A conceptual forest management plan for a medium size forest in southern Cameroon
A CONCEPTUAL FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR A MEDIUM SIZE FOREST IN SOUTHERN CAMEROON
J.P. Fines F. Ngibaot G. Ngono
Tropenbos-Cameroon Documents 6
The Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi (Cameroon) Wageningen University, Wageningen (the Netherlands) Institut de la Recherche Agricole pour le Développement, Yaoundé (Cameroon) 2001
ABSTRACT Fines, J.P., F. Ngibaot and G. Ngono, 2001. A conceptual forest management plan for a medium size forest in southern Cameroon. The Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Wageningen University, Wageningen and Institut de la Recherche Agricole pour le Développement Tropenbos-Cameroon Documents 6, xxvi + 102 pp.; 9 fig.; 18 tab.; 4 maps; 74 ref; 10 Annexes. A Forest Management Plan was prepared for a forest within the Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme research site (18 000 ha). Multiple-use management is proposed. Besides timber production, there are provisions for use by the local people such as collection of non-timber forest products, for conservation of biodiversity and the environment and for research. The forest management strategy is flexible and to some extent experimental; it is meant to be tested and adapted to future insights. Keywords: Forest management, tropical rainforest, Cameroon.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate General for Development Development Policy Sustainable Development and Natural Resources
The Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme is a research programme executed under the joint responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Republic of Cameroon and the Tropenbos Foundation. This study is achieved with the financial contribution of the EUROPEAN Union Action if Favour of Tropical Forest in Developing Countries Budget Line (B7-6201). The authors are solely responsible for all opinions expressed in this document, which do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union.
© 2001 The Tropenbos Foundation P.O. Box 232, NL-6700 AE Wageningen (the Netherlands). Phone: +31 317 495500; fax +31 317 495520; e-mail:
[email protected] ISSN 1566-2152 No part of this publication may be reproduced or published in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the written permission of the Tropenbos Foundation. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen University and IRAD assume no liability for any losses resulting from the use of this document.
CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................VIII LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................VIII LIST OF ANNEXES .......................................................................................................VIII GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................... IX FOREWORD..................................................................................................................... XI SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................XIII RESUME .........................................................................................................................XIX 1.
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1
2
OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................3
3.
FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN ELABORATION PROCEDURE .......................4
3.1. Legal procedure ........................................................................................................4 3.1.1. Demarcation........................................................................................................4 3.1.2. Classification ......................................................................................................4 3.1.3. Exploitation options ............................................................................................6 3.1.4. Forest management plan elaboration ...................................................................6 3.1.5. Fiscal charges......................................................................................................8 3.2.
Procedure followed .................................................................................................10
3.3.
Improved procedure and innovative aspects .........................................................12
4. 4.1.
BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE FOREST ........................................................13 Administrative information....................................................................................13
4.2. Biophysical characteristics .....................................................................................13 4.2.1. Climate .............................................................................................................13 4.2.2. Geology ............................................................................................................13 4.2.3. Landforms.........................................................................................................14 4.2.4. Hydrology.........................................................................................................17 4.2.5. Soils..................................................................................................................17 4.2.6. Vegetation.........................................................................................................18 4.2.7. Landscape ecological units................................................................................19 4.2.8. Fauna ................................................................................................................20
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5. 5.1.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT...................................................................23 Description of the surrounding villages: Services and infrastructure ..................23
5.2. Description of the population .................................................................................26 5.2.1. Demographic changes .......................................................................................28 5.3. Population activities................................................................................................28 5.3.1. Shifting cultivation............................................................................................28 5.3.2. Agricultural plantations.....................................................................................28 5.3.3. Animal husbandry .............................................................................................29 5.3.4. Non-timber forest product exploitation..............................................................29 5.3.5. Sacred places ....................................................................................................29 5.4. Industrial activities .................................................................................................29 5.4.1. Forest exploitation.............................................................................................30 5.5. 6.
Research ..................................................................................................................30 THE CONDITION OF THE FOREST......................................................................31
6.1.
Timber exploitation history....................................................................................31
6.2.
Previous forest interventions..................................................................................31
6.3.
Synthesis of the forest management inventory results ..........................................31
6.4. Forest productivity .................................................................................................33 6.4.1. Increment..........................................................................................................33 6.4.2. Mortality ...........................................................................................................33 6.4.3. Logging damage................................................................................................33 6.5. 7. 7.1.
Diagnosis of the state of the forest..........................................................................33 PROPOSED MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................35 Management objectives ..........................................................................................35
7.2. Land allocation and users’ rights...........................................................................36 7.2.1. Land allocation .................................................................................................36 7.2.2. Users’ rights......................................................................................................41 7.3.
Management of the Protection forest.....................................................................43
7.4.
Management of the Conservation forest ................................................................43
7.5.
Management of the Research forest.......................................................................43
7.6. Management of the Production forest....................................................................43 7.6.1. Species included in the allowable cut ................................................................44 7.6.2. Cutting cycle.....................................................................................................45 7.6.3. Allowable cut....................................................................................................45 vi
7.6.4. 7.6.5. 7.6.6.
Minimum exploitable diameter (DME) .............................................................50 Management compartments...............................................................................50 Synthesis of the evolution of the forest..............................................................51
7.7.
Silvicultural treatment program ............................................................................52
7.8.
Reduced impact logging..........................................................................................52
7.9. Environmental protection program .......................................................................53 7.9.1. Protection against erosion..................................................................................54 7.9.2. Protection against fire and insects......................................................................54 7.9.3. Protection against chemical pollution ................................................................54 7.9.4. Protection of fauna ............................................................................................54 7.10.
Supervision and control ......................................................................................55
7.11.
Other management activities..............................................................................55
7.12.
Research activities...............................................................................................55
8.
POPULATION PARTICIPATION IN FOREST MANAGEMENT........................58
8.1.
Organisational and relational framework .............................................................58
8.2.
Benefits from production forest to the community ...............................................59
9.
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATEMENT......................................................60
9.1. Income .....................................................................................................................60 9.1.1. Timber exploitation...........................................................................................60 9.1.2. Other products or services .................................................................................60 9.2.
Expenses ..................................................................................................................62
9.3.
Management justification.......................................................................................63
10. MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT .............................................................................64 10.1.
Principles, criteria and indicators ......................................................................64
10.2.
Certification ........................................................................................................65
11. PERIOD AND REVISION OF THE PLAN..............................................................67 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................68 ANNEXES ..........................................................................................................................72
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 5.1 Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4
Taxation system: actual situation (2000/2001)................................................................. 11 Landforms ...................................................................................................................... 15 Soils ............................................................................................................................... 16 Ecological zones ............................................................................................................. 21 Human occupancy........................................................................................................... 24 Value for flora conservation............................................................................................ 37 Suitability for fauna conservation.................................................................................... 38 Suitability for timber production and exploitation............................................................ 39 Suitability for Non Timber Forest Products ..................................................................... 40
LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Monthly means of rainfall (R) and temperature (T) at Kribi, Lolodorf and Ebolowa meteorological stations Table 4.2 Vegetation types of the TCP research area Table 4.3 Ecological zones Table 4.4 Area per main land mapping unit in the proposed production forest Table 5.1 The villages: year of establishment and facilities Table 5.2 Population of the surrounding villages Table 5.3 Origin of incomes Table 6.1 Main forest types (strata) and corresponding areas Table 6.2 Numbers of stems and volumes of common timber species Table 7.1 Areas per land allocation types Table 7.2 Compatibility of land utilisation types and land allocation types Table 7.3 Species included in the calculation of the allowable cut Table 7.4 Species of Group 2, present in the forest, left out of the allowable cut calculation Table 7.5 The allowable cut and minimum felling diameter per species Table 7.6 Area per land allocation type and per management compartment Table 7.7 Logging period and exploitable stock per management compartment Table 9.1 Income generated by timber exploitation during the first cutting cycle Table 9.2 Expenses related to timber exploitation
14 18 19 20 25 27 27 32 32 36 42 46 47 49 50 51 61 62
LIST OF ANNEXES Annex I Annex II Annex III Annex IV Annex V Annex VI Annex VII Annex VIII Annex IX Annex X
List of Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme research projects List of species subject to felling tax and their FOB price Description of the boundaries of the forest Rainfall and temperature charts of Kribi, Ebolowa and Lolodorf meteorological stations Areas of villages, which consider part of the forest as their territory Most important NTFP species List of TIAMA Group 2 species present in the forest Protected animal species Results of the allowable cut calculation Stocking of the management compartments
Cartographic annex Map 1 Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme research site Map 2 Landscape ecological map Map 3 Forest strata and inventory transects Map 4 Land allocation and management compartments viii
GLOSSARY Acronyms ADM-DME CFK DF DME EU FMP FMU FOB FSC GIC GWZ IEV IRA IRAD IRGM ITTO MAN-DME MINAGRI MINEF MINUH MMP NTFP NWG ONADEF PCT PCIs P-MMP PS PSP REV RIL SDIAF SFM TCP
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Administrative Minimum Exploitable Diameter Compagnie Forestière de Kribi Direction des Forêts Minimum exploitable diameter European Union Forest Management Plan Forest Management Unit Free On Board Forest Stewardship Council Groupe d'Intérêt Communautaire Gerard Wijma en Zonen (Wijma – Douala S.A.R.L.) Initial Exploitable Volume Institut de la Recherche Agronomique Institut de la Recherche Agricole pour le Développement Institut de Recherches Géologiques et Minières International Tropical Timber Organisation Management Minimum Exploitable Diameter Ministry of Agriculture, Cameroon Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Cameroon Ministry of Housing and Town Planning, Cameroon Master Management Plan Non Timber Forest Products National Working Group Office National de Développement des Forêts Potential Crop Tree Principles, Criteria and Indicators Pre-mediation version of the Master Management Plan Pygmy Settlement Permanent Sampling Plot Exploitable Volume at end of Rotation Reduced Impact Logging Sous Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements Forestiers, MINEF Sustainable Forest Management Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme
Abbreviations cm ha km m3 n.a. nb
: : : : : :
centimetre hectare kilometre cubic meter not available / not applicable number
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FOREWORD About Tropenbos The Tropenbos Foundation was established in 1988 by the Government of the Netherlands with the objectives to contribute to the conservation and wise use of tropical rain forest by generating knowledge and developing methodologies, and to involve and strengthen local research institutions and capacity in relation to tropical rain forests. The Tropenbos Programme carries out research on moist tropical forestland at various locations around the world. At present (semi-)permanent research sites are located in Colombia, Guyana, Indonesia, Ivory Coast and Cameroon. At the different locations, research programmes follow an interdisciplinary and common overall approach, with the aim to exchange data and to make results mutually comparable. About the Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme The Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme (TCP) was established in 1992 by the Cameroonian Ministry of Environment and Forests (MINEF) and the Tropenbos Foundation. The general objective of the TCP is to develop methods and strategies for natural forest management directed at sustainable production of timber and other forest products and services. These methods have to be ecologically sound, socially acceptable and economically viable (Foahom and Jonkers, 1992). TCP consists of several interrelated projects in the fields of ecology, forestry, economy, social sciences, agronomy and soil science. In 1994, the International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) and the Common Fund for Commodities (CfC) decided to co-finance six of these projects, which together form ITTO project PD 26/92. The ‘Office National de Développement des Forêts’ (ONADEF) is the agency responsible towards ITTO and CfC for the implementation of the Project PD 26/92. The present publication is largely based on studies carried out in the framework of ITTO project PD 26/92, which is an integral part of the Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme. The forest inventory on which this plan is based was executed by ONADEF in the framework of project PD 26/92. In 1997, the European Commission (EC) agreed to co-finance five TCP projects, and this component is entitled "Assessment of ecological and economic prospects and limitations for sustainable management of natural forest in Cameroon". The present study is part of this EC-funded component and was financed by the EC, the Tropenbos Foundation and the implementing agencies Wageningen University (WU) and the ‘Institut de la Recherche Agricole pour le Développement Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank all who contributed to the realisation of this Forest Management Plan. Wyb Jonkers, Bernard Foahom, Pieter Schmidt, Mathurin Tchatat, Jean-Paul Tsimi are thanked for their supervision and support as well as Erik Lammerts van Bueren, Hans Vellema, Heiner Schanz, Freerk Wiersum and Peter Geschiere. Furthermore, TCP researchers Richard Eba'a Atyi, Jean-Claude Ntonga, Marc Parren, Gart van Leersum, Roger Bibani, Laurent Nounamo, Martin Yemefack, Humphrey Menyong Mbelli, Nsangou Mama, Charles Bongjoh, Serge Monentcham, Nérée Onguene Awana, Han van Dijk, Nicole Guedje, Jolanda van den Berg, Karen Biesbrouck, François Tiayon, Francis Nkoumbele, Ibrahima Adamou, Gerard Hazeu, Barend van Gemerden, Guillaume Lescuyer and Jean Essama are thanked for their support. A special word of thanks is due to research assistant Edouard Essiane Mendoula. Etienne Reutelingsperger, Marcel Meijs and Jacqueline van de Pol are thanked for preparing the maps, Jean-Marc Lewis for his assistance in the use of TIAMA and Timothé Fomété for his advise on economic aspects. xi
The inventory crew of ONADEF as well as the data typists Mathilde Ossele, Catherine Lele and Charlotte Esawe are acknowledged for their contributions, and so are all other personnel of the Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme. The European Commission is thanked for its financial support, which made the realisation of this management plan possible, and ITTO is thanked for funding the forest inventory.
