Diptera: Ephydridae - Semantic Scholar

Zootaxa 3753 (6): 501–541 www.mapress.com /zootaxa / Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press

Article

ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

ZOOTAXA

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http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4DFE4D2F-22B6-45CE-9A21-AB4A43FC7B6F

Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Ephydridae) from Brazil with an emphasis on the faunas from the states of Parana and Rio de Janeiro FRANCISCO DE ASSIS RODRIGUES JÚNIOR1, 4, WAYNE NIELSEN MATHIS2 & MÁRCIA SOUTO COURI1, 3 1

Departamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, São Cristóvão, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n°, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, CEP: 20940–040 2 Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, CE619, MRC 169, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013–7012, USA 3 Research fellow, CNPq 4 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Table of contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Genus Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Key to species of Hydrellia from Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 New records (except for H. xanthocera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 Hydrellia agitator Deonier 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 Hydrellia apalachee Deonier 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Hydrellia calverti Cresson 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Hydrellia cavator Deonier 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Hydrellia tibialis Cresson 1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Hydrellia vulgaris Cresson 1931. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 Hydrellia wirthi Korytkowski 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Hydrellia xanthocera Cresson, 1938. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 New species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Hydrellia bocaiuvensis sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Hydrellia longiseta sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Hydrellia vilelai sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Hydrellia simplex sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Hydrellia schneiderae sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 Hydrellia similis sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

Abstract With more than 200 species worldwide, Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy is the largest genus of the family Ephydridae (Diptera). However, knowledge of this genus is much reduced in Brazil and throughout the Neotropical Region, where only 8 species are known, including one from Brazil (H. xanthocera Cresson). The objective of this study is to review the species of Hydrellia from Brazil, with an emphasis on the faunas of Paraná and Rio de Janeiro states. Six new species are described: H. bocaiuvensis sp. nov. (Brazil, Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul, 25°14.9'S, 49°8.9'W, 890 m), H. longiseta sp. nov. (Brazil, Paraná, Parque Iguaçú, 25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W, 880 m), H. vilelai sp. nov. (Brazil, Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul, 25°16.6'S, 48°58.5'W, 770 m), H. simplex sp. nov. (Brazil, Paraná, Parque Iguaçú, 25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W, 880 m) e H. schneiderae sp. nov. (Brazil, Paraná, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W, 880 m), H. similis sp. nov. (Brazil, Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul, 25°14.9'S, 49°8.9'W, 890 m). Seven new registers are recorded: H. agitator (Pará), H. apalachee (Paraná

Accepted by S. Gairmari: 5 Dec. 2013; published: 10 Jan. 2014

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and Rio de Janeiro), H. calverti (Amazonas and Paraná), H. cavator (Rio de Janeiro), H. tibialis (Amazonas, Paraná and Rio de Janeiro), H. vulgaris (Paraná, São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro), H. wirthi (Pará, Paraná and Santa Catarina). Together with H. xanthocera, Hydrellia now includes 14 species from Brazil. Key words: Diversity, Acalyptratae, Shore-flies, Agricultural pest, Rice miner

Introduction With more than 200 species worldwide, the shore-fly genus Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy is the largest of the family Ephydridae (Diptera) (Mathis 2010). In the Neotropical Region, however, the fauna of Hydrellia is inadequately sampled and documented with only eight recorded species before this paper (Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995). The eight species and their known distributions in the Neotropics are as follows: H. calverti Cresson, from Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Trinidad and West Indies (Antilles, Dominica, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico), H. spinicornis Cresson, from Costa Rica, H. griseola Fallén, from Colombia, H. tibialis Cresson, from Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago and West Indies (Dominica), H. vulgaris Cresson, from Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Juan Fernandez Islands, Galapagos Islands and Uruguay, H. osorno Cresson, from Argentina and Chile, H. wirthi Korytkowski, a species of economic importance from Colombia, Costa Rica, Galapagos Islands and Peru, and H. xanthocera Cresson, the only species recorded previously from Brazil and also from Panama (Lizarralde de Grosso 1989, Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995, Mathis et. al. 2006). Larvae of Hydrellia are miners in leaves and stems of various plants, such as Alismataceae, Cruciferae, Hydrocharitaceae, Lemnaceae and other plant families, mostly monocots associated with aquatic environments. A few species can be serious agricultural pests, especially in cereal crops, such as rice Oryza sativa Linnaeus (Poaceae) (Mathis 2010 and Zatwarnicki 1988). In Sweden, Lilljeborg (1861) first recorded Hydrellia griseola (Fallén) as an agricultural pest, causing substantial losses in fields of barley, oats, and timothy grass during the summer of 1860. Since that time, numerous other countries, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, have recorded losses due to the rice miner genus Hydrellia, such as the Philippines, India, Egypt, Japan and United States of America. In the latter country, significant economic losses have been recorded (Deonier 1971 and 1998, Ferino 1968, Thomas et al. 1971, Sain 2000 and Mathis et al. 2006). Lange et al. (1953), for example, reported damage caused by H. griseola at 10 to 20 percent of the rice crop from the state of California during the autumn of that year, generating an estimated loss of US$16,000,000. Korytkowski (1982) described the South American rice miner H. wirthi and included notes on its behavior and biology in addition to the first mention of the economic impact of Hydrellia in the Neotropical Region. This species was recorded originally only from Peru and subsequently from Colombia, Costa Rica and the United States. Mathis et al. (2006) recorded this species for the first time from the Nearctic Region and considered it to be an invasive species. Mathis et al. (2006) also recorded losses in crops of rice from the states of Texas and Louisiana. This agricultural pest of economic importance is recorded herein for the first time from Brazil. This review is possible because of recent field work conducted by WNM in southern Brazil (2009–2010) and by FARJ in southeastern Brazil (2011–2012). The field work was part of projects to improve our knowledge of shore flies from the states of Paraná and Rio de Janeiro and to a lesser degree from Santa Catarina and São Paulo. This project resulted in the collection of numerous specimens of Hydrellia and included seven new country records and six new species, making a total of 14 species from Brazil. The purposes of this paper are to describe the new species and to present the new records within the context of a faunistic review of the Hydrellia from Brazil.

Materials and methods Field work was conducted by WNM during 2009 and 2010, and by FARJ during 2011 and 2012 with the objective of obtaining recent material of Hydrellia from Brazil. The material was actively collected using entomological nets next to freshwater ecosystems and close to aquatic or semiaquatic vegetation. Dissections and descriptions of male and female genitalia followed CLAUSEN & COOK (1971) and GRIMALDI

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(1987) and were performed using a Zeiss Discovery.V8 dissecting microscope. Microforceps were used to remove abdomens, which were macerated in a potassium hydroxide solution. Cleared genitalia were rinsed in a dilute solution of acetic acid and then transferred to glycerin for observation and illustration. The abdomens were placed in a plastic microvial filled with glycerin and pinned with the respective specimen. Male and female terminalia were drawn using a drawing tube on a Nikon Eclipse E200 compound microscope. Photographs and measurements were performed using a digital microscope camera Leica DFC 420 in a microscope Leica MZ16 and using the software Syncroscopy® Auto-montage Pro 5.03.0061. The studied material is deposited at Museu Nacional, Universidade Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (MNRJ); Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP) and the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. (USNM). The holotypes were all deposited at MNRJ. The descriptive terminology, with the exceptions noted in Mathis (1986) and Mathis & Zatwarnicki (1990a), followed that published in the Manual of Central American Diptera (Brown et al. 2009). Study and illustration of the male terminalia required use of a compound microscope. To the description of male terminalia that other workers in Ephydridae have used (see references in Mathis 1986, and Mathis & Zatwarnicki (1990a, 1990b), such as surstylus. The terminology for structures of terminalia is provided in the legends. Five head and four venational ratios are used, each measurement taken from three specimens, the largest, the smallest, another one in the series, when available: (1) gena-to-eye ratio: genal height (immediately below maximum eye height)/eye height; (2) mesofacial ratio: mesofacial height/shortest facial width between the compound eyes; (3) epistomal ratio: epistomal width/shortest facial width between the compound eyes; (4) vertex ratio: width of vertex/distance between the anterior ocellus and the ptilinal suture; (5) head ratio: head width/head height; (6) costal sections II/I ratio: the straight line distance between the apices of R1 and R2+3/distance between the apices of humeral crossvein and R1; (7) costal sections III/IV ratios: the straight line distance between the apices of R2+3 and R4+5/distance between the apices of R4+5 and M; (7) costal sections V/IV: the straight line distance between the apices of M and CuA1 /distance between the apices of R4+5 e M; (8) M vein ratio: the straight line distance along vein M between crossveins dm-cu and r-m/distance apicad of dm-cu. For measurements that we could not take (specimen dissected before measurements were taken), we have provided those published by Deonier (1998) and have marked them with an asterisk. Distribution maps were made using ESRI ArcView© GIS 3.2. Longitude and Latitude coordinates were obtained for the locality where each specimen was collected. Coordinates that was not available on the original labels were obtained on the website geonames.org and are provided marked with asterisk. Distributional data presented for each species from Brazil, the United States and Canada are presented in detail by state, depending in the availability of the information as in the world catalog Mathis and Zatwarnicki (1995).

Results and discussion Genus Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy 1830: 790. Type species: Hydrellia communis Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 (= Notiphila griseola Fallén), subsequent designation, Duponchel in d'Orbigny 1845: 743. Cresson 1947: 37–39 (review, Neotropical species). Wirth 1968: 13 (Neotropical catalog). Zatwarnicki 1988 (world catalog). Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 61–96 (world catalog). Deonier 1998: 1–354 (revision of North American species).

Diagnosis. Hydrellia is distinguished from other genera of Hydrelliini by the following combination of characters: body frequently microtomentose, especially face. Head: ocellar setae smaller than pseudopostocellar setae; frontoorbital setae 2, anterior seta proclinate, posterior seta reclinate to lateroreclinate, sometimes with a third, much smaller proclinate seta. Eye bearing numerous interfacetal setulae. Face planate to shallowly carinate. Thorax: dorsocentral setae 2–3 (0+2, 1+2); acrostichal setulae usually in rows; postsutural supra-alar seta usually short, not longer than posterior notopleural seta; scutellar setae 3, middle pair much shorter; notopleural setae 2, these inserted at more or less the same level. Wings: hyaline; costa extended to vein M. Midtibia lacking dorsal, spinelike setae. Abdomen: dorsum comprising tergites 1–5, with tergites 1–2 somewhat fused; sternite 1 greatly reduced or lacking, 2–5 present; male 5th sternite variable in shape but usually U-shaped with posteriorly extended lobes from lateral arms modified and called “copulobi” (Deonier 1998: 15). HYDRELLIA (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) FROM BRAZIL

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Key to species of Hydrellia from Brazil 1. 2. 3.

Maxillary palpus dark brown to black (fig. 4.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Maxillary palpus yellow to orange yellow (fig. 20.4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 All fronto-orbital setae proclinate; notum with metallic blue reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. calverti Cresson Anterior fronto-orbital setae proclinate, posterior reclinate; notum with metallic green reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pleurae, except for notopleuron, silvery gray contrasting with opaque brown notum and notopleuron; mid and hind basitarsomeres orange yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. agitator Deonier Pleurae opaque grayish brown, not contrasting with notum; mid and hind basitarsomeres dark brown to black (fig. 4.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. tibialis Cresson 4. Ocellar setae absent; frontal vitta, notopleuron and adjacent area of supra-alar, katepisternum and scutellum densely microtomentose, appearing velvety reddish brown to black (fig. 4.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Ocellar setae present; frontal vitta, notopleuron and adjacent area of supra-alar, katepisternum and scutellum not velvety reddish brown to black (fig. 4.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. 2 scutellar setae, mid pair absent; first flagellomere yellow; reddish brown species, silvery white microtomentose, especially in postpronotum, anepisternum and anepimeron; posterior margin of notopleuron and adjacent area of supra-alar reddish brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. xanthocera Cresson 3 scutellar setae, mid pair present, weakly developed; first flagellomere yellow ventrobasally, brownish black dorsoapically; silvery gray species with scattered black areas; posterior margin of notopleuron and adjacent area of supra-alar densely microtomentose, appearing velvety black (fig. 20.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. bocaiuvensis sp. nov. 6. Frons as broad as high; ocellar setae long, subequal to pseudopostocellar setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. longiseta sp. nov. Frons short, broader than high; ocellar setae short, usually far less than half length of pseudopostocellar setae . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Dorsal 0.3–0.5 of notopleuron densely brown microtomentose, lower 0.5–0.7 of notopleuron densely silvery gray microtomentose (fig. 4.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. apalachee Deonier Notopleuron brown, silver or transitional (silver with some brown microtomentum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur reduced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur well developed (fig. 20.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. Forebasitarsomere pale to orange yellow; first flagellomere dark brown, with orange yellow microtomentum basally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. cavator Deonier Forebasitarsomere dark grayish brown to black; first flagellomere grayish brown black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10. Mid and hind tarsi mostly dark grayish brown to black; 5–6 aristal rays (rarely 7); well-developed dorsocentral setae usually 1+1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. vulgaris Cresson Mid and hind tarsi yellow to dark orange yellow, becoming dark brown apically; 7–9 aristal rays; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. schneiderae sp. nov. 11. Surstylar carina weakly to moderately developed, in lateral view keel-like (fig. 24.8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Surstylar carina greatly developed, in lateral view ax-like (fig. 23.8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12. Surstylus in ventral view rounded, with a deep and narrow medial sulcus and a smaller lateral cleft forming a small and narrow process that is congruent with distiphallus (figs. 14.1 and 14.7); surstylar carina moderately developed and uniformly broad in lateral view (fig. 14.8); anterior margin of phallapodeme in ventral view with well-developed lateral lobes, Y-shaped (fig. 14.5); 6–8 aristal rays; female sternite 7 strap-like; hypoproct small, as large as wide, with no well-developed apical setulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. wirthi Korytkowski Surstylus in ventral view broad at base, narrow medially, with a deep and broad medial sulcus, and a lateral cleft forming an elongate process slightly bent outside (figs. 24.1 and 24.7); surstylar carina weakly developed, narrow in lateral view (fig. 24.8); anterior margin of phallapodeme in ventral view with weakly developed lateral lobes (fig. 24.5); 8–10 aristal rays, usually 9; female sternite 7 trapezoidal (fig. 25.1); hypoproct well developed, much larger than wide, with 2–4 apical well-developed setulae (fig. 25.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. simplex sp. nov. 13. Sternite 5 with a broad and ornamented medial acuminate process, lateral arms with no cleft (figs. 30.1 and 30.2); superior margin of surstylar carina shallowly concave and sinuous (fig. 30.8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. similis sp. nov. Sternite 5 without a medial acuminate process, each lateral arm deeply cleft, forming a medial, narrow, elongate, shallowly sinuous process bearing 2 apical setulae (figs. 23.1 and 23.2); superior margin of surstylar carina rounded (fig. 23.8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. vilelai sp. nov.

