality Media (P) Limited. Chief Editor is Ranji Panikker. Midavadi (1907-1909): A weekly newspaper started by Moorkkothu Kumaran from Thalassery. D. Sivasankaran was the publisher. It continued till 1909. Midday (1979): An afternoon daily owned by Mid Day info media limited. Manjith Ghashal is the current Managing Director and CEO. Middle East News Agency MENA (1955): Cairo-based news agency affiliated to the ministry of information in 1960s. Milton, John (9 Dec,1608 - 8 Nov, 1674): An English poet and

scholar who is reputed for his Areopagitica (written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship), one among history’s most influential and impassioned defenses of free speech and freedom of the press (Refer Areopagitica, p. 31).

Mint (1 Jan, 2007): A business tabloid from Hindustan Media Ltd, launched in collaboration with The Wall Street Journal. The current editor is R. Sukumar.

Miranda, Mario (2 May, 192611 Dec, 2011): An Indian cartoonist based in Goa. Miranda had been a regular with The Times of India and other newspapers in Mumbai, including The Economic Times, though he got his popularity with his works published in The Illustrated Weekly of India. He was awarded Padma Vibhushan in 2012.

Mirat Ul Akbar (1822-1823): A Persian language journal founded and edited by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1822 (Refer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, P. 340).

Mithabhashini Malayalam (Sept. 1916): Magazine published from Mayyanadu and printed in Kollam V.V. Press. One volume:

1/8 dummy size, 38 pages. V. Padmanabhan was the editor.

Mockumentaries : A type of film or television show in which fictional events are presented in documentary style to create a parody. These productions are often used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting or to parody the documentary form itself. The term has been popularized in the mid-1980s. Early examples of mock-documentaries include David Holzman’s Diary (1967), Pat Paulsen For President (1968), Take the Money and Run (1969), and All You Need is Cash (1978).

Mohan Gupta, Mahendra : Owner of Dainik Jagran group of Hindi newspapers which has 25 editions.

Mohanlal (2 May, 1960-): Notable film actor. Made his debut through the film Manjilvirinja Pookal. He has acted in Malayalam, Tamil and Hindi films. Had won many state and national film awards. The nation honoured him with Padmasree. He was the first actor who acquired Lieutenant colonel rank from Indian army.

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Monsoon Wedding (2001): A film directed by Mira Nair and written by Sabrina Dhawan, which depicts romantic entanglements during a traditional Punjabi wedding in Delhi. It won many awards. Morace, Frank (2 May, 19071974): Reputed journalist who served as editor of many prominent newspapers including Times of India, The Morning Standard, The National Standard and Indian Express. Mother India (1957): Hindi epic melodrama film, directed by Mehboob Khan and Starring by Nargis, Sunil Dutt, Rajendra Kumar, and Raaj Kumar. It was India’s first submission for the academy award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1958, where it made the shortlist. Moulavi, Abdul Khader: Popularly known as Vakkom Moulavi, he was the founder and publisher of the newspaper Swadeshabhimani (19 Jan. 1905). It was banned and confiscated by the Government of Travancore in 1910 due to its criticisms against the government. Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai was the chief editor of the paper.

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MTV (1996): Indian music television channel specializing in music, reality and youth culture. It is now part of the Viacom 18 Media Pvt. Ltd based in Mumbai. It is one of the oldest music television networks in Asia and one of the most-popular music channels across the Indian subcontinent. MTV India creates shows across genres of music, reality Television (MTV Roadies, Splits villa) and youth-based sitcoms (MTV Reality Stars). Mudholker, J. R: First Press Council Chairman, (See : Press Council, P. 311). Mudra Communications (1980): India’s third largest advertising agency and brand management company. It started the prestigious Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad. In 2011, it was acquired by Omnicom Group, and rebranded as DDB Mudra group and merged with DDB Worldwide. A.G Krishnamurthy, Madhukar Kamath are the key persons of this business group. Muhammed Cartoon Events (2005-2006) : On September 30, 2005, 12 drawings of the Prophet Muhammad, including one similar to a bomb with burning fuse

were published in JyllandsPosten, a Denmark newspaper. By January 2006 anti-cartoon riots had broken out in Lebanon, Syria, Iran and Pakistan. Before the end of March 2006 Islamic authorities officially proclaimed an end to the cartoon protests.

Multimedia Messaging Service-MMS : Standard way to send messages that include multimedia content from mobile phones. The standard is developed by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA).

Mumbai Samachar (July, 1822): A newspaper published in Gujarati and English.

Munnabhai MBBS (2003): Indian comedy film directed by Rajkumar Hirani and produced by Vidhu Vinod Chopra. It stars Sanjay Dutt, Arshad Warsi, Jimmy Shergill, Sunil Dutt, Gracy Singh and Boman Irani and was later followed by a second film, Lage Raho Munna Bhai. It went on to win the 2004 National Film Award for Best Popular Film and several other awards.

Munshi (11 Sept, 2000): Fiveminute sitcom on Asianet, based on current events is directed by

Anil Banerji. Each issue is clothed in biting satire and humour. Program has entered the Limca Book of Records for largest number of episodes. K.P.S. Kurup appears as the wise Munshi who has the last word on each episode. Shreeju is the perpetual school student while Ayyappan appears in the role of Kariyachan.

Murappennu (1965): First Malayalam film to shot extensively outdoors. Starring Prem Nazir it was directed by M.T. Vasudevan Nair.

Murdoch, Rupert (11 March, 1931-): An Australian-American media mogul, who became managing director of Australia’s News Limited, inherited from his father in 1952. He is the founder, chairman and CEO of global media holding company News Corporation. The Times (1981), Century Fox, Harper Colins, The Wall Street Journal are under his News Corporation. In July 2011, he faced allegations that his companies including the tabloid News of the World (Now) had been regularly hacking the phones of celebrities.Thus 168 year old News of the World was forced to shut down. On 21 July 2012, he

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resigned the directorship of News International (Further reading: Niblock, Sarah; A Beginner’s Guide, Viva Books, P:54). Murrow, Edward R. (19081965): An American broadcast journalist. His famous works were associated with a series of radio news broadcasts during second world war. Mustafa, Seema : Eminent women journalist born in Delhi. Started her journalistic carrer with The Pioneer in London. She has also worked in The Patriot (1979), The Telegraph, Indian Express, Asian Age (1997) etc. She had received Prem Bhatia award in 1999 for her outstanding reporting on Kargil war. Currently she is the resident editor of The Sunday Guardian. Muthiah, T.S. (1923-1992): Born in 1923 in Kochi, he started career through Navalokam. Acted in Tamil films too. His directorial debut was Chithramela . My Dear Kuttichathan (1984): India’s first 3-D film, directed by Jijo Punnoose.

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Nai Duniya : An Urdu weekly published from Delhi. Hazrat Maulana Abdul Wahid is the founder. Shahid Siddiqui is the chief editor.

Nair (June, 1903): Malayalam magazine published from Changanassery. Kainikkara Govinda Pillai was its owner and Karuthodi Kannan Nair was its editor. It was mainly intended for the development of Nair community. It existed only for a year.

Nair, Meera (1957-): New York based Indian film director and producer. Her directorial debut was Salaam Bombay (1988) which won many awards. Mississippi Masala (1991), My Own Country (1998), Monsoon Wedding (2001), The Name Sake (2006) are some of her films. Her production company is Mirabai Films. She was

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honoured with the Padma Bhushan (2012).-

Nair Samudaya Parishkari (April, 1916): Malayalam magazine published from Thalasseri as a memoir to Vengayil Kunjiraman Nair. It was mainly intended for the development of the Nair community. Chandroth K.T. Kummaran Nambiar and K. Gopalan Nambiar were its editors and managers respectively. One volume: 1/8 dummy size, 40 pages.

Nair, Murali (1966): Notable Malayalam film director and writer whose Marana Simhasanam has won the camera d’or at the 1999 Cannes film festival.

Nair, Santha P. (1929-2008) : One of the first Malayali singer and lady music director in Malayalam cinema was born in

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Thrissur. Debut movie was Thiramala (1953). She made debut as a music director through Ezhurathrikal directed by Ramu Karyat. Nana Magazine ( 1972 ) : A Malayalam weekly film magazine started publication from Kollam. Mahilarathnam, Jyothisharathnam, Kumkumam are its sister publications. Madhu R. Balakrishnan is its chief editor. Nanook of the North (1922): A 1922 silent documentary film by Robert J. Flaherty. Allakarialak, Nyla, Cunayou etc were in the lead. It was about Nanook and his family and their struggles in the Canadian Arctic. It is considered as the first feature length documentary. Narasimha, G (28 Feb, 1916- 5 July, 1977): An Indian journalist and entrepreneur who served as the managing director of The Hindu (1959-1977). He is the father of the former Editor-inChief N. Ram. He also served as the President of the Indian and Eastern Newspapers Society (INS- 1956 -1957), Chairman of the Audit Bureau of Circulations of India (ABC, 1955-1959), Press Institute of

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India and was the Director of the Press Foundation of Asia. Narayana Murthy, N. R (20 Aug, 1946): An Indian businessman and co-founder of Infosys. He started Infosys in 1981 and served as its CEO from 1981 to 2002. From 2002 to 2011, he served as the Chairman. In 2011, he stepped down from the board and became Chairman Emeritus. In June 2013 he was again appointed as the CEO of the company. Awarded Padmasree in 2000. Narayanan, Edatata ( 19071978): A famous journalist and a freedom fighter who actively participated in the freedom struggle. He formed the Socialist Party in 1948. He however left that party along with Aruna Asaf Ali and joined the Communist Party of India (CPI). He started a daily newspaper, Patriot (1963) served as the Chief Editor and was also associated with a weekly, Link in 1958. Praja Socialism, Monopolies Pone etc. were his famous works. Nasrani Deepika (1887 April 15): A newspaper published from Mannanam, Kottayam. Founder editor was Nidhirikkal Mani Kathanar. In 1927 its name was

changed to Deepika. (Refer Deepika, p. 97). (Further reading: Madhyamangalum Malayala Sahityavum, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum, 2002, P. 48).

Nast, Thomas (1840-1902): One of the American journalist and best known cartoonists, began his journalistic career as a field artist during civil war. He remained with Harper’s magazine after the war.

National Bingo Night (2010): A game show, which is telecasted on Colors TV. The show is hosted by Indian actor Abhishek Bachchan.

National Broadcasting Company-NBC (1926): An American commercial broadcasting television network and former radio network headquartered in New York. It is also refered to as the Peacock Network due to its stylised Peacock Logo.

National Centre of Film for Children and Young PeopleNCYP (1955): Jawaharlal Nehru set up the Children’s Film Society in India in 1955 under the Ministry of I & B. Later it was renamed as NCYP. Its aim is to harness the medium of films to provide healthy entertainment

to the children and young people and provide an alternative to the commercial cinema that cause adverse effect on children. (Further reading: Kumar Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 105-106; Yadav, K.P, Encyclo pedia of Mass Communication, Vol. 3, Sarup & Sons, Delhi, P. 73).

National Council for the Training of Journalists- NCTJ (1951): An organization to oversee the training of journalists for the newspaper industry in the United Kingdom.

National Film Archive of India (1964): Established in 1964 with the primary objective of acquisition and preservation of national and international cinema, film classification, documentation and research and encouraging film study and spread of film culture. It is a member of the International Federation of Film Archives. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 106-107; Yadav, K.P, Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Vol 2, Sarup & Sons, Delhi, P. 21).

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National Film Development Corporation - NFDC (1975): Mumbai based Indian cinema agency functioning under the Ministry of I & B. It was reconstituted in 1980 after the amalgamation of Indian Motion Picture Export Corporation (IM-PEC) and Film Finance Corporation. The primary objective is to foster excellence in cinema, financing and producing films with socially relevant themes, distribution and dissemination of films news etc. Gandhi, Salaam Bombay, Maya Mem Saab, Making of the Mahatma etc are films coproduced by NFDC. Ramesh Sippy is its present chairman. (Further reading: Naqvi Hena, Journalism and Mass Communication, p.149; Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 107-111; Yadav, K.P, Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Vol 2, Sarup & Sons, Delhi, P. 20). National Union of Journalists - NUJ (1907): A trade union for journalists in the UK and Ireland. It has 38,000 members. It is a member of the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ).

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Navajeevan : A Gujarati weekly newspaper published by Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 from Ahmedabad. It continued its publication till 1931 (Refer: Gandhi, M. K, page 137). Navbharat Times (April 3, 1947): A Hindi language newspaper of Bennett Coleman & Co.Ltd. published from Mumbai and Delhi. Ram Kripal Singh (Delhi) and Sunder Chand Thakur (Mumbai) are the editors. Headquartered in Mumbai. Circulation: 1.3 lakhs (ABC, 2011). Navroji, Dadabhai ( 18251917): Great politician and editor of Gujarati newspaper Rasthgophtar in 1856. In 1882 he started a monthly newspaper Voice of India. It is a digest that includes the news and views that were previously published in other newspapers and magazines. Nayar, Kuldeep ( 1923-): A journalist and syndicated columnist. He started his career as an Urdu press reporter. He writes columns and op-eds for over 80 newspapers in 14 languages including Guardian, The Daily Star etc. He authored books such as Beyond the Lines (Autobio-

graphy), The Judgment, The Martyr etc.

Nazir, Prem ( 1926-1989): Evergreen Malayalam film actor. Abdul Khaddar, as he was originally known, was born in Chirayinkezhu, Thiruvananthapuram. He is the Indian actor who has acted in most number of films (610). Also the record for most number of films acted in one year, the star who paired opposite a single actress in most number of films are in his name.

NBC Universal Media (2 Aug, 2004): An American media and entertainment company engaged in the production and marketing of entertainment, news and information products and services to a global customer base.

NDTV (1988): New Delhi Television is an Indian commercial broadcasting television network. It was founded by Prannoy Roy. Its three national news channels are: NDTV 24X7, NDTV profit, NDTV India. Each year the channel gives the NDTV Indian of the year awards.

Neelakkuyil (1954): Malayalam film directed by Ramu

Karyattu and written by Uroob and P.Bhaskaran, won first National Award (Silver Medal from President) for Malayalam. Sathyan and Mis Kumari were the main actors.

Nehru, Jawaharlal ( 18891964): The first Prime Minister of India (1947-1964) who started an English newspaper, National Herald in 1938. Well known journalist Ram Rao became its first editor. In 1952 he organized a Press Commission for the freedom of press. Discovering India was his famous book.

Neo Sports (1 Oct, 2006): A pay television channel, which broadcasts sports entertainment programme of Nimbus Communication. It is owned by Neo Sports Broadcast Pvt Ltd, along with its sister channel, Neo Prime. It telecasts major sports events.

Network 18 Media (1993): An Indian mass media company with interests in television, print, internet, film, mobile content and allied busines was founded by Raghav Bahl. It is the holding company for several media entities in India.

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New India (1914): A newspaper started by Annie Besant. She started the paper after she owned the Madras Standard newspaper. New Comb, Theodore (19031984): An American psychologist and author. He led the Bennington College Study, an investigation into the attitudes and beliefs of students through their college studies. The Love of Ideas (1980) is a book written by New Comb. New Indian Express : The southern edition of Indian Express English daily published from Chennai came to be known as New Indian Express; Founded in 1999 after the separation of Goenka family. Prabhu Chawla is its Editorial Director. Favour none fear none is its motto. Circulation: 4.69 lakhs (ABC, 2012). New World Information And Communication Order : Generally called New World Information Order, was a concept developed after Sean Mc Brides study in association with the UNESCO in 1970’s. Sean Mac Bride was the man behind this. (Refer: Mc Bride, Sean p. 241).

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New York Times, The (18 Sep, 1851): A daily newspaper in United States founded by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones. Its initial name was the New York Daily Times. Its coverage of political events is frequently studied by political and communication scholars. It has won 94 Pulitzer prices. News Agency (1835): It is an organization of journalists to supply news reports to news organizations, newspapers, magazines, audio-visual medium etc. The oldest news agency is Agence France Presse founded in 1835. Reuters, AP, UPI are some major news agencies. (See: Big Five P. 55). News Broadcasters Association - NBA (Oct. 2008 ): A private association of different current affairs and news television broadcasters in India. Its founding members were NDTV, Times Global Broadcasting, TV Today Network, Zee News, Independent News Service and Global Broadcast News. News of the World (NoW, 1843-2011): A national tabloid publi-shed in the United Kingdom. Established as a broadsheet by John Browne Bell,

it was later taken over by Rupert Murdoch (1969). 168 years of its saga ended in 2011 due to the phone tapping issues aroused against them. (See Murdock, Rupert P. 268).

News Paper Boy (1955): First neo-realistic film in India. Story, script and direction was by P.Ramadas. Master Moni was the main character of this film.

News Print Control Order : Government can control the production, import and distribution of newsprint under this provision. In 1974 India Government made the import of news print through State Trading Corporation. A News print quota is established for every paper on the basis of fixed rate tags determined by the Government.

News Track (1988): First investigative video news magazine published and owned by India Today Group (Living Media Group).

News X (28 Mar. 2008): India’s first HDTV enabled channel was launched by the INX Network, which was then headed by Indrani Mukerjee. In September 2010, it announced its intention to rebrand as IMN News.

Newspaper-price and page Act, 1956 (1956): An act for the regulation of the prices charged for newspapers in relation to their pages and matters connected there with for the purpose of preventing unfair competition among newspapers so that newspapers may have fuller opportunities of freedom of expression.

News Week: An American weekly magazine published in print form from 1933 to 2012 from New York. Tina Brown was its editor. In 2012 onward it became digital.

Nexus One (2010): Google’s original flagship smart phone manufactured by Taiwan’ HTC Corporation. Features of the phone include the ability to transcribe voice to text, an additional microphone for dynamic noise suppression, and voice guided turn-by-turn navi gation to drivers.

Nielsen, A.C (1923): A global marketing research firm founded by Arthur C Nielsen. Its best known creations are Nielsen ratings, an audience measurement system that measure TV, Radio and Newspaper audience.

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Nightline (24 March,1980): A live ABC late night news program, started on 1980. It delivers news in a new time slot and its format relies highly on new satellite technology. Nikesh Kumar, M V: Managing Director of Reporter TV since July 2010; started his career as a news reporter in Asianet; later moved onto India Vision. He anchored various programmes based on contemporary social and political issues. His show Newsnight won great appreciation. Prestigious Ramnath Goenka Award was given to him for excellence in Journalism. He introduced a new style in news reading and presentation. He is the son of famous political leader M.V. Raghavan. Nine X Media (2007): A television network based in Mumbai was founded by Indrani Mukerjy in 2007 through two companies, INX Media Pvt Ltd and INX News Pvt Ltd. In August 2010, INX Media renamed themselves as 9X Media. Nirmala (1948): First film produced by a Malayali and also the first film with songs. It was directed by P.V. Krishna Iyar.

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Nirmalyam (1973): The debut film of M.T.Vasudevan Nair. P.J. Antony was in the lead role which won for him the national award for best actor in 1974. Niroopakan (Sep, 1932): Malayalam magazine published from Kottayam. The editor and publisher are unknown. One volume: 1/ dummy size, 34 pages. 8 Nixon, Richard (1913-1994): 37 th President of US (19691974). He is the only US President who resigned from his position while in office. He resigned after the Watergate Scandal (1970) and the investigative report was written by Carl Burnstein and Bob Woodward based on this. His involvement in the break in at Watergate office complex forced him to resign. Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool : A cooperation system among news agencies of Non Aligned countries, which lasted from 1975 -1990. It was founded in late 1974 and started operations in 1975. Nukkad : Nukkad which means street corner is a popular Hindi TV serial that was aired on DD National during 1986 - 87. It was co-directed by Kundan Shah and Saeed Akhtar Mirza, and was written by Prabodh Joshi.