W.B.J. Jonkers Scientific coordinator Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme
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SUMMARY The objective of this study is to make a “prototype” of a forest management plan (FMP) for a mediumsized forest in southern Cameroon available for stakeholders. A Forest Management Plan is the description of the decisions and activities to produce the anticipated objective(s) of the stakeholders with regard to the use and conservation of forests in the area. In order to avoid deviation from reality, this FMP has been based on an existing forest with proposed boundaries. This forest is located in the middle of Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme (TCP) research site but has not been classified as a production forest. The objectives assigned to this forest management plan are: to plan forest management for a medium-sized potential production forest located within the TCP research area; to make the management plan for this forest in a way that it can be applied as such or subsequently incorporated in a broader multi-parcelled concession and that it can serve as an example for management planning in other small and medium-sized forests; to propose a multi-purpose (timber exploitation, NTFP exploitation, biodiversity conservation, research) and sustainable management of the forest; to integrate the research findings of TCP and other projects in the forest management plan; to propose improvements to present forest management plan elaboration procedure; to propose ways to stimulate the involvement of all stakeholders in forest management planning, and more in particular the local population. Although not specifically stated in the law, it is mentioned in other official documents that a master management plan (″schéma directeur″) should be elaborated before a forest management plan. In this case, TCP has prepared a Pre-mediation version of the Master Management Plan (P-MMP) for the TCP research site that should be discussed and negotiated with the relevant stakeholders. It is this PMMP which has oriented the selection of the forest for this FMP. Some important steps foreseen in the normal procedure have not been fulfilled such as: negotiation of the boundaries with the relevant stakeholders, classification of the forest as part of the permanent forest estate, demarcation of the boundaries and selection of exploitation type. Therefore, this FMP should be considered as conceptual. To obtain the stand data needed for this FMP, a forest management inventory was carried out by ONADEF and the data were processed and analysed with TIAMA software. A specific socioeconomic survey of the surrounding villages was not executed, as the data of the TCP socio-economic reports could be used. The studied forest is located in the centre of the TCP research area, between the villages Mvié, - 3° 04’ East Longitude and 10° 26’ - 10° 40’ North Latitude. Administratively, it is part of the South Province of the Republic of Cameroon. It partially belongs to the subdivisions of Akom II and Bipindi of the Ocean division and partially to the subdivision of Ebolowa of the Mvila division. The forest covers an area of 18,000 ha and is situated on (or adjacent to) the territory of 26 villages including four Bagyeli settlements. The villages are inhabited by a total of 4,256 persons in 912 family units living mainly from agriculture. The climate of the forest is humid tropical with four seasons. The air temperature varies little over the year with minimum monthly values of 25°C and 22.9°C in August and maximum values of 27.5°C and 25°C. The mean annual rainfall is about 2,000 mm. Geologically, the area is located on a Precambrian shield, which covers a major part of Cameroon. The shield consists mainly of metamorphic and old volcanic rocks.
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The hydrography is characterised by a highly developed draining system. The most important streams are the Mindjoh River in the north-western part, the Tchangue River in the south-east and the Sonkwé River in the south. The forest is located in the Guineo-Congolian domain of dense humid evergreen forests and belongs to the Biafran Atlantic district rich in Caesalpiniaceae. There is a variety of mammals in the zone. Many, such as the giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus) and the African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherures africanus), are hunted. A number of fishes and crustaceans have also been recorded in the area. The infrastructure and services are poorly developed. All roads are dirt roads and are often very degraded; some bridges are broken. Only two villages near the forest receive electricity. None of the villages have access to telephone or other electronic ways of communication. Many villages have a primary school but there is no secondary one. The only health centre is under construction. The area was logged for timber several times in the past. Between 1985 and 1997, the forest has been logged by a Dutch company, GWZ. The forest is located within two former cutting area licences. According to the available information, GWZ has cut on average of 0.8 tree/ha and 7.83m3/ha. The main species exploited were Azobé (Lophira alata, 60% of the extracted volume), Padouk (Pterocarpus soyauxii, P. mildbraedii), Tali (Erythrophleum ivorense), Dibétou (Lovoa trichilioides), Kossipo (Entandrophragma candollei) and Bongo H (Fagara heitzii). There are no records of forestry interventions other than logging. A forest management inventory was conducted by ONADEF in March - April 2000. The sampling rate was 1.72% and data were processed with TIAMA. The results reveal that this forest is formed by four main strata which are DHS (primary forest, 10,460 ha); DHS in (primary forest inaccessible, 389 ha); SA (old secondary forest, 6,938 ha) and SJ (young secondary forest, 247 ha). The ten most important species in terms of timber volume in this forest are Ilomba (Pycnanthus angolensis), Tali (Erythrophleum ivorense), Zingana (Microberlinia bisulcata), Emien (Alstonia boonei), Dabema (Piptadeniastrum africanum), Andoung brun (Monopetalanthus microphyllus), Alep (Desbordesia glaucescens), Azobé (Lophira alata), Padouk rouge (Pterocarpus soyauxii) and Naga (Brachystegia cynometrioides). On average (all strata), the forest contains 455 trees/ha (155 trees/ha of diameter >20 cm) with an average volume of 285 m3/ha. The allowable cut was calculated, using increment figures from MINEF, a flat mortality rate of 1% per annum and a flat logging damage rate of 7%. In spite of its predominantly ‘primary’ aspect, the presence of Azobé (Lophira alata) indicates that the forest has been altered by man in the past and is in fact a very old secondary forest. The small diameter classes are well represented indicating that logging did not compromise regeneration in general. The forest also contains a fair number large commercial trees, believed to be left untouched by previous exploitation because of poor timber quality and/or insufficient commercial value. The main objective of a production forest is timber production, but sustainable management goes further than timber production. Other uses or functions of the forest, which also need to be considered, are biodiversity conservation, fauna management, research and of course collection of forest produce by local populations. Given the present administrative possibilities, several management scenarios can me envisaged: The forest is managed as forest management unit, although its area (18,000 ha) is too small to meet the needs of one; The forest is managed as a council forest by the council of Bipindi or Akom II, but since it is divided over several administrative divisions, this might complicate its attribution and probably its management; xiv
-
-
The forest is managed as a pilot forest under the control of MINEF or ONADEF, or by a NGO in partnership with a logging company; this option would be in accordance with the present research status of the forest; The forest is managed as a community forest; but the law limits the area of a community forest to 5,000 ha.
In this management plan, the forest is considered as a pilot forest managed by a governmental body closely associated with the local populations. It assumes that an agreement will be made with a logging company regarding timber exploitation and that there will be financial support from a research project. The land allocation of this multiple-used pilot forest is as follows: Production (timber and NTFP): 14,421 ha (80%); Protection: 2,151 ha (12%); Conservation: 1,106 ha (6%); and Research: 356 ha (2%). For users’ rights, the conceptual framework is as follow: based on socio-economic studies or consultations with local populations, the management plan must call back and specify users’ rights within the concession and describe the restrictions, regulations and prohibitions related to each activity or land use to be undertaken in each land allocation. It must specify the activities, the methods of interventions and the list of products excluded or authorised. With this aim in view, in this FMP local populations are allowed to harvest trees for their personal use, except protected species. Nevertheless, the trees to be harvested must be in accordance with the management plan and permission from the forest administration representative is required. This FMP also recognises the importance of hunting for forest communities and allows this activity in all forests except those dedicated to wildlife protection. Some commonly used hunting techniques such as trap hunting with steel-wire cables and hunting with the use of guns are forbidden. For their personal consumption, traditional fishery is allowed to the local population. The use of means, which may modify the flow of the rivers, and of ichthyo-toxins is forbidden. For security reasons, hunting as well as fishing inside the current annual working coupe is not allowed. Local populations are allowed to harvest non-timber forest products for their personal consumption and also for commercial purposes. However, quantities harvested must not be beyond the production capacity of the forest. Agriculture is strictly prohibited inside the forest under management, and all agroforestry zones are outside the concession. Species such as Coula edulis, Irvingia gabonensis, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Baillonella toxisperma, etc. which are important sources of NTFPs and do generally not produce commercial timber (except B. toxisperma), must be protected from destruction during logging. The extraction of the sand and gravel for road construction or repair will not be allowed in the Protection, Conservation or Research forests. The extraction and reparation of the site will be done in accordance to the ″Normes d’intervention en milieu forestier″ of MINEF. The protected areas foreseen in this FMP are 500-m wide strips of productive forest, separating the management compartments. They are meant to remain permanently as such during future rotations. They should ensure conservation of biodiversity, maintain a reserve of seed trees and also contribute to the protection of wild animals’ habitats. Timber exploitation is forbidden and machinery should not cross those protected areas when moving from one compartment to another. Commercial trees fallen naturally should not be harvested and left on the ground. Small-scale NTFP collection is tolerated as long as the harvesting practices do not endangered the survival of individuals. Conservation forest corresponding to the top of the hills should be preserved from all activities, including NTFP collection. Contributing to biodiversity conservation and fauna conservation, these sites may be used for research activities. All activities should be forbidden inside the research forest, except research. The boundaries of this area should be clearly demarcated on the ground. xv
As far as the management of the production forest is concerned, one of the most important aspects of a FMP is to determine the quantity of wood that can be extracted from a forest in equilibration with the regrowth in a given time span. The allowable cut is estimated on the base of three principal parameters: the increment, the mortality and the exploitation damages. It is obvious that the number of species considered will influence the allowable cut. The cutting cycle and the DME (minimum cutting girth) are two other features to take account of. The species to choose under management are the ones that will be used in the calculation of the allowable cut. The allowable cut is the quantity or volume of timber that can be extracted from a given forest and that will be naturally re-grown after the cutting cycle. If too much volume is cut, the forest will decline and loose its value, on the other side if there are too many restrictions, forest exploitation will not be economically sustainable and might also result in a disappearance of the forest in favour of other land uses. It is assumed that the species selected have a good commercial value and that there is a demand for them. However, the choice of species to cut must not only take into consideration the demand by timber exploitation but must also takes into account the needs of local populations. In this respect, the species that are encountered in large number and useful for the logger and local population are Azobé (L. alata), Emien (A. boonei), Eyong (Eribroma oblongum), Fraké (Terminalia superba), Tali (E. ivorense) and Niové (Staudtia kamerunensis). Since these species are well represented and distributed in the forest, they will be included in the calculation of the allowable cut, and then a certain quantity of these trees will be set aside for the local populations. This quantity set aside for local needs still has to be estimated and agreements between the surrounding villagers and the logger need to be established. The species that are inadequately represented in age and space distribution such as Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma), Bubinga rose (Guibourtia tessmannii), Iroko (Milicia excelsa), Bibolo (Lovoa trichilioides) and others are withdrawn from the allowable cut calculation. Finally 27 species have been kept for the calculation of the allowable cut. A cutting cycle of 30 years has been adopted for this FMP. But for some species such as Moabi which have a very slow increment, the period between two harvests could be fixed at 60 years corresponding to two cutting cycles. For a small or medium size forest, like this one, it seems more appropriate to divide the forest in management compartments that have more or less the same area covered more or less equally by the same strata. The allowable cut is calculated for the whole forest and then divided by the number of years or the number of management compartments. It can be easily assumed that commercial trees of large dimensions that are found in forest recently logged are not of good quality, which would explain why they have been left behind. This is particularly the case of Tali. It also appears that in some case the DME would need to be raised very high to recover that volume. For those reasons the TIAMA software does not include the trees that have a diameter higher than the Administrative Minimum Diameter for Felling (ADM-DME1) + 40 cm when calculating the allowable cut. If they are exploitable the logger may harvest them, that volume is called the ″Bonus″ available only in the first rotation period. All things considered, the allowable cut is estimated at 0.387 m3.ha-1.yr-1 or 11.61 m3.ha-1 or 5,746 m3.yr-1. The Bonus is estimated at 23.94 m3.ha-1 or 11,845 m3.yr-1. The forest has been divided in 6 management compartments of more or less the same area. The management compartment is the area meant to be exploited during a period of 5 years. The allowable cut, calculated for the whole forest and given per ha, is shared out to each management compartment according to its specific area and strata composing it. It is assumed that the volume available in the last management compartments will be higher than the volume of the first ones but for a forest of this size it is not worth to try dividing the management compartments in a way to have an equal volume in each 1
ADM-DME is the minimum exploitable girth fixed by the administration.