New records (except for H. xanthocera) Hydrellia agitator Deonier 1971 (Figs.: 1.1–1.7 and 2) Hydrellia agitator Deonier, 1971: 36–37 (description of male and female). Holotype male, USNM 70525. Type-locality: United States, Florida, Port Saint Joe Beach, Gulf County (29°48'42''N, 85°18'10''W*); Deonier 1998: 47–49 (redescription); Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 61 (world catalog).



Diagnosis. Body length of male 1.70–1.79 mm*, female 1.79–2.21 mm*.Head much broader than high; ocellar setae present, three times shorter than pseudopostocellar; pedicel with 0–1 well-developed setae dorsally; first flagellomere with dense, short, dark brown dorsomedial micropubescence; 7 aristal rays; well-developed dorsocentral setae 1+1; mesonotum densely metallic green microtomentose over black, comparatively more metallic green than H. tibialis; pleurae silvery gray, except for notopleuron, contrasting with brownish notum and notopleuron, as in H. calverti; mid and hind tibiae in both sexes enlarged; mid and hind basitarsomeres orangeyellow; abdomen dark grayish brown with metallic green reflections; sternite 5 deeply concave and congruent with distiphallus (figs. 1.1 and 1.2); distiphallus broad apically, striate, protruding far beyond surstylus (fig. 1.3); surstylus trapezoidal, slightly concave in anterior margin (fig. 1.7).

FIGURE 1.1–1.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. agitator: 1.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 1.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 1.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 1.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 1.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 1.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 1.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Description. Head: much broader than high; frons broader than high, densely microtomentose, dark brown to black; fronto-orbital plate usually darker; ocellar setae present, three times shorter than pseudopostocellar; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present, with a third smaller setula between them; antenna mostly dark brown to black; pedicel with 0–1 well-developed setae dorsally and 1 ventral hair like setula; first flagellomere with dense, short, dark brown dorsomedial micropubescence; 7 aristal rays; face narrow, silver, bearing 6 primary facial setae, usually with 1 declinate dorsal secondary facial setula; in lateral view nearly vertical but with low, rounded, ventromedial carina and shallow but distinct antennal grooves; lunule concolorous with face; parafacial narrow, concolorous with face; gena and postgena grayish brown, occiput darker; genal groove black; 1 genal seta; maxillary palpus dark brown to black, cleaver shaped; epistomal ratio: 1.55–1.58; mesofacial ratio: 2.32–2.45; vertex ratio: 5.75–5.86; eye-to-gena ratio: 5.67–6.00; head ratio: 1.40–1.43. Thorax: well-developed dorsocentral setae 1+1; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; 1 postpronotal seta; mesonotum densely microtomentose, metallic green over black; pleurae silvery gray, except for notopleuron, contrasting with brownish notum and notopleuron. Wings: length 1.81–2.01 mm; wings hyaline with dark brown venation; knob of halter yellow, stem brown; costal section indices: II/I: 1.97–2.63; III/IV: 2.91–3.37; V/IV: 3.09–4.00; vein M ratio: 2.38–2.93. Legs: dark brown, gray

HYDRELLIA (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) FROM BRAZIL


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microtomentose, joints dark brown; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur weakly developed; mid and hind tibiae of both sexes enlarged; mid and hind basitarsomeres orange-yellow. Abdomen: dark grayish brown with metallic green reflections. Male terminalia: sternite 5 deeply concave and congruent with distiphallus, posterior arms setose, with 3–4 long setae reaching surstylus anterior margin or even more (figs. 1.1 and 1.2); postsurstylus broad (figs. 1.1 and 1.2); postgonite bent anteromedially (figs. 1.1 and 1.2); pregonite long, sinuous (figs. 1.1 and 1.2); basiphallus fusiform (fig. 1.3); distiphallus broad apically, striate, protruding far beyond surstylus (fig. 1.3); both sides of phallapodeme truncate in ventral view (fig. 1.5); phallapodeme in lateral view L-shaped (fig. 1.6); surstylus trapezoidal, slightly concave in anterior margin (fig. 1.7); epandrium narrow (fig. 1.1). Female terminalia: tergite 7 twice smaller than tergite 6; tergites 7–8 mostly retracted within sixth; sternites subequal, roundly quadrate; tergite 8 microsetulose, with 1–2 long hair like setulae; ventral receptacle with a cap cupuliform, about 1.3 times longer than wide. Material examined. Brazil: Pará, Furo do Jurupari (02°40'S, 52°59'W), X.1970; Exp. Perm. Amaz. (1 male; MZUSP). Pará, Paciência, Nhamundá River (02°12.7'S, 56°41.1'W), 16.I.1968; Exp. Perm. Amaz. (2 male, 1 female; MZUSP). Distribution. Nearctic: United States (Florida, Georgia, Mississippi). Neotropical: Brazil (Pará). Notes. Hydrellia agitator is recorded for the first time from the Neotropical Region. This species is morphologically very similar and can be confused with H. tibialis Cresson and H. calverti Cresson, however, they can be differentiated by the orientation of the fronto-orbital setae, all of them proclinate in H. calverti, and proclinate and reclinate in H. agitator and H. tibialis. The last two species can be distinguished by the coloration of the pleura and mid and hind basitarsomeres.

FIGURE 2. Distribution map of H. agitator, H. apalachee and H. bocaiuvensis in Brazil.



Hydrellia apalachee Deonier 1993 (Figs.: 2, 3.1–3.7 and 4.1) Hydrellia apalachee Deonier 1993: 198, 200–202 (description of male and female; host plant: Limnobium spp. (Hydrocharitaceae) and Pistia spp. (Araceae). Holotype male, USNM. Type-locality: Florida, Putnam Co: Rodman Reservoir (29°36'31''N, 81°44'39''W*); Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 63 (world catalog); Deonier 1998: 65–67 (redescription).

Diagnosis. Body length of male 1.20-1.65 mm*, female 1.30-1.85 mm*. Narrow fronto-orbital plate concolorous with and continuous with parafacial; posterior fronto-orbital seta 1.5–2.0 times as long as anterior seta; antenna mostly velvety dark brown microtomentose; 7–9 aristal rays; parafacial very narrow, light gray microtomentose; scutellum and dorsal 0.3–0.5 of notopleuron densely brown microtomentose; lower 0.5–0.7 of notopleuron and other pleural areas densely silvery gray microtomentose (fig. 4.1); conspicuous paired light gray vitta coursing from anterior end of dorsocentral row to basal angle of scutellum; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; legs mostly dark brown or dark grayish brown except for dark yellowish brown or orange mid and hind tarsi; median 0.3 of posterior margin of sternite 5 concave and congruent with distiphallus in ventral view (figs. 3.1 and 3.2); anterolateral margin of sternite 5 acutangular, sternite 5 with incurved posterior arm bearing 1 apical robust spine like seta and 3 short subapical smaller spinoid setulae and a shorter posteriorly directed medial lobe bearing numerous dentiform setulae or spinulae distally (figs. 3.1 and 3.2); surstylus notched narrowly and deeply anteromedially (to mid length) and with moderately deep, narrowly rounded anterolateral notch separating a narrow lateral lobe rounded distally and wider anterolateral lobe slightly emarginate distally (figs. 3.1 and 3.7).

FIGURE 3.1–3.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. apalachee: 3.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 3.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 3.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 3.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 3.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 3.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 3.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Description. Head: as broad as high; frontal vitta light grayish brown microtomentose contrasting with dark brown to black fronto-orbital plate; fronto-orbital area concolorous with and continuous with parafacial; posterior fronto-orbital mostly posterolateroclinate and 1.5–2.0 times as long as anterior seta, usually with secondary setula between them; antenna mostly dark brown microtomentose with first flagellomere bearing dense pale micropubescence anteromedially; pedicel with 1 moderate developed spine like setae and 2 ventral hair like setulae; 7–9 aristal rays; face in anterior view golden yellow; in lateral view nearly vertical but with a shallow medial carina, antennal groove distinct; 6 primary facial setae; 1 declinate dorsal secondary facial setulae; lunule HYDRELLIA (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) FROM BRAZIL


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light gray microtomentose; parafacial very narrow, light gray microtomentose; genal groove dark brown to black; gena and occiput silvery gray; postgena with 1 well-developed setulae; maxillary palpus moderate to dark yellow, quasispathulate; epistomal ratio: 1.82–2.13; mesofacial ratio: 2.65–3.00; vertex ratio: 6.43–7.00; eye-to-gena ratio: 5.22–6.00; head ratio: 1.23–1.28. Thorax: mesonotum with conspicuous paired light gray microtomentose vittae coursing from anterior end of dorsocentral row to basal angle of scutellum; postpronotum silvery gray; mesonotum, scutellum and dorsal 0.3–0.5 of notopleuron densely brown microtomentose; lower 0.5–0.7 of notopleuron and other pleural areas densely silvery gray microtomentose (fig. 4.1); well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; 1 postpronotal setae; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; 1 mesokatepisternal seta. Wings: length 1.72–1.81 mm; hyaline; venation light yellowish brown; knob of halter fluorescent yellow, stem dark brown; costal section indices: II/I: 1.78–2.09; III/IV: 3.06–3.44; V/IV: 3.72–4.11; vein M ratio: 3.07–3.58. Legs: densely light gray microtomentose over dark grayish brown except for mostly dark yellowish brown or orange mid and hind basitarsomeres; fore tarsi mostly dark brown. Abdomen: semi glossy, moderate grayish or reddish brown dorsally, light gray microtomentose laterally and ventrally; male, in dorsal view, with posterolateral corners of second to tergite 5 light gray microtomentose. Male terminalia: median 0.3 of posterior margin of sternite 5 concave and congruent with distiphallus in ventral view, anterolateral margin acutangular, sternite 5 with incurved posterior arm bearing 1 apical robust spine like seta and 3 short subapical smaller spinoid setulae and a shorter posteriorly directed medial lobe bearing numerous dentiform setulae or spinulae distally (figs. 3.1 and 3.2); basiphallus, in ventral view (fig. 3.3), expanded medially and, in lateral view (fig. 3.4), with deep ventral notch and a smaller dorsal sulcus on basal third, tip of basiphallus visible above anterior margin of surstylus; phallapodeme, in lateral view (fig. 3.6), very obliquely angled toward both ends from inconspicuous mid dorsal condyle; surstylus notched narrowly and deeply anteromedially (to mid length) and with moderately deep, narrowly rounded anterolateral notch separating a narrow lateral lobe rounded distally and wider anterolateral lobe slightly emarginate distally (figs. 3.1 and 3.7); epandrium broad, roundly, truncate posteriorly (fig. 3.1). Female terminalia: tergites 3–5 subequal in size; tergite 6 two to three times longer than seventh; tergites 7–8 subequal; tergites 7–8 mostly retracted within sixth; cerci in ventral view ovoid, in lateral view pyriform; hypoproct roundly triangular, ovoid; third to sternite 6s roundly rectangular, longer than wide; sternite 7 roundly quadrate; tergite 8 strap-like, two to three times wider than long; ventral receptacle with a cap cupuliform, almost as long as wide. Material examined. Brazil: Paraná, Matinhos (25°46.4’S, 48°30.8’W; 3m), 30.I.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 male, 1 female; MNRJ). Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca (22°57’27.60”S, 43°16’26.08”W; 507 m), 17.XI.2011; F. A. Rodrigues Jr. (1 male; MNRJ). Distribution. Nearctic: United States (Florida). Neotropical: Brazil (Paraná and Rio de Janeiro). Notes. Hydrellia apalachee is recorded for the first time from the Neotropical Region. H. apalachee can be easily distinguished among the Brazilian species of Hydrellia by the coloration of notopleuron and the male terminalia.

