Distribution and Conservation Status of Sparganium ...

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Great Plains Research, Volume 24, Number 2, Fall 2014, pp. 119-125 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\8QLYHUVLW\RI1HEUDVND3UHVV DOI: 10.1353/gpr.2014.0019

For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/gpr/summary/v024/24.2.ito.html

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Distribution and Conservation Status of Sparganium (Typhaceae) in the Canadian Prairie Provinces Yu Ito and J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez

abstract—We revised the distribution and conservation status of Sparganium L. for the Canadian Prairie Provinces (cpp) based on herbarium voucher specimens. In the region, we recognized eight species: Sparganium americanum, S. angustifolium, S. emersum, S. eurycarpum, S. fluctuans, S. glomeratum, S. hyperboreum, and S. natans. Among these, Sparganium americanum, S. fluctuans, S. glomeratum, and S. hyperboreum are in the rare category, with conservation rankings of Critically Endangered, Vulnerable, and Endangered. Following an exhaustive herbarium specimen examination, we discovered additional collections of S. glomeratum, revealing its circumpolar distribution in North America, hence rejecting its status as introduced. In all, we were able to update the geographic distribution and rarity status of Sparganium in the cpp, especially for S. americanum and S. glomeratum. This study demonstrates that herbarium databases are powerful in identifying regions deserving conservation priority based on high diversity and high concentrations of rare or narrowly distributed species. This information facilitates the development of management strategies for the protection of unusual species assemblages. Key Words: aquatic plants, Canadian Prairie Provinces, flora, Great Plains, herbarium specimens, Sparganium, Typhaceae

circulation (Tulin et al. 1999) and as a food source (Moerman 1998). The distribution of the genus is semicosmopolitan, including cool to temperate regions in Eurasia and North America, as well as Oceania (Cook and Nicholls 1986). The genus contains 14 species worldwide and has been phylogenetically placed in the monogeneric family Sparganiaceae (Cook and Nicholls 1986), but a recent molecular study supports its transfer to its former sister family, the Typhaceae, as a sister to the genus Typha (Chase 2004; see also Sulman et al. 2013). The center of diversity for this genus is located in cool temperate zones of the northern hemisphere, including Canada. However, in a series of worldwide monographic studies of Sparganium (Cook and Nicholls 1986, 1987), Canadian specimens were insufficiently examined. Among the 24 listed herbaria for which specimens were examined in the above studies, voucher specimens from Canadian herbaria were not included. Although Canadian species have been considered in most North American floristic studies (Kaul 1997; Crow et al. 2000), the examination of Canadian specimens is, at present, limited. To date,

Introduction The bur-reed (genus Sparganium L.), a wind-pollinated, terrestrial and/or submerged aquatic plant, is known as one of the most important plants in the riverside and lakeshore plant community because it helps reduce erosion of river banks while providing shelter and food for wildlife (Cook and Nicholls 1986). Sparganium fruits are known as an important seasonal food source for waterfowl (Martin and Uhler 1939). In addition, bur-reeds provide forage for cattle during dry periods (Aston 1987), but due to their rapid growth, they may become a pest affecting watercourses because abundant vegetation in shallow water environments can lead to an excessive loss of water through evapotranspiration (Holm et al. 1969; Cook and Nicholls 1987; Cota-Sánchez and Remarchuk 2007). Sparganium has traditionally been used by humans as a medicinal herb to treat blood Manuscript received for review, 8/26/13; accepted for publication, 1/9/14. Great Plains Research 24 (Fall 2014):119–125. Copyright © 2014 by the Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