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one of them. Also, since the corridors of protected forest are meant to be permanent it is better to draw permanent management compartments. The average number of exploitable stems per management compartments is 6,400 and the average exploitable volume is 83,000 m3. Each management compartment should subsequently be divided in annual working coupes. The sequence of the opening of non-adjacent management compartments was designed to prevent a linear pattern and also taking account of the present available volume (related to the area and strata of the compartment). This opening sequence will prevent a linear advance of logging exploitation from one end of the forest to the other and will prevent pushing forwardly the fauna out of the forest. Forest management on a sustainable basis is meant to exploit timber in such a way that the actual available resource will be once again available after a certain period of time at least in the same quantity and quality. This is generally facilitated by silvicultural treatments. The experiment conducted in the TCP area to test whether pre-felling climber cutting could reduce logging damages concluded that felling gap size and tree mortality was not significantly affected by pre-felling climber cuttings. Moreover, since many of the lianas found in the forest are useful for the local population for consumption, medicine or handicraft, their systematic elimination as a silvicultural treatment is not justified. Better knowledge of the forest and results from research are still needed before defining other silvicultural treatments. It becomes more and more apparent that reducing logging damage will increase the allowable cut as well as the effective extracted volume. Even though the number of trees logged in southern Cameroon is considered low, logging damage is important and should be reduced to a minimum. Particular recommendations concerning reduced impact logging (RIL) should be indicated in a FMP, more specifically in the annual operational plan. The most important aspects to improve being planning, training, safety measures and establishment of a RIL committee. In fact, good planning is surely the most important aspect influencing RIL, regular periodic training is needed at all levels to ensure that operations are carried out according to required procedures and to maintain high standards. The good health of forest workers and safety measures adopted are guaranties for the productivity of the company. A RIL Committee should be established, with the responsibility of verifying that logging operations are done in a proper way according to RIL guidelines. A strong environmental protection program is recommended in this FMP. In fact, forest exploitation can have a major impact on the environment, both inside and outside the FMU. Where possible, the environmental benefits of the forest should be maximised and adverse impacts minimised. For these reasons: -
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In order to protect streams and streamside buffer strips against erosion, commercial logging, extraction of sand and gravel, harvesting of service woods, pasture and agriculture will be prohibited in these areas. However, for local consumption, harvesting of bamboo and rattans can be done but will be restricted and regulated in order to prevent overexploitation of those products in these fragile zones as well as subsistence hunting and fishing which are allowed. For other logging interventions, they must be conducted in conformity with the prescriptions of MINEF. Bush fires don’t constitute a serious threat in the area because the forest is luxuriant during the whole year and agriculture is not allowed. No particular protection measure is to be considered. Insects might be a threat for the forest mainly for the regeneration or the quality of wood. Large-scale treatments are very costly and not always feasible in heterogeneous tropical forest. Nevertheless permanent and regular control should be assured and if some insects cause particular abundant damages to trees, appropriate measures should be taken if possible. xvii
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Chemicals such as fertilisers, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and hormones that are used in forest management activities, may cause serious effects on the environment and need careful control. In a general point of view, the use of chemicals should be minimised. Hunting of protected species is absolutely prohibited as well as the transport of the bush-meat by vehicles belonging to the logging company. The sale of bush-meat is also forbidden. This last prescription must be strictly applied to the personnel of the company and their families. The best control of the FMU starts with well-demarcated forest boundaries. As this forest is meant to be a pilot forest, placards indicating among other things, the name of the FMU, its objectives as well as some activities prohibited must reinforce this demarcation. All infraction to exploitation rules should be notified by the forest administration and fees should be given to offender.
Research activities have been emphasised in this FMP. The weakness of the current forest management is that it is based on available information and that some necessary data were missing. Research activities to be carried out include: effects of logging on Bagyeli forest use, animals disturbance by machine noise, NTFP exploitation methods, NTFP commercialisation line, reduced logging impact, silvicultural treatments, hunting potential and management and permanent sampling plots to provide data for growth and yield models. The participation of local population in FMP is one of the conditions of its success. In this respect, local populations surrounding the production forest, due to their physical proximity, are the immediate custodians of the forest, they have a legitimate right to be involved in the establishment of management aims, as well as in the ensuing the demarcation of production forests. Their involvement in formulating forest management arrangements make these arrangements known, well accepted and respected. In addition, involving communities and community institutions of the research area in forest management helps to introduce discipline into the management of the sector and offer significant checks and balances on otherwise unregulated public services. Unfortunately local populations are not well organised and one possible form of their representation in FMP is ″Comité paysans-forêt″. It is an organism created to assure dialogue, consultation, negotiation, animation, information and formation, and participation of local populations in the forest management plans. The financial statement of this FMP was made according to the information and data available. This statement has been formulated in actual currency assuming that the incomes and expenses are yearly constant, and also that the inflation rate would be the same for both the incomes and the expenses throughout the period. Most income comes from timber exploitation generated from allowable cut and the bonus (for this first rotation period) with a commercialisation coefficient of 0.55. Other products or services of the forest, difficult to quantify, such as NTFP exploitation, tourism, carbon sequestration or watershed protection should be taken into account when estimating the value of the forest. Expenses were estimated at management and exploitation level without taking account of transformation costs according to the available information, these estimations being commonly accepted in southern Cameroon. To ensure a good management assessment, a set of principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers applicable to a FMP are given. A FMP must be considered as being a dynamic process rather than a static plan. A proper monitoring and evaluation system should be designed enabling improvements or reorientation during its implementation. This management plan is meant for a period of 30 years, which corresponds to one cutting cycle. The revision periodicity will be of 5 years. The objectives and baselines will be conserved but modifications might occur according to changing circumstances or new information. A FMP should include the first five-year management plan as well as the first annual plan of operation and the planned road network, but due to the circumstances and without exploitation inventories, these two operational plans could not be integrated in this FMP. xviii
RESUME L’objectif de ce plan d’aménagement est de mettre à la disposition des différents intervenants, un prototype ou un plan d’aménagement forestier conceptuel d’une forêt de production de taille moyenne se trouvant dans le Sud Cameroun étant admis qu’un des décisions et des activités en vue d’atteindre l’objectif ou les objectifs anticipé(s) des intervenants eu égard à l’utilisation et à la conservation des forêts de la zone. Toutefois, dans le souci de ne pas trop s’éloigner de la réalité, les bases de ce plan d’aménagement proviennent d’une forêt existante avec des limites identifiées à cet effet. Cette forêt est située au centre du site de recherche du Programme Tropenbos-Cameroun (PTC) mais n’a jamais fait l’objet d’un décret de classement comme
Les objectifs assignés au présent plan d’aménagement forestier sont : • Réaliser un plan d'aménagement forestier (PAF) d’une forêt de production potentielle localisée dans le site de recherche du PTC ; • Présenter un PAF adapté aux forêts de petite ou de moyenne dimension susceptible de constituer une entité ou d’être incorporées dans une concession multi-parcellaires ; • Proposer un aménagement durable d’une forêt à usages multiples (exploitation de bois d’œuvre, des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL), conservation de la biodiversité, recherche) ; • Intégrer les résultats de recherche du PTC dans un PAF ; • Faire des propositions en vue de l’amélioration de la procédure en cours d’élaboration des PAF ; • Stimuler l’approche participative des différents intervenants et notamment des populations locales lors de l’élaboration et mise en place des plans d’aménagements forestiers. Malgré que ce ne soit pas spécifiquement précisé par la Loi, il a souvent été mentionné que les plans d’aménagement forestiers devraient être précédés de schémas directeurs. Dans ce cas-ci, une version pré-négociation du schéma directeur du site de recherche PTC a été réalisée et devrait éventuellement être soumise à tous les intervenants pour discussion. C’est ce schéma directeur qui a orienté la sélection de la forêt objet du présent plan d’aménagement. Certaines étapes de la procédure normale devant conduire à l’élaboration d’un PAF n’ont pas été réalisées. Il en est ainsi : de la négociation des limites de la forêt par tous les intervenants, du classement de la forêt comme forêt de production faisant partie du domaine permanent de l’Etat, la matérialisation des limites, l’attribution de la forêt à un concessionnaire attitré. Le caractère conceptuel de ce PAF découle de la non-réalisation de ces
Les données dendrologiques nécessaires à l’élaboration de ce PAF sont issues des données de l’inventaire forestier d’aménagement réalisé par l’ONADEF. Le traitement et l’analyse des données quant à eux ont été effectués au moyen du logiciel TIAMA. Un rapport partiel de cet inventaire est disponible. Aucune enquête socio-économique spécifique n’a été menée dans les villages environnants du massif, les donnés socio-économiques utilisées ont été extraites du rapport socio-économique du PTC. La forêt objet de cette étude est située au centre du site de recherche du PTC, plus ou moins à l’intérieur du triangle formé par les villages Mvié, Ebimimbang et Ebom. Géographiquement, elle est située entre les longitudes 2° 55’ – 3° 04’ Est et 10° 26’ – 10° 40’ Nord. Administrativement, elle fait partie des Arrondissements d’Akom II et de Bipindi dans le Département de l’Océan et des Arrondissements d’Ebolowa dans le Département de la Mvila de la Province du Sud. Cette forêt couvrant une superficie de 18.000 ha est située sur (ou limitrophe) les terroirs de 26 villages incluant 4 campements de pygmées Bagyeli. La population totale s’élève à 4.256 personnes reparties en 912
D’un point de vue climatique, le climat est de type tropical humide, typique du Sud-Ouest Cameroun avec quatre saisons. La température de l’air varie très peu au cours de l’année avec des valeurs xix
mensuelles minimales de 25°C et maximales de 27,5°C. la pluviométrie annuelle moyenne est de 2.000 mm environ. Géologiquement, la zone est située sur un socle précambrien, qui est la formation géologique la plus représentative au Cameroun. Ce socle est formé, en grande partie, des roches métamorphiques et volcaniques. L’hydrologie est caractérisée par un système hydrique très développé conséquence directe d’un climat particulièrement humide. Les rivières les plus importantes entourant la forêt sont la Mindjoh limitant la forêt dans sa partie nord-ouest, la Tchangue dans le sud-est et la Sonkwé dans le sud. La forêt étudiée est située dans le domaine Guinéo-Congolais de la forêt dense humide sempervirente et appartient au district Atlantique Biafrien riche en Caesalpiniaceae. On y rencontre une abondante diversité biologique végétale et faunique. Les gros mammifères ont disparu, cependant les rats géants (Cricetomys gambianus) et les porcs-épics (Atherures africanus) sont parmi les espèces animales les plus abondantes mais aussi les plus capturées. Les rivières regorgent également d’une grande variété
Parlant des infrastructures et des services, les routes de la zone sont en terre et se trouvent très souvent dans un état de dégradation très avancé ; on rencontre ça et là des ponts cassés. Seuls deux villages limitrophes du massif forestier reçoivent l’énergie électrique en provenance d’Ebolowa. Les moyens de communication par téléphone ou autres n’existent dans aucun village. Plusieurs villages sont pourvus d’écoles primaires mais pas d’écoles secondaires. Seul le village Melen a un centre de santé en construction. En ce qui concerne l’historique de l’exploitation forestière, cette forêt a été exploitée plusieurs fois par le passé. Récemment encore, tout le massif a été exploité à l’exception des zones montagneuses et principalement dans la partie Est. La WIJMA, compagnie forestière néerlandaise est celle qui a été la plus active dans la zone ces dix dernières années. En effet, cette forêt était incluse dans deux anciennes licences exploitées durant la période 1985-1997. Les données disponibles révèlent que la WIJMA a prélevé en moyenne 0,8 arbres/ha équivalent à 7,83 m3/ha. Les principales essences exploitées étaient : Lophira alata, 60% du volume prélevé), Padouk (Pterocarpus soyauxii, P. mildbraedii), Tali (Erythrophleum ivorense), Dibétou (Lovoa trichilioides), Kossipo (Entandrophragma candollei) et Bongo H (Fagara heitzii). En dehors de cette exploitation, aucune autre intervention ne s’est déroulée