Hydrellia calverti Cresson 1918 (Figs.: 4.2, 5.1–5.7, 6.1–6.4 and 7) Hydrellia calverti Cresson 1918: 48 (description of male and female). Holotype male, ANSP 6120. Type-locality: Costa Rica, Alajuela, Bonnefil Farm, Rio Surubres (09°56'N, 84°35'W; 800 ft); Cresson 1947: 39 (key, Neotropical species); Wirth 1968: 13 (Neotropical catalog); Mathis & Zatwarnicki (1995): 66–67 (world catalog).

Diagnosis. Body length of male 2.01–2.30 mm, female 2.47–2.58 mm; all fronto-orbital setae proclinate; pedicel usually with 1 well-developed dorsal seta; mesonotum dark grayish brown with metallic blue reflections over black; pleurae opaque brown dorsally until 0.2–0.4 superior margin of anepisternum contrasting with other pleural bluish gray areas (fig. 4.2); well-developed dorsocentral setae 1+1; mid and hind basitarsomeres dark grayish brown to black; abdomen greenish brown with metallic green reflections dorsally and laterally (fig. 4.2); sternite 5 truncate in anterior margin, deeply concave posteromedially, posterior arms broad, setose mainly in inner margin (figs 5.1 and 5.2); basiphallus broad, with lateral broad projections bent medially and congruent with distiphallus (fig. 5.3); surstylus longer than wide, ventral margin bilobed, medial emargination broad and moderately shallow (figs. 5.1 and 5.7).



FIGURE 4.1–4.6. 4.1) H. apalachee (male, profile of thorax and head) from Matinhos, Paraná; 4.2) H. calverti (female, profile) from Matinhos, Paraná; 4.3) H. tibialis (male, profile) from Rio de Janeiro; 4.4) H. vulgaris (male, profile) from Parque Iguaçú, Paraná; 4.5) H. wirthi (female, profile) from Bocaiúva do Sul, Paraná; 4.6) H. xanthocera (holotype, female), profile.



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FIGURE 5.1–5.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. calverti: 5.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 5.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 5.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 5.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 5.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 5.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 5.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Description. Head: frons broader than high; dark grayish brown; fronto-orbital plate usually darker; ocellar setae present, twice shorter than pseudopostocellar seta; 2 fronto-orbital setae with a third smaller setula between them, all proclinate, posterior setae twice smaller than anterior; antennae dark grayish brown; pedicel with 1 welldeveloped seta on dorsal margin and 2 well-developed hair like setulae on ventral margin; 6–8 aristal rays; face narrow; facial microtomentum silver or golden; face in lateral view nearly vertical to distinctly convex, very rounded, medial elevation to a distinct carina on dorsal portion, antennal grooves usually distinct; primary facial setae 5–6; shallowly declinate secondary facial setulae 5–8; lunule silver, sometimes golden microtomentose; parafacial narrow, concolorous with face; maxillary palpus dark grayish brown to black; 1 genal seta, sometimes with 1 well-developed postgenal setula; gena, postgena and occiput silvery gray; genal groove black; epistomal ratio: 1.83–1.88; mesofacial ratio: 2.57–2.72; vertex ratio: 6.40–6.88; eye-to-gena ratio: 4.92–6.11; head ratio: 1.26–1.30. Thorax: mesonotum dark grayish brown with metallic blue reflections over black; well-developed dorsocentral setae 1+1, presutural pair usually slightly smaller, sometimes reduced to half-length of postsutural; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; pleurae opaque brown dorsally until 0.2–0.4 superior margin of anepisternum, contrasting with other bluish gray pleural areas (fig. 4.2). Wings: length 2.08–2.57 mm; hyaline with brown venation; knob of halter fluorescent yellow to whitish yellow, stem brownish; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.02–2.12; III/IV: 3.16–3.61; V/IV: 3.29–3.79; vein M ratio: 3.21–3.27. Legs: gray microtomentose over dark brown; femoro-tibial joint brown, fore femur with weakly developed ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin; tarsi dark grayish brown to black; trochanter brown. Abdomen: greenish brown with metallic green reflections dorsally and laterally (fig. 4.2); bluish gray ventrally. Male terminalia: sternite 5 truncate in anterior margin, deeply concave posteromedially, posterior arms broad, setose mainly in inner margin (figs. 5.1 and 5.2); postsurstylus with an inner membrane from base to apices (fig.



5.2); postgonite bent anteromedially (figs. 5.1 and 5.2); pregonite straight, slightly curved medially, bifurcated (figs. 5.1 and 5.2); basiphallus broad, with lateral broad projections bent medially and congruent with distiphallus (fig. 5.3); distiphallus small; phallapodeme bifurcated only in apical margin, with a membrane between the two lobes, posterior margin truncate (fig. 5.5); surstylus longer than wide, ventral margin bilobed, medial emargination broad and moderately shallow, with small lateral projections in the attachment with postsurstylus (figs. 5.1 and 5.7); epandrium narrow (fig. 5.1). Female terminalia: tergite 6 twice longer than seventh (fig. 6.1); tergites 7–8 mostly retracted within sixth (fig. 6.2); sternite 6 longer than wide, seventh and tergite 8s subequal, roundly quadrate (fig. 6.1); tergite 8 in ventral view shallowly concave on posterior margin, bearing 1–2 long hair like setulae, in lateral view slightly rounded (fig. 6.1); ventral receptacle with a cap cupuliform (fig. 6.3). Egg (fig. 6.4): fusiform; chorion corrugate, with perpendicular striae; micropylar end acute.

FIGURE 6.1–6.4. Female terminalia and egg of H. calverti: 6.1) female terminalia, ventral view; 6.2) female terminalia, lateral view; 6.3) ventral receptacle, ventrolateral view; 6.4) egg, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Material examined. Brazil: Paraná, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W; 880 m), 12.IV–12.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (5 male, 3 female; MNRJ, USNM). Paraná, Matinhos (R. da Onça; 25° 47.4'S, 48° 31.6'W; 3 m), 12.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 female; USNM). Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas and Paraná), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panamá, Trinidad and West Indies (Antilles, Dominica, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico). Notes. Hydrellia calverti is recorded for the first time from Brazil, and the male and female terminalia are also illustrated for the first time. The first photography of this species is presented. This species is morphologically similar to H. agitator Deonier and H. tibialis Cresson, but can be easily distinguished by the orientation of the fronto-orbital setae and the coloration of the pleura and notum.



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FIGURE 7. Distribution map of H. calverti, H. cavator and H. vilelai in Brazil.

Hydrellia cavator Deonier 1971 (Figs.: 7 and 8.1–8.7) Hydrellia cavator Deonier 1971: 49 (description of male and female). Holotype female, AMNH. Type-locality: United States, Lake worth, Florida (26°36'57''N, 80°3'25''W*); Deonier 1998: 98–100 (redescription); Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 67 (world catalog).

Diagnosis. Body length of male 1.63–1.70 mm*; female 2.13–2.24 mm*; frons broader than high; ocellar setae present, twice shorter than pseudopostocellar setae; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present; frons golden brown; fronto-orbital plate usually concolorous with frontal vitta, sometimes slightly darker; face narrow, in lateral view nearly vertical, only slightly convex, golden brown, antennal groove indistinct; first flagellomere orange yellow ventrobasally, dark brown dorsoapically, with inconspicuous dorsomedial micropubescence; 4–6 aristal rays; mesonotum grayish brown, subshiny; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; pleurae golden brown until ventral margin of notopleuron, other pleural areas silvery gray; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur weakly developed; tarsi mainly pale to orange yellow; anterolateral margin of sternite 5 truncate, posterior margin deeply concave, irregularly setose (figs. 8.1 and 8.2); anterior margin of surstylus smoothly convex, posterior margin shallowly concave, surstylus with two rows of setulae medially (figs. 8.1 and 8.7); phallapodeme in ventral view Y-shaped anteriorly, with a thin membrane between the process, slightly broad mediobasally, posterior margin truncate (fig. 8.5). Description. Head: almost as broad as high; frons broader than high; ocellar setae present, twice shorter than pseudopostocellar setae; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present, with a third smaller setula between them; frons golden brown; fronto-orbital plate usually concolorous with frontal vitta, sometimes slightly darker; face narrow, in lateral view nearly vertical, only slightly convex, golden brown; antennal groove indistinct;



lunule concolorous with face; parafacial usually concolorous with face, sometimes darker; 4–5 primary facial setae, with 1 declinate dorsal secondary facial setula; scape and pedicel dark brown to dark grayish brown; pedicel with 1 distinct spine like setae dorsally and 1 well-developed setula behind this, 2–3 ventral hair like setulae; first flagellomere usually orange yellow ventrobasally, dark brown dorsoapically, with inconspicuous dorsomedial micropubescence; 4–6 aristal rays; 1 well-developed genal seta; postgena sometimes bearing 1 well-developed posterior seta; gena, postgena and lower occiput silvery gray, dorsal occiput dark brown; maxillary palpus orange yellow, bladelike, bearing 3 setulae; epistomal ratio: 1.43–1.58; mesofacial ratio: 2.07–2.47; vertex ratio: 4.30– 4.88; eye-to-gena ratio: 7.65–8.14; head ratio: 1.11–1.20.

FIGURE 8.1–8.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. cavator: 8.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 8.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 8.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 8.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 8.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 8.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 8.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Thorax: mesonotum grayish brown, subshiny; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; pleurae golden brown until ventral margin of notopleuron, other pleural areas silvery gray; anepisternum slightly golden brown microtomentose mid posteriorly. Wings: length 1.83–2.56 mm; hyaline with dark brown venation; knob of halter pale yellow, stem dark brown; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.01–2.33; III/IV: 3.47–3.86; V/IV: 3.88–4.35; vein M ratio: 4.14–4.36. Legs: mainly silvery gray; joints brownish; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur weakly developed; mid tibiotarsal ctenidium present but weakly developed; tarsi mainly pale to orange yellow, becoming dark brown from tarsomere 3, apical tarsomere dark grayish brown. Abdomen: dark grayish brown dorsally, silvery gray in lateral and ventral views. Male terminalia: anterolateral margin of sternite 5 truncate, posterior margin deeply concave, irregularly setose (figs. 8.1 and 8.2); postgonite bent anterolaterally (figs. 8.1 and 8.2); pregonite long, straight, slightly bent medially (figs. 8.1 and 8.2); postsurstylus broad basally becoming thin medioapically (figs. 8.1 and 8.2); aedeagus fusiform in ventral view (fig. 8.3); anterior margin of surstylus smoothly convex, posterior margin shallowly concave, surstylus with two rows of



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setulae medially (figs. 8.1 and 8.7); phallapodeme in ventral view Y-shaped anteriorly, with a thin membrane between the process, slightly broad mediobasally, posterior margin truncate (fig. 8.5), in lateral view L-shaped (fig. 8.6); epandrium narrow (fig. 8.1). Female terminalia: tergites 3–5 subequal; tergite 6 slightly shorter than fifth; tergites 7–8 mostly retracted within sixth; eighth tergite forming an inverted U around cerci; cerci in lateral view ovoid with a short petiole; sternites roundly rectangular; sternites 3–5 subequal in size; sternite 6 twice longer than seventh; tergite 8 1.5 times shorter than seventh; hypoproct well developed, longer than wide, roundly triangular, uniformly setulose, projecting to apical third of cerci; ventral receptacle with a cap cupuliform, about 1.5 times longer than wide, extended process J-shaped in lateral view. Material examined. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Ilha da Marambaia (23°03’55.50”S 43°52’50.94”W, 4 m), 11.VI.2011; M. A. Schneider & F. A. Rodrigues Jr. (1 male, 7 female; MNRJ). Distribution. Nearctic: United States (Florida). Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). Notes. This species was described from the United State of America, and is for the first time recorded from the Neotropical region. This species is morphologically very similar to H. vulgaris Cresson and H. schneiderae sp. nov., but can be distinguished by the coloration of the forebasitarsomere, dark brown to black in both last two species and pale yellow to orange in H. cavator Deonier, this in addition to the male and female terminalia morphology.

Hydrellia tibialis Cresson 1917 (Figs.: 4.3, 9.1–9.7 and 10) Hydrellia tibialis Cresson 1917: 341 (description of male and female). Holotype male, ANSP 6141. Type-locality: United States, Idaho, Latah, Moscow (46°44'N, 117°W); Cresson 1918: 47 (list of species); Cresson 1941: 37 (redescription); Cresson 1944: 164 (review); Cresson 1947: 38 (review, Neotropical species); Johnson 1925: 272 (list); Wirth & Stone 1956: 469 (key, California); Deonier 1964: 116 (key to species of Iowa); Deonier 1965: 500 and 506 (ecology); Deonier 1971: 99–102 (redescription, immature stages; host plant); Deonier 1998: 230–237 (revision); Wirth & Stone 1956: 469 (list); Wirth 1965: 744 (Nearctic catalog); Wirth 1968: 13 (Neotropical catalog); Cole 1969: 400 (list, western North America, discussion); Lizarralde de Grosso 1989: 34 (list, Argentina); Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 91 (world catalog). Hydrellia diadema Frey, 1930: 93 fide Zatwarnicki, 1988: 615.