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Harms (1973) represents the only taxonomic work focused on Canadian specimens, but the target species included only S. hyperboreum and S. minimum. The Canadian Prairies is a region of Canada for which several natural definitions have been used. Most commonly, the Canadian Prairie Provinces (cpp) comprise the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, that is, the interior plains regions, and are an extension of the US Great Plains region (Sieg et al. 1999). In the past, the prairie landscape was characterized by extensive grasslands, aspen parklands, and an abundance of wetland areas, all supporting a diverse array of native biota (Sieg et al. 1999). However, during the last decades, large prairie areas have been converted to cropland. As a result, the prairies now form the largest expansion of agricultural land and one of the most human-altered and fragmented landscapes in Canada (Ostlie et al. 1997). Although highly altered, the cpp still host numerous native plants, including more than a half dozen Sparganium species. The latest checklist from Saskatchewan reports eight species in the province: S. angustifolium, S. chlorocarpum, S. eurycarpum, S. fluctuans, S. glomeratum, S. hyperboreum, S. multipedunculatum, and S. natans (Harms 2003). Alberta has six species: S. angustifolium, S. eurycarpum, S. fluctuans, S. glomeratum, S. hyperboreum, and S. minimum (Moss 1983), and Manitoba includes five species: S. angustifolium, S. eurycarpum, S. hyperboreum, S. minimum, and S. multipedunculatum (Scoggan 1957). For the entire cpp, one flora reports five species: S. angustifolium, S. eurycarpum, S. hyperboreum, S. minimum, and S. multipedunculatum (Porsild and Cody 1980), while another reports seven: S. angustifolium, S. chlorocarpum, S. eurycarpum, S. fluctuans, S. hyperboreum, S. minimum, and S. multipedunculatum (Looman and Best 1987). In this study, we provide an updated taxonomic review of Sparganium in the cpp based on the worldwide monographic works of Cook and Nicholls (1986, 1987). On the basis of the specimen reviews, we assessed the distribution and conservation status of regionally rare species in the cpp in view of their importance to future local conservation efforts.

Methods We surveyed herbarium voucher specimens representing the range of taxonomic diversity and geographic distribution of Sparganium species in the cpp. The specimens were annotated using the taxonomic cri-

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teria based on Cook and Nicholls (1986, 1987). After eliminating duplicates, we compiled and digitized label information from 503 specimens from the following Canadian herbaria: the University of Alberta, Edmonton (alta); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (ubc); Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa (dao); the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (sask); and the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (win). Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (2011). The digitized data include the geographic coordinates provided in the herbarium labels. Our mapping protocol follows that of Choi and Cota-Sánchez (2010), implemented in Allium L. of the Canadian Prairie Provinces. First, locality data for each species were imported into a customized map development tool based on an opensource Google Maps api online development tool. Once generated, the Google map was imported into Adobe Photoshop as a jpeg image. We created maps depicting the overall distribution of all records of Sparganium in the collections obtained from the above-listed herbaria. We reviewed information on habitat and distribution data provided on each herbarium voucher. Our review allowed us to reassess the rarity and conservation status of regionally rare species. We determined the rarity status of the species based on previously published data, such as the Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (cescc 2011), Maher et al. (1979), Harms (2003), and the Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre (scdc 2009).

Results Of the 14 Sparganium species worldwide, we recognized eight from the cpp: S. americanum, S. angustifolium, S. emersum, S. eurycarpum, S. fluctuans, S. glomeratum, S. hyperboreum, and S. natans. Among these, four species (Sparganium americanum, S. fluctuans, S. glomeratum, and S. hyperboreum), are regionally rare. For these rare species, we have noted their distribution and conservation status below. 1. Sparganium americanum Nutt. Distribution. Manitoba, Canada (Fig. 1a). Conservation status. cpp: Critically Endangered (cr d1); Manitoba: sna [A conservation status rank is not applicable to the element] (Chris Friesen [Manitoba Conservation Data Centre] pers. comm.). Specimens examined. Manitoba: Raspberry pond, Pine Falls, 6 Jul 1988, T. V. Stevens, 50°44′N, 96°09′W

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Figure 1. Geographic distribution of rare Sparganium species in the Canadian Prairie Provinces: A. S. americanum. B. S. ﬂuctuans. C. S. glomeratum. D. S. hyperboreum. Localities of each specimen examined in this study are shown by blue and red dots, with potential new records of S. americanum and S. glomeratum are shown by red dots (A and C, respectively). Images via Google Maps, generated by the authors in 2012 with an open-source api online development tool.