La synthèse des résultats de l’inventaire forestier d’aménagement réalisé par l’ONADEF pendant les mois de mars et avril 2000 avec un taux de sondage de 1,72% et traité par l’entremise du logiciel TIAMA montre que la forêt est composée de quatre strates principales : DHS ou Forêt Primaire (10.460 ha) ; DHS in ou Forêt Primaire inaccessible (389 ha) ; SA ou Forêt Secondaire Adulte (6.938 ha) et SJ ou Forêt Secondaire Jeune (247 ha). Les dix principales essences en terme de volume ≥ DME) sont les suivantes : Ilomba (Pycnanthus angolensis), Tali (E. ivorense), Zingana (Microberlinia bisulcata), Emien (Alstonia boonei), Dabema (Piptadeniastrum africanum), Andoung brun (Monopetalanthus microphyllus), Alep (Desbordesia glaucescens), Azobé (L. alata), Padouk rouge (P. soyauxii) et Naga (Brachystegia cynometrioides). On dénombre en moyenne 455 arbres/ha (155 arbres/ha de diamètre >20 cm) et un volume moyen de 285 m3/ha toutes strates confondues. Les paramètres ayant servi au calcul de la possibilité sont : les accroissements tirés des documents du MINEF, un taux de mortalité de 1% par an pour toutes les classes de diamètre et pour toutes espèces, et enfin un taux de 7% pour les dégâts d’exploitation. Malgré son apparence de forêt ‘primaire’, la présence des Azobé (L. alata) constitue un indicateur de perturbations humaines datant de très longtemps. Il s’agit en réalité d’une très vielle forêt secondaire. Dans cette forêt exploitée plusieurs fois, les arbres de petites classes de diamètre sont bien représentés indiquant que les opérations d’exploitation forestière consécutives n’ont pas compromis de manière xx
générale la régénération. Cependant, la forêt se caractérise aussi par la présence de vieux arbres d’essences commerciales de grands diamètres qui ont été probablement laissés sur pied lors des exploitations précédentes à cause de leur faible qualité commerciale. Il est connu de tous que l’objectif principal d’une forêt de production est la production de bois d’œuvre. Cependant, l’aménagement durable ciblé par ce PAF va au-delà de la seule production de bois d’œuvre. D’autres usages ou fonctions de la forêt doivent être pris en compte tels que la conservation de la biodiversité, l’aménagement de la faune, la recherche et bien entendu la collecte des autres produits par les populations locales. A l’intérieur du cadre administratif ou légal actuel, plusieurs options d’attribution peuvent être • • • •
La forêt est concédée comme une UFA (Unité Forestière d’Aménagement), mais sa superficie (18.000 ha) apparaît trop petite pour approvisionner à elle seule une unité de transformation. La forêt est gérée comme forêt communale par les Communes de Bipindi ou d’Akom II, mais le fait qu’elle soit localisée dans plusieurs unités administratives pourrait compliquer son attribution et probablement sa gestion. La forêt est gérée comme forêt pilote sous la supervision du MINEF ou de l’ONADEF ou d’une ONG en partenariat avec une compagnie forestière. Cette option pourrait lui conférer un statut de La forêt est gérée comme forêt communautaire mais la loi actuelle limite la superficie des forêts
En ce qui concerne le présent plan d’aménagement, la forêt sera considérée comme une forêt pilote, gérée par un organisme étatique en étroite collaboration avec la population locale. Un accord sera signé avec une compagnie forestière en vue de l’exploitation du bois d’œuvre et des organismes de recherche pourront apporter des financements. Le plan d’affectation des terres de ce massif forestier à usage multiple se présente de la manière suivante : série de production (bois d’œuvre et PFNL) : 14.421 ha (80%) ; série de protection : 2.151 ha (12%) ; série de conservation : 1.106 ha (6%) et la série de recherche : 356 ha (2%). Pour ce qui est des droits d’usage, le cadre logique prévoit que sur la base des études socioéconomiques ou des entretiens avec les populations locales, le plan d’aménagement doit rappeler et spécifier les droits d’usage à l’intérieur de la concession et déterminer les restrictions, la réglementation et les interdictions inhérentes à chaque activité à entreprendre dans chaque affectation de terres. Il doit spécifier les activités, les méthodes d’intervention et la liste des produits dont l’exploitation est interdite ou autorisée. A cet effet, dans le présent PAF, les populations locales sont autorisées à prélever les arbres pour leur usage personnel à l’exception des espèces protégées. Néanmoins, les arbres à prélever doivent l’être en conformité avec le plan d’aménagement et soumis au préalable à une autorisation du représentant de l’administration forestière. Ce PAF reconnaît aussi l’importance de la chasse pour les populations locales et permet cette activité dans toute la forêt à l’exception des zones réservées à la protection de la faune. Les techniques courantes de chasse au moyen du câble en acier et les fusils sont interdites. Pour leur propre consommation, la pêche traditionnelle est permise aux populations locales dans les rivières du massif. Cependant, l’utilisation des techniques susceptibles de modifier le régime des cours d’eau ou l’utilisation des toxines ichtyologiques sont interdites. Les populations riveraines sont autorisées à exploiter les PFNL aussi bien pour leur propre consommation qu’à des fins commerciales. Cependant, les quantités prélevées ne doivent pas dépasser la capacité de production de la forêt. Quant à l’agriculture, elle est strictement interdite à l’intérieur du massif, toutes les zones agroforestières étant situées hors de la concession. Coula edulis, Irvingia gabonensis, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Baillonella toxisperma, etc. qui constituent d’importantes sources de PFNL pour les populations locales et n’entrant pas en compétition avec les essences commerciales (sauf le B. toxisperma) devront être soustraites à l’exploitation forestière. xxi
L’extraction du sable et du gravier pour la construction ou la réfection des routes ne sera pas permise dans les séries de protection, de conservation et de recherche. Les extractions, les constructions et les réparations dans les autres séries devront se conformer aux du MINEF. Les séries de protection mises en exergue dans ce PAF sont des bandes de forêt de production de 500 m de large séparant les blocs d’aménagement. Elles sont conçues pour rester tel quel pendant les rotations subséquentes. Elles devront jouer un rôle de conservation de la biodiversité, de réserve de semenciers et de protection de l’habitat de la faune. L’exploitation forestière y est interdite et il est interdit aux engins de les traverser pour passer d’un bloc à un autre. A cet effet, les essences commerciales tombées naturellement ne seront pas débardées mais laissées sur place. La récolte des PFNL à petite échelle sera tolérée aussi longtemps que les techniques de prélèvement ne compromettront pas la survie des individus. Les séries de conservation correspondant aux sommets des montagnes seront exclues de toute activité y compris la collecte des PFNL. Contribuant à la conservation de la biodiversité et de la faune, ces
Toutes les activités autres que celles de recherche seront interdites dans la série de recherche. Les limites de cette série seront clairement matérialisées sur le terrain. En ce qui concerne la gestion de la série de production, l’un des aspects le plus important du PAF est de déterminer la quantité de bois qu’on peut y extraire en parfaite adéquation avec la croissance des arbres dans un intervalle de temps donné. Ceci fait intervenir la notion de la possibilité annuelle de coupe qui correspond au volume maximal de bois susceptible d’être prélevé annuellement dans l’UFA sans diminuer la capacité productive du milieu. Cette possibilité est estimée sur la base de trois : les accroissements, la mortalité et les dégâts d’exploitation. Il est évident que le nombre d’essences prises en compte influe sur la possibilité. La rotation et les diamètres minimum d’exploitabilité (DME) sont également deux paramètres à prendre en compte. Les essences aménagement sont celles qui serviront au calcul de la possibilité. Si le volume extrait est trop important, la forêt s’appauvrira et perdra sa valeur. Par contre, si le niveau d’exploitation est trop bas, l’exploitation forestière ne sera plus économiquement rentable et pourrait avoir pour conséquence la disparition de la forêt à la faveur d’autres utilisations de terres. Il convient de rappeler que les essences entrant dans le calcul de la possibilité sont celles qui ont une bonne valeur économique et une demande certaine. Cependant, le choix des essences à exploiter ne doit pas répondre uniquement au seul critère de la demande de l’exploitant, mais doit aussi prendre en compte les besoins des populations locales. Ainsi donc, les essences les plus représentatives et répondant en même temps à la L. alata), Emien (A. demande de l’exploitant et des populations locales sont les suivantes boonei), Eyong (Eribroma oblongum), Fraké (Terminalia superba), Tali (E. ivorense) et Niové (Staudtia kamerunensis). Etant donné leur bonne représentativité et leur distribution spatiale dans la forêt, elles seront incluses dans le calcul de la possibilité. Toutefois, quelques-unes unes de ces essences seront réservées aux usages locaux, la quantité reste néanmoins à déterminer. Un terrain d’entente reste à trouver entre l’exploitant et les populations riveraines à cet effet. Par contre les essences qui n’ont pas une bonne représentativité en classes de diamètre ainsi qu’une distribution Baillonella toxisperma), Bubinga (Guibourtia tessmannii), Iroko (Milicia excelsa), Bibolo (Lovoa trichilioides) et autres, seront retirés du calcul de la possibilité. Eu égard à tout ce qui précède, 27 espèces ont été retenues pour le calcul de la possibilité, la rotation est de 30 ans. Cependant, l’intervalle de temps entre deux coupes pour certaines espèces comme le Moabi dont la croissance est très lente, pourrait être fixé à 60 ans correspondant à deux cycles de rotation. Pour une forêt de petite ou de moyenne dimension, il serait plus judicieux de la subdiviser en blocs d’aménagement de superficies plus ou moins égales et couvertes par les mêmes strates. La possibilité xxii
est alors calculée pour l’ensemble du massif et repartie en fonction du nombre d’années ou des blocs
Il est vraisemblable que les essences commerciales de grands diamètres retrouvées dans une forêt exploitée récemment ne soient pas de bonne qualité, ce qui expliquerait leur abandon par l’exploitant. Ceci est particulièrement valable pour le Tali. Il apparaît également que dans certains cas les DME devraient être exagérément hausser pour retrouver le volume initial. Pour toutes ces raisons, le logiciel TIAMA ne prend pas en compte les arbres de DME Administratif (DME-ADM2) + 40 cm dans le calcul de la possibilité. Si l’exploitant juge ces arbres surannés intéressants, il pourra les exploiter et le volume ainsi prélevé appelé ‘Bonus’ est disponible uniquement pendant la première rotation. La possibilité de cette forêt est estimée à 0,387 m3.ha-1.an-1 ou 11,61 m3.ha-1 ou 5.746 m3.an-1. Le bonus quant à lui est estimé à 23,94 m3.ha-1 soit 11.845 m3.an-1. Pour sa gestion, cette forêt a été subdivisée en 6 blocs d’aménagement de dimensions plus ou moins égales. Le bloc d’aménagement étant la surface allouée à l’exploitation pendant une période de 5 ans. La possibilité en hectare, calculée pour l’ensemble de la forêt a été repartie à l’ensemble des blocs en fonction des dimensions spécifiques et des strates qui les composent. Le volume de bois disponible dans le dernier bloc d’aménagement sera supérieur au volume du premier bloc, néanmoins, pour une forêt de cette dimension, la différence ne sera pas énorme. En outre, étant donné que les bandes de forêt de protection sont appelées à demeurer permanentes, il serait souhaitable de concevoir des blocs d’aménagement permanents. En moyenne, chaque bloc renferme 6.400 tiges et un volume exploitable de 83.000 m3. Chaque bloc sera par la suite subdivisé en 5 assiettes annuelles de coupe. L’ordre d’ouverture des blocs d’aménagement retenu privilégie une suite de blocs non adjacents afin d’éviter une progression linéaire de l’exploitation tout en tenant compte aussi du volume présentement disponible dans chaque bloc (fonction de la superficie et des strates de chaque bloc). Cet ordre d’ouverture non linéaire des blocs préviendra le refoulement de la faune hors du massif. L’aménagement forestier durable vise un système d’exploitation forestière où les ressources disponibles actuellement doivent l’être encore au moins en qualité et en quantité après une période de temps. Ceci est généralement facilité par les traitements sylvicoles. Les essais conduits dans le site de recherche du PTC en vue de tester l’effet du délianage comme stratégie de réduction des dégâts d’exploitation ont montré que la taille des troués d’abattage et le taux de mortalité des arbres n’étaient pas significativement affectés par le délianage. Par ailleurs, plusieurs espèces de lianes trouvées dans cette forêt se sont révélées importantes pour les populations locales aussi bien pour leur alimentation, la pharmacopée que l’artisanat. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, l’élimination systématique des lianes comme traitement sylvicole n’est pas justifiée. D’autres interventions sylvicoles pourront être mises en œuvre lorsqu’une meilleure connaissance de la forêt sera acquise grâce aux résultats de la recherche. Il est de plus en plus évident que la réduction des dégâts d’exploitation améliorera la possibilité de la forêt aussi bien que le volume de bois extrait. Quoique la quantité de bois prélevée par hectare dans les forêts du Sud Cameroun soit faible, les dégâts engendrés par contre sont relativement importants et devraient être réduits à leur plus simple expression. Des recommandations particulières au sujet de la réduction des dégâts d’exploitation devraient figurer dans un PAF et plus spécifiquement au niveau du plan d’opération annuelle. Les principaux aspects à améliorer sont la planification, la formation, les mesures de sécurité et la mise sur pied d’un comité de réduction des dégâts d’exploitation. En effet, une bonne planification des différentes opérations d’exploitation forestière constitue sûrement l’aspect le plus important influençant la réduction des dégâts d’exploitation. Les séances de formation périodiques et régulières sont nécessaires à tous les niveaux afin de garantir la normalité des opérations et le maintien d’un niveau de connaissance appréciable. L’état de santé des ouvriers forestiers et les mesures de protection adoptées constituent un 2
DME-ADM = diamètre minimum d’exploitabilité fixés par l’administration.
