Catharina MASCHER Large-scale prehistoric farming in the southern Swedish Uplands : ..... Storsjön in the central part of Jämtland is Sweden's largest.
Directeur de la publication : A la in BIDEAU Programme Rhône-Alpes Recherche en Sciences Humaines
Couverture : photo C. Mascher Läggared, Västergötland, cadastre de 1700, laissant apparaître les traces de l’ancienne structure foncière du Premier Age du Fer.
Jacques Bethemont, éditeur scientifique remercie Dominique Augerd,
secrétaire du Laboratoire de Géographie Rhodanienne, qui a assumé la collecte, la relecture et la mise en ordre des textes, Charles Danière,
ingénieur C.N.R.S., qui a supervisé l’illustration cartographique.
L'avenir des paysages ruraux européens entre gestion des héritages et dynamique du changement
Collection Les Chemins de la Recherche Directeur de la publication Alain Bideau N° hors série
Conférence européenne permanente pour l'étude du paysage rural. Standing European Conférence for the Study of Rural Landscape Colloque de LYON, 9-13 juin 1992
Cet ouvrage est publié avec Laide du Programme Pluriannuel en Sciences Humaines, Région Rhône-Alpes, du Ministère de LEducation Nationale et de la Culture, du C. N.R.S., de luniversité Lumière Lyon 2, de l ’université Jean Moulin Lyon 3.
TABLE DES MATIÈRES Jacques BETHEMONT
Avant propos........................................................................................................
5
Jean CABANEL
Quels projets pour les paysages de demain ? ....................................................
7
Tim UNWIN
Interpreting the future of european landscapes.................................................
9
Le paysage ruralf héritage socio-culturel Della HOOKE
The recognition of historical landscapes.........................................
Jelier A.J. VERVLOET
Historical geography and cultural heritage : some problems on valuation of landscape elements in a geographical information system together with archaelogy and historical architecture......................................................................................................... 35
Catharina MASCHER
Large-scale prehistoric farming in the southern Swedish Uplands : the evidence and the threat to it........................................................................ 41
Tiina PEIL
Estonian Islets : a historical-geographical survey.............................................. 49
Chris de BONT
Reclamation patterns of peat areas in the Netherlands as a mirror of the mediaeval mind........................................................................................ 57
Hans-Jürgen NITZ
Some observations and considerations on persistence and transfor mation of the historical landscapes of feudal estates and socialist cooperatives on the island of Rügen (East-Germany).................................... 65
Karl-Erik FRANDSEN
The preservation of the structure of villages in a changing rural landscape. A case-study from Falster, Denmark.............................................. 69
J.-B. HAVERSATH A. RATUSNY
The making of the rural landscape and its conservation in the borderland of Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia..................................... 77
Hans-Rudolph EGLI
Le développement de l'habitat dans le Jura Suisse sous l'influence de l'industrie horlogère, du XVIIe au XXe siècle............................................ 87
Brian J. GRAHAM L. J. PROUDFOOT
A re-definition of Irish Landscape : revisionist attitudes to landlords and their transformation of place................ 95
Michel CABOURET
Sur l'irrigation des prés de fauche naturels en Suède septentrionale. Essai de géographie historique........................................................................... 99
Christiane FOUTREIN
Société et paysage en Flandre au XVIIIe siècle.................................................. 107
Georg ROMHILD
Coal Mining until the early 1960s and its impact on today's rural landscape : the Schaumburg mining district in Lower Saxony. A cultural geographical and perceptional approach......................................... 115 2
21
TABLE DES MATIÈRES Jan TKOCZ
Land strip pattern in Poland. Genesis, conditions and difficulties with eradiction of a backward heritage............................................................. 123
Alan R.H. BAKER
Rural landscape as socio-cultural heritage : the late-nineteenth century cité agricole of Champigny-en-Beauce, Loire-et-Cher (France).................... 129
Marie Luise ROMMEL
Spanish-Galicia : a rural landscape with historically developped problems...................
143
Gilbert GARRIER
Paysages viticoles, paysages historiques.................................................
149
Les paysages ruraux et la dynamique du changement Tim UNWIN
Changing landscapes of the Minho, Portugal : industrial and touristic influences........................................................
157
Leszek KOZLOWSKI Jan TKOCZ
Localism of the agrarian landscape in Poland regions of field patterns........................................................................................
165
Winfried SCHENK
Wine marketing and rural development in Franconia, Northern Bavaria....................................................................................
171
Werner A. GALLUSSER
Tendances actuelles dans le paysage agraire du nord-ouest de la Suisse..............................................................................................
179
Susanne ALBRECHT
L'habitat rural et les processus de transformation récents : un exemple lorrain..................................................................................
185
Jan FALKOWSKI
The influence of industrialization on changes in the rural landscapes of Poland...............................................................................