O, Reilly Bill, William James (1942): Journalist, commentator, radio host and columnist is best known as the host of the cable news program The O’reilly Factor on the Fox News channel. It was ranked as the top program among the US cable news channels for 2003-2006.

OB Van - Outside Broadcasting Van : A vehicle having all the facilities like a studio to cover live news stories.

Office of War InformationOWI : US communication set up established to consolidate and convey the war news for domestic use to promote patriotism within homes and to launch propoganda campaigns abroad.

Official Secrets Act 1923 : India’s anti-espionage act carried

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over from British colonization. According to the act, helping the enemy state in the form of communicating a sketch, plan, model of an official secret or official codes or passwords are all offensible.

Ogilvy and Mather (1948): New York based worldwide advertising agency founded by David Ogilvy. Their major clients are Bru, Hutch, Asian Paints, Oreo, Anchor White etc.

Om Namah Shivaya (1997): A popular Hindi mythological series in DD directed by Dheeraj Kumar and produced by Zuby Kochhar under the production company Creative Eye Broadcast. Its original airing was on 1997 and broadcasted 208 episodes.

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Ombudsman : A reader’s representative who serves as a sort of middleman between the newspaper and the public. Times of India was the first paper to appoint an ombudsman. Today's ‘readers editor’ appointed in certain newspapers are considered to be of this category. Operation Dritarashtra (2012): A sting operation conducted during June 2012 by Aaj Tak Channel with spycam. Deepak Sharma, editor of the special investigation team of Aaj Tak started its operation on July 31. It aired the clippings of the irregularities of fund transaction to an NGO in New Delhi named Dr. Zakir Hussain Memorial Trust. Operation Duryodhana : Code name of a sting operation which captured on camera, the members of parliament of India accepting money to table question on the floor of parliament. Inspired by this a 2007 movie of this name was made in Telugu as a political satire by Posari Krishna Murali. Operation West End : The sting operation of Tehelka. com led by Tarun Thejpal, Aniruda Bahal and Mathew Samuel during 2001

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revealed rampant bribery in India’s defence acquisitions. Ordinance of Manu (321-185 B.C): A system of news gathering during the period of the Maurya Empire. The Mauryans used it as an intelligence organization of great administrative and political significance under Kautilya’s supervision. ORG-MARG : A market research company in Chicago by Arthur C Nielsen. It helps its clients to take decision on the basis of the best possible information. It expanded in 1939 and now operates in more than 100 countries. It has headquarters in Newyork city, and North America. Oriental Magazine : The first journal that published researches and discoveries in Asian art history. It was founded by Dr. William Cohn from Oxford during the Second World War. Orkut ( 22 Jan, 2004): A Social Networking website launched by Google and created by Orkut Buyukkokten. In Turkish “or’’ and “kut” means ‘holy’ and ‘create togetherness’ respectively. It was the No. 1 Social Networking Site (SNS) before the arrival of Face Book.

Orwel, George: English novelist and journalist. His original name is Eric Arthur Blair. Notable works: Homage to Catalonia (1938), Animal Farm (1945), 1984 etc.

Osgood Model: The model considers communication stimulus producing communication response, which in turn produces additional response known as interpersonal communication model. The model was developed by Charles Osgood (Further reading: Prabhakar, Naval & Basu, Narendra; Encyclopedia of Mass Media & Communication in 21st Century, Vol 3, Common Wealth Publishers, P:9).

Outlook ( Oct 1995): English news magazine first published with Vinod Mehta as its editor. Krishna Prasad is the current editor. Circulation: 2.56 lakhs copies; ABC, 2002. Outlook Money (July 1998), Outlook Traveler (June 2001) are other publications from the group.

Oxford Gazette (1655): Possibly, the first newspaper in the modern sense that appeared in 1655. Published twice in a week it was produced by Henry Muddiman.

It gave only the government version of things. In 1666 it became the London Gazette.

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Pachauri, Pankaj (24 Sep. 1963 ): News anchor and Managing Editor of NDTV. He hosts many programs including Hum Log and Money Mantra in NDTV India and NDTV Profit. He currently works at famous international media organisations like BBC, Department of Journalism at Berkaly and is the communications advisor to Indian Prime Minister (June 29, 2012 onward). Pachimatharaka (Aug. 1864): Malayalam newspaper started from Western Star Press Kochi was founded by a foreigner named Walker. Itoop Writer and T.J. Paily were the founder editors. It was started along with the English journal Western Star.

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P In 1878 Kerala Pathrika newspaper was merged with Pachimatharaka and started publishing as Pachimatharaka Kerala Pathrika. (Further reading: Mathyamangalum Malayala Sahityavum, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum, 2002, P. 43). Padayottam (1982): First 70 mm film in South India, produced by Navodaya Appachan and directed by Jijo Ponnus. Padma, K : Woman journalist who wrote articles for both Janayugam and Deshabhimani daily. During the 1950’s, she translated articles for Navayugam.

Padmarajan (1946-1991): Notable Malayalam film director who created a new style of film making in Malayalam cinema. His famous films are Oridathoru Fileman (1981), Koodevide (1983), Arappatta Kettiya Gramathil (1986), Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal (1986), Thoovanathumbikal (1987), Moonnam Pakkam (1988), Innale (1989) and Njan Gandharvan (1991).

Paid News : Any news that is published in a newspaper or broadcast on TV that favours a person or institution that had paid for the above news. Because of this malpractice, papers have been considered as pay-per news or pay - per photograph etc. The Hindu’s rural affairs reporter P.Sainath had exposed it during the Parliamentary elections of 2009 at Maharastra (Chief Minister Ashok Chawan had paid money for newspapers with real time proofs).

Painkili (March 1923): Malayalam magazine published from Perumudiyoor. It was printed at Kamalalayam Printing Works, Ottappalam. K.S. Ezhuthachan was its editor. One volume: 1/8 crown size, 40 pages.

Paine, Thomas (29 Jan, 17378 June, 1809): An English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. Author of two highly influential pamphlets Common Sense (1776), Rights of Man (1791).

Pakistan Times (1947): Pakistan’s first independent complete daily e- newspaper. Its editor is Mumtaz Hamid Rao.

Palathulli : Water conservation campaign being conducted by the Malayala Manorama newspaper in Kerala for raising awareness on the importance of water conservation and rainwater harvesting. It included exhibitions, seminar and video shows which were organized throughout the region. It was awarded the 2005 IPDCUNESCO prize for rural communication.

Pan African News AgencyPANA (29 July,1979): Founded in Addis Ababa, with the adoption of a convention by African ministries of Information. Officially commenced news activities on May 25, 1983.

Panchajanya (1947): The Hindi weekly started as a mouth piece

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of RSS. Bharat Prakasan Ltd Company is the proprietor. Circulation: 0.44 lakhs (ABC, 2002). Pande, Mrinal (1946): The former editor of Hindi Daily Hindustan and Chairperson of Prasar Bharati since 2010. She hosts a weekly interview show, titled Baaton Baaton Mein on Lok Sabha TV. She was the editor of the popular woman’s magazine Vama (1984-87). Panikker, K M (3 June, 1895 10 Dec, 1963): Sardar Kavalam Madhava Panikkar, the Indian scholar, journalist and diplomat was also the editor of Hindusthan Times (1925). He subsequently served as an Ambassador to Egypt (1952-1953) and France (1956-1959). Some of his famous books are In Two Chinas (1955), Asia and Western Dominance (1953). Pankajavalli (1928-1999): Famous Malayalam actress. Born in Chengannur, she made her debut through Jeevithanauka (1951). Acted in more than 150 films. Her granddaughter Kaveri is carrying on the acting legacy.

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Paradeshi (2007): Malayalam film written and directed by P. T. Kunju Muhammed. The film talks about the issues of Indian citizens who left the country before Independence in search of jobs, mostly to Arabia and finally reached Pakistan. Aashirvad bannered this film; Mohanlal was the protagonist. Parthasarathy, Rangaswamy : The author of many Journalism books such as journalism in India. Parukutty Amma (17 Aug, 1923): Woman journalist who worked in Mathrubhumi during 1968-1981. She wrote articles against social problems and translated a lot of English books to Malayalam. Eesopinte Saropadesam is the first among them. Paschimodayam (Oct, 1847): A religious magazine which appeared in royal size from illikunnu, Tellicherry. It carried articles on science, geography, world history and others. It is considered to be the second magazine in Malayalam language and the first science magazine in Malayalam. Most of the contents were contributed by Rev. Herman Gundert and F. Muller.

Its price was two paisa and it continued till 1851. F. Muller was its editor. (Further reading: Madhyamangalum Malayala Sahityavum, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum, 2002, P. 24).

Pathak, Sanjay: Television journalist worked with Aaj Tak, (Associate Executive Producer), TV Today Network, Sahara Samay (content editor) etc. He was involved with various election based programs including Aapka Faisala, Kiski Banegi Sarkar and Kaun Banega Sarkar - the pre and post poll programmes on AAJ TAK for legislative assembly elections in Gujarat.

Pather Panchali (1955): A Bengali drama film directed by Satyajit Ray. This directorial debut of Ray was based on Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay’s 1929 Bengali novel of the same title. It was the first film in the Apu Trilogy, which was produced by the Government of West Bengal. Music was done by Pandit Ravishanker. Influenced by Italian Neo-realism, Ray developed his own style of lyrical realism in this film and it won Best Human Document award at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival. (Refer; Apu Triology, p. 30).

Pazhassi Raja (2009): One of the most expensive Malayalam film directed by Hariharan; and scripted by M.T. Vasudevan Nair. Mammotty played the lead role. It won many national as well as state film awards.

Pay Television : Subscriptionbased television services, usually provided by not only both analog and digital cable and satellite, but also increasingly via digital terrestrial and internet television. Sub-scription television began in the multichannel transition and transitioned mode in the postnetwork era.

PC Quest (1982): One of the earliest technology magazines in English from New Delhi from the Cyber Media group. Originally called PC World, it was renamed PC Quest in 1992. Anil Chopra is the editor and Pradeep Guptha is the publisher.

Pearl, Daniel (10 Oct, 1963-1 Feb, 2002): A journalist with American - Israeli citizenship who was murdered while working as the South Asian Bureau Chief of The Wall Street Journal, based in Mumbai. On the way to Pakistan (Jan 23, 2002) as part of an investigation into the alleged links between Richard

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Reid, the shoe bomber and AlQaeda, he was beheaded by his captors. (Refer: Daniel Pearl Freedom of press act, p.92). Peking Gazette : A publication of the Chinese imperial court dating back to the Tang Dynasty in the 8th century. It was issued almost every day until 1912. It was not a newspaper but a Government bulletin in the real sense. Penguin Books (1935): A publication founded by Sir Allen Lane, it is now the flagship imprint of the worldwide Penguin group and is owned by Pearson Private Limited Company. Its headquarters is in London. Penny Press (1833): A young printer named Ben Day turned out the first issue of his New York Sun on a hand press in September 1833. He sold his paper for a penny, a price in sharp contrast with the six cents publishers typically charged at that time, which was later termed as Penny Press. Thus it was a revolutionary step to make the news accessible to working and middle class citizens for a reasonable price. Pentagon Papers, The (1967): A 7000 page classified study commissioned by U.S Defense

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Secretary Robert S. Mc Namara in 1967, detailing the US involvement in Vietnam. It became public (June 13, 1971) with a series of articles in The New York Times by journalists Neil Sheehan and Hedrick Smith. It is a landmark case about the relationship between the Government and the Press. People (2008): The world’s number one celebrity magazine published by Outlook Group. It was launched in India on July 4, 2008. Its editor is Saira Menezes. Phalke, Dada Sahib (18701944): Father of Indian cinema, generally known as Dundiraj Govind Phalke was born on 30 April, 1870 in Nazik, Maharashtra. As he watched Life of Christ, he thought about the possibilities of a film on Lord Krishna. He made the first feature film Rajah Harischandra (King Harischandra) in 1913. Basmasur Mohini (The Legend of Bhasmasur), Savitri, Lanka Dahan (the Burning of lanka), Krishna Janma (the birth of Krishna), Setu Bandan (bridge across the sea) were his important films. He made 95 films and 26 short films in his 19 year career. Dada Sahib Phalke award is the greatest award for

films in India, was instituted since 1969. (Further reading: Eric Barnouw & S. Krishnaswamy, Indian Film, Orient Longman, p.10).

Pillai, S.P (1913-1985): Started his acting career through Nallathanka; he was one among the best comedians in Malayalam. He was the first person to complete 100 movies in Malayalam.

Pioneer (1865-1869): A medium sized English newspaper published and founded by George Allen. Rudyard Kipling in his early 20’s worked at its Allahabad office as an assistant editor (Nov.1887- March 1889). On 17 October 2010 it launched its Hindi version. Chandan Mitra is the editor-in-chief.

Piravi (1988): First Malayalam film to win the camera d’ormention at the Cannes Film Festival. Directed by Shaji N. Karun, it received the national award for the best film.

Pi-Sheng: Invented printing from movable types almost half a millennium before Guttenberg. He is considered as the inventor of movable type printing in Europe.

Pitroda, Sam (4 May, 1942): Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda, born in Orissa, is a visionary technologist who spearheaded India’s telecommunication revolu tion. After his Masters in Electrical Engineering he worked in different companies in the US. In1984 he returned to India and started the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) which was responsible for the development of telecommunications in India. He initiated Public Call Offices (PCOs) and internet community centres throughout India during 2000. He served as the technology Advisor to Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi (1987), Head of the Department of Telecommunications, Chairman of the National Knowledge Commission (NKC: 2005–2009), Advisor to Prime Minister Dr. Man Mohan Singh on Public Information Infrastructure & Innovations etc. His biography is Sam Pitroda: A Biography. (Further reading: Singhal Aravind and Everette M Rogers. Indias Communication Revolution, p.198).

Pogo (2004): A cable and satellite TV channel created by Turner Broadcasting, is a unit of Time Warner in India. It is now available in four languages: Hindi, English, Tamil and Telugu.

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Prajavani (1948): Leading Kannada daily published by the Mysore Printer’s pvt. limited. Circulation: 5.2 lakhs (ABC2011). Prakash,V K (12 May 1960-): Born in Maharashtra, he is a director known for advertisement filmmaking. He owns the Bangalore based add film making company trendz. His famous ad films are of Sunfeast, Fanta, Vivel, Britannia, Oats etc. He is the director of famous movies like Punaradhivasam, Moonamathoral, Phir Kabhi, Beautiful, Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla etc. Prasad, Krishna : Editor-inChief (Oct 2008-) of Outlook news magazine. He also publishes the popular blog, Churumuri. He started out in journalism as a stringer for the New Indian Express under the editorship of T. J. S. George. He has worked for the Sunday Observer, The Times of India, Vijay Times (now Bangalore Mirror). Prasar Bharathi Act (1990): The act grants autonomy to AIR and Doordharsan which were previously under Govt. control. It was concented on 12 September 1990 and was finally imple-

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mented in September 1997. By this act all property, assets, debts, liabilities, payments of money due, all suits and legal proceedings involving AIR and Doordharsan were transferred to Prasar Bharathi. (Further reading: Menon, Mridula; Development Communication and Media Debate, Kanishka publishers, p. 30). Prasar Bharathi Corporation (15 Sep, 1997): An autonomous body set up by Prasar Bharati Act 1990 which comprises Doordharsan and AIR. Mrinal Pandy is the chairperson and Jawahar Sircar is the CEO. Headquarters is at Delhi. (Refer: Prasar Bharati Act p. 305) (Further reading: Yadav, K. P; Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Vol.1, Sarup and Sons, Delhi, 1998, p. 142). Pratiyogita Darpan : A bilingual English magazine on current affairs and general knowledge specially useful for civil service exams and similar competitive exams is published by Upkar Prakashan based in Agra. It also has an online version, published in English and Hindi languages. Circulation: 2.78 lakhs (ABC, 2002).

Pravda (5 May, 1912): A Russian political newspaper started by Communist Party of Russian Federation during the first preWorld War days and emerged as a leading newspaper of the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution. Its editor was Boris Komotsky.

Premji, Azim (24 July, 1945-): Azim Hashim Premji, Chairman of Wipro Limited, guides the company through four decades of diversification and growth to emerge as one of the Indian leaders in the software industry. According to Forbes, he is currently the third wealthiest Indian, and the 41 richest person in the world, with a personal wealth of $12.2 billion in 2012.

Press And Registration of Books Act, 1867 (1867): An Act for the regulation of printing presses and newspapers, for the preservation of copies of the books and newspapers printed in India and for the registration of the same. The most important aspect of this act is that every copy of a newspaper shall contain the names of the owner and editor there of printed clearly on such copy.

Press Censorship during Emergency: During the emergency period which lasted for 18 months (1975-77), the Indira Gandhi government imposed censorship of press which was complete and unparalleled. Many publications were forced to close down during that time. The Malayalam daily Malayala Manorama, A.D. Gorwala’s Opinion, A.B Shah’s Quest (now New Quest) opposed it. Some issues of Time and News Week were banned outright. The underground press was, however very active at this time. More than 34 printing presses were seized and over 7000 people arrested in connection with the publication and circulation of underground literature. The few over ground publications that opposed the emergency despite stringent censorship regulations were Sadhana, Himmat, Freedom First, The Statesman, The Indian Express, Daily Murosoli, Tughlak and Radical Humanist. Major national dailies like The Times of India, Free Press, The Hindustan Standard and the National Herald “crawled when they were only asked to bend” (a phrase later added by the I&B minister L. K Advani to describe the situation). Some newspapers came out

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without editorials to show their opposition against emergency. Mathrubhumi, Malayala Manorama, The Hindu, The Indian Express were some among them. Press Commission : The Govt of India appointed two press commissions to make a comprehensive enquiry into the state of press in India and examine the issues associated with the working conditions of journalists. The First Press Commission was appointed in September 1952 under the Chairmanship of Justice G.S. Rajadhyaksha. The other 10 members included Dr.C.P. RamaswamyAiyar, Dr. Zakir Hussein, Dr.VKRV Rao, P.H Patwardan, J. Natarajan, Chalapathi Rao etc. It was the first enquiry of its kind into the working of the press and its report has been seen as kind of a Bible for the press. Major recommendations: 1. Appointment of Board of Trustees with editors and proprietors of newspapers; 2) Appointment of RNI to prepare the account of activities of the press and its position at yearly interval 3.) Establishment of a Fact Finding Committee (FFC) to evaluate the financial position of newspapers and news agencies; 4. Establishment

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of Newspaper Development Commission for the development of small and medium newspapers. Second Press Commission was set up in May 1978 had Justice P.C. Gowsami as the Chairman. The Commission was reconstituted in April 1980 with Justice K.K. Mathew as its Chairman. The Commission submitted it’s report in 1982. Major recommendations: 1. There should be a fixed proportion of news and advertisement in newspapers. 2.Constitute a Press Consultative Committee for maintaining a cordial relationship between the Government and the Press; 3. Establish a Press Council to protect the freedom of the press; 4. Introduce the price page schedule (1956); 5. Reconstitute the Press Information Bureau. (Further reading: Ahuja, B.N; Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, P. 331-334; Ahuja, B.N; History of Press, Press Laws of Communication, Surjeet publications, Delhi, p. 108-113). Press Council Act 1978 : An act to establish a press council for the purpose of preserving the freedom of the press and of maintaining and improving the standards of newspapers and

news agencies in India. It is enacted by parliament under the Press Council Act, 1978 and was established with effect from 1 March, 1979.