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gage de la productivité de la compagnie. Un comité de réduction des dégâts d’exploitation doit être mis sur pied avec pour mission la vérification de la conformité des opérations d’exploitation et les
Un programme rigoureux de protection de l’environnement est recommandé dans ce PAF. En effet, l’exploitation forestière peut avoir un impact considérable aussi bien à l’intérieur du massif forestier qu’à l’extérieur. Si possible, on cherchera à maximiser les effets bénéfiques sur l’environnement forestier tandis que l’on minimisera les effets négatifs. A cet égard : •
•
En vu de protéger les cours d’eau et leurs abords ainsi que les zones marécageuses contre l’érosion, l’exploitation forestière, l’extraction du sable et du gravier, le prélèvement de bois de service, le pâturage et l’agriculture y seront interdits. Cependant, pour les besoins locaux, la coupe des bambous et des rotins sera autorisée mais limitée et réglementée en vue de prévenir leur surexploitation dans ces zones sensibles. Cette réglementation vise aussi la chasse et la pêche de subsistance. Toutes les autres interventions doivent se faire en conformité avec les prescriptions du MINEF. Les feux de brousse ne constituent pas une sérieuse menace dans la zone à cause de l’état luxuriant de la forêt durant toute l’année, et le fait que l’agriculture n’y est pas autorisée. Aucune mesure de
•
Les insectes pourraient constituer une menace notamment pour la régénération et la qualité du bois. Les traitements à grande échelle sont très coûteux et pas toujours réalisables dans une forêt tropicale hétérogène. Néanmoins, des contrôles permanents et réguliers devront être assurés et dans le cas où les insectes constitueraient une sérieuse menace, des mesures appropriées devront
•
Les produits chimiques tel que les engrais, les insecticides, les herbicides, les fongicides et les hormones qui sont utilisés lors des activités d’aménagement forestier, pourraient occasionner des effets néfastes sur l’environnement. Des mesures particulières seront alors prises au moment de leur utilisation. De manière générale, on devra minimiser leur utilisation. La chasse des espèces animales protégées est strictement interdite aussi bien que le transport du gibier par les véhicules appartenant à la compagnie forestière. La vente du gibier est également interdite. Cette dernière mesure visera plus particulièrement le personnel de la compagnie
•
• •
La meilleure surveillance de l’UFA commence par une bonne matérialisation de ses limites. Etant donné que la forêt étudiée revêt un caractère de forêt pilote, des pancartes indiquant entre autres sa dénomination, ses objectifs et les activités proscrites seront installées. Toutes les infractions aux règles d’exploitation devront être rapportées à l’administration forestière et les amendes infligées aux délinquants.
Les activités de recherche ont été renforcées dans ce PAF parce que la principale faiblesse des PAF en cours est qu’ils se fondent sur les informations disponibles et générales pas toujours adaptées à la réalité de terrain. Le caractère de forêt pilote assigné à cette UFA est très important en ce sens qu’il pourrait mettre à la disposition de l’aménagiste des informations utiles au moment du réajustement du PAF. Les activités de recherche seront principalement focalisées sur l’utilisation de la forêt par les Bagyeli, les perturbations sur la faune sauvage suite au bruit des engins, les techniques d’exploitation des PFNL, les filières de commercialisation des PFNL, la réduction des impacts de l’exploitation, les traitements sylvicoles, le potentiel de chasse et l’aménagement de la
Concernant la participation des populations à l’élaboration et à l’exécution du PAF, il est actuellement admis que c’est l’une des conditions du succès de ces opérations. Les populations locales riveraines du massif sont les principaux gardiens ou conservateurs de la forêt compte tenu de leur proximité. C’est donc un droit légitime qu’elles soient associées aussi bien à la formulation des objectifs d’aménagement qu’à la démarcation des limites de la forêt. Malheureusement, les populations locales ne sont pas toujours bien organisées pour jouer ce rôle et le ‘ xxiv
d’organisation pour leur participation effective au PAF. Ce comité est un organisme qui a pour but d’assurer le dialogue, la consultation, la négociation, l’animation, l’information, la formation et la participation des populations locales au PAF. Le bilan financier de ce PAF a été dressé avec les informations disponibles. Il a été formulé en monnaie courante en supposant que les recettes et les dépenses sont constantes durant toute l’année, et que le taux d’inflation resterait aussi constant tant pour les recettes que pour les dépenses durant toute la rotation. La source de revenu principal de cette forêt provient de l’exploitation du bois d’œuvre généré par la possibilité et le bonus (pour la première rotation) avec un coefficient de commercialisation de 0,55. Les autres produits et services de la forêt difficilement quantifiables tels que l’exploitation des PFNL, le tourisme, la séquestration du carbone ou la protection des cours d’eau devraient être pris en compte au moment de l’estimation de la valeur de la forêt. L’estimation des dépenses a été faite au niveau de l’aménagement et de l’exploitation sans tenir compte des coûts de transformation. Elle l’a été sur la base des informations disponibles. Ces estimations sont généralement admises pour le Sud Cameroun. En vu d’un suivi adéquat du plan d’aménagement, des principes, critères, indicateurs et vérificateurs applicables à un PAF ont été assemblés et donnés en exemple. Un PAF ne devrait pas être considéré comme statique mais comme un processus dynamique. En effet, un système approprié de suivi et évaluation devrait être élaboré en vu de son amélioration ou de sa
Ce PAF est élaboré pour une période de 30 ans correspondant à un cycle de rotation. Il a une périodicité de révision de 5 ans. Les objectifs ainsi que les lignes maîtresses ne changeront pas mais il est susceptible que certaines modifications puissent être apportées en fonction des circonstances ou de
Normalement un PAF devrait inclure le plan de gestion quinquennal et le plan d’opération annuel renfermant la planification du réseau routier. Eu égard aux circonstances particulières et en l’absence d’inventaire d’exploitation, ces deux plans opérationnels ne sont pas inclus dans le présent PAF.
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1.
INTRODUCTION
The Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme (TCP) was initiated in 1992 by the Cameroonian Ministry of Environment and Forest and the Tropenbos Foundation. The main objective of the TCP is to develop methods and strategies for natural forest management directed at sustainable production of timber and other products and services for the tropical rain forest. These methods have to be ecologically sound, socially acceptable and economically viable. A program of fourteen interrelated research projects3, concerning land use, ecology, forestry, economic and social aspects has been defined to reach this objective. Two additional research projects were included during the execution of the program. The execution phase started in 1993 and will go on until 2001. The applicability and dissemination of the results is also part of the TCP objectives. Foahom and Jonkers (1992) have designed the operational implementation of TCP in "A Programme for Tropenbos Research in Cameroon". It was not proposed in Foahom and Jonkers (1992) that any management plan was to be realised. The decision demanding TCP to draw a Forest Management Plan (FMP) was taken during the execution of its programmed activities when ITTO joined the TCP funding agencies. It appeared important that TCP should demonstrate the applicability of its research results exploiting them inside a practical exercise such as the elaboration of a management plan. A workshop was held in Kribi in November 1996 to define the form and the substance of the management plan. The conclusions of this workshop (Eyog Matig et al., 2000) stated that TCP should write a Forest Management Plan for a production forest localised inside the TCP area and also that TCP should first develop a Master management plan for the entire TCP area in which among other land uses the potential production forest(s) should be identified. Another workshop (Jonkers and Wessel, 1999) was held in Wageningen on October 1st 1998 to discuss the ″Progress of TCP towards planning sustainable forest management″, and to clarify the concepts of forest management planning. A Pre-mediation version of the Master Management Plan (Fines et al., 2001) was effectively produced: the first draft was ready in December 1999. This P-MMP was meant to introduce different scenarios or management options for the whole TCP area to the relevant stakeholders through a mediation procedure developed inside the Econ2 research project. The results of the mediation should then lead to the final version of the MMP, describing the distribution of land-uses over the area upon which all stakeholders agreed. Due to time and financial constraints, it was not possible to achieve the final MMP before beginning this FMP. This situation implies that no production forest has been demarcated inside the TCP research area and even more, that no production forest has been classified as part of the permanent forest estate which is practically a pre-requisite for a forest management plan. Presently in Cameroon, a forest management plan is commonly understood for a production forest located inside the permanent forest estate. It is not usual to talk of a forest management plan in the non-permanent forest estate except for community forests, which may have a maximum of only 5000 ha. Hence, in this report a conceptual forest management plan will be designed as an example of a forest management plan (FMP) for Cameroonian rain forests. This means that the authors will here concentrate on methodological aspects. To prevent to deviate too far from reality, however this FMP will be based on an existing forest with proposed boundaries. The forest selected is located in the middle of the TCP research site. Map 1 of the cartographic annex (Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme research site) indicates the location of the studied production forest. Its selection was made according to the proposed management scenarios presented in Fines et al. (2001). However neither its allocation nor its boundaries have been discussed with the relevant stakeholders4. However, since this management plan will be constructed as a prototype of a forest management plan, the authors will act 3
The fourteen and two subsequently added research projects are listed in Annex I. Moreover, a try-out mediation, conducted by Econ2 in August 2000 with some of the stakeholders on that same forest and its surroundings, concluded that a protection forest was considered more appropriate by the participants. 4
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as if some missing steps have been fulfilled and produce a realistic FMP. The authors are also aware of the importance of involving local population in the elaboration of a forest management plan but because of these particular circumstances only the procedures for the involvement of the local population will be indicated for a future mediation. It is important to emphasise here the fact that this management plan is designed for a forest that has not been classified as a production forest and which boundaries have not been discussed as such with the local populations and other stakeholders. It should not be utilised or read as a FMP ready for application. Usually in Cameroon when forest management plans are discussed, large concessions (100,000 200,000 ha) are implicitly imagined and it is usually accepted that the minimum annual logged area has to reach 2000 - 3000 ha to supply an economically viable medium size transformation unit. Field experience in the western part of south Cameroon, and particularly in the TCP research area, demonstrates that it is not always easy to find potential production forests of big dimensions (more than 50,000 ha) of only one piece but that quite often a number of "small forests" can be found that could be managed in a sustainable way if combined together or linked with bigger Forest Management Units (FMU). It can be assumed that if these small forests are not managed as such they will most probably disappear for the benefit of other uses. The studied forest with an area of 18,000 ha can be considered as a small or medium forest. The normal procedure in Cameroon, to be respected when drawing a forest management plan is discussed in Chapter 3. There, this FMP will refer to the appropriated laws and decrees as well as the guidelines and recommendations of the two main documents concerning forest management plans in Cameroon5: "Guide d’élaboration des plans d’aménagement des forêts de production du domaine forestier permanent de la République du Cameroun" (MINEF/DF, 1998a) "Directives nationales pour l’aménagement durable des forêts naturelles du Cameroun" (MINEF, 1998b). The basic data will be taken from the ecological surveys (van Gemerden and Hazeu, 1999; Hazeu et al., 2000) and the socio-economic survey (Lescuyer et al., 1999) as done by TCP, and from the forest inventory carried out in the selected forest by ONADEF in 2000. The relevant techniques, methodologies, results or data developed within the TCP research projects as mentioned in the various TCP publications will also be used.
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There is the intention of harmonising these two documents.
2
2
OBJECTIVES
Cameroon is showing the will to manage its natural forests in a sustainable way. An important indicator of this orientation is the obligation to prepare and implement forest management plans for all production forest. A Forest Management Plan is the description of the decisions and activities to produce the anticipated objective(s) of the stakeholders with regard to the use and conservation of forests in the area (Vellema and Maas, 1998). Procedures and guidelines have been written and are available to orient the managers. Yet management plans are still not effectively implemented. As well as it is important to implement management plans (that are maybe not perfect) it is important to keep on improving procedures and guidelines. This FMP will be strongly oriented towards the latter aspect proposing improvements or innovative elements on how to design a management plan. Three basic concepts prevail in this FMP: sustainability, conservation and multiple use. Sustainability is an ecosystem approach that has to be ecologically sound as well as economically viable and socially accepted (Aplet et al., 1993). Sustainability was also defined as a development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Bruntland, 1989). Traditional sustainability applied to forestry means maintaining a sustained yield of timber. Environmentalists tend to emphasise the biodiversity conservation. Sustainability is now more than sustaining a certain yield or conserving a certain diversity, it is the situation in which a continuously ongoing relationship between the forest ecosystem and society is ensured (Bos, 1994). Sustainability should then be regarded as dynamic and not static, the characteristics of the forest and the needs of the society changing in time enabling an ongoing relationship between society and forest. This means also an intensive involvement of all stakeholders, including the local population. The importance of biodiversity conservation is now generally accepted as an essential element in forest management. A significant percentage of a production forest should be set aside for conservation of natural forest habitat. These protected sites should not only be unproductive or inaccessible places; other areas of value for biodiversity conservation and representativeness in the landscape should also be included (Higman et al., 1999). This management plan goes further than timber production alone by including other uses of the forest such as non-timber forest products (NTFP) exploitation, biodiversity conservation, research etc. This multiple-use management needs to be based on the explicit recognition and utilisation of the complex ecological, economic and social interactions associated with a forest (Panayatou and Ashton, 1992). The objectives of this forest management plan are: to plan forest management for a medium-sized potential production forest localised inside the TCP research area; to make the management plan for this forest in a way that it can be applied as such or subsequently incorporated in a broader multi-parcelled concession and that it can serve as an example for management planning in other small and medium-sized forests; to propose a multi-purpose (timber exploitation, NTFP exploitation, biodiversity conservation, research) and sustainable management of the forest; to integrate research findings of TCP and other projects in the forest management plan; to propose improvements to present forest management plan elaboration procedures; to propose ways to stimulate the involvement of all stakeholders in forest management planning, and more in particular the local population.