195
Josette DEBROUX
La construction sociale d'un paysage en crise.......................................
201
Paul PERCEVEAUX
Le Valromey et la dégradation d'une économie montagnarde.................
207
Jean PELTRE
Les transformations du paysage et de l'habitat rural sous l'effet de la modernisation de l'agriculture. L'exemple lorrain...............
211
Blandine VUE
Le pays de Langres (Champagne sud) futur désert rural ? Evolution au XXe siècle, état actuel, l'avenir tel que les agriculteurs le voient...............................................................................
215
Richard SCEAU
Activité cynégétique et pérennité paysagère en Dombes......................
219
Louis CHABERT
Evolution des paysages et des structures agricoles dans le pays de Thônes (Haute-Savoie).............................................................
223
Jeanne BERENGUER
La modernisation de l'agriculture et les transformations du paysage agraire du Comtat Venaissin.............................................
233
3
TABLE DES MATIÈRES Lespolitiques en matière depaysage rural Luise GRUNDMANN
Travaux d'inventaire paysager dans les nouveaux Länder de l'Allemagne fédérale.......................................
Meike WOLLKOPF
L'impact des changements de structure de l'agriculture est-allemande sur les agglomérations rurales............................................................................ 247
Michael JONES
Landscape impacts of alternative agricultural policies : a visual impact analysis in Jæren and Romerike, Norway.............................. 255
Katrina R0NNINGEN
Agricultural policies and environmental management. A comparative European research project on political strategies to maintain the natural environment and cultural landscapes...................... 263
Kevin WHELAN
The future of the Irish rural landscape............................................................. 271
Hans ANTONSON
The Jämtland landscape and future problems concerning its preservation......................................................................................................... 277
Ulf SPORRONG
Agrarian landscapes in Sweden that are of particular scientific interest................................................................................................................. 285
Johannes RENES
Landscape history for planning development and background of applied historical geography in the Netherlands............................................ 293
Alain MARNEZY
L'application dans les Alpes de l'article 19 du règlement de la CEE "relatif aux pratiques agricoles compatibles avec la protection de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles".................................................. 301
Brigitte PROST
Aménagement et évolution du paysage rural à travers les P.O.S. (Plans d'Occupation des Sols).......................................................................... 307
Monique LAIGNEAU
Parcs/paysages ruraux : des (re) constructions équivoques............................. 313
4
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HansANTONSON Dept, o f Human Geography Stockholm University S 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. -
The Jämtland landscape and future problems concerning its preservation he aim of this contribution to the conference is to examine a landscape on the periphery of Europe Tproblems that suffers from a lack of geographical agrarian research. It focuses on both scientific problems and for the cultural-heritage authorities1concerned with the preservation of the landscape. For these authorities, the future situation is difficult. This is due, among other things, to the uncertain economic and political situation in Sweden, on account of the deregulation of the market for food, the possible approach to the European Community and the rapid changes in both farming and forestry as a result of the higher level of mechanisation. These vast changes cause great scientific problems. Among other things, the availability of the landscape as a source of material in scientific work and documenta tion decreases. The level of knowledge of the rural landscape varies as between different disciplines, and our understan ding of this landscape is always undergoing changes. Ulf Sporrong writes in this volume that our regio nal knowledge of the development of landscapes in Sweden is still largely based on older work from the 1920’s and 1930’s.2 My own research has been based on the landscape’s local and distinctive character and unique development rather than on general models of development.3 The earlier contribution to our knowledge of the development of the rural landscape in Jämtland consists mainly of one chapter in the large and famous work written by the ethnologist Sigurd Erixon, published in I960. In our areas o f historic interest (Sw. kulturmiljö) the culturalheritage authorities work with different programs of preserva tion and care. One of these programs is the cultural heritage o f national interest (Sw. riksintresse). The area around Lake Storsjön in the central part of Jämtland is Sweden’s largest cultural heritage of national interest.4 In these programs, interest in the landscape and in man’s utilization of the land scape has increased during the last decade. This is a compre hensive view that has replaced the former view focused on objects such as ancient monuments and old buildings. This view deals with areas and surroundings rather than with single phenomena. The context of Jämtland
area studied consists of the province of Jämtland, Tthe hewhich, together with the province of Härjedalen, forms county of Jämtland The central part of the (Figure 1).
province lies on latitude 63°N. The area is about 38,000 square kilometres, all of which is sparsely populated. In 1990, the population was about 122,000 or 3 people per square kilometre. Before the wars in the middle of the 17th century, Jämtland was a Norwegian province. However, ecclesiastically it adhered to the episcopate of Uppsala in Sweden throughout
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1 In Sweden, these authorities are concerned not only with the inspection of ancient monuments, historic building and sites but also with historic localities and landscapes. 2 He bases this statement on Helmfrid (1985). 3 To take one example - the development of the rotation andfield system - one can compare the earlier view represented by Hannerberg (1971) and Widgren (1983) with the somewhat later view represented by Göransson (1985). 4 Blomkvist (1990).
