DNA sequencing by Microseq kit targeting 16S rRNA gene ... - medIND

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Jun 14, 2007 - In: Betty AF, Daniel FS, Alice SW, editors. Bailey and Scott's, diagnostic microbiology, 9thed. Missouri, St. Louis: Mosby Publications; 1990. p.
Indian J Med Res 129, February 2009, pp 176-181

DNA sequencing by Microseq kit targeting 16S rRNA gene for species level identification of mycobacteria K. Lily Therese, John Bartell*, P. Deepa, S. Mangaiyarkarasi, Diedra Ward*, Joseph Dajcs* H.N. Madhavan & David Stroman*

L & T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India & *Alcon Research Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas, USA

Received June 14, 2007

Background & objectives: Identification of mycobacteria to the species level is of therapeutic significance. Conventional methods are laborious and time consuming so we did 16S rRNA sequencing using a commercial MicroSeq sequencing kit, which includes DNA sequencing with software package for identification and phylogenetic analysis of clinical mycobacterial isolates. Methods: A total of 47 mycobacteria were tested by both conventional and genotypic method using commercially available MicroSeq 500 amplification kit assay. The identification was determined by comparing the 500 bp amplified product of 16S rDNA sequence to the MicroSeq database. Results: The phenotypic identification was concordant with genotypic identification in 33 (70.2%) isolates of 14 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 11 M. fortuitum, 7 M. abscessus and 1 M. duvalii. For the discrepant isolates, identification was possible only by DNA sequencing in 14 (29.7%) isolates. The 14 discrepant isolates were 5 M. farcinogenes, 3 M. genavense, 2 M. species. nov and 1 each of M. fortuitum, M. immuogenum, M. simiae and M. wolinskyi. Of these, five were uncommon species that were difficult to identify by phenotypic method. Interpretation & conclusion: The MicroSeq DNA sequencing is an excellent tool for species identification of mycobacteria, which reduces the turn around time, makes repeat analysis easy as compared to phenotypic identification specially for mycobacterial isolates with ambiguous biochemical profiles. Key words 16S rRNA - microSeq kit - Mycobacterium abscessus - M. duvalii - M. farcinogenes - M. fortuitum - M. genavense M. immuogenum - M. simiae - M. species nov - M. wolinskyi

Mycobacteria are aerobic, acid fast bacilli and currently include 92 established species1 (http: //www.bacterio.cict.fr/m/mycobacterium.html) that cause serious human and animal diseases2. Identification of mycobacteria to the species level is of paramount significance as the treatment regimen differs for each

species3. Traditional methods to identify mycobacteria based on biochemical tests are laborious and time consuming requiring 2-6 wk for completion. Moreover the rapid increase of newly described species, the repetition of tests in cases of ambiguous results and some species being biochemically inert or extremely 176

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slow growing have made the conventional method more complex and obsolete2. The development and application of various molecular biology techniques in the last two decades has led to rapid identification of mycobacteria, universality of results which allows comparisons of identification among different laboratories4. The rapid methods used for identification include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)5, DNA probes (Accuprobe; Gen-Probe, Inc, San Diego, Calif.), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using various target regions including hsp 656, ITS7, rpo B8 and dna J gene9. Though HPLC is used for identification in some research laboratories, it has limitations in the identification of mycobacteria with similar profiles particularly the rapid growers, which, now include many new species. The commercial probes have greatly reduced the identification time to 1 h but are limited to identification of few species including M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. fortuitum, M. gordonae and M. kansasii7. hsp 65 RFLP is the most widely used method of RFLP which can identify a wide range of mycobacteria but has not been applied for many of the new taxa with interpretation becoming problematic for species with unique patterns or multiple patterns. Genetic sequencing is the most efficient and acceptable method currently employed by many laboratories10. The 16S rRNA is an approximately 1500 nucleotides sequence encoded by the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The MicroSeq system utilizes a 500 bp region of the 16S rRNA common to all bacteria and has been used in many previous studies10. Comparative sequence analysis utilizing the 16S rRNA gene sequence has been proven to be a reliable method for the identification of bacteria11. The present study was undertaken to apply 16S rRNA sequencing technique using the Microseq 500 PCR and DNA sequencing kit to identify the clinical isolates of mycobacteria up to species level. Material & Methods Mycobacterial isolates selection: The 47 isolates included in the study were previously recovered during a three year period (2004-2006) in the L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Chennai, from clinical specimens received from various hospitals in and around Chennai. Of the 47 mycobacterial isolates, 19 were from respiratory specimens [13 sputum, 4 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 1 each of pleural fluid and laryngeal wash] and 16 were from ocular specimens (5 corneal scraping,