Press Council of India (1966): A statutory body in India that governs the conduct of print media, developed on the recommendations of the First Press Commission. It is a quasijudicial body which acts as a watch dog of the press. It adjudicates the complaints against and by the press for violation of ethics and freedom of press. It is headed by the chairman who has by convention been a retired judge of Supreme Court of India. First among them was J.R Mudholkar and present Chairman is Justice Markande Katju. But it is often criticised as a toothless lion since it has minimal executive powers It consists of 28 members including 13 Journalists, 6 large scale-small scale media owners, 5 Loksabha members. (See appendix: Press Council Chairman, p. 434; Further reading: Ahuja, B.N; Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, p. 324-329; Ahuja, B.N; History of Press, Press laws and Communication, Surjeet publications, Delhi, P. 144, 113).

Press Information Bureau PIB (1919): Nodal agency of the Govt of India also facilitates private media. It disseminates information to the print, electronic and new media on Govt plans, policies, program initiatives and achievements. Now it has 8 regional offices and 34 branch offices all over the nation. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind, Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol publications, Delhi, P. 83-85; Yadav K.P; Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Vol 2, Sarup of Sons, Delhi, p.11).

Press Institute of India- PII 1963 : An independent, nonprofit trust established to create and sustain high and responsible standards of the news. It currently gives priority to promoting human development journalism with emphasis on the Panchayat movement, rural reporting education, economic and civic issues etc. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol publications, Delhi, p. 114 - 115).

Press Trust of India - PTI (1949): It was formed by merging two news agencies namely Reuters and API. More

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than 200 newspapers subscribe to it. It has correspondents and bureaus in important cities of the world including London, Paris and Washington DC. Current Chairman is R.Lakshmi Pathy. (Further reading:Yadav, K.P, Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Vol. 2, Sarup and Sons, Delhi, p. 13). Propaganda: Efforts to influence the opinion of public to propagate a doctrine. In 1662 Pope Gregory XV introduced the ‘propaganda fidea’ (propagation of faith) for promoting religious activity and later the term gained popularity. (Further Reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol publications, Delhi, P. 71-72; Chauhan, Swati and Chandra, Navin; Journalism Today, Principles and Practices, Vol.1, Kanishka publishers, Delhi, p. 37-45). Public Broadcasting Service:A non-profit public broadcasting TV network in the US with 354 members, TV stations which hold collective ownership. Its headquarters is in Arlington, Virgina.

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Public Bureau (1900): The first public relation firm founded with Harward University as its client in Boston.

Public Occurrences (1690): First newspaper published in America by Benjamin Haris. Only one issue was published. Public Relation Circle (1965): A professional body established in 1965, was the first association of professional PR practitioners in India. It was founded and registered in Calcutta. Public Relation Society of America - PRSA: A non-profit trade association of public relations professionals headquarted in Newyork was founded by merging American Council on public relations and National Association of Public Relations council. It is the world’s largest PR organization. Public Relations Society of India - PRSI (1958): A National association of PR practitioners has the first chapter in 1957 at Mumbai, with the objective of promoting the recognition of PR as a profession and to interpret the potentialities of this profession to the public. Later chapters came up in Calcatta, New Delhi and Madras. Its founder president was Kali H. Mody (1966 - 69). Publications Division (1941): Publication organization of Govt of India. It was formed as a

branch of the bureau of Public Information and acquired its present name of seperate identity in 1944. It publishes books in different languages at low costs. It publishes 21 current affairs magazines in Hindi, English, and other regional languages. Yogana, Kurukshetra, Aajkal, Bal Bharathi, Employment News are the major publications. (Further reading: Ahuja B.N; Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, p. 335; Yadav, K.P, Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Vol 2, Sarup and Sons, Delhi, p.16).

Publicity Society of India Ltd (1925): An advertising agency established in Mumbai. It offers advertising and newspaper publication services.

Pudovkin, V.I (16 Feb, 1893- 20 June, 1953): Vsevolod Illarionovich Pudovkin was a Soviet film director, screen writer and actor who developed influential theories of montage. After a few tries with advertising cinema, he directed one of the masterpieces of silent movie Mother (1926), where he developed several montage theories that made him famous.

Pulitzer Prize (1912): Annual price offered in US for excellence in journalism. According to the will written by Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911), Hungarian newspaper owner, the Columbia University founded the School of Journalism and gives the Pulitzer prize. It is given to fiction writing, music, drama, poem, biography, autobiography and other fields of literature.

Pulitzer, Joseph (1847-1911): A Hungarian - American newspaper publisher of St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. He introduced the techniques of new journalism to the newspapers. It opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising. Pulitzer prize, the highest award in journalism is in his name.

Pundalik (1912): The first Indian film.

Purushothaman, Kamukara (1930-1995): Born in Thiruvattar, Kanyakumari he made his debut as a singer through the film Ponkathir (1953). The song Adhmavidhyalayam in Harichandra (1955) is still memorable.

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Quindlen, Anna (1952): Author of several books and a columnist for Newsweek magazine. She won a Pulitzer prize in 1992 for her work as a columnist for the New York Times. Quality Television: A style of television programming which provides high quality programs. Quark Express (1987): Layout software released by Quark, Inc in 1987. It allows publishing in more than 37 languages. Newspaper layouts are done in this software. Quill and Scroll Magazines : Published by the organization for high school journalists in USA. The magazine is published four times during the school year. It contains articles, pictures, news item, information about career in journalism and developments in

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Q the field of teaching in Journalism. Quo Vadis (1951): An American epic film directed by Mervyn LeRoy and produced by Sam Zimbalist. Actors are Robert Taylor, Deborah Kerr, Peter Ustinov, Leo Genn and Finlay Currie. It is adapted from Henryk Sienkiewic classic novel Quo vadis. The title refers to an incident in the Acts of Peter. QWERTY : A keyboard layout which was devised and created by Christopher Latham Sholes (newspaper editor) in the early 1870.

Radia Tapes : The records of Nira Radia tape relates to the telephonic conversations between Nira Radia, (a political lobbyist and owner of public relations firm named Vaishnavi Communications) and senior journalists, politicians and corporate houses, tapped by the Indian Income Tax Department in 2008-09. The tapes appear to demonstrate how Radia attempted to use some media persons to influence the decision to appoint A. Raja as telecom minister.

Radio City 91.1 (July, 2001): India’s first private FM radio station, started at Bangalore. It is promoted by the Music Broadcast Private Limited (MBPL).

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Radio Club of Calcutta (Nov, 1923): The first amateur radio club in India. In 1927 it was merged with Madras Presidency radio club to form Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) (See: IBC, p. 180).

Radio Corporation of America (1919-1986): An American electronic company. David Sarnoff who eventually became the president of RCA, pioneered the concept of linking radio receivers which enabled RCA to become the largest US radio manufacturers.

Radio Farm Forums: Educational program that took place in Canada from 1939-1965. It had been recognized that there was a need to extend education to the rural areas of the country. It brought together rural people

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from across Canada and helped them realize their common interests. By listening to a weekly radio broadcast, farming families across the country became part of a national community. (Refer: Singhal Aravind and Everette M.R., India’s Communication Revolution, Sage Publications, Delhi, P.70). Radio Frequency: A frequency in which a radio station broadcasts its programs. It can be any of the frequencies of electromagnetic radiation in the range between 10 KHz and 300 MHz. Radio Mirchi (1993): A nationwide network of private FM radio stations in India, owned by the Entertainment Network India Ltd (ENIL), which is one of the subsidiaries of The Times Group. The tagline of Radio Mirchi is ‘It’s hot’!. Raghavan Pillai, Muthukulam: Actor and writer, born near Muthu kulam in Alappuzha marked his presence during the period of sound films in Malayalam. His debut film was Nallathanka. He was known as the Charlie Chaplin of Malayalam cinema. Raghavayes Maleeha: Worked as the editor of The Sential published from Assam in 1983.

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In 1986 she became the principal correspondent of The Hindu. Rahman, A. R. (6 Jan,1966-): Allahrakka Rahman, born as A.S. Dileep Kumar, son of famous music director R.K Shekhar. Rahman’s film scoring career began with the Tamil film Roja (1994) and now he is one of the world’s all-time top selling recording artists. Vande Matharam remake was one of his greatest works. His own in-house studio called Panchathan Record Inn at Chennai is one of Asia’s most sophisticated and high-tech studios. Yodha is the only Malayalam film music directed by Rahman. He has won two Academy Awards. (For the song Jai Ho in Slumdog Millionaire), two Grammy Awards and many such. Bombay, Dil Se, Alaipayuthe are some of his famous films. He is known as “the Mozart of Madras”. Raj, Krishna: A noted economist and editor of the Economic and Political Weekly (EPW) for more than three decades. He was actively involved in academic publishing, serving on the editorial boards of journals such as Gender, Technology and Development. EPW reached its heights during his tenure as editor.

Raja Harischandra (1913): First feature film in India. Dada Sahib Phalke was the story writer, director and producer. This 40 minute film was exhibited on 3 May, 1913. (Refer Phalke; p. 302).

Rajadhyaksha Commission (Sept, 1952): First Press Commission in India, under the Chairmanship of Justice G.S. Rajadhyaksha, along with other 10 members. The Commission submitted its report in 1954. It made several recommendations to constitute a number of media institutions and to organise the journalism profession in a systematic manner (Refer: Press Commission, P. 309).

Rajam, C.K: Acted in the second Malayalam sound movie, Jnanambika and sung eight songs in it. She was honoured with the Sangeetha Nadaka Academy Award in 1974.

Rajani Kanth (12 Dec, 1950-): Shivaji Rao Gaikwad, an Indian film actor has worked in over 150 films across different languages. He made his debut as an actor in the National Film Award winning Tamil film Apoorva Raagangal (1975), directed by K. Balachander. He was bestowed the Padma Bhushan in 2000. After

being paid 26 crore for his role in Sivaji (2007), he became the highest paid actor in Asia after Jackie Chan. Some of his famous films are Nallavanuku Nallavan, Muthu (1995), Padayappa (1999), Chandramukhi (2005) and Enthiran (2010).

Rajasthan Patrika (Mar. 7, 1956): Leading Hindi newspaper, launched in Jaipur. Kapoor Chandra was the founder editor and proprietor. Circulation:4.2 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Rajendran, N. P : Chairman of Kerala Press Academy (2011) and deputy editor of Mathrubhumi, he had prepared numerous investigative reports that won several awards. For several years he has been writing a column namely visheshal prati under the pen name Indran.

Rajendran, Nawab (19502003): T.A. Rajendran popularly known as Nawab Rajendran was a social activist and journalist. His sensational newspaper was Nawab.

Rajyasamacharam (June, 1847Dec, 1850): First Malayalam newspaper published from a litho press at Illikkunnu near Thalassery by Herman Gundert.

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Though editor’s name was missing it is believed that Gunderts’ disciple Frederick Muller was the editor. It was an eight page paper in simple language. The pages were columns or cross heads. It was mainly meant for the propagation of Christian faith as the name indicates. It means the news of the world; world here naturally meant the heavenly world. (Refer: Gundert Herman, P. 155). (Further reading: Mohandas, Vallikav, Dr; Rajyasamacharam Oru Padanam, Department of Cultural Publications, Thiruvananthapuram, 1998). Rama Rao, N.T (28 May, 192318 Jan,1996): Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao, popularly known as N. T. Rama Rao or NTR, made his debut as an actor in a Telugu social film Mana Desam, directed by L. V. Prasad in 1949. He gained popularity in the 1950s when he became well known for his portrayal of Hindu deities, especially Krishna. He founded the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in 1982 and served three terms as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. Ramachandran, C.P (19231997): Chittenipattu Pattancheri Ramachandran, born in Ottappa-

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lam, started his career with the newspaper Cross Road. Later he worked into Sanker’s Weekly and Hindustan Times. In 1986 he retired as the deputy editor of Hindustan Times. Ramachandran, M.G (17 Jan, 1917- 24 Dec, 1987): Marudhur Gopalan Ramachandran popularly known as MGR made his debut in the 1936 film Sathi Leelavathi in a supporting role. In 1972 he formed his own party the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK). In 1977, he became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu - the first film actor in India to become the Chief Minister of a State. He remained in that position till his death (1987). He was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1988. Ramachandran, V.P (19242008): Started his career as a typist of PTI and worked around 4 decades in PTI and UNI. He was the editor of Mathrubhoomi (1978-1984) and the President of Kerala Press Academy. Ramakrishna Pillai, K ( 5 May, 1878-28 March, 1916): Notable writer and journalist, popularly known as Swadeshabhimani. In 1899, he became the editor of Keraladarpanam. He was the

editor of Malayali published from Kollam. In 1906 he became the editor of Vakkam Maulavis Swadeshabhimani newspaper. On 26 September 1910, he was arrested and exiled for criticising the government and Diwan Rajagopalachari through his paper. His magazines were Keralam,Upadyayan,Vidyarthi etc. Famous works: Vrithanda Pathrapravarthanam, Biogra phies of Socrates, Christopher Columbus, Karl Marx, Ben chamin Franklin. Autobio graphy: “Ente Nadukadathal” (Refer Swadeshabhimani, Page 372).

the President’s gold medal for best lyricist. He was awarded the Kerala Sahitya Academy Award in 1961 and got the Kerala State Film Award for best lyricist three times. The Vayalar Award for Malayalam literature was instituted in his memory.

Ranade, Mahadev Govind : Started the newspaper Induprakash in January 1862 and edited the English version of this bilingual journal for four months.

Ramayana Serial (1987 - 1988): An Indian epic television series created, written and directed by Ramanand Sagar. The 78 episode series was originally aired weekly on Doordarshan (Jan. 25, 1987 - July 31, 1988) on Sundays at 9.30 a.m. It was a television adaptation primarily based on Valmiki’s Ramayan and Tulsidas’ Ramcharitmanasm.

Raman, Theruvath (30 Mar, 1917-18 Oct, 2009): Founder editor of the first evening newspaper in Malayalam Pradeepam, published from Kozhikode and who has pioneered the concept of eveninger. He started his journalistic career as the editor of Sahityakahalam weekly. He founded and published Kahalam weekly and had also worked in Prabhadam weekly.

Rani, Devika: Eminent cinemastage artist and organizer who founded the full fledged film studio, Bombay Talkies in the 1940s. She was the first recipient of the Dada Saheb Phalke award

Ranchi Express (Aug, 1963): Oldest and most circulated Hindi daily in Jharkhand. Circulation: 0.67 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Ramavarma, Vayalar (19281975): Notable Malayalam poet and lyricist was born in Vayalar, Alappuzha. He wrote lyrics for about 2000 Malayalam film songs for 223 movies. In 1974 he won

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when the award was instituted in 1969. A niece of Rabindranath Tagore, she attained technical proficiency in acting, stage management, cinema production etc from London.

Rashtriya Sahara: A group of companies begun at Sahara, in Uttar Pradesh in 1978 by Subrata Rai. It started a Hindi daily in Lucknow in 1992 and later opened a New Delhi edition. Circulation: 0.85 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Ratnam, Mani (2 June, 1956-): Gopala Ratnam Subramaniam, predominantly working in Tamil cinema made his directorial debut with the Kannada film Pallavi Anu Pallavi in 1983. He is also known for his terrorism trilogy consisting of Roja (1992), Bombay (1995) and Dil Se (1998). He entered Telugu cinema with the National Film Award winning Geethanjali (1989). Ratnam’s Nayagan (1987) and Anjali (1990) were submitted by India for the Academy Award consideration in the category of Best Foreign Language Film. In 2002 he was honoured with the Padma Shri.

Rastra Deepika Company Ltd : A public limited company formed in 1989. Deepika Newspaper, Rashtra Deepika eveninger and other allied publication are from this company.

Rao, Ramoji : Industrialist and founder of famous Telugu newspaper Eeenadu. He succeeded to a great extent to abolish alcoholism through his paper. In 1990 he started the first journalism school. (See Enadu, p. 114)

Rawling, J.K (31 July, 1965- ): Joanne Jo Rowling is a British novelist, best known as the author

Rao, Chalapathi M. (19101983): Editor of English language daily National Herald for over thirty years from 1946 and the first President of the Indian Federation of Working Journalists in 1950. Also he was the leader of Indian Press Delegation. He wrote several books on Indian journalism, politics and personalities, setting up of first press commission and wage board. Fragments of a Revolution; Essays on Indian Problems, M. Gandhi and Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Journalism and Politics, Magnus & Muses :off the record musings of MC, The Press in India are his famous works .

Rashtradoot (1947): A progressive Hindi weekly from Patna started by Bali Ram Bhagat.

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of the Harry Potter fantasy series. Her latest book The Casual Vacancy (2012) will become a BBC television drama series expected to be aired in 2014 on BBC One. (See Harry Porter, P.162).

Reader’s Digest (5 Feb, 1922): An American magazine founded by Dewitt Wallace and Lila Bell. It is the most widely circulated magazine in the world. In India it was founded in 1954 and has a circulation of 4.45 lakhs copies (ABC -2012).

Readers Editor: (See- Ombudsman, Page 289;).

Reality Show: A television programming genre that presents unscripted situations, documents, actual events and usually features unknown instead of professional actors. The genre began in solemn in the early 1990s with shows such as Nummer 28, The Real World and Changing Rooms, then exploded as a phenomenon later with the global success of the series Survivor and Big Brother. Big Boss, Roadies, Splits Villa are famous Indian reality shows. Competition-based reality shows, often have additional common elements such as one participant

being eliminated per episode, a panel of judges, and the concept of immunity from elimination. Lot of experiments are arising in reality shows and they are opening a big platform for talents not only to the young but also to elders. Today there are reality shows not only to find good talents but also to find good couple, family etc.

Red FM : Indian FM radio band, with stations broadcasting at 93.5 megahertz in the cities of India. The channel was started by Kalanidhi Maran in 2002. Initially it was named as S FM or Suryan FM and was re-branded into Red FM in August, 2009.

Reed, Peter : Publisher of India Gazette in 1780, one of the early newspapers in India.