(win 50085); Hill Lake, 35 mi. N of Lake Winnipeg, 15 Jul 1948, H. J. Scoggan No. 3962 (win 16209). Notes. This species is characteristically found in shallow, neutral to alkaline waters, mostly along shorelines, throughout the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, west to the eastern margins of the Great Plains. The species has been rarely recognized in the cpp (Kaul 1997), but the species’ entire distribution definitely includes a portion of Manitoba. One out of the two specimens cited (win 50085) may be new to regional flora of the cpp (Fig. 1a). 2. Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) B. L. Rob. Distribution. Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada (Fig. 1b). Conservation status. cpp: Vulnerable (vu d1); Saskatchewan: Uncommon (Harms 2003), s2 [Rare throughout the province; six to 20 occurrences] (scdc 2009); Manitoba: sna (Chris Friesen [Manitoba Conservation Data Centre] pers. comm.). Specimens examined. Saskatchewan: MacKay Lake,

N of La Ronge, 8 Aug 1973, J. Ternier, M. Jasieniuk, #2711, 55°27′N, 104°52′W (sask 150692); Vicinity of Cigar Lake, Hachet Lake site #16, Tromberg Bay, 9 Jul 1998, S. Lamont, J. Pepper, #047-1, 58°33′N, 103°38′W (sask 147660); Pelican Narrows, Sandy Bay Road 8 mi. ne of Pelican Narrows Village nw shore of lake, 4 Sep 1975, V. L. Harms, #23371, 55°15′N, 102°51′W (sask 141155); Mile 50, Hwy 102, Missinipe, N of La Ronge, 8 Aug 1973, J. Ternier, M. Jasieniuk, #2669, 55°36′N, 104°46′W (sask 141217); 4 mi. SW/W of Otter Lake of Churchill River, 7 Aug 1975, V. L. Harms, #22736, 55°33.5′N, 104°48′W (sask 141154); Cigar Lake area, Hachet Lake, Smith Bay site #4, 16 Aug 1997, A. Leighton, J. Ternier, #065, 58°34′N, 103°49′W (sask 147485); Hidden Bay of Wollaston Lake, 20 Aug 1975, V. L. Harms, #21650, 58°08′N, 103°41′W (sask 141215); Vicinity of Cigar Lake, Hachet Lake site #8, Smith Bay, 9 Jul 1998, A. Leighton, J. Ternier, #022, 58°30′N, 103°50′W (sask 147557); Cluff Lake area, 25 Aug 1978, J. Polson, J. H. Hudson, #3684, 58°21′N, 109°37.5′W (sask 67855); Mile 81, Hwy 105, 201