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3.
FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN ELABORATION PROCEDURE
The procedures analysed here refer to the elaboration of a forest management plan of a production forest located inside the permanent forest estate. A classified production forest is meant for timber production and exploitation as well as other forest products, the law defines it as “an area intended for sustained and lasting production of constructional or service timber or any other forest product. The customary rights relating to hunting, fishing and harvesting therein shall be controlled” (Decree N° 95-531-PM of 23 August 1995; 3.(6), Republic of Cameroon, 1995a). 3.1.
LEGAL PROCEDURE
The basic legal references concerning forest management plans in Cameroon are the Law N° 94-01 of 20 January 1994, which has as objective to establish forestry, wildlife, and fisheries regulations (Republic of Cameroon, 1994) and the Decree N° 95-531-PM of 23 August 1995, which has as objective to determine the conditions of implementation of forestry regulations (Republic of Cameroon, 1995a). Production forests, considered here, are part of the permanent forest estate and are designated for timber production and exploitation. Here are the main steps to achieve in the preparation of a forest management plan: demarcation of the forest management units (FMU); classification as permanent forest; exploitation options; elaboration of the management plan; Fiscal charges. 3.1.1. Demarcation Southern Cameroon is subject to Decree N° 95-678-PM of 18 December 1995, which is to institute an indicative land use framework for the southern forested area of Cameroon (Republic of Cameroon, 1995b). This framework is illustrated by a map called "Zoning plan of southern Cameroon" (Côté, 1993), which is an appendix to the Decree. Some production forests are proposed in this zoning plan. These production forests have are referred to as Forest Management Units (FMUs) and are given a numeral code. Their proposed boundaries need to be discussed with the surrounding populations and other stakeholders before proceeding to the classification of the forest. The Zoning plan is indicative and the demarcations of the proposed land allocation types may be modified. 3.1.2. Classification The classification of a State forest shall be subject to the ″Décision N° 1354/D/MINEF/CAB du 26 novembre 1999 Fixant les procédures de classement des Forêts du Domaine Forestier Permanent de ″ (MINEF, 1999b). The forest administration is responsible for the classification of permanent state forests. The local populations have to be closely involved in the whole process. The classification of a State or council forest shall be subject to the enactment of a decree by the Prime Minister. The main steps to be followed are: Preparation of a preliminary information technical note The technical note shall include: -
objectives of the classification project; proposed limits of the forest; brief description of the zone (topography, hydrology, vegetation, population, human and industrial activities, accessibility, program of activities to come); a description of the normal users’ rights. 4
Public announcement The public announcement is initiated by the Forestry department’s “Sous Direction des Inventaires et Aménagements Forestiers” (SDIAF). It is signed by the Minister in charge of the forests and made public through the press and posting in divisional, sub-divisional and council offices as well as through the services in charge of forestry in the region concerned or through any other useful medium. In regions having a land allotment plan (such as the Zoning plan for southern Cameroon), the period of public announcement shall last 30 days. The public announcement shall be composed of the following elements: -
the description of the forest boundaries accompanied by a map at scale 1 : 200,000; the area in hectares; the objective of the classification; the deadline date for the reception of any possible reservations or claims forwarded by the population or other stakeholders.
Sensitisation of administrative authorities and local ″élites″ This step is meant to explain to the administrative authorities and “ the classification process. Sensitisation of local populations Meetings will be organised in all villages located alongside and within the forest to inform the people about and to involve them in the classification process. The group conducting these meetings is composed of: -
the divisional delegate of MINEF; the sub-divisional officer; the chief of forestry post; ad hoc or invited persons.
Another objective of these meetings is to identify a representative structure of the village. If such a structure does not exist, the forest administration will initiate a village committee (″Comité paysanforêt″) composed of representatives of the different groups present in the village, local or external “élites″, women, young people etc. Following these meetings, people are invited to express their opinions or reservations on the location of the boundaries or about the respect of the users’ rights and sent them to the classification Committee before the deadline. Classification Committee The Classification Committee will examine the reservations and claims expressed by the local population or other stakeholders. The Committee is responsible to forward the whole file including the recommendations of the Committee to the Ministry in charge of the forests. The Committee is composed of: -
the Divisional Officer (Chairman); the local representative of the Ministry in charge of forestry (″Rapporteur″); the local representatives of tourism, land, environment, livestock, agriculture, mines, public body in charge of development (Members); the Members of Parliament of the Division; the mayors of the councils concerned; and the local traditional authorities.
Preparation of the legal text to present to the Prime Minister The final text is prepared by the sub-department of forest inventories and management (SDIAF) of the Forestry Department for valuation and for submission by the Minister in charge of forests to the Prime Minister. 5
Demarcation of the boundaries After the classification enactment, the boundaries should be materialised on the ground. The Ministry of Housing and Town Planning is responsible for making the boundaries official and for installing boundary markers. 3.1.3. Exploitation options6 The exploitation of a State forest shall be done through: an exploitation contract; a sale of standing volume; or in exceptional cases, under administration control. Exploitation contract ("Convention d’exploitation") Concessions are granted following a public call for tenders. It should normally be issued to the local industrials to meet their industrial processing capacity. A three year provisional exploitation contract is conceded to the concession holder (an accredited logging company). The forest has to be classified as permanent estate within one year after the release of the provisional exploitation contract. During the three-year period the concessionaire has to complete a management inventory and the management plan for its FMU. After approval of the management plan by the MINEF, a definitive (renewable) exploitation contract is issued for the forest concession with a duration of 15 years. Sale of standing volume ("Vente de coupe") The production forest needs to be classified, the forest management unit’s borders marked, the management inventory undertaken and the management plan elaborated by the forest administration. Only then can a sale of standing volume be granted. The sales of standing volume are attributed to Cameroonian persons or companies by public tender. It authorises the exploitation of a specified volume of standing timber within a given area and within a fixed period. Administration control ("en régie") This option is seldom chosen, for instance for salvage logging, experimental projects or silvicultural treatments. 3.1.4. Forest management plan elaboration Every production forest located within the permanent forest estate is subject to a forest management plan, which gives the objectives, methods and means to achieve forest exploitation on sustainable basis and the potential annual timber harvest. The Forest administration is responsible for the elaboration of the forest management plan in case the exploitation is through a sale of standing volume or under administration control, whereas the concession holder is responsible when it is through an exploitation contract. Article 45 of the Decree 95-531-PM (Government of Cameroon, 1995a) states ″The Minister in charge of forests shall draw up for each permanent forest, on the basis of a management inventory, a management plan which shall state particularly, the objectives of the forest, the infrastructures to be provided, the methods and conditions of exploitation or conservation, the regeneration programmes, the estimated cost thereof, and the time interval for the revision of the plan″. Article 44 (1) (b) of the same Decree states ″The Minister in charge of forestry may subcontract certain management activities to private or community bodies″. For the case of a logging contract, the Decree states: Article 61 (1) ″ … a logging contract shall be a contract, which confers on the concession holder the right to extract from a forest concession, a volume of timber to supply his local industry/industries for processing in the long term″. 6
For more details on exploitation/concession procedure of State forests, refer to Procédures administratives pour l'attribution des titres d'exploitation by PTI / GDFC (1996).
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(2) ″Such contract shall be negotiated only after expiry of the provisional logging contract …″ Article 66 (2) ″ … a provisional exploitation contract may not exceed 36 (thirty-six) months.″ Article 67 (1) ″During the period of validity of the provisional exploitation contract, the owner of the contract shall carry out or provide the technical and financial resources for the execution of development work according to the terms of the provisional contract and under the control of the services in charge of forests. Such work shall be carried out by the owner of the contract where he is qualified to do so, or by an approved contractor in accordance with the conditions laid down in this decree. (2) The development work referred to in (1) involves: a development inventory, according to current standards a development schedule a five-year management plan. The French version reads as follows: (2) Les travaux d’aménagement visés au (1) ci-dessus portent sur : l’inventaire d’aménagement, conformément aux normes en vigueur l’élaboration du plan d’aménagement l’établissement du plan de gestion quinquennal. (3) The owner of the concession shall bear the cost of the works listed in the contract, in particular: an exploitation inventory, done in accordance with the standards in force, concerning the areas to be covered during the first five years of exploitation a schedule of operations of the first year of the management plan the setting up of a processing unit the demarcation of the areas to be exploited″. In addition to the Law and Decrees mentioned above, the following documents are meant to guide forest managers in the execution of the management plan: -
″Guide d’élaboration des plans d’aménagement des forêts de production du domaine forestier permanent de la République du Cameroun. République du Cameroun″ (MINEF, 1998a). ″Directives nationales pour l’aménagement durable des forêts naturelles du Cameroun. ONADEF-OIBT. République du Cameroun″ (MINEF, 1998b).
There is an additional Decree in preparation, entitled ″Establishing the Procedures of elaboration, acceptation, follow up and control of management plans of the production forest of Cameroonian permanent estate″7. Forest management inventory The collection of relevant data on the actual state of the forest is done through a forest management inventory following the ″Normes d’inventaire d’aménagement et de pré-investissement″ (ONADEF, 1991b). Before the inventory, a map of the strata should be drawn up from the photo-interpretation of the forest, in accordance with the ″Normes de stratification forestière du territoire pour une cartographie au 1:50 000″ (ONADEF, 1991a). In this type of inventory, all trees of diameters of 20 cm and more are measured in sampling plots, with a sampling intensity of 0.5% to 1%. The sampling plots are contiguously located along equidistant straight lines and are 0.5 ha in size (20 m wide and 250 m long). Trees with diameters between 10 and 20 cm are enumerated in a sub-sample (one 20 by 5 m subplot per plot). The results of the inventory are extrapolated to the entire forest and then presented mainly through frequency and volume tables by species and diameters classes and by strata. From this inventory the actual exploitable volume (according to predetermined minimum exploitable diameters)
Provisional translation of ″Fixant les Procédures d’élaboration, d’approbation, de suivi et de contrôle des plans d’aménagement des forêts de production du domaine forestier permanent du Cameroun″. 7
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as well as the volume that will be available after one rotation (minimum of 25 years) may be estimated. Socio-economic survey The villages surrounding the production forest should be identified. If no recent and reliable socioeconomic data are available on those villages, a socio-economic survey including a census should be carried out. The survey will be oriented to get information on the main activities of the villagers, their relation with the forest, the types of products they collect from the forest, their needs, the development objectives for their village etc. The local population should be actively involved in the execution of the management plan. They should also be informed about the benefits coming from the forest taxes they are entitled to. Forest management plan The forest management plan is meant for a long period (minimum 25 years). It is a document indicating the activities to be undertaken to manage the forest in a sustainable way. The most important function of the management plan is to determine the annual allowable cut. The timber volume to be extracted from the forest and should be in balance with the growth and regeneration potential of the remaining stand. The rotation cannot be shorter than 25 years; it is proposed by the manager and it usually is a multiple of five years. The other important parameters to take into account for the allowable cut are the annual diameter increment (in cm), the annual mortality (as percentage of standing stems) and the logging damage (percentage of standing stems). The volume of exploitable timber will be expressed in minimum exploitable diameters (DME), which may vary from species to species. It is recommended to divide the forest in management compartments corresponding to the areas to be exploited in five-year periods. Other allocations or uses of the forest should be specified in the management plan and so should the participation of the population in and their benefits from sustainable forest management. An economic analysis should also be included in the management plan. Five-year management plan A five-year management plan is for the management compartment planned to be exploited in the next five years. Directly drawn from the forest management plan, it presents in more detail the specific areas that will be logged. The road network to be constructed is shown on maps. Every five years a new five-year management plan for the next management compartment should be produced. Forest exploitation inventory A forest exploitation inventory is a 100% inventory of all species that were used in calculating the allowable cut and that are planned to be harvested. For management purposes, the minimum diameters used in the inventory should be the minimum exploitation diameter minus the estimated increment during the rotation period. That is, if the minimum exploitable diameter for a given species is 80 cm, the increment 0.5 cm/year, and the rotation is 30 years, then the minimum diameter for the inventory should be 65 cm. This inventory should in each annual working coupe in the year before it is logged. Annual operational plan The annual operational plan is meant for the year to come. It must be very practical, every tree to be logged should be identified and located on a map (scale 1 : 5000), and skidding roads are also planned and localised on the maps. 3.1.5. Fiscal charges The concession holder is subject to the payment of financial and fiscal expenses: Section 66 (1) of the Law N° 94-01 of 20 January 1994 states (Government of Cameroon, 1994): -
the annual forestry fees assessed on the basis of the surface area; the felling tax, that is the value by species, by volume, weight or length; the graduated surtax on exports of unprocessed forest product; the contribution to the execution of social amenities; 8
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the carrying out of a forest inventory; participation in management projects.