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3 corneal button, 1 intraocular lens (IOL), 4 vitreous aspirate (VA), 2 sub-retinal mass and 1 conjunctival scraping] and 12 were from miscellaneous specimens consisting of urine (6), one each of cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow, ascitic fluid; pericardial fluid and two pus from cervical lymph nodes. The isolates were chosen from different specimens representing different species including isolates that were unidentifiable by phenotypic methods. Phenotypic identification: The mycobacterial isolates were identified by the growth characteristics, which included growth at 25, 42 and 37°C, ability to grow on MacConkey agar without crystal violet, pigment production and colony morphology. The biochemical tests included niacin production, nitrate and tellurite reduction test, pyrazinamidase test, 68°C catalase test and semi quantitative catalase test, arylsulphatase A and B, tween 80 hydrolysis, urease test, tolerance to 5 per cent sodium chloride and iron uptake tests12. Substrate utilization test for subspecies identification was carried out with mannitol, sorbitol and inositol for differentiation of rapidly growing mycobacteria13. The phenotypic identification tests were repeated whenever mycobacterial identification was doubtful. All tests were carried out inside a level III biosafety cabinet in the Mycobacteriology Research Laboratory, Microbiology Research Centre, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India Genotyping by 16S rRNA sequencing technique: The MicroSeq 500 system (Applied Biosystems, USA) includes separate kits for PCR and cycle sequencing. PCR and sequencing kits are designed with universal primers to cover all bacteria. DNA extraction was done using the PrepmanUltra protocol for Gram-positive bacteria supplied by Applied Biosystems, USA. A 500 bp 16S rDNA fragment was amplified from the 5’ end of the gene in a reaction volume of 50 µl using a GeneAmp PCR System 2700 (Applied Biosystems, USA). Purification of the amplified products was done using Qiagen PCR purification kit (Valencia, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions prior to sequencing. The cycle sequencing was performed for forward and reverse primers for each amplified product according to instructions provided by the MicroSeq 500 kit. Sequencing reaction mixtures were purified using Montage SEQ96 (Millipore, USA) following manufacturer’s instructions.. Sequence analyses were performed on an ABI PRISM 3100 - Avant Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA).

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Internally transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequencing: PCR and sequencing of the 16S -23S rRNA internally transcribed spacer region (ITS) was performed using primers SP1 (5’ACCTCCTTTCTAAGGAGCACC 3’) and SP2 (5’ GATGCTCGCAACCACTATCCA 3’)6. PCR was performed using AmpliTaq Gold PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, USA) and 100 µM each primer with thermal cycling conditions of 94ºC 10 min, 38 cycles of 94ºC 1 min, 59ºC 30 seconds, 72ºC for 45 sec followed by an extension at 72ºC for 10 min. Cycle sequencing of the PCR products was performed with the primers used for PCR with Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit reagents (Applied Biosystems, California, USA) with the following thermal cycling conditions: 96ºC 1 min, followed by 25 cycles of 96 ºC 1 min each, 50 ºC 5 sec and 60 ºC for 4 min. Sequence data analysis: 16S rRNA gene sequences were assembled and edited using the MicroSeq microbial identification software version.1.0. The software was used to assemble each forward and reverse sequence into a consensus sequence, which was edited to resolve base pair ambiguities between the two strands by evaluation of electropherograms. Then comparisons were made between the consensus sequence and the entries in the MicroSeq database. The Alcon sequence database (Alcon Laboratories Inc., USA) was utilized in addition to the MicroSeq database for mycobacterial identification. ITS sequences were analyzed in the same manner using SeqScape sequence analysis software, version 1.0 (Applied Biosystems, USA). Comparative analysis of the ITS sequences was performed by searching the RIDOM (http: //www.ridom-rdna.de/). The sequencing was carried out at Alcon Research Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas, USA. The results were taken as concordant when the biochemical and the DNA sequencing result matched and discordant when they differed. When the results of biochemical tests were inconclusive the mycobacteria were assigned as unidentifiable. The 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence RFLP was carried out as described earlier14. Mycobacterial protein (MPB) 64 PCR for identification of M. tuberculosis was performed on all isolates identified as M. tuberculosis by phenotypic tests15. Results The phenotypic and genotypic identification was concordant in 33 of 47 (70.2%) isolates whereas identification was discordant in 14 (29.7%) of the