Registrar of Newspapers for India-RNI (1956 July 1): Functions as a Central government body responsible for giving particulars like ownership and circulation of all newspapers published in India. Besides, it oversees the allocation of titles, newsprint and certificates for the import of printing and machinery required by newspaper establishments and compile an annual report of Press in India. Its non

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statutory functions include: a.) formulates Newsprint Allocation Policy; b.) Make assessment and certifies the essential need and requirement of newspaper’s establishment. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 92-95; Ahuja, B.N, Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, P. 330-331). Relaince Group: An Indian multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Mumbai. The company which was formed after Dhirubhai Ambani’s business empire was divided up, is headed by his younger son Anil Ambani, and started in 1966. The group is present in many sectors including telecom, power, infrastructure, media and entertainment and health. Research Institute for Newspaper Development : An institute for giving technical support to news paper industry based on Chennai. Reuters (Oct, 1851): International news agency headquartered in London was founded by Paul Julius Reuter. The first newspaper client to subscribe it was the London

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Morning Advertiser in 1858. Almost every major news outlet in the world currently subscribes to it. It operates in more than 200 cities in 94 countries in about 20 languages. (Further readingAhuja, B.N; History of Press, Press Laws & Communication, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, P. 213). Review : A journalistic article giving an assessment of a book, play, film, or other public performances. Film review, book review etc appear in newspapers and magazines regularly. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Communication, Vol 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 3-7). Right to Information Act -RTI 2005 : RTI is indispensable for free flow of information. It allows every citizen free to receive and impart information without fear or punishment. It was enacted by the parliament and passed on June 15, 2005. It includes the right for: 1) Inspection of works, documents, record; 2) Taking certified samples of material; 3) Taking notes, extracts, certified copies; 4) Obtaining information in the forms of tapes, video cassettes or other e-modes. It is a great

source of news, especially for investigative journalists to obtain and monitor government related activities. At the same time, it is a shocking truth that lot of journalists are badly treated or even killed for seeking information of this kind.

Rocumentary : A film documentary about rock music in general or particular rock band or musician containing film footage etc.

Rogers, Everett M. (1931-2004): A communication scholar who is best known for originating the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. He observed how innovations (new ideas and practices) are introduced and adapted by various communities especially in agricultural context. He found that when an innovation is introduced, it will pass through a series of steps before being widely accepted. Innovative theory is an S shaped curve with 5 stages such as: awarenessinterest-evaluation-trial-adoption. After becoming aware of an idea, a small group called early innovators will adopt it. Then there will be late adopters, majority adopters etc. In his 47 years of academic career, he has written 36 books and 425 research articles.

Rohatage, Jayant : Leading advertising film maker in India. His famous clients are: ICICI Bank, Vim, Samsung Guru, Castrol etc.

Roggar Samachar: Most selling Hindi job oriented weekly newspaper. It contains all information about latest job vacancies.

Rosy, P.K : Heroine of the first Malayalam Movie Vigathakumaran. Her original name was Rosamma. She suffered a lot due to acting in the film since she was from the backward community and finally eloped. Kamal movie, Celluloid (2012), which portrayed J.C. Daniel and his first film Vigathakumaran opened the door for discussions about her recently.

Roy, Bimal (12 July, 1909-8 Jan, 1966): Indian film director. He made Do Bigha Zameen, his first film after being inspired by Vittorio De Sica’s Italian neo-realistic cinema, Bicycle Thieves (1948). His famous works are like Parineeta, Biraj Bahu, Madhumati, Sujata and Bandini.

Roy, Bappadhithya : Famous director and advertisement film maker. Sau Ihooth Ek Sach Aka the Uninvited was his first feature film. The famous ad films

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by him are Nokia, Future group, Videocon, Spice Jet etc. Roy, K. M : Started career in 1961 as a subeditor in Keralaprakasham, a Malayalam daily owned by Mathai Manjooran, published from Kochi and later worked in Deshabandhu, Keralabhushanam, The Economic Times, The Hindu, Mangalam Daily etc. He has officiated as the President of Kerala Union of Working Journalists twice and also as the secretary general of Indian Federation of Work-ing Journalists. He is a recipient of several awards for his service in journalism. Roy, K.C : Kesab Chandra Roy was the founder of Associated Press of India (API) and Indian News Bureau. Due to financial difficulties API was merged with Reuters. He was the first Indian political reporter in Delhi. Roy, Prannoy Lal (15 Oct, 1949): The founder and executive co-chairperson of New Delhi Television (NDTV) group. He was born in Kolkata and holds PhD in Economics. Prannoy hosted the first private news programme on Doordarshan, The News Tonight, and The World This Week. He then went on to launch India’s first 24-hour

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English news channel, NDTV 24x7. Now there are several channels like NDTV India, NDTV Good Times and NDTV Profit under its umbrella. Roy, Raja Ram Mohan (17721833): Bengali social reformer and freedom fighter, who is popularly known as the father of modern Indian journalism and founder of Brahma Samajam. He published English language Brahmanical Magazine (1828), Sambad Kaumudi (1821) and a Persian weekly Mirat-UlAkbar (1822). RPC : The short form of readers per copy. Actual circulation figure and readership figure are different based on this. A single newspaper is believed to be read by 15 people. RSS: Rich Site Summary or Really Simple Syndicate is a family of web feed formats used to publish updated mails to registered users. Its first version was created by Dan Libby and Ramanatha V. Gupta. Rushdie, Salman (19 June, 1947-): Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnight’s Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981. It became a film directed by Deepa Mehta in 2012.

Sadujanaparipalini (May 1914): Malayalam magazine published as the mouth piece of Sadujanaparipalana Sangham was founded by Ayyankali. One volume: 1/8 dummy size, 20 pages.

Sahithi (Sep, 1932): Malayalam magazine published from Vellinezhi, Ottappalam. O.M. Parameswaran Namboothiripadu was the editor. One volume: 1/8 dummy size, 40 pages.

Sahithyalokam (1975): Malayalam weekly magazine published by Kerala Sahitya Academy from 1975 onwards.

Sahodharan (1917): Malayalam magazine from Pallippuram, Ernakulam. Sahodharan Aayappan, the social activist was the owner and editor. Its primary aim

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was to convey the message of brotherhood among people by forgetting all discriminations like colour, language and caste.

Said, Edward (1935-2003): A Palestinian - American theoretician and thinker who proposed the critical theory of post colonialism. He is best known for the book Orientalism (1978) which was a critique of the study of Eastern cultures.

Sainath, P (1957-): A well known journalist focused on development reporting and is the rural affairs editor of The Hindu. He started his career as a journalist through United News of India (1980) and later worked in Blitz as its foreign affairs editor and deputy editor. His photographs constitute the largest body of

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photographs on labour in rural India. He wrote the famous book Everybody Loves a Good Drought: Stories from India’s Poorest Districts, which won the Magsaysay award (2007). Its Malayalam translation was published by Mathrubhumi books. Sakal (1 Jan, 1932): A Marathi language newspaper based in Pune was founded by Nanasaheb Parulekhar. It holds one of the largest Marathi websites esakal. Currently it is owned and run by Sarath Pawar and his family. Circulation: 5.8 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Sakshi TV (2009): A Telugu news channel belonging to the Sakshi group which is headed by Y.S Jaganmohan Reddy. Its managing editor is Dilip Reddy. Samachar (1976): During the Indian emergency (1975-1977), four news agencies namely PTI, UNI, Samachar Bharathi and Hindustan Samachar were merged (Jan 31,1976) by the Govt. into one agency, the Samachar. After the emergency, the Govt. led by Morarji Desai stopped it. Samachar Bharathi (1 Oct, 1966): Indian news agency which provides news in Hindi. During

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emergency period, it was merged (Jan.1, 1976) with other news agencies to form a single news agency called Samachar. It became independent with other news agencies on 14 April, 1978. Samadarshi (1918-1926): Weekly newspaper published from Thiruvananthapuram. Kulakunnath Raman Menon was its proprietor and its first editor was Kunnath Janardhana Menon. Samakalika Malayalam Varika (1997): Malayalam news magazine published from Kochi under the New Indian Express group. S. Jayachandran Nair was its first editor. Saji James is the present editor and TJS George act as the consultant editor. (Circulation: 0.12 lakhs (ABC, 2011). Sambad Kaumudi (1821): A Bengali weekly newspaper published from Kolkkata by Bawani Charan Bannerji. Raja Ram Mohan Roy took over the newspaper in 1826. Political and social improvisation of Hindu society was its primary objective. Sameeksha (1963): One of the earliest little magazine published in Malayalam. G. Govindhan was its editor.

Samskar TV : It is primarily dedicated to broadcasting Hindu spiritual programmes which include bhajans, jyotism, shastra, religious discuses etc.

Samskara Keralam : The art and literal magazine published by the cultural department of the Govt of Kerala.

Samsung (1938): A South Korean conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul, founded by Lee Byung-Chull. Lee Kun-Hee is its chairman. It includes services like advertising, entertainment, information and communication technology etc. They entered the electronic industry in 1960.

Samudaya Deepika (Jan, 19161919): The Malayalam magazine published from Kannur. It was printed at edward press, Kannur. K. Rairu Nambiar was its owner.

Sanghamitra (Nov, 1920-23): Malayalam magazine published and printed from V.V. Press Kollam. P.K.N.Vaidyan and P.R. Narayanan were its managers. Editor’s name was unknown. One volume: 1/8 dummy size, 38 pages.

Sanghvi, Vir (5 July, 1956-): A print and television journalist, columnist and talk show host who is currently an advisor at Hindustan Times Media. He was the founder editor of the Bombay Magazine and the former editor of Hindustan Times. He hosted a number of TV shows. Some of them are: A Question of Answers, Cover Story, Star Talk, Face the Music and One on One.

Sanjayan (April, 1936-1940): Magazine started by M.R Nair (Sanjayan). It published 43 issues and ceased publication in 1940.

Sankar (1902-1989): K. Sankara Pillai, the well-known Malayali cartoonist who started the renowned Sankers Weekly (1948). He started cartoons in 1931. He worked at the Hindustan Times in 1938. In 1957 he established Children’s Book Trust and published the magazine Children’s World.

Santhishtavadi (1876): Malayalam paper published from CMS press Kottayam with W.H. Moor as its founder. It was an addition to the English paper Tranvancore Herald published from the same press. Since they criticized

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the Travancore Diwan Madhava Rao, it was banned. Saras Law: A campaign by the News of The World newspaper in the UK, proposing changes to policy laws which would allow public access to records of registered sex offenders. Saras Salil (1993): Hindi fortnightly magazine started by the Delhi Press Group. It contains commentaries on social and political issues and articles on society, sex, fiction and entertainment. Jai Prakash Pan-dey is its editor. Circulation 5.23 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Saraswathi (1897): A literacy magazine started publication from Kozhikode under the editorship of Murkoth Kumaran. Sardesai, Rajdeep (24 May, 1965-): The current Editor-inchief of CNN- IBN, started career with Times Group and later joined NDTV (1994) as their Political Editor, which marked his entry into television journalism. His shows like The Big Fight (NDTV) gained popularity and received accolades for his reportage on the Gujarat Riots. He is currently hosting a talk show called The Verdict. His company also

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bought 46% of the shares of Channel 7, which is now known as IBN 7. Sarkar, Aveek (1950-): Editorin-chief of Ananda Bazar Patrika and The Telegraph which he had inherited from his family. He is also the Chief Editor of ABP Group of publications. He played vital roles during the formation of Penguin India, the Indian counterpart of Penguin Books. Sarnoff, David (1891-1971): Pioneer of American radio and television. Throughout most of his career he led the radio corporation of America and it was he who conducted the first sports broadcasting in radio. Sashi Kumar : Founder of India’s first regional satellite Malayalam TV channel Asianet (1993). He started his journalistic career in Doordharshan as a newsreader and producer and was the first West Asia correspondent of The Hindu (1980s). He founded and chairs the Media Development Foundation, a public trust, and runs the Asian College of Journalism, Chennai. He scripted and directed Kaya Taran in Hindi based on the story When Big Trees Fall (N.S. Madhavan).

Sasi, I.V (1948): Notable film director, Iruppam Veedu Sasidaran was born in Kozhikode. Utsavam (1975) was his first movie. He has directed films such as Avalude Raavukal (1978), Deavasuram (1993), Vadakayk Oru Hridayam (1978), Angadi (1980), Athirathram (1984), Aaroodam (1983) etc. He has also directed movies in Hindi and Tamil. He is married to famous actress Seema.

Satellite Radio : A radio service broadcast primarily to cars, with signal broadcast nationwide. Worldspace, Sirius Satellite radio are famous satellite radio broadcasters.

Satellite TV : A television programming delivered by means of communications satellite. It is received by means of an antenna. The first of this kind was relayed from Europe to Telstar over North America in 1962.

Sathyan (1912-1971): Famous film actor, Manuvel Sathyanesan Nadar was born in Thiruvananthapuram. Athmasaki (1952) made his entry to film industry. He became the best actor in the first Kerala State film awards, for the film Kadalppalam.

Sathyanatha Kahalam (12 Oct,1876): Started as a weekly newspaper by Fr. Kanthidoose OCD from Koonammavu. It came out with 16 pages in royal size. It changed its name as Sathyanatham in 1926. In 1970 it merged with Kerala Times published from Cochin.

Saud-Al-Akhbar (1837): The first Urdu newspaper published from Delhi. Saeed Mohammed Khan was the proprietor.

Schramm, Wilbur Dr. (19071987): Famous media researcher is a PhD (1932) holder from the University of Iowa. His research interests included audience behaviors, persuasion, propaganda, media uses and media violence etc. Mass Communication (1949 and 1960), Television in the Lives of Our Children (1961), Mass Media and National Development (1964) are his famous works. (Further reading: Menon, Mridula; Development Communication & Media Debate, Kanishka Publishers, P. 190).

Schwarzenegger, Arnold (1947): An Australian-American actor, producer and director. Hercules in New York (1970) was his debut movie. Conan the Barba-

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rian (1984), The Terminator (1984, 1991, 2003), Predator (1987), Total Recall (1990) etc are some of his famous movies. He also served as the 38th Governer of California (2003 to 2011). Science Fiction : Sci-Fi is a genre of fiction with more imagination and less reality. This is commonly applicable in films and literature. Futuristic science, space, aliens, parallel universe, paranormal abilities etc will be the theme. H.G.Wells, Jules Verne, Aldous Huxley are some famous science fiction writers. Around the World in Eighty Days (Jules Verne), A Journey to the Center of Earth (Jules Verne), War of the Worlds (H.G.Wells), Gullivers Travells (Jonathan Swift) are some famous works. Jurrasic Park (1993), The War of the Worlds (1952), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Black Friday (1940), The Matrix (1999) etc are some famous movies of this kind by the author. Scoot, C.P (1846-1932): Charles Prestwich Scott was the editor of Manchester Guardian (1872 - 1929), now known as Guardian. He was its owner from 1907 until his death.

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Screen : English film magazine published every week is owned by The Indian Express group. Screwvala, Ronnie (1956-): An entrepreneur who is the founder and CEO of UTV Group (1990). The first film produced by his company was Dil Ke Jharoke Main (1997). He also launched the Hungama Channel (2004). Fiza (2004), Swades (2005), Rang de Basanthi (2006), Barfi (2012), Grandmaster (2012, Malayalam) are some films produced by his company. Sea Custom Act ( 1878): The law that prohibits the bringing in to India, whether by land or by sea, any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, drawing, painting, representation, figure or article. Search Engine (1990): Software code that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. It enables us to locate files and documents by typing one or more keywords. It was created by Alan Em Tage, Bill Heelan and J.Peter Deutoch. Second Generation-2 G (1991): Second generation of mobile telecommunication technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja.

Selective Attention and Retention : Selective attention is the tendency of individuals to pay attention to those parts of message that are consonant with strongly held attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. Selective retention is the tendency for information recall to be influenced by wants, needs, attitudes and other psychological factors.

Semantic Web : A concept developed by Tim Berners Lee that make the World Wide Web as an intelligent provider, in which software analyse, interprets and tailor information to meet the needs of specific users.

Semidocumentary : A form of film or television program presenting a fictional story that incorporates many factual details or actual events or which is presented in a manner similar to a documentary. One of the first films of this kind was The House on 92nd Street (1945).

Sen, Mrinal ( 1923 - ): A Bengali film maker who is considered to be one of the greatest ambassadors of Indian parallel cinema on the global stage. Raath Bhore (1955) was his debut film. Neel Akasher Neechey (1958), Akash Kusum (1965), Bhuvan Shome

(1969), Mrigayaa (1976) are some of his famous works. He won many titles including Padma Bhushan (1981) and Dada Sahib Phalke award (2005).

September 11 Attack (9/11) and Media : A series of four coordinate terrorist attack launched by the Islamic terrorist group Al – Qaeda upon the US which resulted in the destruction of World Trade Center. Media coverage was intense during the attack and its aftermath.

Serampore Trio : The name given to three English missionaries who set up Serampore college in Bengal. They were Joshua Marshman, William Carey and William Ward. They published newspapers such as Dig Darshan (1818), Samachar Darpan (1819), Friend of India (1818).

Serious Man ( 2011): The debut novel written by Manu Joseph (1974-), the editor of Open magazine. It was shortlisted for the Man Asian Literary Prize and won the 2010 The Hindu Literary Prize. His second novel is The Illicit Happiness of Other People (Sep.2012).

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Service (1919): Magazine established to propagate the ideologies of Nair service society from Kurukachal, Kottayam. K. Kannan Nair was its propriter. It became a magazine in 1944. It still continues its publication. Set Max : A Sony entertainment television networks channel that provides its viewers a mix of Hindi movies and cricket. It is based in Mumbai. An HD version of the channel was introduced in 2010. Set Top Box : An information appliance device that generally contains a tuner and connects to a television set and external source of signal. It turns the source signal into content in a form that can be displayed on TV screen. Sethu Bandhan (1932): An epic movie directed by Dhundiraj Govind Phalke (Dadasahib Phalke). It was Phalke’s last silent film. Seven C’s of Communication: Seven C’s are: completeness, conciseness, consideration, clarity, concreteness, courtesy and correctness. These are applicable for both oral and written communication.

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Seven Samurai (1954): A Japanese period adventure film co-written and directed by Akira Kurosowa. It follows the story of a village of farmers that hire seven masterless samurai to combat bandits. Takashi Shimura and Toshiro Mifune were in the lead. Sevini (Dec 1924): The Malayalam magazine published from Kollam. E.V. Krishna Pillai was its editor and C.Kunju Pillai was its manager. It was a magazine with 52 pages. Shah, Nasaruddin (1950 -): An actor and director from Uttar Pradesh who won the national film award for best actor twice (1979, 1984). Nishant (1975) was his debut movie. Sparsh (1979), Umrao Jaan (1981), Masoom (1983), Laxmanrekha (1991), Ponthen Mada (1994, Malayalam) are some of his famous movies. Nation honoured him with Padma Sree (1987) and Padma Bhushan (2003). Shaktimaan : A phenomenally popular fictional television series produced by Mukesh Khanna and directed by Dinkar Jani. Around 400 episode series originally aired on Doordarshan (Sept.27,

1997- Mar. 27, 2005) on Sundays at 12 noon. It was also aired on Pogo in English, Chutti TV in Tamil.

Shankar, Ravi (7 April, 1920-11 Dec, 2012): Often referred to by the title Pandit, this sitar maestro has been described as the bestknown contemporary Indian musician. Born in Vara-nasi, he spent his youth touring with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar under Allauddin Khan. In 1944, he worked as a composer, creating the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray and was music director of All India Radio (1949-1956). In his compositions he combined Western and Classical Indian instrumentation. He was music director for several Hindi movies.

Sharada (1904): Second women’s magazine in malayalam published from Thrippunithara. T.C. Kalyaniamma, T. Ammukuttiamma, B. Kalyaniamma were the publishers. K.Narayana Menon was the owner and manager. Ceased publication within two years but was republished from Thiruvananthapuram (1907) but again ceased.

In 1913 it published again for two years.

Sharma, Rajat : The founder of India TV is best known for hosting the show Aap Ki Adaalat and Breaking News.