Diagnosis. Body length of male 1.73–2.50 mm, female 1.94–2.29 mm; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present; mesonotum densely microtomentose, dark grayish brown over black with some metallic green reflections; maxillary palpus dark grayish brown to black; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; presutural dorsocentral setae absent; pleurae mostly grayish brown colored, not contrasting with notum as in H. calverti and H. agitator (fig. 4.3); male mid tibia noticeably dilated (fig. 4.3); sternite 5 deeply concave and congruent with distiphallus, posterior arms digitiform, irregularly setose (figs. 9.1 and 9.2); surstylus trapezoidal, wider than large, anterior margin truncate (fig. 9.7); postsurstylus narrow, spoon-like at posterior margin, its posterior apices one over the other (figs. 9.1 and 9.2); phallapodeme bifurcated in both sides, anterior bifurcation pointed, with a membrane between the process, posterior bifurcation truncated at posterior margin (fig. 9.5). Description. Head: frons broader than high; fronto-orbital plate darker, densely microtomentose, usually black; frontal vitta grayish brown, sometimes olivaceous or golden microtomentose; ocellar setae present, halflength to subequal to pseudopostocellar; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present, with a third smaller setula between them; antenna mostly dark grayish brown to black; pedicel with no developed setae on dorsal margin, but with 1–2 ventral hair like setulae; 5–6 aristal rays; face narrow, ochraceous or silvery gray, bearing 5–6 setae; parafacial usually silvery gray; face in lateral view nearly vertical but with low, rounded, ventromedial carina and shallow but distinct antennal grooves; lunule usually concolorous with face; gena and postgena dark grayish brown, occiput darker; genal groove usually concolorous with gena or slightly darker; 1 genal seta; maxillary palpus dark grayish brown to black, cleaver shaped; epistomal ratio: 1.57–1.62; mesofacial ratio: 1.95–2.04; vertex ratio: 3.50–4.87; eye-to-gena ratio: 5.84–6.87; head ratio: 1.21–1.27. Thorax: well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; mesonotum densely microtomentose, dark grayish brown over black, with some metallic green reflections; pleural areas grayish brown, not contrasting with notum in lateral view (fig. 4.3); anepisternum with some sparsely golden microtomentum dorsomedially; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; 1 postpronotal seta. Wings: length 1.99–2.55; hyaline with brown



venation; knob of halter fluorescent yellow to whitish yellow, stem brown; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.08–2.21; III/IV: 3.30–3.41; V/IV: 3.61–3.79; vein M ratio: 3.25–3.26. Legs: dark grayish brown; joints sometimes glossy brown; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur weakly developed; mid tibiae of male enlarged (fig. 4.3). Abdomen: dark grayish brown with metallic green reflections dorsally and laterally, grayish brown ventrally. Male terminalia: sternite 5 deeply concave and congruent with distiphallus, posterior arms digitiform, irregularly setose (figs. 9.1 and 9.2); surstylus trapezoidal, wider than large, anterior margin truncate (fig. 9.7); epandrium narrow (fig. 9.1); postsurstylus narrow, spoon-like at posterior margin, its posterior apices one over the other (figs. 9.1 and 9.2); pregonite L-shaped, bifurcated, each arm bearing 1 setula (fig. 9.2); postgonite bent anteromedially (fig. 9.2); aedeagus fusiform in ventral view, ornamented at the base (fig. 9.3), distiphallus small; phallapodeme bifurcated in both sides, anterior bifurcation pointed, with a membrane between the process, posterior bifurcation truncated at posterior margin (fig. 9.5). Female terminalia: third to tergite 5s subequal in size; tergite 6 twice longer than subequal seventh and eighth; sternites roundly quadrate; sixth and sternite 7s subequal; tergite 8 uniformly microsetulose, with usually 1–2 pairs of long hair like setulae, in ventral view deeply concave posteromedially and roundly truncate anteriorly; cerci in lateral view rounded apically, with a petiole anteriorly; hypoproct subequal in size to cerci, bent dorsally, uniformly microsetulose, strongly sclerotized in apical half; ventral receptacle with a cap cupuliform, 1.5 larger than wide, extended process J-shaped in lateral view.

FIGURE 9.1–9.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. tibialis: 9.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 9.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 9.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 9.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 9.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 9.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 9.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Material examined. Brazil: Amazonas, Sítio Vida Tropical (02°51.9'S, 59°55.9'W; 60 m), 5.V.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (2 male, 3 female; INPA, USNM). Rio de Janeiro, Parque Nacional da Tijuca (22°57’27.60’’S, 43°16’26.08’’W; 507 m), 03.X.2011–29.III.2012, F. A. Rodrigues Jr. (89 male, 66 female; MNRJ). Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul (ca. 10 km NW; 25°14.9'S, 49°08.9'W; 890 m), 4.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (12 male, 11 female; MNRJ, USNM). Paraná, Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9'S, 49°14'W; 915 m), 04–28.I.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 female; USNM). Paraná, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W; 880 m), 19.I–11.II.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (2 male; USNM). Paraná, Antonina (25°28.4'S, 48°40.9'W; mangal), 09.IV.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (4 male; MNRJ, USNM). Distribution. Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec), United States HYDRELLIA (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) FROM BRAZIL


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(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming). Neotropical: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, Paraná and Rio de Janeiro), Chile, Costa Rica, Galapagos Islands, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago and West Indies (Dominica). Palearctic: Austria and Finland. Notes. Hydrellia tibialis is recorded for the first time from Brazil, as is the first photograph of this species. H. tibialis is morphologically very similar to H. calverti Cresson and H. agitator Deonier, but can be distinguished by the orientation of fronto-orbital setae and the coloration of the pleurae and notum.

FIGURE 10. Distribution map of H. tibialis in Brazil.

Hydrellia vulgaris Cresson 1931 (Figs.: 4.4, 11.1–11.7, 12.1–12.3 and 13) Hydrellia vulgaris Cresson 1931: 94 (description of male and female). Holotype male, BMNH. Type-locality: Chile. Peulla (41°4'55''S, 72°1'4''W*); Cresson 1947: 38 (review, Neotropical species); Wirth 1968: 13 (Neotropical catalog); Lizarralde de Grosso 1989: 34 (list, Argentina); Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 93 (world catalog). Hydrellia griseola of authors, not Fallén 1813 (misidentification); Cresson 1918: 49 (review, as Hydrellia hypoleuca); Parker et al. 1952: 29 (parasitoids: Chrysonotomyia species (Eulophidae), Pteromalus species (Pteromalidae), Opius species (Braconidae).

Diagnosis. Body length of male 2.27–2.30 mm, female 2.17–2.62 mm; frons 2–3 times broader than high, frontoorbital plate dark brown to black; frontal vitta brown or olive brown; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present; 5–6 aristal rays (rarely 7); face broad, densely microtomentose, silvery white to ochraceous, bearing 6–7 primary facial setae; maxillary palpus pale yellow to orange yellow; mesonotum densely microtomentose,



brown to olive brown over black, opaque to subshiny; mesonotum usually with a bluish band along of dorsocentral and acrostichal rows; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1 or 1+1 (fig. 4.4); ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur weakly developed; fore tarsi dark brown to black; mid and hind basitarsomere mostly dark brown to black; sternite 5 truncate anteriorly, with a small, rounded medial sulcus in posterior margin, forming broad posterior arms (figs. 11.1 and 11.2); surstylus in ventral view higher than broad, with a medial sulcus on apical half, and a smaller lateral cleft forming a small lateral process (figs. 11.1 and 11.7); epandrium broad, forming an inverted U (fig. 11.1).

FIGURE 11.1–11.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. vulgaris: 11.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 11.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 11.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 11.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 11.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 11.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 11.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Description. Head: frons 2–3 times broader than high, fronto-orbital plate dark brown to black; frontal vitta brown or olive brown; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present, with a third smaller proclinate setula between them; pseudopostocellar setae twice larger than ocellar setae; scape and pedicel dark grayish brown to black, pedicel densely grayish brown microtomentose dorsoapically, with 1 dorsoapical seta, varying from moderately to well developed, 1 well-developed setulae behind this, and 1–2 ventral hair like setulae; first flagellomere grayish brown to black, usually lighter; 5–6 aristal rays (rarely 7); face broad, densely microtomentose, silvery white to ochraceous, bearing 6–7 primary facial setae, sometimes with 1–2 declinate secondary facial setulae, in lateral view evenly convex or noticeably prominent bellow middle; parafacial narrow dorsally, wider ventrally, usually concolorous with face; gena, postgena and occiput silvery gray; genal groove black; 1 genal seta, sometimes with 1 well-developed postgenal setula; maxillary palpus pale yellow to orange yellow, bearing 3–4 setulae; epistomal ratio: 1.56–1.68; mesofacial ratio: 2.14–2.33; vertex ratio: 6.91–8.19; eyeto-gena ratio: 3.65–4.98; head ratio: 1.28–1.33. Thorax: mesonotum densely microtomentose, brown to olive brown over black, opaque to subshiny; mesonotum usually with a bluish band along of dorsocentral and acrostichal rows; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1 or 1+1 (fig. 4.4), presutural usually smaller and not far removed from the postsutural; pleurae, except for notopleuron bluish gray microtomentose; notopleuron brown microtomentose (fig. 4.4); postpronotum mostly



517

silvery gray; 1 postpronotal seta, sometimes with a second three times shorter setulae; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; anepisternum with some posterodorsal brown microtomentum. Wings: length 2.27–2.59 mm; hyaline with brown venation; knob of halter light yellow, stem yellowish brown; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.47–2.50; III/IV: 2.86–3.13; V/IV: 3.80–4.25; vein M ratio: 3.66–4.05. Legs: coxae and femora concolorous with pleural areas; trochanters dark yellow to brown; tibiae mostly concolorous with coxae and femora or slightly darker; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur weakly developed, sometimes almost imperceptible; joints dark yellow to brown; fore tarsi dark brown to black; mid and hind basitarsomere mostly dark brown to black, sometimes yellowish to orange yellow basally, following tarsomere dark brown to black. Abdomen: in dorsal view, opaque to subshiny, dark grayish brown; tergite 5 in male about twice as long as forth; in lateral and ventral views, silvery gray; surstylus in ventral view brown microtomentose over silver. Male terminalia: sternite 5 truncate anteriorly, with a small, rounded medial sulcus in posterior margin, forming broad posterior arms (figs. 11.1 and 11.2); postgonite bent anteromedially; pregonite small (fig. 11.2), slightly bent medially; postsurstylus narrow, with a membrane from the base to apices (figs. 11.1 and 11.2); surstylus in ventral view higher than broad, with a medial sulcus on apical half, and a smaller lateral cleft forming a small lateral process (figs. 11.1 and 11.7); aedeagus in ventral view fusiform (fig. 11.3); in lateral view broadly rounded in ventral margin and sinuous in dorsal margin (fig. 11.4); phallapodeme in ventral view narrow medially, broader apically, posterior margin truncate, anterior margin slightly bifurcated (fig. 11.5), in lateral view L-shaped (fig. 11.6); epandrium broad, forming an inverted U (fig. 11.1). Female terminalia: third to tergite 5s subequal in size; tergite 6 about 3 times longer than 7 (fig. 12.1); tergite 8 forming an inverted U around cerci (fig. 12.1); sternites 3– 5 roundly rectangular, about 2 to 2.5 times longer than wide, uniformly setulose; sixth to tergite 8 subequal, roundly quadrate; hypoproct oblong, much broader than high (fig. 12.1); ventral receptacle with cap cupuliform (fig. 12.3).