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mi. N of La Ronge, 23 Jul 1973, J. Ternier, M. Jasieniuk, #2307, 57°15′N, 103°59′W (sask 150694); Umpherville River, Midden Bay of Wollaston Lake, 5 Sep 1974, V. L. Harms, #21005, 58°06′N, 103°47′W (sask 57197); Cigar Lake area, Mullins Lake, site #3, 13 Aug 1997, A. Leighton, J. Ternier, #008a, 58°08′N, 104°51′30″W (sask 147543); Jackfish Creek, 6 Jul 1977, W. K. Liaw, 53°09′N, 108°24′W (sask 161802); Gloeckler Lake, 12 Aug 1992, J. H. Hudson, #5069, 56°20′10″N, 103°24′50″W (sask 107605); Mallard Lake, N of Meadow Lake, 15 Aug 1985, R. Right, 54°37′48″N, 108°48′36″W (sask 96789); Mile 38, Hwy 102, MacKay Lake, N of La Ronge, 8 Aug 1973, J. Ternier, M. Jasieniuk, #2711, 55°27′N, 104°52′W (sask 52076); Hidden Bay of Wollaston Lake, 4 Sep 1974, V. L. Harms, #20903, 58°06′N, 103°45′W (sask 57295); Otter Lake area of Churchill River, Mile 53, Hwy 102, La Ronge, 7 Aug 1975, V. L. Harms, #22743, 55°38′N, 104°37′W (sask 68915); Mile 36.6, Pelican Narrows/ Sandy Bay Road, 4 Sep 1975, V. L. Harms, #23351-b, 55°26′N, 102°21′W (sask 68947); Small Lake to E of Sedimentation Lake, near Pow Bay of Wollaston Lake, 29 Sep 1976, J. R. Willard, #48, 58°12′N, 103°39′W (sask 65074); Mile 131.6, Hwy 102, La Ronge, 5 Aug 1975, V. L. Harms, #22665, 56°17′N, 103°16′W (sask 141157); Pelican Lake, 12 Jul 1979, A. Leighton, #362, 55°08′N, 103°00′W (sask 138334); Vicinity of Dore Lake, 1 Jul 1963, J. R. Caldwell, 54°46′N, 107°17′W (sask 2554); S shore of Lake Athabasca, E of William River, vicinity of Little Gull Lake, 2 Aug 1963, G. W. Argus, #548-63, 59°01′N, 109°00′W (sask 30004); Little Gull Lake, 5 Aug 1975, G. W. Argus, #9735, 59°01′N, 109°00′W (sask 68590); Little Gull Lake, 7 Aug 1975, G. W. Argus, #9773, 59°01′N, 109°00′W (sask 68586); McKay Lake, 2 Sep 1979, A. Leighton, #369, 56°30′N, 106°56′W (sask 138304); Conotact Lake, 2 Sep 1979, A. Leighton, #236, 55°24′N, 104°52′W (sask 74519); Mile 167.5, Hwy 106, Hanson Lake Road, between Tulabi and Bigstone Lakes, 5 Sep 1975, V. L. Harms, #23390, 54°43.5′N, 103°01′W (sask 68936); Bullrush Lake near Jan Lake, 1 Aug 1988, B. Archibold, J. Suther, 54°54′N, 102°49′W (sask 95051); Cluff Lake area #2 ne corner, 4 Aug 1993, J. H. Hudson, #328, 58°19′48″N, 109°45′36″W (sask 169891); Cluff Lake area #4 nw of Snake Lake, 6 Aug 1993, J. H. Hudson, #364, 58°21′N, 109°37′48″W (sask 169934); Mile 20, Pelican Narrows/Sandy Bay Road, 4 Sep 1975, V. L. Harms, #23359, 55°21′N, 102°41′W (sask 68950). Manitoba: Jessica Lake, 23 Aug 1961, W. G. Dore, #19432, 49°59′N 95°30′W (dao 79299); P.T.H. 44, E of Rennie, 10 Jul 1978, D. Punter 7811, 49°01′35″N,