Shenoy, T. V. R : Journalist, columnist and editor of the weekly news magazine The Week and Sunday Mail. He held various posts in Indian Express and Malayala Manorama. He regularly contributes articles and opinion to Indian Express, Gulf News, Rediff.com, News Time, Mathrubhumi and India first foundation.org. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 2003.

Shockumentaries-Mondo film : A false documentary depicting sensational topics, scenes or situations. It gives more emphasis to taboo subjects and portrayal of foreign cultures. Mondo Cane by Paolo Cavara, a 1962 Italian film is considered as the first of this kind. Euro-pean Nights (1959), World by Night (1960) are some examples. It can be simply termed as shocking documentaries (Further reading: Vilanilam, J.V; Mass Communication in India, p.175-176).

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Sholay (1975): An action film directed by Ramesh Sippy and written by Salim-Javed. Dharmendra, Sanjeev Kumar, Amitabh Bachan, Hema Malini, Jaya Bhaduri and Amjad Khan were the main actors. The story is about two criminals hired by a retired handicapped policeman to fulfill his vengeance. It is considered as the highest grossing film of all time. Short Messaging Service SMS : Text messaging service component of phone, web or other mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone services. This concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM Corporation in 1984 by Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernard Ghile-baert. Singh, Khushwant (2 Feb, 1915-): An Indian novelist and journalist. His column With Malice Towards One and All carried by several newspapers is among the most widely read columns in India. He has edited Yojana (Indian Govt. journal), The Illustrated Weekly of India, The National Herald and The Hindustan Times. He got

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several honors including Padmabhushan and Padmavibhushan. His famous works are: A Big Book of Malice, Train to Pakistan, The Sikhs etc. Sinhal, Aravind : Reputed professor, School of Communication, Ohio University. Aravind has authored famous books such as India’s Communication Revolution- from Bullock Carts to Cyber Marts (co-author with Everette M. Rogers). Sippy, Ramesh (1947-): A film director and producer best known for directing Sholay (1975). He is the son of producer G.P. Sippy. Andaz (1971) was his debut movie. Akayla (1991), Buniyaad (1987), Zameen (1987) are some of his famous films. Siraj (1984): A daily newspaper in Malayalam which belongs to Thoufeeque Publications Calicut. The chief editor is VPM Faisy Villyapalli. It is the flagship of Muslim sunni group led by Kanthapuram A.P Abubaker Musliar. Sit Com- Situation Comedy: It features characters sharing the same common environment, such as a home or a workplace with

often humorous dialogues. Unlike others it has a storyline and ongoing characters.

SITE (1975-76): Satellite Instructional Television Experiment was an experimental satellite communications project launched in India designed jointly by NASA and ISRO. The main objective of the project was to educate the people on various issues via satellite broadcasting. The TV programmes were produced by AIR and broadcasted by NASA’s ATS-6, a borrowed satellite. The project made available, informational programmes to rural India. The experiment was for one year (1 Aug.1975-31 July 1976) covering more than 2400 villages in 6 states namely Orissa, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Communication, Vol 4, Anmol Publications, Delhi, P. 126-129).

Sivaram, A (1908-1972): Malayali journalist and former editor and South Indian correspondent of Reuters (1942), assistant editor of Free Press Journal (1952), Nation and Bangkok Chronicle etc. He was the

founder of Press Club Institute of Journalism, Thiruvanathapuram.

Skype (2003) : This voice over internet protocol service and software application was founded by Janus Frills from Denmark and Nikalas Zennstrom from Swedan. The software was developed by Estonians Ahti Itelina, Prit Kasesalu and Jaan Tallin.

Smart Phone : A mobile phone with more advanced computer capability and connectivity than a feature phone. Such devices were familiar from 1973 and offered for sale in 1994. The term smart phone was introduced by Ericc-son in 1997 describing its GS 88 Penelope concept as a smart phone.

Soap Opera : Domestically produced Television serials. They mainly emphasise family and relations. The first of this kind is considered as the Painted Dreams (1930) aired on Chicago’s WGN. Soap operas began in India following Mexican Telenovelas. First Indian soap opera was Hum Log (19841985). It gained its name since they were sponsored by soap companies.

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Social Communication: This phrase was first used in the Vatican council and is documented in Inter Mirificata (1963, Dec). It denotes not only mass media but all instruments are means of communication including public announcements, posters, advertising, audio tapes etc. It looks upon the media as God given instrument to attain the social goal of communication. Social Networking Sites-SNS: A platform to build social networks or relations among people. Early social networking on the World Wide Web began in the form of generalized online communities such as The globe. com (1995), Geocities (1994) and Tripod. com (1995). The newer generation began flourishing after the arrival of Sixdegrees. com in 1997. Face Book (2004), Twitter (2006), Google+ (2010), Tumbler etc are the most used SNS. It reshaped and revamped the whole media scenario and it has revolutionalised the journalism sector too (See: Tunision Revolution, p. 388).

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Social Responsibility Theory: It states that an organization or individual has the responsibility to act in a manner that benefits the society. It was first developed by Robert Hutchins in 1940.

Soobdath Ul Akbar (1833): One of the earliest Persian newspapers in India. Munshi Wajid Alikhan started it in 1833 at Agra. Sound of Music (1965): An American musical film directed by Robert Wise. Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer were the main actors. It was based on the book The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria Von Trapp. The film won a total of five academy awards including Best Picture and displaced Gone with the Wind as the highest grossing film.

Sports Star : An English weekly magazine published by The Hindu group. Its headquarters is in Chennai. Sports Quiz Corner is published every alternate week. It changed its name from The Sportstar to Sportsstar from Jan. 28, 2006 onward. Nirmal Shekar (Jan 19, 2012-) is the editor in chief. Circulation: 0.34 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Star Dust (1971): An English monthly of Bollywood news and gossips. It was started by Nari Hira. It gained popularity after 1995 when Sobha De took over the editorialship. Circulation: 3.4 lakhs (ABC, 2011).

Sreedharan Nair, Kottarakkara (1922-1986): An excellent personality in Malayalam movie made his debut in 1950 through the movie Prasanna directed by Sriramalu Naidu. His acting legacy is still going on through his son Saikumar, daughter Shobhana Mohan, grandson Vinu Mohan and granddaughter in law Vidhya Vinu.

Spin Doctor: A person especially in politics who tries to influence public opinion by putting a favorable bias in information presented to the public or media.

Star Gold (April 15, 2011): Hindi movie channel that is part of the STAR India Network of TV channels, which is fully owned by News Corporation. Its headquarters is in Mumbai.

Spectator Magazine (1828): A Weekly British magazine launched by Robert Stephen Rintoul. It is currently owned by Frederick and David Barclay who also owns The Daily Telegraph. Fraser Nelson is its editor.

Spin : A form of propaganda which can be achieved through providing an interpretation of an event or campaign to persuade public opinion. Edward Bernays has been called the father of spin.

Star News (23 Sep. 1867): A daily newspaper from Wilmington North Carolina is one of the oldest newspapers which still continue its publication. It is owned by Halifax Media Group.

Star TV (Aug. 1991): It began transmission in August 1991 under the banner of Hutchison Whampoa’s Satellite Broadcasting, Hong Kong. Rupert Murdoch took over it (July 1993) forming a partnership with Lika Shing and in 1995 Star group was fully owned by Murdoch.

Statesman (1875): English newspaper founded by Robert Knight in Calcutta. It was priced at one Ana. It was incorporated from two newspapers, The Friend of India and The Englishman in 1883, both published from Calcutta. On 20 Jan. 1931, it started its New Delhi edition. C.R. Irani was the chief editor. This oldest existing daily has 1.6 lakh copies (ABC, 2012).

Story of My Assassins, The (1 Jan, 2009): A Novel by the Tehelka editor in chief, Tarun Tejpal. It is a crime novel which also portrays the realities of contemporary Indian life. It was published by Harper Collins.

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Style Book / Style Guides : A set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication. Every newspaper and magazine has its own style book. Subbalakshmi, M S (19162004): Madhurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbalakshmi was a renowned carnatic vocalist. She acted in films like Sevasadan (1938), Rajasthani (1945) etc. By the age of 17 she was giving concerts on her own. She was the first musician to be awarded the Bharath Ratna and the first Indian musician to receive the Magsaysay award. She won Padmabhushan (1954), Padmavibhushan (1975), Kalidas Samman (1988) etc. Subbing : The art of making a hurried reporter’s copy more readable. In a newsroom, this is normally the job of a sub editor. Subramanya Aiyar, G. : A leading journalist, social reformer & freedom fighter who founded The Hindu (Sep 20, 1878) newspaper. He was the proprietor, editor & managing director of the same. (Refer: The Hindu, p. 167).

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Subramaniam, P. (1930-1978): Famous film producer, distributer and director, born in Nagarcovil entered into the film industry by establishing the first consistent movie theatre, New Theatre in Thiruvananthapuram (1930). Then he founded the theatre Sree Padmanabha (1938) and Srikumar (1947). He is also the founder of Merryland Studio (1951). Sudarsanam (1909-1910): The Malayalam magazine started publishing from Olavakkodu. Kunnathu Janardhana Menon was its owner and publisher. It was 1/8 dummy size, 44 pages. Swadeshabhimani K. Ramakrishna Pillai was its editor. It was published till 1910. Sukumaran, Thikkurissi : Famous Malayalam director, lyricist and scriptwriter born in Southern Travancore is known as the first superstar in Malayalam cinema. His debut film was Sthree and he received Kerala State Award, First Prem Nazir Award, Padmashri, J.C. Daniel Award etc. Sulabh Samachar (1870): A Bengali journal owned by Keshub Chandra Sen. It was priced one paisa and had a circu-

lation of 4000 which must be considered phenomenal for that time.

Sun, The : A daily national tabloid newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation. It is the largest circulated daily newspaper in the UK and the ninth largest circulated paper in the world. On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the defunct News of the World.

Sun TV (1992) A flagship channel of the Chennai-based Sun Network was founded by Kalanidhi Maran. It was the first fully privately owned television channel in India when it emerged in 1992.

Sundaran, T.R (1907-1963): Director of first Malayalam talkie, Balan and first Tamil talkie, Kalidas. Born in Coimbatore, he had worked in Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam film industry.

Sunday Mid Day : A publication of Midday which appears on all Sundays.Dhiman Chattopadhyay is its editor. It is owned by Mid Day info media Ltd.

Sunday Shalom (1999): A Catholic weekly Malayalam Newspaper from the house of Shalom TV. Benny Punnathara is the chief editor. It is published from Peruvannamuzhi, Calicut.

Surya TV (Oct, 1998): This Malayalam TV channel is the first digital channel in India and now it is telecasted in MPEG4 format. It is part of Sun Network Chennai and telecasts entertainment programmes. Kiran TV is its sister channel.

Swadheshabhimani (1905-10): Vakkom Abdul Khadhar Maulavi was the owner of this journal newspaper. C.P. Govinda Pillai was its editor before Ramakrishna Pillai took over the editorship in January 1906. On 26 Sep 1910 the newspaper and the printing press was sealed and confiscated by the British police and Ramakrishna Pillai was arrested and banished from Travancore in 1910.

Swaham (1994): First Malayalam film selected for the Cannes international film festival (1994). Directed by Shaji N. Karun, it received national awards also.

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Swaminathan, Anklesaria Aiyar S. (12 Oct, 1922) A prominent Indian economic columnist and consulting editor for the Economic Times. He previously served as editor for The Financial Express (1968-70) and the Eastern Economist (1970-82). He writes a popular weekly column titled Swamino-mics (Times of India). He was also the India correspondent of The Economist (1976-85 and 199098). Swarad (1921): Bilingual magazine started publishing from Kollam by Pokkad Raghavan Pillai. It ceased publication due to financial crisis. Swarajya (1922-34): Kesari T. Prakasam started the paper from Andhra. It promoted national freedom movement. Swayamvaram (1972): The debut film of Adoor Gopalakrishnan. It pioneered new wave cineme movement in Kerala. Also it was the first Malayalam film to win the national film award for best direction in 1973 along with 3 other awards. Madhu and Sarada were the lead actors.

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Swzberger, Arthur (1951-): Publisher of the New York Times. Syndicate News Agency : An organization which provides news coverage to subscribers, as to newspapers or periodicals. It is also called Press agency. First of this kind appeared in US after the civil war. Boston Patriots of 1768 is regarded as the first syndicate news agency. Syndicate : It’s a self organizing group of individuals, companies, corporations or entities formed to promote some common interest. There are crime syndicates, media syndicates, business syndicates etc. The word comes from the French word Syndicate which means trade union. (Further reading: Ahuja, B.N; History of Press, Press Laws & Communication, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, P. 216).

20th Century Fox (31 May, 1935): One of the six major American film studios is currently a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation. It was founded as the result of the merger of Fox Film Corporation (1915) founded by William Fox and Twentieth Century Pictures (1933) founded by Darryl F. Zanuck, Joseph M. Schenck and William Goetz.

Tablet : A one-piece mobile computer that offers touch screen, special operating software and an example of open computing technology. It enables features of a computer system. It is gaining more prominence as it can be used as a mobile phone too. In 1987 Apple Computer started its tablet project. In 2008 the first plans for Android based

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tablet computers started appearing. Akash tablet is expected to make a revolution in India.-

Tabloid : A newspaper format with a page sizes approximately half of broadsheets. It usually covers the news in a light hearted, conden-sed, less serious manner than the broadsheet. Mangalam Plus, Rashtra Deepika, Kaumudi Flash are examples of tabloid in Kerala. The famous British tabloids are: Daily Mirror, Daily Star, Daily Mail, The Sun, and Daily Express (which have a combined circulation of 16 million as of 2006).

Tabloidization : A term to characterize a contemporary shift in journalism away from hard news, factual information

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and toward soft and entertainment news. They are stories to interest the public instead of stories in the public interest. In order to create interest and readability, there may be additional stories including sensation-sentiments - scandal-sex (4S); crime, cricket, cinema-celebrity (4Cs); po-werpolitics- page 3-papp-arazi (4Ps) and other human interest items. Bigger and catchy headlines, populist design gimmicks, more human interest stories in the front page, centre spread photos etc are certain important features. Talese, Gay (1932-): A reporter of the New York Times and one of the pioneers of the new journalism movement of the 1960’s. He wrote many books including The Kingdom and The power and Honor The Father. TASS (25 July, 1925): Central agency for collection and distribution of internal and international news for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. It was created from the Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA), the first state news agency in Soviet Russia.

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Tata Docomo (Nov, 2008): An Indian cellular service provider founded by Tata Group of Companies. On 5, November 2010, it became the first private sector telecom company to launch 3G services in India. Tata Sky (2004): A Joint venture of the TATA Group and STAR Incorporated in 2004. It is a direct broadcast satellite television provider in India, using MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 digital compression technology, transmitting using INSAT 4A. Tata, Jamshedji (3 Mar, 183919 May,1904): An Indian entrepreneur and industrialist who established Iron and Steel Company in 1882. He cultivated a corporate identifity and brand image during the colonial period itself. He is regarded as the Father of Indian Industry. Techno phobia : A term to denote the fear or dislike of advanced technology, complex devices or mechines. Tehelka (2000): Indian political weekly magazine, founded by Tarun Tejpal in 2000. It started as a news portal-tehelka.com. In 2001 it exposed match-fixing

in Indian professional cricket and later it carried out a sting operation on defence procurement, called Operation West End that led to the resignation of Indian Defence Minister. In 2003, it was relaunched as a weekly newspaper and later shifted to a regular magazine format (2007). It came up with a Hindi news based web portal Tehelka Hindi (Sep. 2007) and later it launched its first fortnightly Hindi magazine (Oct.2008). Sanjay Dubey is the executive editor of Tehelka’s Hindi edition. Its relevance stands in the fact that it opened up a culture of sting operation, irrespective of its ethical dimentions.

Telegraph Act: Under this act any officer of a department is permitted to intercept any message or article in the course of transmission and detain it on the occurrence of any public emergency or in the interest of public safety.

Telegraph, The (7 July, 1982): An English daily newspaper from Kolkatta. It is published by the Ananda Bazar Pathrika (ABP) Group and the newspaper vies with the Times of India for the

position of having the widest circulation of any newspaper in Eastern India. Circulation: 5.08 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Telenovelas : A limited-run serial dramatic programming popular in Latin America, Portuguese, Filipino, Spane, having a distinct genre from soap operas.

Ten Commandments ( 5 Oct, 1956): An epic film released by Paramount Pictures and directed by Cecil B. De Mille. It dramatized the biblical story of the Exodus, in which Moses, an adopted Egyptian prince, becomes the deliverer of the Hebrew slaves. It was sele-cted for preservation in the US National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically and aesthetically significant.

Ten Sports (1 April, 2002): TEN refers to Tay Entertainment Network. Owned and operated by Zee Network, it is the world’s premier sports channel for South Asians. Its sister channel includes Ten Cricket, Ten Action, Ten Golf etc.

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Terminator, The (1984): American science fiction action film directed by James Cameron. It was starred by Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Biehn and Linda Hamilton. It topped the American box office for two weeks and helped launch the film career of Cameron and solidify that of Schwarzenegger. Three sequels have been produced: Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), Ter-minator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003), and Terminator Salvation (2009), as well as a television series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008–2009). Thacholi Ambu (1978): First cinema scoop film in South India; directed and produced by Navodaya Appachan. Prem Nazir, Sivaji Ganesan and Jayan were the actors. Thanti (1942): Widely circulated Tamil daily started from Chennai. It is published by Tanthi Trust. V.Sunderasen is the editor and publisher. Circulation: 6.62 lakhs (ABC-2002), 5.6 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Thappar, Karan (5 Nov, 1955) Indian television news commentator and interviewer and power-

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ful journalist of CNN-IBN. He started his career as a journalist in The Times in Nigeria and later joined London Weekend Television in 1982. He also worked in Hindustan Times Group and United TV Group. Later he set up his own production house, Infotainment Television (Aug. 2001). His shows like Face to Face series on BBC, Eye Witness on Doordarshan, The Devils Advocate (CNN-IBN) etc won great appreciation. Thayyil, Aani : A famous writer and social activist who published an evening newspaper named Prajamithram (1945-1946) with Joseph Mundassery. Thejas (26 Feb, 2006): A Malayalam news daily run by Intermedia Publishing Ltd., a public limited company based in Kozhikode. Third generation-3G : It is the result of ground breaking research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in the early 1980’s. 3G Networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/second.

Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.

Thompson,Walter J (1864): One of the largest advertising agencies in US was founded by William James Carlton.

Time Magazine (1923): An American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded by Henry Luce. It has the world’s largest circulation for a weekly news magazine. Richard Stengel has been the managing editor since May 2006.

Time Warner (1990): American multinational media corporation headquartered in New York City. It is the world’s second largest media and entertainment conglomerate in terms of revenue. Two formerly separate companies, Warner Communications, Inc. and Time Inc. form the current Time Warner, with major opera-

tions in film, television and publishing.

Times Group, The (1838): Also referred as Bennett Coleman and Co. Ltd, based in Mumbai, is the largest media conglomerate in India. The company remains a family-owned business as the descendants of Sahu Jain family controls majority stake in Times Group. It has over 11,000 employees and revenue exceeding $1.5 billion. Indu Jain is the present chair-person and Samir Jain is the Vice Chairman and MD. Major publications include: The Economic Times, The Wall Street Journal etc. The Times Group subsidiary companies include: TIML & ENIL, Radio Mirchi National Network, Times Out Doors, Mirchi Movies Limited, Filme Entertainment etc. Times Internet Limited is one of the largest internet companies of India. Times Television division includes: ET Now, Zoom A 24x7, Movies Now A 24x7.