FIGURE 12.1–12.3. Female terminalia of H. vulgaris: 12.1) female terminalia, ventral view; 12.2) female terminalia, lateral view; 12.3) ventral receptacle, ventrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Material examined. Brazil: São Paulo, Capital (23°32'51''S, 46°38'10''W*); IV.1960; O. P. Forattini (1 male, 1 female; MZUSP). São Paulo, Guatapará (21°28'20''S, 47°59'29''W*), II.1945, M. Carreara (1 female; CEIOC). Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico (22°57'43''S, 43°13'23''W*), 5.II.1937, H. S. Lopes (1 female; CEIOC). Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca (22°57'27.60''S, 43°16'26.08''W; 507 m), 17.XI.2011, F. A. Rodrigues Jr. (2 male, 4



female; MNRJ). Rio de Janeiro, Ilha da Marambaia (23°03'55.50''S, 43°52'50.94''W; 4 m), 11.VI–27.VIII.2011, F. A. Rodrigues Jr. (2 male, 5 female; MNRJ); Paraná, Castro (wetlands; 24°47.4'S, 50°0.3'W; 990 m), 24– 31.XII.2009, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 male; USNM). Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul (25°14.9'S, 49°8.9'W; 890 m), 2– 4.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (3 male, 4 female; MNRJ, USNM). Paraná, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'; 880 m), 9.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (2 male, 1 female; USNM). Paraná, Curitiba, UFPR (25°26.9'S, 49°14'W; 915 m), 26–31.XII.2009, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 male; USNM). Santa Catarina, Nova Teutônia (27°11'[B]S, 52°23'W; 300–500 m), IX.1960, X.1970, VII.1971; F. Plaumann (1 male, 2 female; MZUSP). Distribution. Neotropical: Argentina, Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro), Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Juan Fernandez Islands, Galapagos Islands and Uruguay. Notes. Hydrellia vulgaris is recorded for the first time from Brazil, as are the illustration of male and female terminalia. The first photography of this species is also presented. This species is morphologically similar to H. cavator Deonier and H. schneiderae sp. nov., but can be distinguished by the coloration of tarsi, number of aristal rays and by the presence of a presutural dorsocentral seta, this last character can vary in some cases.

FIGURE 13. Distribution map of H. vulgaris in Brazil.

Hydrellia wirthi Korytkowski 1982 (Figs.: 4.5, 14.1–14.8 and 15) Hydrellia wirthi Korytkowski, 1982: 2 (description of male and female; biology; host plants). Holotype male, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruíz Gallo, Chiclayo, Peru (not located). Type-locality: Peru, Lambayeque, Ferreñafe (6°20'0''S, 79°30'0''W*); Mathis et al. 2006 (redescription; pest in United States); Pantoja et al. 1993: 1820–1823 (pest in Colombia); Pantoja & Salazar 1993: 378–379 (ovipositional preference); Salazar et al. 1993: 38–40 (biology); Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 94 (world catalog).

Diagnosis. Body length of male 1.91–2.22 mm; female 2.40–2.46 mm; fronto-orbital plate often dark brown or HYDRELLIA (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) FROM BRAZIL


519

black, contrasting with olivaceous gray to tan microtomentose frontal vitta and essentially concolorous frontoorbits; antenna mostly grayish dark brown to black; scape grayish dark brown; pedicel more densely grayish brown microtomentose dorsally, bearing 1 distinct spine like setae dorsally and 1 well-developed setula behind this; first flagellomere light grayish black, with dense, short, sparse, pale microtomentum dorsoapically; 6–8 dorsal rays; face narrow, in lateral view nearly vertical with only slightly distinct dorsomedial elevation and indistinct antennal grooves; facial color in anterior view varying, light tan or silvery white microtomentose; 5–7 (usually 6) primary facial setae, sometimes with a minute, shallowly declinate secondary facial setula dorsally; dorsocentral setae 0+1; postpronotum and notopleuron mostly concolorous, light bluish gray microtomentose, contrasting with grayish brown to brown microtomentose scutum and scutellum; anteroventral margin of notopleuron, especially around base of anterior seta grayish brown to brown (fig. 4.5); pleuron and lateral margins of abdomen light bluish gray or light gray microtomentose (fig. 4.5); ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur well developed; trochanters, femorotibial joints, and most of tarsi light to dark yellow, becoming brown apically; surstylus with a deep, narrow, medial sulcus on apical half and a smaller, lateral cleft forming a lateral, narrow process (fig. 14.1 and 14.7), in lateral view with a prominent, elongate keel-like carina at merger of surstylus on basal half (fig. 14.8).

FIGURE 14.1–14.8. Structures of the male terminalia of H. wirthi: 14.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 14.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 14.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 14.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 14.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 14.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 14.7) surstylus, ventral view; 14.8) surstylus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Description. Head: fronto-orbital plate often dark brown or black, contrasting with olivaceous gray to tan microtomentose frontal vitta and essentially concolorous fronto-orbits; postocellar setae usually three times length of ocellar seta; antenna mostly grayish dark brown to black; scape black; pedicel more densely microtomentose dorsally, bearing 1 distinct spine like setae dorsally and 1 well-developed setula behind this; pedicel bearing 2–3 well-developed ventral setulae; first flagellomere light grayish black to black with dense, short, sparse pale



microtomentum dorsoapically; 6–8 dorsal rays; face in lateral view nearly vertical with dorsal medial elevation only slightly distinct and with indistinct antennal grooves; facial color in anterior view varying, usually with shiny, silvery white microtomentum but sometimes light tan; lunule concolorous with face; parafacial narrow, very thin dorsad of midfacial height, concolorous with face, becoming wider ventrally onto light gray microtomentose gena; 5–7 primary facial setae, sometimes with a minute shallowly declinate dorsal secondary facial setula; maxillary palpus light yellow, somewhat roundly spatulate and with usually 4–5 dark setulae; gena, postgena and occiput light bluish gray, 1 genal seta, rarely with 1 postgenal setula well developed; epistomal ratio: 1.83–2.34; mesofacial ratio: 2.44–3.74; vertex ratio: 6.49–7.88; eye-to-gena ratio: 6.45–7.76; head ratio: 1.16–1.33. Thorax: postpronotum and notopleuron mostly concolorous, light bluish gray microtomentose, contrasting with grayish brown to brown microtomentose scutum and scutellum; anteroventral margin of notopleuron, especially around base of anterior seta grayish brown to brown (fig. 4.5); pleuron and lateral margins of abdomen light bluish gray or light gray microtomentose (fig. 4.5); dorsocentral setae 0+1; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; 1 postpronotal seta. Wings: length 2.20–2.64 mm; hyaline; veins light yellowish brown; knob of halter light yellow, stem orange yellow; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.33–2.50; III/IV: 2.66–3.17; V/IV: 3.21–4.01; vein M ratio: 3.64– 4.63. Legs: light gray or bluish gray microtomentose; trochanters, femorotibial joints, and most of tarsi light to dark yellow, becoming brown apically; apices of fore tibia and sometimes mid and hind tibiae dark yellow to brown; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur well developed. Abdomen: tergites in posterodorsal view subshiny, grayish brown microtomentose, light gray to bluish gray microtomentose laterally and ventrally; anterodorsal corners of syntergite 1+2 to tergite 5 grayish brown microtomentose when in lateral view. Male terminalia: sternite 5 attached with anterior margin of hypandrium, each lateral arm deeply cleft, forming a medial, narrow, elongate, shallowly sinuous process bearing apical setulae (figs. 14.1 and 14.7); epandrium forming an inverted U around cerci (fig. 14.1); surstylus with a deep, narrow, medial sulcus on apical half and a smaller, lateral cleft forming a lateral, narrow process, in lateral view with a prominent, elongate keel-like carina at merger of surstylus on basal half; postsurstylus in ventral view generally narrowly triangular, elongate, apex with medial, tooth-like, robust seta (figs. 14.1 and 14.7); pregonite simple, rodlike (figs. 14.1 and 14.2); aedeagus in ventral view very slightly tapered from base to apex, apex moderately rounded (fig. 14.3), in lateral view with base narrow, shallowly curved, thereafter expanded toward broad apex with a pointed, recurved, anteroapical process (fig. 14.4); phallapodeme in lateral view shallowly bifurcate at attachment to hypandrium, narrowly rounded at attachment with base of aedeagus (fig. 14.6), in ventral view greatly expanded laterally, flange-like at aedeagal terminus, bifurcate at hypandrial terminus (fig. 14.5). Female terminalia: tergite 5 as long as wide, tapered laterally, posterior margin very obtusely pointed to broadly rounded, other posterior tergites mostly retracted within fifth; sternite 5 more or less rectangular, about twice as long as wide; tergite 6 wide, with lateral extensions becoming wider; sternite 6 slightly wider than long, roundly quadrate; tergite 7 about half as wide as tergite 6, very short; sternite 7 three times wider than long, transversely strap-like, lateral margins slightly curved posteriorly; eighth tergite forming an inverted U around cerci; tergite 8 divided, as two ovate sclerites at lateral margins of hypoproct; hypoproct small, as large as wide; ventral receptacle with cap cupuliform, higher than wide, extended process J-shaped in lateral view. Material examined. Brazil. Pará. Furo do Jurupari (2°40'0''S, 52°59'0''W*), X.1970. Exp. Perm. Amaz. (1 male; MZUSP). Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul (25°14.9'S, 49°8.9'W; 890 m), 2–4.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 male, 1 female; MNRJ). Paraná, Foz do Iguaçú (25°30.1'S, 54°32.4'W), 26.VIII.2000, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 male; USNM). Santa Catarina. Nova Teutônia (27°11'S, 52°23'E; 300–500 m), X.1970; Fritz Plaumann (1 female; MZUSP). Distribution. Nearctic: United States (Louisiana, Texas). Neotropical: Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru and Brazil (Pará, Paraná and Santa Catarina). Notes. Hydrellia wirthi is recorded for the first time from Brazil. Korytkowski (1982) and Mathis et al. (2006) illustrated sternite 5 of H. wirthi as V-shaped, but in Brazilian specimens it has another shape once it is partially separated from hypandrium, as in figs. 14.1 and 14.2, with the dorsal half similar to H. griseola. This species is morphologically very similar to others from griseola species group recorded from Brazil, mainly H. vilelai sp. nov. and H. simplex sp. nov., being necessary the analyses of male or female terminalia to distinguish them.



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FIGURE 15. Distribution map of H. wirthi in Brazil.

Hydrellia xanthocera Cresson, 1938 (Figs.: 4.6, 16.1–16.7 and 17) Hydrellia xanthocera Cresson 1938: 33 (description of male and female). Holotype female, MNRJ. Type-locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (22°54.2'S, 43°12.6'W*); Cresson 1947: 37 (review, Neotropical species); Wirth 1968: 13 (Neotropical catalog); Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 94 (world catalog).

Diagnosis. Body length of male 1.71–1.88 mm, female 1.85–1.99 mm; ocellar setae absent; frons densely microtomentose; frontal vitta velvety reddish brown; fronto-orbital plate darker, velvety brown to black; antennae mostly yellow, except for dorsal margin of pedicel and first flagellomere sometimes darkened (fig. 4.6); ocellar triangle, postpronotum, anepisternum and anepimeron densely silvery white microtomentose (fig. 4.6); notopleuron and extended area of supra-alar, katepisternum and scutellum densely microtomentose, appearing velvety reddish brown (fig. 4.6); 2 scutellar setae, mid pair absent; foretibia yellow; tarsi mostly yellow except for dark brown apical tarsomere; sternite 5 deeply concave and congruent with distiphallus (figs. 16.1 and 16.2); surstylus in ventral view broader than high, shallowly concave on anterior margin (figs. 16.1 and 16.7). Description. Head: frons broader than high, densely microtomentose; frontal vitta velvety reddish brown; fronto-orbital plate darker, velvety brown to black; ocellar triangle silvery white microtomentose; ocellar setae absent; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present, with a third smaller proclinate setula between them; antennae mostly yellow, except for dorsal margin of pedicel and first flagellomere sometimes darkened (fig. 4.6); pedicel usually with 1 well-developed seta on dorsal margin and 2 well-developed hair like setulae on ventral margin; 5–8 aristal rays; face narrow, yellow, silver microtomentose; lunule usually silver; parafacial narrow, concolorous with face; antennal grooves distinct; face in lateral view nearly vertical but with low, ventromedial



carina; primary facial setae 3–4; genal groove, gena and postgena reddish brown silvery white microtomentose, occiput velvety reddish brown; 1 genal seta; maxillary palpus yellow; epistomal ratio: 1.48–1.76; mesofacial ratio: 3.08–3.18; vertex ratio: 5.41–6.77; eye-to-gena ratio: 5.15–5.89; head ratio: 1.14–1.15.