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95°35′W (win 70473); Nopiming Provincial Park, N end of Flanders Lake, 28 Aug 2004, B. A. Ford, D. Punter, E. Punter #04247, 50°27′03″N, 95°14′42″W (win 70982); Nopiming Provincial Park NW end of Flanders Lake, 28 Aug 2004, B. A. Ford, D. Punter, E. Punter #04240, 50°26′48″N 95°14′45″W (win 70987). Notes: Sparganium fluctuans is a native, transcontinental North American species inhabiting the boreal and lake forest regions, ranging quite interruptedly from British Columbia to Labrador, south to Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New Jersey. It is relatively rare in the cpp, with several dozens of specimens known to occur (Fig. 1b). The species has been reported in Alberta in several floras (Moss 1983; Kaul 1997; Crow et al. 2000); the confirmed specimen is the one mapped in the northeastern part of the province (Kaul 1997). 3. Sparganium glomeratum (Beurl. ex Laest.) L. M. Newman Distribution. Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, Canada (Fig. 1c). Also in Asia, Europe, and North America. Conservation status. cpp: Vulnerable (vu d2); Alberta: Rare plant (Kershaw et al. 2001), s1 (Alberta Conservation Information Management System [acims] 2011); Saskatchewan: Introduced (Harms 2003), s1: scdc 2009); Manitoba: s1 (Chris Friesen [Manitoba Conservation Data Centre] pers. comm.). Specimens examined. Alberta: Glenevis, 20 Jul 1957, E. H. Moss, #10871, 53°48′N, 114°31′W (alta 725); 1 mi. N of Hwy 16, on Winterburn Road NW of the cfrn Radio Station, 11 Jul 1973, M. G. Dumais, #6337, 53°32′N, 113°41′W (alta 44756); Silver Lake, 19 Sep 1946, M. Raymond, J. Kucyniak, #1719, 50.764259N, -113.862305W (alta 33290); Glenevis, 2 Aug 1959, 53°48′N, 114°31′W (alta 742); Glenevis, 22 Jul 1958, G. Pegg, 53°48′N, 114°31′W (alta 741); Glenevis, 5 Sep 1962, E. H. Moss, #12716, 53°48′N, 114°31′W (alta 743). Saskatchewan: Pinehouse, Key Lake Road Study Area, Snake Rapids and Sandy Lake area, 29 Jul 1979, B. Godwin, Z. Abouguendia, 55°44′N, 104°40′W (sask 72015); Mile 57.8, Hwy 102, La Ronge–Southend Road, 7 Aug 1975, V. L. Harms, #22754, 55°43′N, 104°42′W (sask 68937). Manitoba: Pine Falls, 6 Jul 2006, T. Reaume, K. Szaluk, 50°33′53″N, 96°12′49″W (win 71707); Manitoba Hydro, 26 Aug 1993, E. Punter #93-1186, 54°54′42″N, 101°04′42″W (win 55906); Reed Lake, 5 Aug 1973, J. Looman, 54°38′N, 100°30′W (sask 96846).

Distribution and Conservation Status of Sparganium • Yu Ito and J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez

Notes. Sparganium glomeratum is thought to be an introduced Eurasian species found only sporadically in North America (Harms 1973). Given that the distribution is roughly circumpolar, including Minnesota, Wisconsin, Alaska, Quebec, Labrador, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, it is apparently an indigenous species. Six out of 12 specimens cited (alta 33290, alta 44756, sask 96846, sask 170913, win 55906, and win 71707) may be new records to the regional floras (Fig. 1c). 4. Sparganium hyperboreum Beurl. ex Laest. S. hyperboreum Beurl. ex Laest, Arberatt. Bot. Arbeten Upptackter 1850 (bihang 2): 4 (1853). Distribution. Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, Canada (Fig. 1d). Also in Asia, Europe, and North America. Chromosome number. 2n = 30 (Manitoba: Love and Love 1981). Conservation status. cpp: Vulnerable (vu d2); Alberta: Rare plant (Kershaw et al. 2001), s1 (acims 2011); Saskatchewan: Endangered (Harms 2003), s1 (scdc 2009). Specimens examined. Alberta: Goose Mountain Lookout Tower, 17 Jul 1983, C. Bradley, 55°4′N, 116°17′W (alta 96093); Athabasca Forfar Park, 28 Aug 2007, G. C. D. Griffiths, 54°53′N, 113°20′W (alta 118527); Simpson Pass, 5 Aug 1945, A. E. Porsild, A. J. Breitung (alta 99867). Saskatchewan: N. side of Lake Athabasca NW side of Nero Lake 11 Aug 1981, V. L. Harms, #30482, 59°30′N, 108°41′W (sask 76565). Manitoba: Akudlik, near Churchill, 20 Aug 1983, M. Zbigniewicz 83-272, 58°45′N, 94°07′W (win 40888); Thompson, 17 Jul 1977, L. R. Williams #090, 55°44′N, 97°50′W (win 33603); York Factory: black spruce-larch muskeg forest above Hudson’s Bay post, 22 Jul 1949, H. J. Scoggan, #6012 A, 56°59′N, 92°17′W (win16211); Fort Churchill, 23 Jul 1951, B. R. Irvine, 58°45′N, 94°04′W (sask 1023). Notes. This is a circumpolar species, essentially transcontinental in North America in the arctic-subarctic and northern alpine regions, extending southward to British Columbia, Alta, James Bay in Ontario-Quebec, and Nova Scotia. Even though the number of confirmed occurrences for the cpp is limited, the species is quite common in the areas of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut (Kaul 1997).