Times Now (23 Jan, 2006): A 24-hour English news channel based in Mumbai and broadcasted in India, Singapore and USA. It was the first news channel in India to be launched

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on mobile screens (Reliance Infocomm Network). Arnab Goswami is the editor-in chief. Times of India, The (3 Nov,1838): An English language daily newspaper owned and published by Bennett Coleman and Co.Ltd. Jayadeep Boss is the CEO and Arindam Sen Gupta is the executive editor. Circulation: 48 lakhs (ABC, 2012) (See: Bennett Coleman Co.Ltd.p.46) (Further reading: Sharma, MS; Journalism For Students, Mohit Publications, Delhi, 2000, P.2128). Titanic (19 Dec, 1997): American epic romantic disaster film directed, written and coproduced, by James Came- ron. It was the most expensive film ever made, with an estimated budget of $200 million. It was the fictionalized account of the sinking of the Titanic.It stars Leonardo Di Caprio and Kate Winslet as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill-fated maiden voyage (1912). It remained the highestgrossing film of all time, until Cameron’s 2009 film Avatar surpassed its gross in 2010.

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Toffler, Alwin: Former associate editor of Fortune magazine, who was known for his works discussing the digital revolution, communication revolution, corporate revolution and technological singularity. Future Shock is the most important work. Tollywood: A part of Indian cinema, based in Hyderabad where the mother tongue is Telugu. The film, Bhishma Pratignha was produced in 1921, which is considered as the first from this industry. The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world. Famous Ramoji Rao Film City is situated in Andrapradesh. Top Gear (Oct, 1993): An automobile magazine published by BBC Worldwide, and named after the BBC’s Top Gear television show. It is Britain’s leading general interest car magazine in sales terms.

2002).

Tribune, The (2 Feb, 1881): English daily started on 1881. H.K Dua is the chief editor. Circulation: 2.33 lakhs, (ABC,

Trip to the Moon (1902): A French black-and-white silent science fiction film. It is alternately known as Voyage to the Moon. It is the first known science fiction film and uses innovative animation and special effects. It was written and directed by Georges Méliès. The film runs 14 minutes if projected at 16 frames per second, which was the standard frame rate at the time the film was produced. It is based loosely on two popular novels of the time: Jules Verne’s From the Earth to the Moon and H. G. Wells The First Men in the Moon.

Trout, Bob (1909-2000): A long time radio broadcaster for CBS news. He introduced the radio broadcasts of President Franklin Roosevelt and first referred to them as Fireside Chats.

Tully, Mark (1935-): Former Bureau Chief of BBC, New Delhi. He joined the BBC in 1964 and moved back to India in 1965 to work as the Indian correspondent. He covered all major incidents in South Asia during his tenure, ranging from Indo-Pakistan conflicts, Bhopal gas tragedy, Operation Blue Star, Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi to

the Demolition of Babri Masjid. He held the position of Chief of Bureau, BBC, Delhi for 20 years. He received Padma Bhushan (2005).

Tunisian Revolution : The events that began on 18 December 2010 and led to the ousting of longtime President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. This eventually led to a thorough democratization of the country and democratic elections. It was an intensive social networking site (SNS) campaign of civil resistance, including a series of street demonstrations taking place in Tunisia. This protests inspired similar actions throughout the Arab world with modern tools such as Twitter, Facebook, Youtube, etc.

Turner, Ted (19 Nov, 1938-): Robert Edward Ted Turner is the founder of the Cable News Network (CNN) the first 24hour cable news channel.

TV 18 : A 50/50 joint venture operation in India between NBC Universal and the Network 18 Group based in Mumbai. It owns and operates various channels of the NBC Universal group for the Indian viewers.

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TV5 (2007): A 24-hour Telugu language news channel. Twain, Mark (30 Nov, 1835-21 April, 1910): Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, is the author of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885). He worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to various papers. Two Step Flow of Communication: Theory based on a 1940 study on social influence which states that media effects are indirectly established through the personal influence of opinion leaders. The majority of people receives much of their information and is influenced by the media secondhand, through the personal influence of opinion leaders. It was first introduced by Sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld in 1944 and elaborated by Elihu Katz. Unlike the hypodermic needle model, which considers mass media effects to be direct, this model stresses in human agency. (Refer: Hypodermic Needle Theory, P.175).

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Twitter (March 2006) : An online social networking and micro blogging service that enables its users to send and read text based messages of up to 140 characters, known as ‘tweets’. It was created by Jack Dorsey.

Udanth Marthanda (9 Feb, 1826): The first newspaper in Hindi was started by Jukul Kishore Sukod as a weekly from Kolkkata. It was published in the form of book.

Udaya Studio (1937): The first film studio in Kerala was established by Kunchakko and K.V.Koshy at Alappuzha.

Udayavani (1 Jan, 1970): Kannada daily established by Manipal Media Network Limited. T. Sathish U Pai is the chief editor. Circulation:1.86 lakhs (ABC, 2002), 2.70 lakhs (ABC, 2012).

Ullswater Committee Report (1936): A report on the performance of the BBC which largely praised its programming, but suggested that a greater range of

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political viewpoints could be broadcast and power decentralized.

UN Resolution on Media (1946): United Nations freedom of information which was declared in 1946, insisted on a free flow of communication at the international level. It declares that: All states should proclaim policies under which the free follow of communication with in countries and across countries are protected.

Underground Media : Underground media or press refer to the liberal journalism trend that developed during the 1960s and 70s in Western countries. They appeared in the form of independently owned, published and distributed print media. They are

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anti establishment and are likely to attract censorship. Uninor : An Indian mobile network company centered at Gurgaon is a joint veuture of Telenor Group (an Indian real estate company) and Unitech Group. United News of India - UNI (1959): Registered as a company on 10 November 1959 and began operation from 21 March 1961. It was sponsored by a group of 40 leading Indian dailies. Administrative headquarters is in Delhi. It is one of the primary news agencies working in collabration with several news agencies including Reuters. United Press International UPI (1907): An International News Agency set up in 1907 which delivers content in English, Spanish and Arabic. Its headquarters is in Washington DC, United States. Universal Studio (1912): A major film studio and TV production company based in Hollywood. Upadhyayan (1900 1902): Newspaper started from Thiru-

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UPI Broadcast Style Book : Style book from United Press International contains guidelines for the broadcasting sector. For example, as print journalism have the five ‘W’s and 1 H such as Whom, Where, When, Why, What and How, broadcast journalism has the four ‘c’s correctness, clarity, conciseness and colour. This book contains such styles and patterns of broadcast. (Further reading: Ahuja, B.N; History of Press, Press Laws & Communication, Surjeet publications, Delhi, p. 212).

vananthapuram with Swadeshabhimani K. Ramakrishna Pillai as the editor. Its aim was to provide knowledge based on education.

UTV Software Communications Ltd (22 June, 1990) : An Indian media and entertainment company owned by Sharan Walker &The Walt Disney Company India Pvt. Ltd. It produces television content for channels, distribute films, produce animations etc. In 2004, it launched Hungama TV, a kid’s channel which was sold to Disney (2006). Siddharth Roy Kapoor is the current CEO.

interview with Mrs. Indira Gandhi on the day on which she was assassi-nated in 1984 by the guards.

URL : Uniform resource locator is an address used to give access to files on the internet. USP: Unique selling proposition defined as the particular benefit that a product, brand, or service offers to consumers which differentiates it from its rivals in the market place. Ustinov, Sir Peter Alexan-der (16Apr,1921-28 March 2004): A newspaper and magazine columnist who was supposed to conduct the

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Vajrasoochi (June, 1948): The Malayalam magazine published from Thalassery as memoir of Moorkoth Kumaran. Moorkoth Sreenivasan was its publisher and editor. Printed in Vidyavilasam Press, Thalassery. It existed for 3 years. Vande Mataram (1909): Magazine published by Bhikajikama (1861-1936) from Paris. She was the member of a Parsi family in Mumbai. She argued for the freedom of India and imprisoned during the period of First World War. She returned to India in 1935. Vanitha (1975): A fortnightly Malayalam magazine published from Kottayam by the Malayala Manorama Publications Ltd. It was launched as a monthly, but turned into a fort-nightly in 1987.

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It was founded by Annamma Mathew, wife of K.M. Mathew. It launched a Hindi edition in 1997. Prema Mammen Mathew is the current editor. Circulation: 4.74 lakhs (ABC, 2002; 6.44 lakhs (ABC, 2012).(Further reading: Jeffri, Robin; Indyayilay Patravi-plavam, Keralabhasha Institute, 2004, p.216). Varadarajan, Siddarth (1965-) : The Chief Editor of The Hindu newspaper (2011 onwards). He joined as a deputy editor in Hindu on 2004. Varghese, B.G (21 June, 1927-): Boobli George Vergheese, started as a journalist in the Times of India. He was the former editor of Hindustan Times (1969-1975) &Indian Express (1982-1986). He served as the Information advisor to Prime

Minister Indira Gandhi (1966-69). His famous works on development issues are Waters of Hope (1990) and Winning the Future (1994). He got Ramon Magsaysay award for outstanding contribution to journalism in 1975. His aut-obiography is First Draft: Witness to Making of Modern India. The B.G Vargheese Committee (1978) was appointed to draft the bill for autonomy of AIR & DD and to study more on the Indian broadcasting sector (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media Communication, Vol 4, Amal publications, Delhi, p.145,152; Ahuja, B.N; Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, p.35).

Varghese, M.C : The founder editor of Mangalam weekly, daily and other allied publications. (See: Mangalam, P. 249).

Varghese Mappilai, Kandathil (1859-1904): Hindu-Christian paper, the Kerala Mitram from 1881-1885. He was an ardent supports of Malayalee memorial of 1890. He himself helped in founding a girls school called Balika matham in Triruvalla.

Varthamanam : A Malayalam daily published by Media View Limited from Kozhikodu. Malayalam critic and orator Sukumar Azhikode was the founding Chief Editor.

Varunni Joseph, Kattookkaran (1872-1924) : The first Keralite to conduct a movie exhibition in Kerala. He started the first consistent theatre Jose Electrical Cinema in Thrissur and later the Davidson Theatre, Kozhikode.

Vasudevan, T.E. : The first recipient of J.C. Daniel Award (1992). Founding Jayabharati Productions Company (1962) he entered into the field of production. Viyarppinte Vila (1962) was his debut movie.

Veerendra Kumar, M. P. : The chairman and managing director of Mathrubhumi daily and publications limited and former central minister Famous works: Samanwayathinte Vasantham, Bhuddante Chiri, Athmavilekoru Theerthayathra, Adhiniveshathinte Adiyozhukkukal etc. In 2010, he won Kendra Sahithya Academy Award for his travelogue Haimavatha Bhoovil.

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Velappan Nair, R. : One among the first Malayali directors. His debut film was Sthree. He introduced the concept of movies outside studios. Aryankavu Kollasang-ham (1969) was the first movie shot outside. Vellalamitram (Mar, 1924): Malayalam magazine published from Thiruvananthapuram was intended for the development of Vellala Community. It was printed in Kamalalayam printing works, Kottaykakam. N.A. Gopala Pillai was the printer and publisher. Vernacular Press Act 1878 (14 Mar, 1878): Act passed under the Governor Generalship and Viceroyalty of Lord Lytlon to control the printing and circulation of seditious material (Further reading: Ahuja, B.N; History of Press, Press Laws and Communication, Delhi, p 88,89). Viacom 18 (Nov, 2007) : A joint venture operation in India between Viacom and the Network 18 Group based in Mumbai. Colors (July 2008), Soni Nickelodeon (Dec, 2011) and Comedy Central (23 Jan, 2012) are their channels.

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Vickrematunge, Lasantha Manilal (5 April, 1958-8 Jan, 2009): A prominent Sri Lankan media personality. In 1994 he started the Sunday Leader and reported critically on both the government and the Tamil Tiger (LTTE) rebels which eventually led to his death. In an editorial he had written shortly before his death, he stated, ‘when finally I am killed, it will be the government that kills me.’ He was also a reporter for Time magazine and host of the television show Good Morning Sri Lanka. In 2010, he was declared as ‘World Press Freedom Hero’ of the International Press Institute. Vidyabhivardhini : A weekly newspaper published from Kollam, for about 3 years. Later on in 1920, it was started as a magazine under the leadership of Muthuswami Reddiar. One volume: 1/8 dummy size, 38 pages. Its costs Rs1/- per year. Vidyalankar Committee (1966): Committee that recommended the ways to use radio for improving the state of rural India. It suggested extending the duration of rural programmes. This eventually led to the formation of the farm and home unit at AIR stations.

Vidyarthi, Ganesh Shankar (26 Oct, 1890- 25 Mar, 1931) : Founder editor of the Hindi language newspaper Pratap.

Vidyasangraham (July, 1864 April, 1866): An English-Malayalam (bilingual) tri-weekly published from Kottayam CMS College and printed in the CMS press. Also known as the Kottayam College Quarterly Magazine, was the first educational magazine in Malayalam. Rev. George Mathan was the editor.

Vidyavilasini (22 Mar, 1881): First literary magazine in Malayalam published from the Keralodayam Press, Thiruvananthapuram under the guidance of Vidyavilasini Community. (Further reading: Madhyamangalum Malayala-sahityavum, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum, 2002, P. 44).

Vidyavinodhini (1890): Second literary magazine in Malayalam established by C.P. Achuthamenon at Thrissur. The first short story in Malayalam, Vaasanavikrithi (1891) was published in it. V.Sundharayyan and sons, a book company were its publishers.

Vignjana Kairali :Research publication by Kerala Bhasha Institute.

Vijayan, Ootupulackal Velukkutty (2 July, 1930- 30 Mar, 2005) : An Indian author and cartoonist best known for his first novel Khasakkinte Ithihasam (1969). He has written numerous short stories and novels and bagged plenty of awards including Padma Bhushan (2003). His contribution to media is mainly in the field of political cartoons.

Vilanilam, J.V Dr. : Former Vice Chancellor, Kerala University and head of the department of Communication and Journalism of the same university. As a media scholar he has written so many books on media such as, Press Performance in India (1977), Science Communication and Development (1992), Mass Communication in India, Public Relations in India (2011) etc.

Vincent, Aleppy (1909-1992) : Actor in the first Malayalam Sound film Balan proved his excellence as both an actor and an organizer. He created Ajantha &Udaya Studio. Around 73 films were produced from Ajantha; Udaya gained success only after the arrival of Kunchako.

Viral Marketing : An advertisement posted on the internet that tries to capture people’s

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attention and encourage them to pass it on like a virus. The Kolaveri song by Dhanush, Tamil film actor, the Korean Gangnan Style dance are certain classical examples of it. Virtual Community : A term that became popular in the 1980s was used by Howard Rheingold. It represents a collection of people who actively engage in computer mediated-online world. Generally known as online community or web community it serves as a good democratic platform for discussion and debates. Virtual Reality : A term that applies to computer stimulated environments that create a sense of virtual presence through visual, aural, and haptic stimuli which helps to make participants feel that they are in another place. Though there is no physical presence in the real world, it creates an imaginary world which feels as real. The concept of virtual classroom, virtual learning etc. are derived from virtual reality. Visalakeralam (1948): Started in 1948 by Mumbai Keraliya Samajam which still continues publication.

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Vishwambaran, P.G (19472010): Notable film director who introduced Mammotty in the film industry for the first time. Viswaroopam (1940-41): Malayalam magazine established by Sanjayan (M.R. Nair) and published by Mathrubhumi Company. Vivekodayam (13 May,1904): Newspaper of SNDP Yogam started as a bimonthly magazine. Renowned poet Kumaranasan was its editor. He wrote many articles in it for the rights of common people and for the improvment of the society. (Further reading: Madhyamangalum Malayalasahityavum, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Trivandrum, 2002, P.60). Vivid Bharathi (Oct,1957): The commercial channel by All India Radio provides entertainment for nearly 15 to 17 hours a day. It presents a mix of film music, skits, short plays and interactive programs which increased the interest and popularity of radio as a mass communication media. In Kerala it started programmes in 1965 (from Thiruvananthapuram) and 1966 (from Kozhikode). (Further reading: Ahuja, B.N; Theory and Practice of Jour-

nalism, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, 1998, p. 34).

Vodafone (1991): British multinational telecommunications company headquartered in London.

Voice and Data (July, 1994): English monthly published by Cyber Media (India) Ltd that highlights telecommunication and IT developments.

Voice of India (1983): A New Delhi publishing House, supportive of Hindi nationalist sentiment and political ideology. It was founded by Sita Ram Goel in 1983.

Voice of America - VOA (24 Feb,1942): US Governments venture for influencing the world opinion through broadcasting and entertainment news. It offers content supportive of US political policies. Earlier it was known as US Foreign Information Service.

VSNL - Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd ( 1986 ) : Indian global telecommunications company. Now it known as TATA Communications Ltd. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Encyclopedia of Mass Media Communication, Vol 4, Anmol publications, Delhi, p 3-7).

199

W3C (Oct 1994): World wide web consortium created to lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing common protocols that promote its evolution and ensure its interoperability. Time Bernays Lee, the founder of W3 is the founding chairman. (Further reading: Prabhakar, Naval and Basu, Narendra; Encyclopedia of Mass Media & Communication in 21st Century, Vol 9, Common Wealth Publishers, P.27). Wage Board : Manisana and Majithia wage boards are important mile stones in the Indian media. Manisana wage board was set up on 2nd Sep. 1994 with R K Manisana Singh as its chairman to take decisions on wages of journalists. They submitted their report to the

200

W government on 25th July 2000. Another wage board was appointed in 2007 under the chairmanship of Justice Narayana Kurup. He resigned on 31st July 2008 and Justice Majithia took over the chairmanship (March 4, 2009). They submitted their report to the Government on 31 Dec. 2010. Walker, Stanley (1898-1962): A reporter and editor of the New York Herald in the 1920’s and 1930’s. He is the author of the City Editor. Walkman: Trade name for a small portable cassette player with earphones. Wall Street Journal (8 July, 1889): An American English inter national daily with a special emphasis on business and economic

news founded by Charles Dow, Edward Jones and Charles Bergstresser. It is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation. Wall Street is the economic capital of US as Dalal Street of India.

Walt Disney (1901-1966): Walter Elias Disney was an American actor, director, film producer and screen writer who founded the Disneyland, Walt Disney World, and Walt Disney productions. He created the comic character Mickey Mouse is quoted to have said, laughter is America’s most important export. Cinderella (1950), 101 Dalmatians (1961), Peter Pan (1953) etc are the famous cartoons created by Disney. He entered into Holly-wood by producing Alice Comedies. He won 22 Academy Awards during his lifetime.

WAN-World Association of Newspaper : An international association based in Paris that protects the right of newspaper agencies and publications and promotes press freedom and communication.

War of the Worlds : A radio adapta-tion scripted by Howard Koch, based on the novel of the

same name by H.G Wells, written in 1897. The radio play was about the interplanetary invasion by Martians and was delivered in the style of actual radio news which caused many listeners to believe it as real. It was aired on 1938, between 8-9 pm on CBS Radio. About 6 million peple listened and 28% believed it as real since they believed in the authenticity of the radio and thus some were paralysed with fear, some tried to flee. It is a milestone in the media history since media researchers often refer to it as a case study.