FIGURE 16.1–16.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. xanthocera: 16.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 16.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 16.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 16.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 16.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 16.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 16.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Thorax: well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; 2 scutellar setae, mid pair absent; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; mesonotum reddish brown sparsely silvery white microtomentose, subshiny to shiny; postpronotum, anepisternum, and anepimeron reddish brown densely silvery white microtomentose (fig. 4.6); notopleuron and extended area of supra-alar, katepisternum and scutellum densely microtomentose, appearing velvety reddish brown (fig. 4.6). Wings: length 1.80–2.21 mm; hyaline with pale brown venation; halter yellow; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.35–2.85; III/IV: 3.14–3.28; V/IV: 3.27–3.45; vein M ratio: 3.82–4.77. Legs: coxae, trochanters and femora reddish brown, sparsely silvery white microtomentose; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur almost always absent, present in holotype and other two specimens, almost imperceptible; fore tibiae yellow; mid and hind tibiae usually concolorous with femora except for apical yellow margin; tarsi mostly yellow except for dark brown apical tarsomere. Abdomen: dark reddish brown to black, subshiny to shiny; sparsely silvery white microtomentose. Male terminalia: sternite 5 deeply concave and congruent with distiphallus (figs. 16.1 and 16.2); surstylus in ventral view broader than high, shallowly concave on anterior margin (figs. 16.1 and 16.7); postgonite bent anterolaterally (figs. 16.1 and 16.2); aedeagus in ventral view fusiform, distiphallus small (fig. 16.3); phallapodeme in ventral view truncate at the attachment with postsurstylus, bent dorsally, bifurcated at the attachment with hypandrium (fig. 16.5); epandrium narrow (fig. 16.1). Female terminalia: third to tergite 5s subequal in size; tergites 6–8 very short, retracted within tergite 5; hypoproct oblong; sternites subequal, roundly quadrate, microsetulose; cerci in lateral view ovoid; ventral receptacle with a cap cupuliform as broad as high. Material examined. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro (22°54.2'S, 43°12.6'W), IX.1934, H. Souza Lopes (1 female; holotype; MNRJ). Rio de Janeiro, Grajaú (22°55'12''S, 43°15'52''W*), 13.VIII–27.VIII.1939, H. Souza Lopes (9



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male, 4 female; CEIOC; 2 abdomen destroyed). Rio de Janeiro, Jacarepaguá (22°57'34''S, 43°22'8''W*), 5.XI.1939, H. Souza Lopes (2 male; CEIOC). Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) and Panama. Notes. Hydrellia xanthocera Cresson belongs to the formosa species group, distinguished by the absence of the ocellar seta. This species is similar to H. bocaiuvensis sp. nov., but can be distinguished by the body coloration, the coloration of flagellomere 1 and by the number of scutellar setae. Illustrations of the male terminalia and the first photograph of the holotype of this species are provided for the first time.

FIGURE 17. Distribution map of H. longiseta and H. xanthocera in Brazil.

New species Hydrellia bocaiuvensis sp. nov. (Figs.: 2, 18.1–18.7, 19.1–19.3 and 20.1) Diagnosis. Body length of male 1.86–1.92 mm, female 1.96–2.30 mm; frons broader than high; densely microtomentose, velvety black; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present; first flagellomere dark brown dorsoapically, orange yellow ventrobasally; 6–8 aristal rays; maxillary palpus yellow (fig. 20.1); mesonotum dark brown, densely microtomentose over black, subshiny; scutellum velvety black, except for marginal lateral and apical area; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; 3 scutellar setae; pleurae mostly brownish dorsally until notopleuron, and grayish from anepisternum to katepisternum; posterior margin of notopleuron and adjacent area of supra-alar densely microtomentose, velvety black (fig. 20.1); tarsi mostly orange yellow, except for dark brown apical tarsomeres 4 and 5; sternite 5 deeply concave and congruent with distiphallus; surstylus broader than high, concave anteriorly (figs. 18.1 and 18.7).



FIGURE 18.1–18.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. bocaiuvensis sp. nov.: 18.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 18.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 18.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 18.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 18.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 18.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 18.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 19.1–19.3. Female terminalia of H. bocaiuvensis sp. nov.: 19.1) female terminalia, ventral view; 19.2) female terminalia, lateral view; 19.3) ventral receptacle, ventrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.



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FIGURE 20.1–20.6. 20.1) H. bocaiuvensis sp. nov. (male, profile) from Bocaiúva do Sul, Paraná; 20.2) H. longiseta sp. nov. (female, profile) from Castro, Paraná; 20.3) H. vilelai sp. nov. (male, profile) from Bocaiúva do Sul, Paraná; 20.4) H. simplex (holotype, male), profile; 20.5) H. similis (holotype, male), profile; 20.6) H. similis (holotype, male), profile of thorax and head, in detail ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur.



Description. Head: frons broader than high; densely microtomentose, velvety black; ocellar triangle grayish brown microtomentose, subshiny; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present, with a third smaller setula between them; ocellar setae absent; scape dark brown; pedicel black, grayish microtomentose anteriorly; pedicel with 1 small dorsal seta; pedicel with 2–3 ventral hair like setulae; first flagellomere dark brown dorsoapically, orange yellow ventrobasally; 6–8 aristal rays; lunule silver to golden silver; face silver, sparsely golden microtomentose medially, in lateral view nearly vertical, but with antennal grooves distinct; facial setae 4– 6, usually with 1–2 minute shallowly declinate dorsal secondary facial setulae; parafacial narrow, usually concolorous with genal groove; genal groove black; 1 genal seta; gena, postgena and occiput grayish brown microtomentose; maxillary palpus yellow (fig. 20.1), spatulate, with 3 setulae; epistomal ratio: 1.31–1.43; mesofacial ratio: 1.91–2.05; vertex ratio: 8.56–9.65; eye-to-gena ratio: 4.98–5.47; head ratio: 1.32–1.35. Thorax: mesonotum dark brown over black, densely microtomentose, subshiny; scutellum velvety black, except for marginal lateral and apical area; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; 1 postpronotal seta; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; thorax in lateral view mostly brownish dorsally, until notopleuron, and grayish from anepisternum to katepisternum; posterior margin of notopleuron and adjacent area of supra-alar densely microtomentose, velvety black (fig. 20.1); 1 anepisternal seta well developed; 1 mesokatepisternal seta. Wings: length 2.08–2.35 mm; hyaline with pale brown venation; knob of halter fluorescent yellow to pale yellow, stem orange; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.39–2.59; III/IV: 3.23 –3.71; V/IV: 3.32–3.72; vein M ratio: 3.67–4.03. Legs: coxae and femora concolorous with pleural areas; joints orange yellow; fore tibiae orange yellow; mid and hind tibiae grayish brown microtomentose medially; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur minute; tarsi mostly orange yellow, except for dark brown apical tarsomeres 4 and 5. Abdomen: grayish brown over black, densely microtomentose, subshiny. Male terminalia: sternite 5 deeply concave and congruent with distiphallus (figs. 18.1 and 18.2); surstylus broader than high, concave anteriorly (figs. 18.1 and 18.7); postgonite bent anteromedially (figs. 18.1 and 18.2); pregonite comparatively narrow, bifurcated, each lobe bearing 1 setula (figs. 18.1 and 18.2); postsurstylus broad (figs. 18.1 and 18.2); aedeagus in ventral view fusiform (fig. 18.3); phallapodeme in ventral view narrow (fig. 18.5), bifurcated in both sides; epandrium narrow (fig. 18.1). Female terminalia: tergite 7 twice smaller than tergite 6 (fig. 19.2); tergites 7–8 mostly retracted within tergite 6 (fig. 19.2); cercus in lateral view rounded; sternites subequal, roundly quadrate (fig. 19.1); tergite 8 in lateral view rounded medially, uniformly microsetulose (fig. 19.1); ventral receptacle with a cap cupuliform, about 1.5 higher than broad (fig. 19.3). Material examined. Holotype male (MNRJ): “Brazil, Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul (25°14.9'S, 49°8.9'W; 890 m), 2–4.Nov.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis”. Paratypes: labelled the same as holotype (22 male, 27 female; MNRJ, USNM). Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Paraná) Etymology. The specific epithet, bocaiuvensis, refers to the type-locality Bocaiúva do Sul, Paraná, Brazil. Notes. Hydrellia bocaiuvensis sp. nov. is morphologically very similar to H. xanthocera. Both species belong to the formosa species group. They can be distinguished by the ground color, number of scutellar setae and shape of the phallapodeme.

Hydrellia longiseta sp. nov. (Figs.: 17, 20.2, 21.1–21.7 and 22.1–22.3) Diagnosis. Large species (fig. 20.2), body length of male 2.56 mm, female 2.80–3.38 mm; frons as broad as high; ocellar setae subequal to pseudopostocellar setae; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present; frons silvery gray, sparsely golden microtomentose; scape and pedicel silvery gray; pedicel with 1 dorsal setae; first flagellomere orange yellow ventrobasally, dark brown to black dorsoapically; 5–7 aristal rays; face golden microtomentose over silver, in lateral view nearly vertical but with distinct antennal groove; maxillary palpus orange yellow; mesonotum silvery gray, sparsely golden brown microtomentose; dorsocentral setae 1+1, far removed from suture; tarsi mostly dark yellow to brown, becoming grayish black from tarsomere 3; mid and hind tibiae with tibiotarsal ctenidium weakly developed; sternite 5 truncate anteriorly, with a deep posteromedial sulcus (figs. 21.1 and 21.2); basiphallus in ventral view rounded, distiphallus small (fig. 21.3); phallapodeme in ventral view bifurcated at the attachment with hypandrium, narrow medially, becoming broad next to the attachment with



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the postsurstylus, posterior margin truncated (figs. 21.5); in lateral view boot-shaped (fig. 21.6); surstylus broadly and deeply concave anteromedially (figs. 21.1 and 21.7).

FIGURE 21.1–21.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. longiseta sp. nov.: 21.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 21.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 21.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 21.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 21.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 21.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 21.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Description. Head: as broad as high; frons as broad as high; ocellar setae subequal to pseudopostocellar setae; both proclinate and reclinate fronto orbital setae present, with a third smaller setula between them; frons silvery gray, sparsely golden microtomentose; scape and pedicel silvery gray; pedicel with 1 dorsal seta and 2 ventral welldeveloped hair-like setulae; first flagellomere orange yellow ventrobasally, dark brown to black dorsoapically; 5–7 aristal rays; face golden microtomentose over silver, in lateral view nearly vertical but with distinct antennal groove; 4 primary facial setae, with 1 slightly declinate dorsal secondary facial setulae; lunule concolorous with face; parafacial broad, mostly silver; genal groove black; gena, postgena and occiput silvery gray; 1 welldeveloped genal seta; 1 well-developed postgenal setula; maxillary palpus orange yellow, spatulate, bearing 4 setulae; epistomal ratio: 1.20–1.33; mesofacial ratio: 1.80–2.09; vertex ratio: 3.78–4.15; eye-to-gena ratio: 4.43– 5.23; head ratio: 1.30–1.30. Thorax: mesonotum silvery gray, sparsely golden brown microtomentose; dorsocentral setae 1+1, far removed from suture; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; pleural areas below notopleuron silvery gray; anepisternum sparsely golden brown microtomentose posteriorly. Wings: length 2.34–3.15 mm; hyaline with pale yellow venation; knob of halter yellow, stem orange yellow; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.65–2.75; III/IV: 2.79–2.82; V/IV: 3.92–4.00; vein M ratio: 3.26–3.40. Legs: mostly silvery gray; joints dark yellow to brown; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur weakly developed; tarsi mostly dark yellow to brown, becoming grayish black from tarsomere 3; mid and hind tibiae with tibiotarsal ctenidium weakly developed. Abdomen: opaque to subshiny; grayish brown dorsally; silvery gray in lateral and ventral views; anterodorsal corner of syntergite 1+2 to tergite 5 greenish brown when in lateral view. Male terminalia: sternite 5 truncate anteriorly, with a deep posteromedial sulcus (figs. 21.1 and 21.2); postgonite bent anteromedially (figs. 21.1 and 21.2); pregonite broad, bifurcated, each arm with a setula (figs. 21.1 and 21.2); basiphallus in ventral view rounded,



distiphallus small (fig. 21.3); phallapodeme in ventral view bifurcated at the attachment with hypandrium, narrow medially, becoming broad next to the attachment with the postsurstylus, posterior margin truncated (fig. 21.5); in lateral view boot-shaped (fig. 21.6); surstylus broadly and deeply concave anteromedially (figs. 21.1 and 21.7); epandrium narrow (fig. 21.1). Female terminalia: tergites 3–5 subequal; tergite 6 two to three times larger than seventh (fig. 22.2); tergite 7 slightly larger than tergite 8 (fig. 22.2); sternites 3–5 roundly rectangular, subequal, twice larger than wide; sternite 6 roundly quadrate (fig. 22.1); sternite 7 trapezoidal, bent dorsally, uniformly setulose on posterior margin, with 3 well-developed, hair-like setulae on posterior corners (fig. 22.1); tergite 8 truncate on anterior margin, posterior margin convex, rounded, uniformly microsetulose, with 1 well-developed hair like setula on posterior corner (fig. 22.1); hypoproct much wider than large, isosceles, with posterior obtuse vertex (fig. 22.1); cerci ovoid reniform in lateral view; ventral receptacle with a cap cupuliform, 2–2.5 times larger than broad, extended process J-shaped (fig. 22.3).

FIGURE 22.1–22.3. Female terminalia of H. longiseta sp. nov.: 22.1) female terminalia, ventral view; 22.2) female terminalia, lateral view; 22.3) ventral receptacle, ventrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Material examined. Holotype male (MNRJ): “Brazil, Paraná, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W; 880 m), 22.Jan.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis”. Paratypes: Brazil: Labelled the same as holotype (1 male, 1 female; MNRJ). Espírito Santo. Baixo Guandu (19°30.9'S, 41°0.7'W), IX.1970, P. C. Elias (2 male, 8 female; MZUSP). Paraná. Castro (Parque Lacustre; 24°47.4'S, 50°0.3'W; 990 m), 24–25.XII.2009, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 female; USNM). Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Espírito Santo and Paraná). Etymology. The specific epithet, longiseta, refers to the well-developed ocellar setae, remarkable in this species. Notes. Hydrellia longiseta sp. nov. can be easily distinguished by its large size, its well-developed ocellar seta and the proportions of the frons.