Section 66 (4) of the same law states: The financial charges provided for in subsection (1) above shall be fixed annually by the Finance Law except costs relating to inventories and in management projects. Annual forestry fee The annual forestry fee is the amount to be paid by the logger each year for the entire exploitable area. The Finance Law N° 2000/08 of 30 June 2000 for the fiscal year 2000/2001 states that the minimum annual forestry fees are fixed as follows: -
Sales of standing volume Concessions
2500 F CFA/ha 1000 F CFA/ha
For concessions, the additional bid of the offer, presented at the time of the public call, is to be added to the 1000 F FCA/ha. The annual forestry fee is shared in the following manner: -
State Councils/villages
50% 50%
This financial law has the intention to introduce an equalisation fund to allow councils and village communities of the whole country to share in the benefits from forestry fees. At the time of writing, this equalisation fund is yet to be put in place. Under previous laws (the actual situation) only the councils and villages immediately surrounding the forest collect 50% of the forestry fees, and 10% of that 50% should go to the village communities and the rest to the councils. These funds should normally be used for the installation of communal facilities managed by the council. The logging company should normally prepare three different cheques, one for each party. Felling tax The felling tax should be based on volumes felled and FOB values. The felling tax rate is 2.5% of the FOB value minus 15%. The FOB values used for the calculation of this tax vary per zone. Three zones are distinguished (zones I, II and III), depending on the distance from the forest to the nearest exportation port. The TCP study area is situated in zone I. The list of timbers subject to this felling tax and their FOB values (as stipulated in the Order Nº 00376/MINEFI/DD of 12 August 2000 for the first semester of the fiscal year 2000/2001) are given in Annex II. Any additional bid of the offer, presented in response to the public tender call, is to be added to these prices. Tax and graduated surtax on export The goal of the graduated surtax on export is to favour local transformation of wood. According to the Law N° 94-01 (Government of Cameroon, 1994), 70% of the total production of each species of logs shall be processed by the local industry during a transitional period of five years. Thereafter, the export of logs shall be prohibited. In conformity with this Law, the export of unprocessed woods should have been forbidden starting 1999. However, the Joint Order N° 0796/AC/MINEF/MINDIC of 18 June 1999 regulates the export of round timber. Export of some species in the form of logs has been banished. Log export of other species is still permitted; these species have been classified as promotional species of the first and second categories. The export of Ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon) and Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum) in form of round timber is subject to special authorisation.
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The export in the form of logs is subject to an export tax as well as a surtax. The export tax is 17.5% of the FOB value minus 15%. The graduated surtax on exports of unprocessed forest products is fixed each year by the financial law. Under the current (2000-2001) law, it is fixed as follows: Ayous 4,000 F CFA/m3 First category of promotional species (except Ayous) 3,000 F CFA/ m3 Second category of promotional species 500 F CFA/ m3. Social amenities As contribution to the establishment of social amenities, the concession holder participates financially to the realisation of the socio-economic infrastructure through a percentage of the forestry fees assessed on the basis of surface area according to the financial law, as stated above. These funds shall not be used for any other purpose. Other commitments of the concession holder must be negotiated with the local population during consultation meetings before the classification of the concession. The results of this negotiation must be included in the specification of the definite exploitation contract. For the others financial and fiscal provisions, section 69 of Law N° 94-01 (Government of Cameroon, 1994) stipulates that: The grant of a licence to sell standing volume or of a forest concession shall be subject to the provision of a guarantee, the amount of which shall be fixed by the Finance Law. The guarantee shall be furnished by making payment into the Treasury. This bank guarantee covers fiscal and environmental obligations as well as those resulting from the specification of the exploitation contract and management plans. It is equal to the annual forestry fee. Section 74 of the same law states that: Specific measures may be taken especially within the investment code or the law on industrial free zones, by a joint order of the ministers in charge of forestry and industry, to promote the use of less or not marketed species of timber and other forest products. Figure 3.1 summarises the timber taxation system. 3.2.
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
It is not specifically stated in the law but it is often mentioned in other legal documents (e.g. MINEF, 1999b) that a master management plan (″schéma directeur″) should be made before a forest management plan can be elaborated. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme therefore has elaborated a Premediation version of the Master Management Plan (P-MMP) for its research site (Fines et al., 2001). Such a plan should be discussed and negotiated with the relevant stakeholders. Some steps of the normal procedure could not be fulfilled (see Fines et al., 2001). These are: negotiation of the boundaries with the relevant stakeholders classification of the forest as part of the permanent forest estate demarcation of the boundaries selection of exploitation type. This P-MMP has oriented the selection of the forest studied inside this FMP. The forest management inventory was done by ONADEF. As the ONADEF forest inventory report was not yet available at the time of writing this FMP, the authors have processed and analysed the field data with the help of the TIAMA program and have produced a partial report on the inventory (Ngibaot and Fines, 2000). The software program TIAMA (MINEF-TECSULT, 1999) was used for the analysis of the inventory data and for the calculation of the allowable cut because, at this stage, it is the only program available that can be readily used. It is also recommended by the Cameroonian authorities. It is specially designed to produce a forest inventory report from ONADEF inventory data and to calculate the cutting allowable cut easily and rapidly. However, this software has some constraints and limits; 10
Felling tax
Annual forestry fee Tx: 1000 F CFA/ha/yr. + x FMU Working coupe
Tx: 2.5% FOB-15%
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS
EXPLOITATION
TRANSPORT
*
SALE OF STANDING VOLUME
Round tree export tax
Annual forestry fee Tx: 2500 F CFA/ha/yr. + x
Tx: 17.5% FOB-15% + surtax PORT
TVA
*
COMMON RIGHT TRANSFORMATION UNIT
Trans. Unit entry tax CR
Trans. Unit entry tax Tx: 2.5% FOB – 15%
Trans. Unit entry tax Tx: 4%FOB - 25% + TVA
Tx: 18.6%
Tx: 3%FOB-25% based on roundwood transformation volume coefficient TAX FREE POINT
Figure 3.1 Taxation system: actual situation (2000/2001) Adapted from MINEFI and CIRAD – FORET, 2000
11
LOCAL MARKET
EXPORT
some parameters are fixed and cannot be changed. This explains why some innovative aspects in calculating the allowable cut (see Eba’a Atyi, 2000) have not been taken into account. A specific socio-economic survey of the surrounding villages was not done, as the data of the TCP socio-economic reports (Lescuyer et al., 1999) provided sufficient information. The forest management plan was elaborated by TCP researchers and forest managers. Since neither the exploitation type or logging company have been identified and the exploitation inventories have not been carried out, the five-year plan and the annual plan could not be made. 3.3.
IMPROVED PROCEDURE AND INNOVATIVE ASPECTS
Many forest management plans have been made recently in Cameroon but very few of those are actually applied. One of the objectives of this document is to improve the FMP elaboration procedures, which should contribute to sustainable management of the forest. Some modifications to the actual procedure or innovative aspects will be introduced in this FMP. They will be discussed in detail in subsequent chapters. The law is not always clear on who should do what and how (Section 3.1) and this situation might lead to misinterpretation of its application. This document does not systematically point out all existing contradictions but addresses the importance of simplifying, clarifying and harmonising the present laws, decrees and management guides in such a way that the work of the forest managers and the stakeholders is facilitated. One action that is helpful in implementing FMPs is the wide distribution of a summary of the FMP among actual and potential stakeholders (Higman et al., 1999).
12
4.
BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE FOREST
4.1.
ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION
The forest, for which this FMP is made, is located in the centre of the TCP research area, between the villages Mvié, Ebimimbang and Ebom, between 2° - 3° 04’ East Longitude and 10° 26’ - 10° 40’ North Latitude (see Map 1 of the cartographic annex). Administratively it is part of the subdivisions of Akom II and Bipindi of the Ocean division and the subdivision of Ebolowa of the Mvila division of the South Province of the Republic of Cameroon. The forest covers an area of 18,000 ha and is includes parts of the territories of 26 villages, inhabited by 4256 persons (see Table 5.2). This forest has been chosen in accordance with the production forest scenario of the P-MMP (Fines et al., 2001). The borders follow natural elements such as rivers, or artificial lines traced at a sufficient distance (1 to 3 km) from the roads and villages. Borders are chosen in such a way that they do not interfere with agricultural activities or other village activities. A description of the boundaries is given in Annex III and the location of the forest is shown on Map 1 of the cartographic annex, entitled Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme research site.
4.2.
BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The biophysical aspects of the TCP research area have been described in detail in the Pre-mediation version of the Master Management Plan (Fines et al., 2001) and in the TCP Landscape ecological survey (van Gemerden and Hazeu, 1999). Elements of those descriptions relevant for the planned production forest are presented below. 4.2.1. Climate The climate of the forest is humid tropical, typical for south-west Cameroon. It is under the influence of the north-south movements of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Although rainfall occurs almost throughout the year, four seasons are distinguished: two rainy seasons from September to November and from April to May and two dry seasons from December to March and from June to August. This generally leads to a bimodal rainfall distribution (see Annex IV). According to van Gemerden and Hazeu (1999), the rainfall pattern in the forest area is likely to resemble those at Lolodorf and Ebolowa, rather than the one of Kribi, the only one which is not bimodal, because of the geographic position of the site. The average annual rainfall tends naturally to decrease as one moves from the coast (Kribi with 2919 mm per year) to the interior (Lolodorf and Ebolowa with 2076 and 1741 mm respectively; Table 4.1). The air temperature varies little over the year with minimum monthly values of 25°C and 22.9°C in August and maximum values of 27.5°C and 25°C in March in Kribi and Ebolowa respectively. The relative humidity is high throughout the year with minimum monthly values varying between 70% and 78% in Kribi and between 62% and 74% in Ebolowa. Wind speeds are generally low (less than 4 m/s) and its main direction is west to south-west (Olivry, 1986). 4.2.2. Geology Geologically, the area is located on the Precambrian Shield, which is the most important geological formation in Cameroon. The shield consists for a large part of metamorphic and old volcanic rocks. Gneisses, "micaschists", and "quartzites" are the most common metamorphic rocks found whereas diorites and gabbro represent volcanic intrusions (Franqueville, 1973).
13
Table 4.1
Monthly means of rainfall (R) and temperature (T) at Kribi, Lolodorf and Ebolowa meteorological stations
Longitude Latitude Altitude Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Yearly Number of years of observation Period Source
Kribi 9o 54’ E 2o 56’ N 13 m asl
METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS Lolodorf Ebolowa 10o 44’ E 11o 09’ E o 3 14’ N 2o 55’ N 440 m asl 609 m asl
R Mm 92.1 118.0 200.7 260.5 343.2 274.1 111.9 230.5 501.6 491.8 200.8 94.2 2,919.4 45
T °C 27.2 27.4 27.5 27.3 26.8 26.1 25.2 25.0 25.3 25.7 26.4 27.0 26.4 33
R mm 43.7 75.6 180.6 262.5 283.8 184.9 57.8 75.8 268.7 375.2 208.8 59.5 2,076.9 9
1953-1998 Waterloo et al., 1997
Olivry, 1986
Olivry, 1986
T °C n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. -
R mm 44.5 74.0 174.7 212.1 220.0 151.2 47.5 67.0 199.1 308.4 183.6 59.1 1,741.2 48
T °C 24.5 25.0 24.7 24.7 24.4 23.7 22.9 22.9 23.4 23.6 24.0 24.2 24.0 34
1950-1998 Waterloo et al., 1997
Olivry, 1986
n.a.: not available
4.2.3. Landforms The landforms of the TCP research site have been studied by van Gemerden and Hazeu (1999). The characteristics used are relief intensity, slope steepness, slope length and drainage density. Seven landforms were distinguished at reconnaissance scale: -
Dissected erosional plains (pd) Uplands (u1 and u2) Hills (h1 and h2) Mountains (m) Valley bottoms (v).