Warblog (2001): A weblog devoted for covering news events concerning an on-going war. The term was coined by Matt Welch who launched his war blog on September 17, 2001. (Further reading: Prabhakar, Naval & Basu, Narendra, Encyclopedia of Mass Media & Communication in 21st Century, Vol 9, Common Wealth Publishers, P.86).

Warner Brothers (1918): American producer of film, TV and music entertainment headquartered at California was founded by four brothers namely, Albert, Harry, Sam and Jack Warner. In 1918 they started the

201

Warner Broo Studio. My Four Years in Germany (1918) was their first movie. Three weeks in Paris (1925), the Jazz Singer (1927), Harry Potter Series, A Walk to Remember (2005), The Aviator (2005), and Million Dollar Baby (2005) are some of their famous films. Washington Post (1877) : The most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington DC, USA was founded by Stilson Hutchins. A Sunday edition was added on 1880, thus becoming the city’s first newspaper to publish 7 days a week. Watch Dog : A function of the news media in democratic societies to expose and criticize abuses of political power (See: Fourth Estate, p 130). Watch Phone (1999): A smart watch that doubles as a mobile phone. The first watch phone was Samsungs SPH-WPIO. It can be used either as a Mobile phone or watch at the sametime. Web 2.0 (1999): A term coined by Darcy Di Nucci in her article Fragmented Future refers to second generation of web design. Its features are: more informa-

202

tion sharing, user friendliness, interoperability, interactivity, richer user participation etc compared to Web 1.0. It leads to the development of web based commitments, such as video sharing, social networking, blogs etc. Social work 2.0, class 2.0, travel 2.0, medicine 2.0 etc were created based on this.

Weblokam.com (1 Nov, 2000): First Malayalam Internet portal from Kerala that helps to send mails in Malayalam. It is a part of webdunia.com started from Trivandrum.

coined by Jorn Barger. The short form blog was coined by Peter Merholz. Justin Hall who started his blog in 1994 is considered as the first blogger.

Star. It was the first magazine published by a Keralite rather than the Christian missionaries. Kaloor Oommen Philipose was its editor.

Wikipedia (15 Jan, 2001): A free internet ency-clopedia supported by Wikimedia Foundation was

Wifi: Popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly over a computer networks, including highspeed internet. The first wireless products were under the name Wave LAN. Vic Hayes has been called the Father of Wifi.

Whistleblower: A person who reveals information to the press about a scandal or other secret.

Westley, Bruce (1915-1990): A professor and former director of the school of Journalism and Telecommunications, UK. In 1957 along with Malcolm S Maclean he proposed the Westley and Malcolm model of communication which states that communication doesn’t start from day one but actually begins when the speaker receives messages from his external surroundings.

Week, The (1982-): English weekly newsmagazine from Malayala Manorama Company Ltd started in 1982 by K.M Mathew. Jacob Mathew is its publisher and Philip Mathew is the Managing Editor. T R Gopalakrishnan is its editor. Circulation: 1.9 lakhs (ABC 2012).

Webzine : Web magazine. Narrowly speaking, online webzine don’t have print counterparts. (Further reading: Kumar, Aravind; Online News, Anmol publications PVT Ltd, Delhi, 2011, p:13).

Web Portal : A webpage on a particular topic that brings information together from diverse sources in a uniform way through links. After the proliferation of web browsers in the late 1990’s many companies tried to build a portal to have a piece of internet market. iGoogle, Excite, Indiatimes, Sify, Yahoo are some famous web portals.

Western Star : First news magazine in English in Kerala from Kochi. In 1864 Paschimatharaka was published as the Malayalam version of Western

Web Campaigning : Any sort of campaigning enabled through the World Wide Web; sometimes used synonymously with e-campaign, hypermedia campaign etc. (Further reading: Encyclopedia of Political Communication, p.829).

Weblog/Blog : Frequently updated and written, it’s a personal internet diary or journal where the blogger will write his experiences. The term was

203

launched by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger. Sanger coined the name Wiki-pedia. Wikileaks (2006): An international online organisation which publishes secret information, news leaks and classified media from anonymous sources. Australian Internet activist Julian Assange is generally considered as the founder, editor-in-chief and director. Its website was initiated in Iceland by the organisation Sunshine Press. Kristinn Hrafn-sson, Joseph Ferrwell and Sarah Harrison are the only other publically known and acknowledged associates of Julian Assange. Bradly Manning, an American soldier, played a key role in collecting official secreats for Assange and he was sentensed to 35 years in Jail. William Bolt (1739-1809): A British merchant who intended to start a paper in 1768 which would have been India’s first modern newspaper even before Hickys Gazette. But the attempt was failed. Wipro - Western Products limited (Dec, 1945): An IT consulting and out sourcing

204

service company in Amalher, Maharashtra started by Mohammed Hasham Premji. Wolfe, Tom (1931-): A reporter of Washington Post and the New York Herald Tribune who pioneered the New Journalism movement of 1960’s. He wrote many books including The Kanady-Kolored Tangerine, Flake Streamline Baby and The Bonfire of the Vanities. Womens Era (1973): English fortnightly published from Delhi. Aprash Nath is the editor and publisher. Circulation:0.53 lakhs (ABC, 2012). Woodward, Bob: Reporter of the Washington Post who together with Carl Bernstein investigated the Watergate scandal. He won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize. All the President’s Men is his famous book. Workers Leaving the Factory (1895): Black and White silent documentary film directed and produced by Louis Lumiere. It is referred to as the first real motion picture. The film consists of a single scene in which the workers are shower leaving the factory.

Working Journalist (fixation of rates of wages) Act 1958 (1958): An act for the fixation of rates of wages in respect of working journalists and for matters connected therewith. It was enacted by the Indian Parliament in 1959. (Further reading: Ahuja, B.N; Theory and Practice of Journalism, Surjeet Publication, Delhi, p. 327; Rajen-dran, N.B; Pathram, Dharman, Niyamam, View-point Publishers, 2007, P.89).

Working Journalists Act 1955 ( 1955): The act to regulate certain conditions of service of working journalists and other persons employed in the newspapers establishment. Wages and com pensation, holidays, hours of work, wages board etc was set up on the basis of the act.

World Press Freedom Committee : An alliance of more than 30 international press and news publishing agencies in defense of journalistic freedom.

World Wide Web (1989): A system of interlinked hypertext docu-ment accessed via the internet. In March 1989, Tim Berners Lee’s project had resulted in its invention. (Further

reading: Ray, Tapas; Online Journalism, Foundation Books, Delhi, 2009, P. 7-8).

205

Xinhua News Agency : The major national and international news agency in China, which releases news in 7 languages.

Yahoo (Jan,1995): An American multinational internet corporation headquarted in California. It is widely known for its web portal, search engine, Yahoo search, mail, news and other related services. It was founded by Serry Yang and David Filo. Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984): It was a popular sitcom on D D, written by Sharad Joshi and directed by Kundan Shah, S.S. Oberoi and Raman Kumar. It literally means, this is life as it is. Yellow Journalism : A style of journalism that makes unscrupulous use of scandalous, sensa-

206

X

Y

Hearst’s New York Journal. Created and drawn by Richard F. Outcault, it is also famous for its connection to the coining of the term Yellow Journalism.

Yojana : A magazine of the Publications Division Govt of India, published in English and other Indian languages including Hindi. It gives information about the financial and social developments of the country.

XML - Extensible Markup Language : A markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human readable and machine readable. It was developed by World Wide Web consortium.

tionalized, emotive, unethical stories to attract readers. The term originated during the newspaper battles between Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and and William Randolf Hearst’s New York Journal. However, it was another newspaper, New York Press that coined the term in 1897, apparently arising from the Yellow Kid comic strip that both papers featured in their Sunday editions.

You Tube (Feb, 2005): A video sharing website founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. Users can upload, down-

Yesudasan, Chackalethu John (12 June, 1938-): The founder chairman of Kerala Cartoon Academy and former president of the Kerala Lalitakala Academy. He published his first cartoon in 1955 in Asoka magazine published from Kottayam. He entered the world of political cartooning for Janayugom (1960 -63) and started the pocket cartoon with the character Kittumman. Later he worked in Shankar’s Weekly, Delhi (196369); edited Balayugam, a Malayalam children’s magazine and Asadha. He also worked for the Malayala Manorama group (1985 -2010) and Metro Vartha (2010).

Yellow Kid, The (1895-1898): Name of a lead comic strip character in Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World, and later William Randolph

load, view and share videos through this.

Young India (1919-1932): An English weekly newspaper published by Mahatma Gandhi. Started as a biweekly, it continued publication till 1932. He used it to spread his unique, ideology and thoughts regarding the use of non violence in organi-zing movements and to urge readers to consider, organize and plan for India’s eventual indepen-dence from Britian.

Young Persons Act (1956): Also called Harmful Publications Act. It aims to prevent the disaffection of certain publications harmful to young persons. It came in to force on 1 Feb. 1957.

Yuvajana Nandini ( Sept, 1910): The Malayalam magazine considered to be the first Youth magazine in Kerala was owned and published by P. Peter.

Yuva Vani (31 July, 1969): Started by All India Radio as a youth channel which aimed to achieve a high degree of involvement and participation of the youth in the programs of AIR.

Yawn factor : An informal measure of how boring an item or program is.

207

Zee Bangla (1996): A Bengali language cable television channel offered by Zee Network, part of the Essel group. It lasted for only three months because of less popularity. Zee News (1999): The Indian news channel which is part of Zee News limited/ Essel group, which initially broadcasted in English. Around 2003-2004 their Hindi news channel was started. It was demerged from Zee entertain-ment enterprises ltd in 2006. Zee TV (1 Oct, 1992): The country’s first Hindi satellite television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises based in Mumbai. It was founded by Subhash Chandra. It is India's

208

Z

first Hindi satellite channels which broadcast programmes from Eastern and Western Asia, Europe, Eastern Africa, Australia and South Africa. Zoom (2004): An Indian entertainment television channel based in Mumbai primarily covers Bollywood. It is a part of The Times Group. Zakaria, Fareed Rafiq : A columnist for Newsweek (20002010) and the editor of Newsweek Interna-tional and Time (2010). He is the host of CNN’s Fareed Zakaria GPS. He has won several awards including Padmabhushan. He is the son of famous Indian Historian Rafeeq Zakaria.

A 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

APPENDIX

1. Abbreviations

ABC 1. American Broadcasting Company 2. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3. Audit Bureau of Circulation ABR Available Bit Rate ABU Asia-pacific Broadcasting Union AC-3 Audio Code 3 ACL Access Control List ACTS Advanced Communications Technology and Services ADA Audio Distribution Amplifier ADC Analogue-to-Digital Converter AEJMC Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication AFP Agence France-Presse AINEC All India Newspaper Editor's Conference AIR All India Radio ANN Asia-pacific News Network ANPA American Newspaper Publishers Association AOL America OnLine AP Associated Press AP-DJ Associated Press Dow Jones API Associated Press of India ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency Network ASCI Advertising Standards Council of India ASP Application Service Provider ATV Advanced Television

209

BAT BBC BBS BFI BSkyB BSNL BWF

Bouquet Association Table British Broadcasting Corporation Bulletin Board Service British Film Institute British Sky Broadcasting Bharath Sanchar Nigam Limited Broadcast Wave File

B

CAD CAME CANA CATV

Computer Aided Design Conference of Allied Ministers of Educating Caribbean News Agency 1.Cable Television 2. Community Antenna Television Citizens Band Commonwealth Broadcasting Association Columbia Broadcasting system Caribbean Broadcasting Union Canadian Committee to Protect Journalists Closed Circuit Television Compact Disc-Digital Audio Central for Development Of Telematics Cinema Digital Sound Computer Graphics Imaging Colour Mobile Control Room Cable News Network Corporation for Public Broadcasting Committee to Protect Journalists Commonwealth Press Union Chroma Timer Compressed Multiplex

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

30. 31. 32. 33. CB CBA CBS CBU CCPJ CCTV CD-DA C.Dot CDS CGI CMCR CNN CPB CPJ CPU CTCM

C

34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

210

D 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.

DA DAB DAC DAMA DAVP DBS DC DD DDC DDL DFP DPA DPCM DPI DPM DSL DTRS DTS

EBU ECC ECU EDH EDI EDL

68. DVB 69. DVI 70. DVTR

E 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76.

Distribution Amplifier Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital-to-Analogue Converter Demand Assigned Multiple Access Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity Direct Broadcast Satellite Direct Current Doordarshan Digital Dynamic Control Digital Delay Line Directorate of Field Publicity Deutsche Presse Agentur Differential Pulse Code Modulation Department of Public Information Digital Panel Meter Digital Subscriber Line Digital Tape Recording System 1. Department of Telecom Service, 2. Digital Theater System Digital Video Broadcasting Digital Video Interactive Digital Video Tape Recorder

European Broadcasting Union Error Correction Codes Extreme Close-Up Error Detection and Handling Electronic Data Interchange Edit Decision List

211

77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.

FANA FAP FAQ FC FCC

Federation of Arab News Agencies Front Axial Projection Frequently Asked Questions Fibre Channel 1. Federal Communication Commission, 2. Frame Count Cueing. Frequency Modulation Financial News Network Front Projection Frames Per Second Full Service Network Fixed Satellite Service Financial Times Film and Television Institute of India

EDUSAT Educational Satellite EFP Electronic Field Production ELF Extra Low Frequency ELS Extreme Long Shot E-mail Electronic Mail EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility ENG Electronic News Gathering EPP Electronic Post-Production ERNET Educational and Research Network ES Elementary Stream ESPN Entertainment and Sports Network ETF European Teleconferencing Federation E-to-E Electronic-to-Electronic EUTELSAT European Telecommunications Satellite Organization

91. 92. 93. 94. 95. FM FNN FP FPS FSN FSS FT FTII

F

96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103.

212

G 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110.

H 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.

I 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130.

IANA IAPA IBA IBI ICCPR IDC IDTV IEC IFEX IFJ IFP IIC

HD HD-CIF HDD HD-SDI HF HFC Hi-Fi HVNET

GATT GEO GHz GOP GPIB GSM GUI

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Inter-American Press Association Independent Broadcasting Authority International Broadcasting Institute International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Insulation Displacement Connector Integrate Digital Television International Electrotechnical Commission International Freedom of Expression Exchange International Federation of Journalist International Financial Printer International Institute of Communications

High Definition High Definition Common Image Format Hard Disk Drive High Definition Serial Digital Interface High Frequency Hybrid Fibre-Coax High Fidelity High speed V-sat Network

General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade Geostationary Earth Orbit Giga Hertz Group Of Pictures General Purpose Interface Bus Global System Mobile Graphical User Interface

213

Liquid Crystal Display Low Earth Orbit Low Frequency Language Independent Program Subtitles Land Information System

Kilovolt Ampere

Joint Photography Expert Group

131. IIS Indian Information Service 132. ILR Independent Local Radio 133. INFA Indian Newspaper and Feature Agency 134. INGO International Non-Governmental Organization 135. INS 1. International News Service 2. Indian Newspaper Society 136. INSAT Indian National Satellite System 137. INTELSAT Internationational Telecommunication Satellite 138. IOJ International Organization of Journalists 139. IPDC International Program for the Development of Communication 140. IPI International Press Institute 141. IRD Integrated Receiver Decoder 142. IS Internet Society 143. ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 144. ITAR Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (ITARTASS) Independent Television News International Telecommunications Union International Visual Communications Association 145. ITN 146. ITU 147. IVCA

J 148. JPEG

K

LCD LEO LF LIPS LIS

149. KVA

L 150. 151. 152. 153. 154.

214

155. 156. 157. 158.

LOR LOT LOW LTC

Laser Optical Reflection Laser Optical Transmission Long Wave Longitudinal Time Code

MATV MBC MCB MCR

1.Multiplexed Analogue Component 2.Media Access Control Master Antenna Television Middle East Broadcast Centre Miniature Circuit Breaker 1.Master Control Room 2.Mobile Control Room Medium Frequency Mega Hertz Musical Instrument Digital Interface Multiple Line Printer Modulator Demodulator Micro Processor Unit Music Television Microwave Video Distribution Service

M

160. 161. 162. 163.

MF MHZ MIDI MLP MODEM MPU MTV MVDS

159. MAC

164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171.

National Association of Broadcasting Non-Aligned Movement Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool National Association of Radio and TV Broadcaster National Association of Theatre Owner National Broadcasting Company Network Control Room New Delhi Television Network File System

N NAB NAM NANAP NARTB NATO NBC NCR NDTV NFS

172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180.

215

O

181. 182. 183. 184.

NGO NIEO NIT NWICO

185. OB 186. ODI 187. OECD

PANA PBS PC PCB PEC PMT

188. OMR 189. OS 190. OSCE

P 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. PR

Q

RADA RAT RCA RDS

198. QAM

R 199. 200. 201. 202.

216

Non-Governmental Organization New International Economic Order Network Information Table New World Information and Communication Order

Outside Broadcast Open Data linked Interface Organization for Economic Co-operating and Development Optical Mark Reader Operating System Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Pan-African News Agency Public Broadcasting System Personal Computer Printed Circuit Board Photo-Electric Cell 1. Program Map Table 2. Photo Mechanical Transfer Public Relations

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Royal Academy Of Dramatic Art Radio Antenne Television Radio Corporation of America Radio Data Services

203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210.

S 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231.

SABC SBC SCPC SCSI SDI SDTV SET SFA SFN SITE SLV SMATV SNG SNR SOF SPDIF SPL STAR STB STV SWAPO

RFI RFTV RGB RIA RL RSF RSN RTI

South African Broadcasting Corporation Swiss Broadcasting Corporation Single Channel Per Carrier Small Computer System Interferes Serial Digital Interferes Standard-definition Television Secured Electronic Transmission Scientific Film Association Single Frequency Network Satellite Instructional Television Experiment Satellite Launch Vehicle Satellite Master Antenna Television Satellite News Gathering Signal-to-Noise Ratio Sound-on-Film Sony Philips Digital InterFace Sound Pressure Level Satellite Television Asian Region Set-Top Box Scottish Television South West African People Organization

Radio Frequency Interference Reuters Financial Television Red Green Blue Russian Information Agency Radian Liberty Reports Sans Frontiers Regional Sports Network Right to Information

217

T 232. TAM 233. TARIF 234. TASS 235. TBDF 236. TBS 237. TBN 238. TCP 239. TDM 240. TVRO 241. TVS 242. TWR 243. TX

U 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254.

Television Audiences Measurement Technical Apparatus for the Rectification of Indifferent Film Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union Trance Border Data Flow Turner Broadcasting System Trinity Broadcasting Network Transmission Control Protocol Time Division Multiplex Television Receive Only Television South Trance World Radio Transmission

U 1.Universal Pictures 2.Universal Film Censorship UBR Uncommitted Bit Rate UCB United Christian Broadcasters UDHR Universal Declaration Human Rights UDP User Datagram Protocol UHF Ultra High Frequency UIP United International Pictures UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 1.United Press International 2.United Pictures International 255. UPI

218

Universal Postal Union United States Information Agency Universal Time Co-ordinated

Volt-ampere Volts, Alternative Current Vision Apparatus Room Video Cassette Recorder Video Electronics Standards Association Very High Frequency Video Home System Very Low Frequency Voice of America Virtual Private Internet Video Tape Valaamse Television Maatschappi Video Tape Recorder

Zero Insertion Force

WAIS Wide Area Information Service WAP Wireless Application Protocol WARC World Administrative Radio Conference Wb Weber WBU World Broadcasting Union WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMG Warner Music Group WPFC World Press Freedom Committee WWW World Wide Web WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get

VA VAC VAR VCR VESA VHF VHS VLF VOA VPI VT VTM VTR

256. UPU 257. USIA 258. UTC

V 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271.