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Hydrellia vilelai sp. nov. (Figs.: 7, 20.3 and 23.1–23.8) Diagnosis. Body length of male 2.00–2.28 mm; frons broader than high; frontal vitta brown microtomentose; fronto-orbital plate usually black; pedicel with 1 distinct spine like setae dorsally and 1 well-developed setula behind this; 6 aristal rays; face narrow, golden yellow to silver, in lateral view nearly vertical but shallowly carinate medially and with distinct antennal groove; mesonotum densely brown microtomentose over black; welldeveloped dorsocentral setae 0+1; sternite 5 attached with anterior margin of hypandrium, each lateral arm deeply cleft, forming a medial, narrow, elongate, shallowly sinuous process bearing 2 apical setulae (figs. 23.1 and 23.2); surstylus with a deep, narrow, medial sulcus on apical half and a smaller, lateral cleft forming a lateral, narrow process (figs. 23.1 and 23.7), in lateral view with a prominent, elongate ax-like carina at merger of surstyli on basal half (fig. 23.8).

FIGURE 23.1–23.8. Structures of the male terminalia of H. vilelai sp. nov.: 23.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 23.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 23.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 23.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 23.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 23.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 23.7) surstylus, ventral view; 23.8) surstylus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Description. Head: broader than high; frons broader than high; frontal vitta brown microtomentose; frontoorbital plate usually black; ocellar setae present, usually 3 times shorter than pseudopostocellar setae; both proclinate and reclinate setae present, with a third smaller setula between them, posterior fronto-orbital 1.5–2.0 times as long as anterior seta; scape and pedicel dark grayish brown; pedicel with 1 distinct spine like setae dorsally and 1 well-developed setula behind this, 3 ventral hair like setulae; first flagellomere dark grayish brown to grayish black with dense short dorsomedial pubescence; 6 aristal rays; face narrow, golden yellow to silver, in lateral view nearly vertical but shallowly carinate medially and with distinct antennal groove; 5–7 primary facial setae, sometimes with 1 dorsal shallowly declinate secondary facial setula; lunule silver; parafacial narrow, mostly concolorous with face; genal groove black; gena, postgena and occiput bluish silver (fig. 20.3); 1 genal seta; maxillary palpus yellow to orange yellow, spatulate, bearing 3 setulae; epistomal ratio: 2.13; mesofacial ratio: 3.38; vertex ratio: 7.35; eye-to-gena ratio: 8.69; head ratio: 1.22. Thorax: mesonotum densely brown microtomentose over black; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; postpronotum mostly silvery gray; notopleuron and adjacent area of supra-alar mostly brown microtomentose, not velvety (fig. 20.3);



other pleural areas mostly bluish silver. Wings: length 2.23–2.44; hyaline with brown venation; halter fluorescent yellow to pale yellow, stem orange; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.47; III/IV: 3.24; V/IV: 3.96; vein M ratio: 3.78. Legs: mostly silvery gray over orange yellow to brown; joints orange yellow; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur well developed; forebasitarsomere darkened medioapically; mid and hind tarsi orange yellow basally, becoming dark brown from tarsomere 3; mid tibia with tibiotarsal ctenidium weakly developed. Abdomen: grayish brown dorsally; bluish silver in lateral and ventral views; anterodorsal corner of syntergite 1+2 to tergite 5 greenish brown when in lateral view. Male terminalia: sternite 5 attached with anterior margin of hypandrium, each lateral arm deeply cleft, forming a medial, narrow, elongate, shallowly sinuous process bearing 2 apical setulae (figs. 23.1 and 23.2); epandrium broad, forming an inverted U (fig. 23.1); surstylus with a deep, narrow, medial sulcus on apical half and a smaller, lateral cleft forming a lateral, narrow process (figs. 23.1 and 23.7), in lateral view with a prominent, elongate ax-like carina at merger of surstyli on basal half (fig. 23.8); postsurstylus in ventral view broad, elongate, apex with medial, tooth-like, robust seta (figs. 23.1 and 23.2); pregonite simple, rod-like except for apical bifurcation, each lobe bearing an apical setula (figs. 23.1 and 23.2); aedeagus in ventral view fusiform (fig. 23.3), in lateral view with a pointed, shallowly recurved, process (fig. 23.4); phallapodeme in lateral view shallowly bifurcate at attachment to hypandrium, narrowly rounded at attachment with base of aedeagus (fig. 23.6), in ventral view greatly expanded laterally, flange-like at aedeagal terminus, bifurcate at hypandrial terminus (fig. 23.5). Material examined. Holotype male (MNRJ): “Brazil, Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul (25°16.6'S, 48°58.5'W; 770 m), 13.Feb.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis”. Paratypes: Labelled the same as the holotype (3 male; MNRJ, USNM). Brazil, Paraná, Castro (8 Km N; 24°45.3'S, 49°58.9'W; 1010 m), 25–26.XII.2009, D. and W. N. Mathis (2 male; USNM). Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Paraná). Etymology. The specific epithet, vilelai, is a Latin genitive patronym to honor and recognize Carlos R. Vilela, whose systematic studies of the family Drosophilidae are exceptional and who greatly assisted WNM while in Brazil. Notes. Hydrellia vilelai sp. nov. belongs to the griseola species group and is distinguished by the broadly developed epandrium. For accurate identification it is necessary to analyse the male terminalia, although it is often possible to see the surstylar carina in non-dissected specimens. Females presently unknown.

Hydrellia simplex sp. nov. (Figs.: 20.4, 24.1–24.8, 25.1–25.4 and 26) Diagnosis. Body length of male 2.18–2.33 mm, female 2.17–2.77 mm; head broader than high; frons broader than high, frontal vitta golden brown; fronto-orbital plate darker, usually black; ocellar setae present, three times shorter than pseudopostocellar setae; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present; antennae mostly grayish brown to black; pedicel with 1 distinct spine like setae dorsally and 1 well-developed setula behind this; 8–10 aristal rays; face narrow, silver to golden yellow, in lateral view with a distinct mid dorsal carina, antennal groove distinct; maxillary palpus yellow to pale yellow (fig. 20.4); mesonotum silvery brown to golden brown over black; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; pleural areas below notopleuron bluish gray (fig. 20.4); postpronotum mostly silvery gray; notopleuron transitional, tannish; legs mostly silvery gray; joints yellow to dark orange yellow (fig. 20.4); forebasitarsomere darkened, grayish brown microtomentose medioapically, orange yellow basally; mid and hind tarsi yellow to dark orange yellow becoming grayish brown to black apically; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur well developed; surstylus in ventral view longer than wide, with a deep medial cleft and a smaller lateral cleft, lateral process slightly bent laterally (figs. 24.1 and 24.6), in lateral view, with a small keel-like carina in posterior margin apically (fig. 24.7); sternite 5 rounded anteriorly, microsetulose, each lateral arm deeply cleft, forming a medial, narrow, elongate process bearing apical setulae (figs. 24.1 and 24.2). Description. Head: almost broader than high; frons broader than high; frontal vitta golden brown; frontoorbital plate darker, usually black; ocellar setae present, three times shorter than pseudopostocellar setae; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present, with a third smaller setula between them, posterior frontoorbital seta 1.5–2.0 times as long as anterior seta; antennae mostly grayish brown to black; pedicel with 1 distinct spine like setae dorsally, 1 well-developed setula behind this and 2 ventral hair-like setulae; first flagellomere with



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inconspicuous dorsomedial micropubescence; 8–10 aristal rays; face narrow, silver to golden yellow, in lateral view with a distinct mid dorsal carina, antennal groove distinct; 5–7 primary facial setae and 1 minute shallowly declinate dorsal secondary facial setula; lunule usually concolorous with face; gena, postgena and occiput silvery gray (fig. 20.4), genal groove black; 1 genal seta; usually with 1 well-developed postgenal setula; maxillary palpus yellow to pale yellow, spatulate, with 3 setulae; epistomal ratio: 1.77–1.87; mesofacial ratio: 2.91–2.94; vertex ratio: 6.99–7.40; eye-to-gena ratio: 7.14–7.30; head ratio: 1.24–1.27.

FIGURE 24.1–24.8. Structures of the male terminalia of H. simplex sp. nov.: 24.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 24.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 24.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 24.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 24.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 24.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 24.7) surstylus, ventral view; 24.8) surstylus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Thorax: mesonotum silvery brown to golden brown over black, sometimes with a bluish band along of dorsocentral and acrostichal rows; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair reduced; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; pleural areas below notopleuron bluish gray (fig. 20.4); postpronotum mostly silvery gray; notopleuron transitional, tannish. Wings (fig. 20.4): length 2.37–2.54 mm; hyaline with dark yellow venation; knob of halter fluorescent yellow, stem dark yellow; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.62–2.78; III/ IV: 2.65–3.09; V/IV: 3.37–3.78; vein M ratio: 3.92–4.02. Legs (fig. 20.4): mostly silvery gray; joints yellow to dark orange yellow; forebasitarsomere darkened, grayish brown microtomentose medioapically, orange yellow basally; mid and hind tarsi yellow to dark orange yellow becoming grayish brown to black apically; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur well developed; mid tibiae with a weakly developed tibiotarsal ctenidium; posterior tibiotarsal joint without weakly developed ctenidium. Abdomen: tergites grayish brown over black dorsally, anterodorsal corners of syntergite 1+2 to tergite 5 grayish brown microtomentose when in lateral view (fig. 20.4). Male terminalia: surstylus in ventral view longer than wide, with a deep medial cleft and a smaller lateral cleft, lateral process slightly bent laterally (figs. 24.1 and



24.7), in lateral view, with a small keel-like carina in posterior margin apically, usually possible to see in nondissected specimens (figs 24.8); sternite 5 rounded anteriorly, microsetulose, each lateral arm deeply cleft, forming a medial, narrow, elongate process bearing apical setulae (figs. 24.1 and 24.2); postsurstylus broad (figs. 24.1 and 24.2); postgonite straight; pregonite long, slightly bent medially, bifurcated, each arm bearing 1 setula (figs. 24.1 and 24.2); aedeagus in ventral view fusiform (fig. 24.3); distiphallus long, membranous; epandrium broad, forming an inverted U (fig. 24.1). Female terminalia: tergites 3–4 subequal, tergite 5 about 1.5 longer than tergite 4; tergite 6 twice length of tergite 7 (fig. 25.2), tergites 7 and 8 subequal; tergite 8 forming an inverted U around cerci; cerci in lateral view reniform; sternites 3–5 roundly rectangular, progressively larger; sternites 6–7 roundly quadrate, tergite 7 slightly shorter (fig. 25.1); tergite 8 rounded truncate anteriorly and concave posteriorly, bent dorsally (fig. 25.1); hypoproct higher than wide, projected between cerci, roundly triangular with 2 small lobes basally and 2–4 apical setulae (fig. 25.1); ventral receptacle with a cap cupuliform, slightly higher than wide, extended process Jshaped in lateral view (fig. 25.3). Egg (fig. 25.4): fusiform; chorion corrugate, with perpendicular striae; micropylar end rounded.

FIGURE 25.1–25.4 Female terminalia and egg of H. simplex sp. nov.: 25.1) female terminalia, ventral view; 25.2) female terminalia, lateral view; 25.3) ventral receptacle, ventrolateral view; 25.4) egg, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Material examined. Holotype male (MNRJ): “Brazil, Paraná, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W; 880 m), 9.Nov.2010; D. & W. N. Mathis”. Paratypes: Brazil. Amazonas, Paraná da Cigana. Parintins (2°37'42''S, 56°44'9''W*), XI.1969; Exp. Perm. Amaz. (2 male, 1 female; MZUSP). Paraná, Matinhos (25°46.4'S, 48°30.8'W; 3 m), 30.I.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 female; USNM). Paraná, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W; 880 m), 1.II–9.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (9 male, 4 female; MNRJ, USNM). Paraná, Castro (8 Km N; 24°45.3'S, 49°58.9'W; 1010 m), 24.XII.2009, 1.I.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (6 male; USNM). Paraná, Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9'S, 49°14'W; 915 m), 18.I–05.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (5 HYDRELLIA (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) FROM BRAZIL


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male, 1 female; USNM). Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul (25°14.9'S, 49° 8.9'W; 890 m), 2–4.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 male, 5 female; USNM). Paraná, Prainha (S Matinhos; 25°51.2'S, 48°33.6'; beach), 15.XI.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 female; USNM). Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca (22°57'27.60''S, 43°16'26.08''W; 507 m), 17.XI.2011; F. A. Rodrigues Jr. (2 female; MNRJ). Rio de Janeiro, Gávea (22°58'32''S, 43°14'5''W*), 18.III– 29.VI.1937; H. S. Lopes (1 male, 2 female; CEIOC). Rio de Janeiro, Ilha da Marambaia (23°03'55.50''S, 43°52'50.94''W, 4 m), 14.V.2011, M. A. Schneider & F. A. Rodrigues Jr. (1 male; 2 female; MNRJ). Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico (22°57'43'', 43°13'23''W*), VI.1934; H. S. Lopes (1 male; CEIOC). Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas, Paraná and Rio de Janeiro). Etymology. The specific epithet, simplex, refers to the fact that this is a widely distributed and easily found species in Brazil. Notes. Hydrellia simplex sp. nov. belongs to the griseola species group, as do H. vilelai sp. nov. and H. schneiderae sp. nov. It is morphologically very similar to H. wirthi and H. vilelai sp. nov. Externally, we cannot consistently distinguish among these species and rely primarily on structures of the male and female terminalia to differentiate them.