Conclusions Herbarium databases are powerful in identifying regions deserving conservation priority based on high

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diversity and high concentrations of rare or narrowly distributed species. This botanical information facilitates the development of management strategies for the protection of unusual species assemblages, such as aquatic plant populations, which may fluctuate in response to natural and anthropogenic factors. Specifically, after an exhaustive investigation of voucher specimens of Sparganium species in the cpp, we were able to update the species’ geographic distribution and rarity status, especially for S. americanum and S. glomeratum. The former has been poorly recognized in the cpp, but we found a recently collected herbarium specimen, suggesting that this species may occur in other areas of the cpp, but additional botanical explorations are needed to confirm this. The latter species had been classified as an invasive plant, but specimens reviewed in our study revealed its circumpolar distribution in North America. Based on the updated herbarium records, we categorized the four regionally rare species, namely S. americanum, S. fluctuans, S. glomeratum, and S. hyperboreum, with regional conservation ranks of Critically Endangered, Vulnerable, Vulnerable, and Endangered, respectively. Our findings should be useful in recognizing and updating the rarity of Sparganium species as well as addressing their conservation priority in future field surveys. Thus far, no major immediate negative impacts (e.g., energy developments) to the Sparganium species are known, but in the future, new human activities and urban developments should be carefully planned for effective environmental assessment and management of species according to the information provided in this study. Our research also demonstrates that voucher specimens in systematic collections hold valuable, often hidden, information useful in the investigation of a wide array of biological and environmental processes. For instance, herbarium holdings help determine distributional patterns, major collector(s), and centers of diversity of a particular flora or plant group (Baalim et al. 2013). Likewise, they aid in preserving records of past distribution of extinct or rare species, tracking the spread and/or naturalization of invasive species (Crawford and Hoagland 2009), and assessing floristic composition (Su and Cota-Sánchez 2007) and changes in community composition and phenology in response to environmental change (Primack et al. 2004). In addition to documenting type specimens (Cota-Sánchez et al. 2004), they are useful as an archival source of dna (Cota-Sánchez et al. 2006), in genetic studies for

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conservation biology (Maunder et al. 1999), barcoding (Kress et al. 2005), and for other scientific, community, and social-related endeavors.

Acknowledgments We are indebted to two anonymous reviewers and Dr. G. Willson, editor of Great Plains Research, for their valuable feedback. The authors thank the curators of the herbaria alta, dao, sask, ubc, and win for making available voucher specimens. This research was supported by grants from the Yamada Science Foundation Long-Term Stay Abroad Program, Japan, to Yu Ito, and the University of Saskatchewan Tri-Council Bridge Grant Program and the Flora of Saskatchewan Association to J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez. Yu Ito, Department of Biology and W. P. Fraser Herbarium, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon sk, s7n 5e2, Canada. Current address: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, 8020 Christchurch, New Zealand, [email protected] J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez, Department of Biology and W. P. Fraser Herbarium, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon sk, s7n 5e2, Canada

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