isolates. The concordant identification included 14 M. tuberculosis identified by phenotypic method and confirmed by MPB 64 PCR15 and identified as M. tuberculosis complex by 16S rRNA sequencing. Among the 33 atypical mycobacteria, identification was concordant for 19 mycobacteria, including 11 M. fortuitum, 7 M. abscessus and 1 M. duvalii by biochemical tests and genotypic methods including ITS RFLP and 16S rRNA sequencing identification. Of the phenotypically identified 7 M. abscessus, 16S rRNA sequencing identified 7 as M. chelonae/M. abscessus further. ITS sequencing was necessary to discriminate as 7 M. abscessus in concordance with phenotypic identification. The identification was discordant for 9 of 47 (19.1%) isolates as the results of the phenotypic identification were incorrect. The 9 atypical mycobacteria included one each of M. wolinskyi (identified as M. fortuitum sorbitol positive third biovariant) and M. simiae (identified as M. abscessus), 2 M. genavense (identified as M. fortuitum), 2 M. species nov., (identified as M. fortuitum) and 3 M. farcinogenes (identified as M. fortuitum). The identification was inconclusive for 5 atypical mycobacteria and these were unidentifiable based on the ambiguous profiles obtained by phenotypic identification. Of the 5 unidentified atypical mycobacteria, 2 were identified as M. farcinogenes, and one each as M. genavense, M. immunogenum and M. fortuitum based only on the results of 16S rRNA sequencing technique (Table). Discussion The growing number of mycobacterial species included in the taxonomy and their varied treatment regimen necessitates rapid and accurate identification. The commercially available DNA probes allow timely but limited to the identification of the most commonly encountered species, M. tuberculosis complex, M. avium - intracellulare complex, M. kansasii and M. gordonae. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) are techniques which need to be verified with another technique and cannot be performed alone as a number of species share a similar pattern. Even the discriminative and versatile high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have inherent problems especially in the identification of rapid growers whose numbers continue to expand rapidly due to similar profiles obtained. RFLP technique can be conveniently included in any clinical laboratory

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Table. Comparison of mycobacterial isolates identification by conventional methods and Microseq nucleic acid sequencing technique Identification by phenotypic method

Concordant M. tuberculosis M. duvalii M. fortuitum M. abscessus Discordant M. fortuitum sorbitol positive third biovariant M. abscessus M. fortuitum

Unidentifiable mycobacteria

No. of isolates (N= 47)

Identification by genotypic method by > 1% match score and MicroSeq 500 database MicroSeq ID

Additional tests (/ITS seq/ MPB 64 PCR)

33 14 1 11 7

M. tuberculosis complex M. duvalii M. fortuitum M. abscessus / M. chelonae

MPB 64 PCR

1

M. wolinskyi

-

1 7

M. simiae M. genavense - 2 M. species nov - 2 M. farcinogenes - 3 M. immunogenum - 1 M. fortuitum -1 M. genavense -1 M. farcinogenes - 2