W 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281.

Z 282. ZIF

219

1985 Oct. 9 1989 Jan. 18 1995 July 24 1999 2003 2007 2011

: : : : : : : :

• 1926 Mar.

• 1924 May 16

• 1923 Nov.

• 1922

• 1922

• 1921 Aug.

• 1920

: Program for children

: The All India Radio Times program journal published in English

: Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC)

: Madras Presidency Radio Club

: Radio Club of Bengal

: Radio Club of Calcutta

: First License Granted

: Radio Broadcast started from Bombay (TOI and P&T Department)

: The first radio station at New York, Pitzburg

-

2. Press Council: Chairman

1979 April 3 1985 Oct. 10 1989 Jan. 19 1995 July 24 1999 2003 2007 2011 Oct. 5

• 1966 July 7 - 1968 March 1 : Justice J. R. Mudholkar • 1968 May 4 - 1976 Jan.1 : Justice N. Rajagopala Ayyankar Justice A.N.Grover Justice A.N.Sen Justice R.S.Sarkaria Justice P.B.Sawant Justice P.B.Sawant Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy Justice G.N.Ray Justice Markande Katju • • • • • • • •

3. Radio

• 1927 July 16

: Government took over the IBC

Events

• 1929

Year

• 1930

220

• 1930 April 1

: Pioneering school Broadcast program

: Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS)

: Indian Wireless Act enforced.

: Village Broadcasting (rural)

• 1932 • 1933

• 1939 Oct. 1

• 1939

• 1938 Oct16

• 1938 Oct 3

: AIR was transferred to the dept of I&B

: Launched underground Congress radio

: AIR started News Bulletin in five Indian languages.

: AIR Inaugurated its External Services Division

: Delhi province Rural Broadcasting program inaugurated

: School Broadcasting Program

: Lionel Fielden, first controller of ISBS

• 1934 Jan 1

• 1942 Sep 3

: AIR started audience research wing

• 1935

• 1946

: National Music Program

: The Indian Radio Times renamed as the Indian listener.

• 1946

: Vadya Vrinda the National Orchestra of AIR

• 1935 Dec 22

• 1950 July 20

: Regional News Bulletin from Lucknow and Nagur

: Indian State Broadcasting program inaugurated Service named as AIR

• 1952

: First Radio News Reals

• 1936 June 8

• 1953 April 15

: The Radio Sangeet Sammelan by AIR

: Madras Station

• 1954 Oct23

: National program of features

: First radio news bulletin

• 1955

: AIR was renamed as Akashwani

• 1936 June 8

• 1956

• 1938 June 16

• 1957

221

• 1974 Nov.

• 1974

• 1972

• 1969 Sept 22

• 1969 July 1

• 1967 Nov1

• 1965 April 18

• 1964 Dec 4

• 1961 Mar 21

• 1961 Feb14

• 1959 Dec 7

• 1957 Oct 3

: AIR Awards was introduced

: The Akashvani Annual Awards were instituted

: A Daily Sports Program

: Slow speed News Bulletin

: Yuvavani programme for youth

: Commercial Service of AIR

: Chanda Committee submitted its report

: Chanda Committee on Broadcasting and Information was set up

: UNI started operation

: Daily and weekly reviews in English and Hindi of parliament

: Radio rural forums by AIR

: Commercial channel of AIR Vivid Bharati

• 2008 Oct 15

• 2003

• 2000

• 1997

• 1994 April 1

• 1993 Aug 15

• 1990

• 1988 May 18

• 1985 April 1

• 1984 Oct 30

• 1984 Oct 30

• 1984 May 20

• 1983 Oct.

: First community radio station licensed to an NGO “Sangam Radio Station”

: Kerala World Space

: India’s first community radio-Anna FM

: Prasar Bharati Act implemented

: Sky Radio Channel

: FM channel was launched in Bombay

: Prasar Bharathi Act

: The national channel of radio was commissioned

: License fee for radio and television abolished

: First experiment in local/community radio with FM facilities were launched in Nagercoil

: Six Local Radio Stations inaugurated

: All India Radio started news bulletin for Gulf service

: INSAT 1B was commissioned

: Local stations started

: DD was separated from AIR

• 1976 April 1 : Hourly news bulletin

: 3rd phase of FM privatization

• 1976

4. Milestones - Doordarshan

• 2011

• 1976

: Political Party Broadcast was allowed in AIR

: A Weekly Human interest news bulletin by AIR : F M transmission introduced in Chennai

: Educational related programs for Delhi students

• 1977 • 1977 July

: This week in parliament and Sapathj Sansad Mein by AIR

3. 1961 October 24

: 1. Broadcasting time increased for 1 hour 2. Hindi news Bulletin

• 1977 June • 1977

: Varghese Committee submitted the report

4. 1965

: Agricultural based programme ‘Krishidarshan’ was started.

: Broadcasting started

• 1978 Feb. 24

: Introduction of advertisements in AIR for four minutes was allowed

5. 1967 Jan 26

: Introduced the concept of TV in Delhi.

• 1981 Feb 1

: Awards instituted for educational, child artistic programmes

1. 1956

• 1982 Dec 31

: UNI, Hindi Vartha news service

223

2. 1959 Sept 15

• 1982

222

8000" BC

Phoenicians use 22-letter alphabet

Egyptians write on papyrus

First writing on clay tablets in Mesopotamia

5. Milestones : Information Technology

3500

Egyptians write on parchment

6. 1968

1700

: Broadcasting time was increased for two hours on Sunday and one and half hours in another day.

1460

First printed newspaper in China

The abacus first used

: English news bulletin.

1000

7. 1971 December : 3rd centre (Srinagar) and 4th centre (Amrithsar).

748 AD

: 2nd centre of DD (Mumbai).

9. 1973 Jan 26 : Prime Minister Indira Gandhi inaugurated SITE (Satellite instructional television experiment) Programme.

1041

8. 1972

10. 1975 Aug 1

: Advent of advertising on DD (In 1976-77)

1702

Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine

Charles Wheatstone and William Fotrdiergill build the first telegraph

First daily newspaper (The London Daily Courant)

Chinese invent movable type

11. 1976

1831

Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone

Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator

1834

Thomas Edison invents the phonograph

William Caxton prints first book in English

1876

1474

: INSAT 1 at (Countries first domestic Communications Satellite) was launched

1877

First commercial telephone exchange (in Connecticut, USA)

1896

1895

1885

1879

Guglielmo Marconi invents wireless telegraphy

George Eastman patents a machine that produces continuous rolled film

Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan invent electric lights

225

Telephone dialler invented; operators no longer need to connect calls; Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company, which merged with two other companies in 1924 to become the International Business Machines (IBM)

Electric Age (1879-1946)

1878

1642

12. 1982 13. 1982 Aug 15

: 126 low power transmitters to the country (presented By Prime Minister Indira Gandhi).

: Colour transmission of independence day programs

: Telecasting of ASIAD Game.

: DD International channel

14. 1982 Nov 19

18. 1989 Aug 19

: Became autonomous after Prasar Bharati

: Second Channel DD 2- at Delhi.

19. 1995 March 14

15. 1984

20. 1997

: 24 hrs DD sports channel.(Inagurated by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee)

: Teletext service, INTEXT started.

21. 1999 March 18

: Educational channel - Gyandarsan.

: First Soap opera 'Hum Log' in DD

22. 2000 Jan 20

: Telecast DD News Channel (now it is DD Bharati)

16. 1984

23. 2002 Jan 26

: Parliament channels

17. 1985 Nov.

24. 2004 Dec. 14

224

1904

1901

First trans-Atlantic telegraph line

1968

ARPAnet, the first computer network which evolves into the Internet, established

Burroughs introduces the first computer to use integrated circuits

First regular licensed radio broadcasts

1969

Vladmir Zworykin patents colour television

Emile Berliner invents flat disc phonograph; Electric vacuum tube invented

1920 The first motion picture (The Jazz Singer)

Floppy disks for computer data storage introduced; first Intel microprocessor (4004) introduced

1925

1970

1928 Vannevar Bush invents the first analog computer

First pocket calculator (weighing about 1 kilogram) introduced

1930

1954

1953

1951

1950

1947

Telstar satellite relays first trans-Atlantic television signals

FORTRAN becomes the first computer programming language.

Colour television broadcasts begin

The commissioning of UNI-VAC 1, the first electronic computer designed specifically for business dataprocessing applications, heralds the beginning of Computer Age

Alan Turing developed the Automatic Computer Engine, believed to be the first programmable digital computer

The transistor invented

1976

1976

1975

1974

Optical fibre cables introduced;

Apple Inc was founded, Steve Jobs was the founder.

Xerox introduces Ethernet local area network

First personal computer (Al-tair 8800, with 1 kilobyte of RAM) available in kit form; the first supercomputer, Cray-1, built

First fax machines that transmit one page in six minutes

1983

1982

1982

1981

1980

Philips and Sony introduce the CD-ROM; first Apple Macintosh computer introduced.

First cellular telephones introduced.

Compact disc (CD) for sound recording introduced

First IBM clone produced

First IBM PC using MS-DOS

First office computer to combine pull-down menus and mouse

227

1985

Compu Serve introduces the first online information service

Apple introduces Apple II computers;

1977

Information Age (1973-present)

1971

1935

John Logie Baird invents a 240-line mechanically scanned system of television (the system was replaced in by a 405-line electrically scanned system)

First colour home videocassette recorder (VCR) introduced; Ping, the first home video game introduced

1944

Mark I, an electromechanical computer, built at Harvard University

1972

1946

ENIAC, the first automatic electronic digital computer, built at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia

1962

Released Programma 101, the first commercial desktop computer.

Electronic Age (1947-72)

1965

226

First virtual reality products sold commercially (virtual reality developed by NASA in 1985).

Photo CD, computer-generated graphic animation (in movies), portable personal computers, personal digital assistants, Intel Pentium microprocessor and Mosaic (free software program for surfing the World Wide Web) are introduced

1987

1993

Introduced Apple's first tablet computer- Newton Message Pad 100

1990

1993

Netscape creates its Navigator software for browsing the Internet

World Wide Web set up at the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland.

1994

Microsoft Windows 95 and Pentium Pro microprocessor introduced

Micromax was founded; Rajesh Agarwal was the founder; Its headquarters is in Gurgaon, India.

1995

1991

1996

Nintendo 64-bit game system; video CD (digital video disc); Microsoft introduces a new Web browser, Explorer

9.

8.

7.

6.

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

Priya Ranjan Das Munsi

Ravi Shankar Prasad

Sushama Swaraj

Sushma Swaraj

P.A Sangma

Vasant Satine

L.K. Advani

I.K Gujral

Indira Gandhi

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

(2012- )

(2009-2012)

(2004-2009)

(2003-2004)

(2000 -2003)

(1996)

(1995-96)

(1980-1984)

(1977-1979)

(1972-1977)

(1964-1960)

Media

6. Information Broadcasting Ministers

10. Ambika Soni

Columnist

11. Manish Tiwari

7. Columns

Swaminathan S.A.Aiyar Times of India

Gurucharan Das

Times of India

Times of India

(Previous and existing) 1. Men & Ideas

Dileep Padgaonkar

Times of India

1997

2. Swaminomics

Jug Suraiya

2008

Times of India 3. Talking terms

Bachi Karkaria

Supercomputers capable of more than 3 trillion calculations per second; microprocessors containing more than 10 million transistors; cable modems.

4. Vulgur Vein

Frontline

The Week

Released the first iPhone

Nettop - a subtype of desktop; introduced by Intel

5. Erractica

Sobha Dae

Internet tablet, the Nokia 770 was introduced

First i-Pad was released (Apple)

6. Sexes

2001

2010

i-Pad mini was released (Apple)

Jayati ghosh

2005

2012

7. Pre Occupations

Frontline

Frontline

Last iPhone (Fifth) was released

R.K. Raghavan

8. Beyond the Obvious Praful Bidwai 9. Law and Order

229

2012

228

12. First Strike

11. Impressions

10. Opinion

Bill Kirkman

Anil Dharker

Anita Pratap

Prem Shankar Jha The Hindu Magazine

Our look

Out look

36. Big Buzz

35. Sans Serif

34. Last Word

33. Marginalia

32. Erratica

31. Indian Sopra

Sangeetha Madhu

Shamirosha Tikoo

Ravish Ankal

Sachidananda Murthy

Chidananda Rajghata

India Today

India today

The Week

Manju a Padmanabhan The Week

Bachi Karkaria

Indian Express

Sunday Times

Sunday Times

13. Cambridge letter

The Hindu Magazine

37. Sos

Kalpana Sharma

The Hindu Magazine

14. The Other Half

Indian Express

Indian Express

Indian Express

Sreekumar Varim

Indian Express 40. Word play

Nanditha Krishna

Manaka Sivadasini

Ashoka Mistan

The Hindu Magazine

41. Remote Control

Farzana Versy

Ramachandra Guha

42. Creations

38. Eves Adam

15. Past and Present Ram Manohar Reddy

The Hindu Magazine

39. Writers Vote

16. Against the Grain The Hindu

R. Mohan

S. Prasannarajan

Sunday Express

India Today

Jayathi Natarajan

Sunday Express

Sunday Express

(Year wise)

Press and Publication of Books Act Metcalfes act The Indian Penal Code The Press &Registration of Books Act (PRB) The Vernacular Press Act Vernacular Press Act (promulgated) Indian Telegraph act Indian Official Secrets Act Indian Post Office Act The News Paper Act Better Control of Press Act Indian Press Act Official Secrets Act India Press Ordinance Act

1830 1835 1860 1867 1876 1878 1885 1889 1889 1908 1910 1910 1923 1930

231

Indian Express

V. Ganghadar

Magazine

17. Slice of life

The Hindu

19. Locomotif

Sunday Express

Sunday Express

24. Wonderings

Sri Racvisankar

Financial Express

8. Important Acts

Sevanti Ninan

20. Top Order

T.J.S. George

N.S. Jayannathan

25. The art of self discovery

Maneka Gandhi

Financial Express

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

18. Media Matters

21. Perceptions

Magazine

22. Point of view

26. Have a heart

Renuka Narayan

Sunday Times

Sunday Express

27. Show time

Jug Suraiya

S. Sadagopan

Sunday Express

28. Look at it

Sunday Times.

23. Through my window K Sachindanandan

29. Jugular Vein

Shobha De

30. Politically incorrect

230

15. Wireless Telegraphy Act 16. Newspaper Employees & Copyright Act 17. Cinematograph Act 18. Drug and Magic Remedies Act 19. Miscellaneous Provision Act 20. Infamous Newspaper Act 21. Copy right Act 22. The Contempt of Court Act 23. Press Council Act 24. Akash Barati Bill 25. Cable T.V. Networks Regulation Act 26. Telecom Regulatory authority of India act: 27. Prasar Bharati Bill 1989 (passed:1990, notified:1997) 28. Cable TV. Networks Amendment Bill

9. Famous Quotations

1933 1952 1952 1954 1955 1956 1957 1971 1978 1978 1995 1997

2000

1. ‘‘Were it is left to me to decide whether we should have a govt., without newspaper or newspapers without a govt. I shouldn"t hesitate for a moment to prefer the latter’’- Thomas Jefferson Third US President (1801-1809). 2. ‘‘Journalism is literature in a hurry’’ - Matthew Arnold. 3. ‘‘Journalism is an organized gossip’’ - Edward Eggle Stone 4. ‘‘No honest journalist should be willing to describe himself or herself as 'embedded.' To say, 'I'm an embedded journalist' is to say, 'I'm a government Propagandist.’’ - Noam Chomsky. 5. ‘‘You can crush a man with journalism’’ -William Randolph Hearst. 6. ‘‘I would rather have a completely free press with all the dangers involved in the wrong use of that freedom, than a suppressed or regulated press’’ - Jawaharlal Nehru.

232

7. "Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets" - Napoleon Bonaparte.

8. "A good newspaper is a nation talking to itself’- Arthur Miller, American Dramatist(1915-2005)

9. "The real news is bad news" - Marshall McLuhan

10. "In the real world, nothing happens at the right place at the right time. It is the job of journalists and historians to correct that" Mark Twain.

11. ‘‘Journalism is popular, but it is popular mainly as fiction. Life is one world, and life seen in the newspaper is another’’ - Gilbert Keith Chesterton.

12. ‘‘"Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind’’ -Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936).

13. ‘‘All media exist to invest our lives with artificial perceptions and arbitrary valued’’ - Marshall McLuhan

14. "The media is the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make guilty innocent, and that's power. Because they control the minds of the masses"Malcolm X.

Journalists

Thehri Dam and Naramada : Praveen Jahangir Movement Sri Lanka & L.TT.E Boforse Thehalka

10. Scoops

2. 3. 4.

Jain Hawala Diary Cricket Scam

1.

5. 6.

Bhopal Gas tragedy

: Anita Paratap : Chitra Subramanya & N. Ram : Mathew Samuel, Tarun J. Tejpal, Anirudh Bahal : Vineeth Narayan : Pradeep Magazine, Manu Joseph : Rajkumar Kewani 7.

233

8. BHIMARU poverty, starvation death, Illiteracy 9. Ulfa & Assam 10. Godhra (Gujarath) 11. Myanmar Millitary Coup 12. Thihar Jail 13. Kashmir and Human rights Violation 14. 2 G scandal Sanjoy Hazarika Teesta Setavad P. Sivaram Aswani Sarin

: P. Sainath : : : :

State

: Muzamil Jaleel : G. Gopikrishnan, The Pioneer.

11. Folk Art forms

10.

9.

8.

7.

6.

5.

4.

Mohiniyattam

Theyyam

Burrekattu

Tamasha

Bhavai

Jathara

Kavigan

Villu pattu

Gee-Gee

Kerala

Kerala

Andra Pradesh

Maharastra

Gujarath

Bengal

Bengal

Tamilnadu

Karnataka

Maharashtra

Uttar Pradesh

11.

Andhrapradesh

Lavaani

12.

Kuchupudi

Tamilnadu

Alha (Ballad)

13.

Bharathanatyam

Karnataka

2.

14.

Karakattam

3.

15.

234

8.

7.

6.

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

Chauhan, Swati and Chandra, Navin; Journalism TodayPrinciples, Practices and Challenges; Kanishka Publishers; New Delhi, 1997.

Brown, Rob; Public Relations and the Social Web- How to Use Social Media and Web 2.0 in Communications, Kogan page Ltd. 2010.

Branston, Gill and Stafford, Roy; The Media Student's Books; Routledge Publications; London.

Bhatt, S, C; Indian Press since 1955; Ministry of I and B Publications; New Delhi, 1997.

Bhatia, Sita; Freedom of Press; Rawat Publications; New Delhi, 1997.

Baran, J, Stanley; Davis, K, Dennis; Mass Communication Theory (Foundation, Fermant, Future); India Edition; Noida, 2007.

Arora, D.D; Business Journalism; Saloni Publishing House; Delhi.

Ahuja, B, N; History of Indian Press - Growth of Newspapers in India; Sujreet Publications; New Delhi, 2005.

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