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HansANTONSON the mediaeval period. Situated on the margin of Europe, Jämtland is one of the world’s most northerly areas which is able to maintain extensive agriculture. The topography is of a varying character. The bare mountains towards Norway in the west are probably the leading feature. The other parts are mostly hilly and undulating and are in several places cut up by large river valleys. The country contains large, deserted areas mostly eövered by forests and bogs. In spite of the bare mountains and the northerly location, the conditions for agriculture are good. This is mostly due to the good soils and the passes in the mountains, which admit the warm winds blowing from the west. The rural settlements are mostly concentrated by the larger lakes (for example, the Lake Storsjön) and in the river valleys (for example, the Indalsälven River valley). Here the fields are located on the limey clayey till and on lacustrine sediments. The aim of the study was to make a regional-landscape analysis. This analysis was made from certain historico-geographical features, such as the rotation system, the field system, the size of the settlements, the type of settlements (farms, hamlets, villages), the relation between arable fields and hay meadows, the land ownership, the shape of the fields and the topographical locations of the settlements. First and foremost, the study was based on about 1000 out of nearly 3000 cadastral maps covering the period from 1630 to 1899 but mainly from the mid 18th century. The maps are housed in the archives of the National Land Survey of Sweden in Gävle. They were compared with information gathered from 18th century literature, mostly accounts of journeys, and from registers of taxpayers dating from the 16th century. The rural landscape in the eighteenth century
are informatively described in the account of the royal methods of taxation T hedatingruralfromconditions 1770 for the county of Västernorrland, of which Jämtland was once a p a rt: When one considers that this county has a more northerly situation than the counties of Uppland, Västmanland, Södermanland and several other, more southerly provinces; that the winter is long, with a more even cold, which forces the frost deeper down into the ground and that the cold impairs the soil and makes it less fertile ... ; that the peasantry cannot drain the large areas o f swamp ivhich make the land even more frosty; that the summer is short; that haymaking and the cultivation o f the arable land require more labour because of the greater travelling distances than in the southern parts o f Sweden; that the troublesome cold-springs and hidden veins o f water necessitate the digging and maintenance of ditches; that the farmers are hampered by the large areas o f their farms; and that the county’s areas o f arable and meadowland cannot at all be compared with those o f the southern regions; a more moderate rate o f taxation is conceded\5
The conditions for farming are described as less favourable also in the maps. The arable land was consi dered to be frosty, full of stones (the clearance cairns were considered to take up one-third of the field area), shaped in irregular blocks, undrained and steeply sloping. The rural economy was mostly based on cattle-herding, particularly in the large parts that were colonized relatively late. The fields were sown in April or May after the snow had melted. The most common crop was barley, which it was hoped to harvest at the end of August and the beginning of September. Jämtland had hardly any concentrated rural settlements. The built-up areas consisted mostly of single farms or small groups of farms. Groups of more than three farms were unusual. This reminds one very much of the farm structure in the Norwegian province of Tröndelag, where there seems to have been a system of single farms. Before the great land reform of 1757 (the storskifte), the cultivated land inside the township6 was mostly individually owned. The forests, however, were owned in common, except for the important economic resources, such as seters and wet hay meadows, which were individually owned. Only 15-20% of the Jämtlands farms had their fields and hay meadows mixed with those of other farms in an open-field sys tem. If the fields and hay meadows were not owned in common, they were, as a rule, gathered in com pact holdings close to the farm (Figure 2). There are, however, townships where both the open-field sys tem and the system with compact holdings occur. Several of these townships are probably of a great age. 5 Taxation method dated 11 September 1770, citedfrom Enagrius (1808), pp. 72 f 6 For the definition of the term utownship”, see Roeck-Hansen (1991), p. 29.
278
L'avenir des paysages européens But the open-field system in itself is much younger. This is not the result of any ear lier forms of division, such as the “sun division” (Sw. solskifte),7 but the result of relatively late divisions of single farms, probably because of inheritance arangements. One of the more interesting discoveries in the rural organisation of Jäm tland concerns the balance bet ween agriculture and cattleherding. This question has been frequently discussed in Sweden during the last two decades. In the sou thern parts of Sweden, we 2 " I l i E In ÎIe W s o i tIhE T O W N s kip o i SlVIESTA IN iU e p A R isk o f Liï; d lîA W N ÎN 1 7 7 0 , often find that the number w h ic h is a iv p ic A l r e p r e s e n ta n v e o f tB e IamcI o w N E R s k ip w ir h c o m p a c t h o ld iN q s . of (enclosed) fields was inti The. (a rm s use a t w o - c o u r s e r o t a t i o n s yste m an