-

ITS Seq

9

5

-

MPB 64 PCR, Mycobacterial protein; ITS, internal transcribed spacer

setting for the routine identification of mycobacterial isolates but fails to identify mycobacteria of the new taxa whose patterns have not been previously described and interpretation may at times be difficult for species with identical or multiple patterns10. The 16S rRNA universally present in bacteria has both highly conserved and more variable domains, which make it ideal, target for studying phylogenetic relationships4. Identification based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis has several advantages; it can identify all bacteria including those which are nonviable or uncultivable, it allows recognition and the reliable phylogenetic placement of species previously not described, more rapid turn around time with improved accuracy when compared to phenotypic identification16-18. Sequencing of 16S rDNA not only is a useful technology for identification and phylogenetic analysis of bacteria but also may lead to the discovery of previously uncharacterized species. 16S rRNA sequencing has now become the new gold standard for defining a new genus and species10. Some of the disadvantages of 16S rRNA as a target for sequencing are its failure to discriminate M. tuberculosis complex, M. marinum/M. ulcerans, M. avium subspecies, M. abscessus and M. chelonae sequevar I, M. gastri/M. kansasii sequevars I and IV,

M. farcinogenes/M. senegalense, M. peregrinum/M. septicum16. Sequence variation in the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) has been demonstrated between M. abscessus and M. chelonae, hence we used ITS sequencing to discriminate between these two species29. M. tuberculosis complex can be differentiated by DNA sequencing of the oxyR, pncA, gyrB, or hsp65 gene; analysis of spacers between direct repeats in the direct repeat (DR) region; and deletion analysis of the regions of difference (RD) provide a more rapid and accurate approach to the differentiation of the members of the M. tuberculosis complex19-23. The major drawback of the MicroSeq 500 system is the high cost of the test. Considering the costs of the reagents, supplied technological time and repeat rate the relative costs per test for HPLC and the MicroSeq 500 systems are similar (approximately INR 2,500 and 2,700). Cook et al 24 did a cost analysis on conventional method and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria and revealed that performing DNA sequencing saved onethird of the expense incurred with phenotypic methods for identification of probe negative nontuberculous mycobacteria. After the initial start up costs, nucleotidesequencing costs are low considering the cost and time

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saved during the patient’s hospital stay and initiation of appropriate therapy, poses no safety hazard for personnel since only DNA is used (unlike phenotypic methods which involve handling of live culture), offers high throughput, low consumable costs and good interand intra- laboratory reproducibility25. In this study, phenotypic method failed to correctly identify 13 of the 47 mycobacterial isolates. Delayed or misidentification of mycobacteria have a direct impact on the patient awaiting chemotherapy26. The MicroSeq 500 identification system has the distinct advantage of providing identification for approximately 1400 different bacterial species in its extensive database of the sequences. In addition, the MicroSeq assay provides commercially prepared reagents and a proprietary, validated database. The premade amplification and sequencing master mixes decrease time in reagent preparation and quality control. Further, the MicroSeq kit has been used in the identification of slow growing, biochemically inert bacteria, and those with ambiguous biochemical profiles17,26-29. Phylogenetic trees and per cent difference reports are generated using the query sequence and the top matches to the sequence libraries. MicroSeq database consists mainly of a single type strain for each species and clearly lacks some important species. The public databases such as Genbank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and European molecular biology laboratory (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ embl/) are not monitored. Hence monitored databases like RIDOM (http://www.ridom-rdna.de/) that has peerreviewed entries along with extensive phenotypic and sequence data are recommended to confirm MicroSeq results which do not result in species level matches2,25. Comparative sequencing analysis utilizing a high quality database is a reproducible and accurate means of species identification of mycobacteria. Sequencing reduces the turn around time and eliminates the necessity of confirmation with biochemicals tests. Accurate identification and taxonomic placement of the causative mycobacterium should assist in the culture requirements in the future, thereby facilitating effective prevention, treatment and control of the disease through tracing of its ecological niche. Acknowledgment The authors from L&T Microbiology Research Centre, Chennai, acknowledge the Research grant by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to carry out part of the study.

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Reprint requests: Dr K. Lily Therese, L &T Microbiology Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya 18, College Road, Chennai 600 006, India e-mail: [email protected]