FIGURE 26. Distribution map of H. simplex in Brazil.

Hydrellia schneiderae sp. nov. (Figs.: 27.1–27.7, 28.1–28.2 and 29) Diagnosis. Frontal vitta silvery brown with some golden microtomentum, especially in ocellar triangle; frontoorbital plate transitional, silvery brown to black; fronto-orbits black; antennae mostly grayish black; pedicel with 1 distinct spine like setae dorsally and 1 well-developed setula behind this; 7–9 aristal rays; maxillary palpus yellow to pale yellow; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1; notopleuron transitional, mostly silvery gray; joints yellow to orange yellow; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur weakly developed; forebasitarsomere



darkened; mid and hind tarsi yellow to dark orange yellow becoming dark brown apically; anterior margin of sternite 5 shallowly convex, anterior corners forming acute angles, posterior margin with a deep, broad, medial sulcus, arms bent medially, densely microsetulose on inner margin and with numerous spinoid setulae on inner medial margin, with a small cleft on inner apical margin, bearing 1 apical robust spine like seta and 2–3 short subapical smaller spinoid setulae (figs. 27.1 and 27.2); surstylus larger than wide, posterior margin deeply concave, narrow medially, with a small, broad, mid apical cleft, forming broad lateral arms (figs. 27.1 and 27.7).

FIGURE 27.1–27.7. Structures of the male terminalia of H. schneiderae sp. nov.: 27.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 27.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 27.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 27.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 27.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 27.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 27.7) surstylus, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Description. Head: broader than high; frons broader than high; frontal vitta silvery brown with some golden microtomentum, especially in ocellar triangle; fronto-orbital plate transitional, silvery brown to black; fronto-orbits black; ocellar setae much reduced, three or more times shorter than pseudopostocellar setae; both proclinate and lateroreclinate fronto-orbital setae present, with a third smaller setula between them, anterior fronto-orbital seta 1.5–2.0 times shorter than posterior seta; antennae mostly grayish black; pedicel with 1 distinct spine like setae dorsally, 1 well-developed setula behind this and 2–3 ventral hair like setulae, anterior setulae usually well developed; first flagellomere with dorsoapical micropubescence; 7–9 aristal rays; face narrow, golden yellow, in lateral view nearly vertical but with a small dorsal carina; 6–7 primary facial setae and 1 minute shallowly declinate dorsal secondary facial setula; lunule silver; gena, postgena and lower occiput silvery gray, dorsal occiput brownish microtomentose, genal groove black; 1 genal seta; 1 postgenal setula well developed; maxillary palpus yellow to pale yellow, spatulate, with 3–5 setulae; epistomal ratio: 1.97; mesofacial ratio: 2.97; vertex ratio: 7.20; eye-to-gena ratio: 5.87; head ratio: 1.32. Thorax: mesonotum brown microtomentose over black; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1, last presutural dorsocentral seta with half-length of postsutural seta; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair reduced; 1 postpronotal seta; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; pleural areas below notopleuron bluish gray; postpronotum silvery gray; notopleuron transitional, anterior margin brown microtomentose, posterior margin silvery gray; posterodorsal margin of anepisternum with sparse brown microtomentum. Wings: length 2.41–2.46 mm; hyaline with pale brown venation; knob of halter fluorescent yellow, stem brown; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.47; III/IV: 3.02; V/IV: 3.80; vein M HYDRELLIA (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) FROM BRAZIL


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ratio: 4.04. Legs: mostly silvery gray; joints yellow to orange yellow; ctenidial setae along anteroventral margin of forefemur weakly developed; posterior margin of hind femur glossy brown; forebasitarsomere darkened; mid and hind tarsi yellow to dark orange yellow becoming dark brown apically. Abdomen: grayish brown microtomentose dorsally. Male terminalia: anterior margin of sternite 5 shallowly convex, anterior corners forming acute angles, posterior margin with a deep, broad, medial sulcus, arms bent medially, densely microsetulose on inner margin and with numerous spinoid setulae on inner medial margin, with a small cleft on inner apical margin, bearing 1 apical robust spine like seta and 2–3 short subapical smaller spinoid setulae (figs. 27.1 and 27.2); surstylus larger than wide, posterior margin deeply concave, narrow medially, with a small, broad, mid apical cleft, forming broad lateral arms (figs. 27.1 and 27.7); phallapodeme in ventral view Yshaped (fig. 27.5), in lateral view sinuous (fig. 27.6); postsurstylus with a semicircular inner medial membrane (fig. 27.2); pregonite long, rod-like (fig. 27.2); aedeagus in ventral view fusiform, slightly expanded medially (fig. 27.3), in lateral view with dorsal margin sinuous, with a midbasal cleft, on ventral margin with a pointed, shallowly recurved, process (fig. 27.4); cerci in ventral view reniform (fig. 27.1); epandrium broad, in ventral view forming an inverted U (fig. 27.1). Female terminalia (fig. 28.1): tergite 7 twice smaller than tergite 6; tergite 8 reduced, cell-like; hypoproct flap like; sternite 6 roundly quadrate in ventral view; sternite 7 wider than large, roundly rectangular; sternite 8 truncate at anterior margin and slightly concave at posterior margin; ventral receptacle as wide as large (fig. 28.2), extended process J-shaped.

FIGURE 28.1 and 28.2. Female terminalia of H. schneiderae sp. nov.: 28.1) female terminalia, lateral view; 28.2) ventral receptacle, ventrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Material examined. Holotype male (MNRJ): “Brazil, Paraná, Parque Iguaçú (25°33.4'S, 49°13.6'W; 880 m); 19.Jan.2010; D. & W. N. Mathis”. Paratypes: Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca (22°57'27.60''S, 43°16'26.08''W, 507 m), 17.XI.2011; F. A. Rodrigues Jr. (1 male, 2 female; MNRJ). Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul (25° 14.9'S, 49° 8.9'W; 890 m), 16.II.2010, D. and W. N. Mathis (1 male; USNM). Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Paraná and Rio de Janeiro). Etymology. The specific epithet, schneiderae, was assigned in recognition to Marcela Alves Schneider, whose



help and support to FARJ in field work in Rio de Janeiro was essential and without which this work would not be the same. Notes. Hydrellia schneiderae sp. nov. belongs to the griseola species group. Externally, we cannot consistently distinguish this species of others from the same species group and rely primarily on structures of the male terminalia to differentiate them.

FIGURE 29. Distribution map of H. schneiderae in Brazil.

Hydrellia similis sp. nov. (Figs.: 20.5–20.6, 30.1–30.8 and 31) Diagnosis. Body length of male 2.45 mm; ocellar setae present; 7–8 aristal rays; maxillary palpus yellow; welldeveloped dorsocentral setae 0+1; fore femur with a well-developed ctenidium along anteroventral margin (fig. 20.6); tarsi yellowish brown, becoming darker from the tarsomere 3; sternite 5 roundly triangular at anterior margin, with a broad and ornamented medial acuminate process on posterior margin, lateral arms with no cleft (figs. 30.1 and 30.2); surstylus with a deep, narrow, medial sulcus on apical half and a smaller, lateral cleft forming a lateral, narrow process (figs. 30.1 and 30.7), in lateral view with a prominent, elongate ax-like carina at merger of surstyli on basal half, superior margin of surstylar carina shallowly concave and sinuous (fig. 30.8). Description. Head: frons twice or more times broader than high, densely microtomentose, fronto-orbital plate brownish black, appearing velvety, except for the greenish or golden brown fronto-orbits, ocellar triangle almost all greenish or golden brown, but sometimes black microtomentose on anterior margin; both proclinate and reclinate fronto-orbital setae present, with a third smaller setula between them; ocellar setae present, twice or more times smaller than pseudopostocellar seta; scape dark brown to black; pedicel black with some gray microtomentum mainly on anterodorsal and anteroventral corners; pedicel with 2 ventral hair like setulae but with no outstanding seta on dorsal corner; first flagellomere densely gray microtomentose; 7–8 aristal rays; lunule silver; face densely



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golden brown or silver microtomentose, in lateral view with an upper medial carina and distinct antennal grooves; facial setae 5, usually with 1 smaller shallowly declinate dorsal secondary facial setulae; parafacial concolorous with face; genal groove dusted with some black microtomentum anteriorly; 1 genal seta; gena, postgena and occiput gray microtomentose; maxillary palpus yellow, spatulate; epistomal ratio: 1.85; mesofacial ratio: 2.65; vertex ratio: 5.43; eye-to-gena ratio: 3.81; head ratio: 1.31.

FIGURE 30.1–30.8. Structures of the male terminalia of H. similis sp. nov.: 30.1) male terminalia, ventral view; 30.2) fifth sternite and fused hypandrium, gonite and postsurstylus, ventral view; 30.3) aedeagus, ventral view; 30.4) aedeagus, lateral view; 30.5) phallapodeme, ventral view; 30.6) phallapodeme, lateral view; 30.7) surstylus, ventral view; 30.8) surstylus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Thorax: mesonotum golden brown, densely microtomentose; postpronotal lobe silvery gray; well-developed dorsocentral setae 0+1, presutural seta sometimes developed but not as postsutural one; 3 scutellar setae, mid pair weakly developed; pleurae silvery gray, notopleuron dusted with greenish or golden brown microtomentum on mid anterior margin or wholly brown; supra-alar area densely black microtomentose; 1 anepisternal seta well developed; 1 mesokatepisternal seta; 1 postpronotal seta with a second much smaller setulae over it. Wings: length 2,09 mm; hyaline with pale brown venation; knob of halter fluorescent yellow to pale yellow, stem brown; costal sections indices: II/I: 2.42; III/IV: 2.90; V/IV: 3.76; vein M ratio: 3.29. Legs: coxae, trochanters, femora and tibiae almost all concolorous with pleural areas, except for posterior margin of coxae and femora sometimes glossy or opaque brown; fore femur with a well-developed ctenidium along anteroventral margin (fig. 20.6); tarsi yellowish brown, becoming darker from the tarsomere 3. Abdomen: densely grayish brown dorsally, silvery gray laterally and ventrally; anterodorsal corners of tergites 3–5, when in lateral view grayish brown (fig. 20.5). Male terminalia: sternite 5 attached with anterior margin of hypandrium, roundly triangular at anterior margin, with a broad and ornamented medial acuminate process on posterior margin, lateral arms with no cleft (figs. 30.1 and 30.2); epandrium broad, forming an inverted U (fig. 30.1); surstylus with a deep, narrow, medial sulcus on apical half and a smaller, lateral cleft forming a lateral, narrow process (figs 30.1 and 30.7), in lateral view with a prominent, elongate ax-like carina at merger of surstyli



on basal half, superior margin of surstylar carina shallowly concave and sinuous (fig. 30.8); postsurstylus in ventral view broad (figs. 30.1 and 30.2); pregonite simple, rod-like except for apical bifurcation, each lobe bearing an apical setula (figs. 30.1 and 30.2); aedeagus in ventral view fusiform (fig. 30.3), in lateral view with a pointed shallowly recurved process (fig. 30.4); phallapodeme in lateral view shallowly bifurcate at attachment to hypandrium (fig. 30.6), in ventral view greatly expanded laterally, flange-like at aedeagal terminus, bifurcate at hypandrial terminus (fig. 30.5). Material examined. Holotype male (MNRJ): “Brazil, Paraná, Bocaiúva do Sul (25°14.9'S, 49°8.9'W, 890 m), 2–4.Nov.2010. D. and W. N. Mathis”. Paratypes: Labelled the same as holotype (1 male; MNRJ). Paraná, Castro (8 km N; 24°45.3'S, 49°58.9'W; 1010 m), 25–26.XII.2009. D. and W. N. Mathis (1 male; USNM). Distribution. Neotropical: Brazil (Paraná). Etymology. The specific epithet, similis, refers to the fact that this species is morphologically very similar to H. vilelai sp. nov. Notes. Hydrellia similis sp. nov. belongs to the griseola species group. Externally, we cannot consistently distinguish this species of the others in the group and rely primarily on structures of the male terminalia to differentiate them. Females presently are unknown.

FIGURE 31. Distribution map of H. similis in Brazil.

Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge and thank Erin Kolski (NMNH), who expertly produced the maps, and the Brazilian Navy and Marine Corps of Marambaia Island, in addition to the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, on behalf of Dr. Roberto de Xerez, for their help in field work and the logistical support provided. Recent field works by WNM (December 2009-June 2010) and FARJ (March 2011-February 2012) in Brazil that resulted in many of the specimens studied in this paper were supported by grants from CNPq (Visiting



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Researcher/Process number 401609/2009-0) (Master’s scholarship/Process number 130608/2011–4), which we gratefully acknowledge and thank.

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