Three of them (u1, u2 and h1) are relevant to this FMP, as illustrated in Figure 4.1. For more information on the other landforms, one may refer to van Gemerden and Hazeu (1999) or Fines et al. (2001). Uplands (u1 and u2) Two types of uplands could be distinguished in the TCP research area: moderately dissected uplands with rolling relief (u1) and strongly dissected uplands with hilly relief (u2). Uplands type u1 has moderately steep (10-20%) slopes of 100 to 200 meters long. It covers large areas in the central and northern parts of the TCP area. The u1 uplands are found between altitudes of 350 and 500 m asl, and share boundaries with the dissected erosional plains and the strongly dissected uplands with hilly relief. They are oriented approximately in a NE-NW direction. The moderately dissected uplands with rolling relief cover about 41% of the forest area for which this plan is made. 14
Figure 4.1 Landforms 15
Figure 4.2 Soils 16
Uplands type u2 has a hilly relief. It has two to three interfluves per kilometre and moderately steep slopes (10-30%) of 150 to 300 meters long. The u2 uplands are strongly dissected with a hilly relief, occupying 53% of the forest area for which this plan is made. They are also the predominant landform within the entire TCP research site. They are confined to a 120-700 meter altitude range. Hills (h1 and h2) Two types of hills are found within the area: isolated hills (h1) and complexes of hills (h2). Both hills types are characterised by sheet erosion particularly and rock falls. The h1 landforms have steep slopes (30%) of 120 to 300 meters long. They are scattered throughout the forest, they are well visible and give a characteristic aspect to the landscape, especially in the uplands. They represent 6% of the surface of the studied forest. 4.2.4. Hydrology The hydrography of TCP research area, like the whole western part of south Cameroon, is characterised by a highly developed draining system, which is due essentially to the humid climate. The most important rivers in the area for which this plan is made are the Mindjoh River bordering the area in the northwest, the Tchangue River bordering the area in the southeast and the Sonkwé River in the southern part. These rivers flow approximately in an East to West direction. Many other smaller streams belonging to the hydrographic network flow perpendicularly to these main rivers. Land near smaller rivers is generally swampy. These soils are waterlogged throughout the year due to a continuous supply of water. 4.2.5. Soils The soils of the TCP research area have been classified into four main soils types based on drainage and texture in both topsoil and subsoil. Each soil type is named after a village in the Tropenbos area where the soil type dominates. Well drained, deep to very deep, yellowish brown to strong brown clay soils, classified as Xanthic Ferralsols according to the FAO-UNESCO classification (FAO, 1988), are predominant in the area (van Gemerden and Hazeu, 1999). These well-drained soils are further subdivided according to clay content in topsoil and subsoil into: Nyangong soils, which are very clayey soils with no or only gradual increase in clay content with depth. The clay contents of the subsoil range between 50 and 80%. Ebom soils, which are clay soils with a gradual to strong differentiation in clay content between topsoil and subsoil. The clay contents of the subsoil range between 35 and 60%. The moderately well drained soils are: Ebimimbang soils, which are moderately deep to very deep clay soils with sandy topsoils. The clay contents of the subsoils range between 20 and 45%. The poorly to very poorly drained soils are: Valley Bottom soils, which are moderately deep to very deep soils, locally stratified and with variable textures in topsoil and subsoil. Only Ebimimbang and Ebom soils are found in the area for which this plan is made, each covering about 50% of the land (see Figure 4.2). More details of physical, chemical and nutrient characteristics of Ebimimbang and Ebom soils can be found in van Gemerden and Hazeu (1999) or Fines et al. (2001). The Ebom soil types, are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (> 150 cm), well drained, brownish yellow to strong brown clays with yellowish brown to dark brown sandy loam to sandy clay topsoils. They are typical characterised as Acri-xanthic Ferralsols (FAO, 1998) and are mostly developed on gneisses and migmatites rock materials. They are common at altitudes 350 to 500 m asl in the uplands and isolated hill slopes in the central and the northern regions of TCP area. The Ebimimbang soils are classified as Acri-plinthic Ferralsols (FAO, 1998). They are moderately deep (50-100 cm) to very deep (> 150 cm) and moderately drained to well drained, yellowish brown sandy clay loams to sandy clays with sand to sandy loam topsoils and gravelly subsoils. Ebimimbang 17
soil types are developed on coarse-grained gneisses and migmatites. They generally occur at altitudes below 350 m asl corresponding to the dissected erosional plains, uplands and isolated hills. The soils in the TCP area have low (chemical) fertility levels. Especially the Nyangong and Ebom soils are very acid. The cation exchange capacities (CEC), which determine the capacities of the soils to retain and subsequently release nutrients, are low to moderate but will drop rapidly when organic matter decomposes after forest clearing. This is because the contribution of the clay fraction to the CEC is very limited. A major part of the nutrients is stored in the forest vegetation. Through recycling in a stable environment, these nutrients stocks remain intact. Removal of the vegetation severely interrupts the nutrient cycle and through leaching and erosion many nutrients may disappear. 4.2.6. Vegetation According to Letouzey (1968; 1985), the area is located in the Guineo-Congolian domain of dense humid evergreen forests and belongs to the Biafran Atlantic district rich in Caesalpiniaceae (N° 228 in Letouzey, 1985). The vegetation can be characterised as evergreen tropical moist forest with many species of the Caesalpiniaceae family. Detailed vegetation surveys have been undertaken in the TCP area (van Gemerden and Hazeu, 1999). During this survey, a total of 490 higher plant species (excluding epiphytes) belonging to 76 families have been identified. Euphorbiaceae (47 species), Caesalpiniaceae (43 species), Rubiaceae (29 species) and Annonaceae (18 species) are the most common families. The vegetation can be classified into seven distinct plant communities as shown in Table 4.2. Table 4.2
Vegetation types of the TCP research area
I
Denominations Maranthes – Anisophyllea community
II
Polyalthia community group
III
IIa Podococcus - Polyalthia community IIb Strombosia - Polyalthia community IIc Diospyros - Polyalthia community Carapa – Mitragyna community
IV
Xylopia – Musanga community
V
Macaranga – Chromolaena community
Interpretation Submontane primary and old secondary forest ; altitude > 700 m asl; well drained soils Primary and old secondary lowland forests ; Altitude < 700 m asl Altitude 500-700 m asl; well drained soils Altitude 350-500 m asl; well drained soils Altitude < 350 m asl; moderately well drained soils Swamp forest; Most common on low altitudes; valley bottoms Young secondary forest; Throughout area but most common on low altitudes Thicket on recently abandoned fields and Cacao plantations; throughout area but most common on low altitudes
Source: van Gemerden and Hazeu (1999)
The forest for which this plan is meant includes two of them, IIb and IIc, both corresponding to primary and old secondary forests. The two vegetation types are described below, for the other ones one may refer to van Gemerden and Hazeu (1999) or Fines et al. (2001). Strombosia–Polyalthia community (IIb) This plant community, a primary to old secondary forest is found between 350 and 500 m asl mainly in the central part of the TCP area. According to the UNESCO vegetation classification (1981) this community is a tropical ombrophilous lowland forest. The distribution of this community in the TCP area is strictly confined to Letouzey's Atlantic Biafran forest with Caesalpiniaceae.
18
The physiognomy of the community is characterised by four strata: an emergent layer, a tree layer, a shrub layer and an herb layer. The emergent layer is formed of large trees of 45-55 meters in height. The floristic composition is heterogeneous although Erythrophleum ivorensis is the most frequent species. The tree layer appears at the height of 25 to 35 meters. It is composed of species like Plagiostyles africana, Coula edulis, Staudtia kamerunensis, Treculia obovoïdes, Coelocaryon preussii, Polyalthia suaveolens, Strombosia pustulata and Erythrophleum ivorensis. The shrub layer is dense (70-80%) and variable in height (3 - 8 m). It consists of sapling of trees and shrubs. Lianas are scarce. The most frequently observed species are Treculia obovoïdes, Scaphopetalum blackii, Ptychopetalum petiolatum, Carapa sp. etc. The herb layer covers 40% of the area. Its height is 0.4 to 0.7 meter and it is composed of broad-leafed herbs (Rhektophyllum, Palisota mannii…), seedling of shrubs and trees (Pentaclethra macrophylla, Treculia obovoïdes…) and thorny lianas (Calamus deëratus, Haumania danckelmaniana). Diospyros-Polyalthia community (IIc) This community is a primary to old secondary forest. It is found at altitudes below 350 m asl, in the northern part of the TCP area. According to the UNESCO classification of vegetation (1981) this community is a tropical ombrophilous lowland forest. The distribution of this community in the TCP area includes the area designated by Letouzey (1985) for the Atlantic Biafran forest rich in Caesalpiniaceae and the Atlantic Biafran forest with Caesalpiniaceae still abundant. The physiognomy is again characterised by four strata. The top layer has an irregular cover of emergents of an average height of 45 meters. The most common species of this layer include Desbordesia glaucescens, Klainedoxa gabonensis, and Distemonanthus benthamianus. Contrary to the emergents, the tree layer is dense and is 20 to 35 meters in height. Among of the more common species are Plagiostyles africana, Coelocaryon preussii, Staudtia kamerunensis, Pycnanthus angolensis. The shrub layer is open where the canopy is closed but can be dense under or near gaps. Rinorea kamerunensis, Diospyros suaveolens, Calpocalyx dinklagei, Tabernaemontana crassa are among the common species. The herb layer is also open to dense (inside gaps). The most common species are in this layer Haumania danckelmaniana, Cercestis ivorensis and Stylochiton zenkeri. 4.2.7. Landscape ecological units Four altitude zones, seven landforms, four main soils types and seven broadly defined plant communities form the basis of the reconnaissance landscape ecological map of the TCP research area (van Gemerden and Hazeu, 1999). The legend of the landscape ecological map is based on altitude, landform, soil and vegetation, and has a hierarchical structure. A total of 14 main land mapping units are discerned. Each land mapping unit (LMU) is represented by a code, which is a combination of the ecological zones (A to E) and the predominant landform (v, pd, u1, u2, h1, h2 and m)8. The characteristics of soils and vegetation of each landform unit within a particular ecological zone are given. The 14 main LMUs are further subdivided according to the disturbance caused by shifting cultivation, resulting in 34 mapping units. The five ecological zones identified, based on soil drainage and altitudes criteria, are presented in Table 4.3 and are illustrated on Figure 4.3. Table 4.3
Ecological zones Zone A B C D E
8
Soil drainage Well drained Well drained Well drained Moderately well to well drained Poorly to very poorly drained
See Section 4.2.3.
19
Altitude > 700 m asl 500 - 700 m asl 350 - 500 m asl < 350 m asl
The 14 main land mapping units are9: Ah1 isolated hills above 700 m asl, well drained soils Am mountains above 700 m asl, well drained soils Bh1 isolated hills between 500 and 700 m asl, well drained soils Bh2 complex of hills between 500 and 700 m asl, well drained soils Bu1 rolling uplands between 500 and 700 m asl, well drained soils Bu2 hilly uplands between 500 and 700 m asl, well drained soils Ch1 isolated hills between 350 and 500 m asl, well drained soils Cu1 rolling uplands between 350 and 500 m asl, well drained soils Cu2 hilly uplands between 350 and 500 m asl, well drained soils Dh1 isolated hills below 350 m asl, moderately well drained soils Du1 rolling uplands below 350 m asl, moderately well drained soils Du2 hilly uplands below 350 m asl, moderately well drained soils Dpd dissected erosional plains below 350 m asl, moderately well drained soils Ev valley bottom; poorly to very poorly drained soils The degrees of disturbance are: u undisturbed l low disturbance h high disturbance Five main land mapping units are found inside the area for which this plan is meant. Their extent is summarised in Table 4.4. The geographical distribution of the LMUs is given in Map 2 of the cartographic annex; Landscape ecological map. Table 4.4
Area per main land mapping unit in the proposed production forest
Main mapping unit Ch1 Cu1 Cu2 Dh1 Du1 Du2 Total
Area (ha) 938 3506 4075 163 3854 5483 18019
% of total area 5.2 19.5 22.7 0.9 21.3 30.4 100.0
4.2.8. Fauna According to van Dijk’s (1999) studies on non-timber forest products in the TCP area, the most commonly trapped or shot mammals are the giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus), the African brushtailed porcupine (Atherures africanus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola), the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis), the moustached monkey (Cercopithecus cephus), and the greater white-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans). The elephant (Loxodontha africana), the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious), the leopard (Panthera pardus) and the African long-nosed crocodile (Crocodilus cataphractus) have disappeared from the area and if gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are still present, they are very rare. According to Vivien (1991), about 132 species of mammals can be encountered in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. Van Dijk (1999) also recorded 71 fish and crustacean species. Most commonly consumed ones include Clarias camerunensis, Barbus camptacanthus, Gymnallabes typus, Barbus batesi and Labeo annectans.
9
For more detailed descriptions of the LMUs, refer to van Gemerden and Hazeu, 1999.
20
Figure 4.3 Ecological zones 21
The most consumed of the 18 species of reptiles recorded are the Gabon viper (Bitis gabonica), the hingeback tortoise (Kinixys sp.), the spitting cobra (Naja nigicolis) and the Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus). Many bird species are also present in the area. Unfortunately, detailed studies concerning the avifauna have not been carried out. A provisional species list reveals the presence of 96 bird species in the TCP area (van Gemerden and Hazeu, 1999).
22
5.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
No specific socio-economic survey was conducted in the villages surrounding the forest for which this plan is made; the data presented here come from the socio-economic survey, covering the whole TCP research area, that was carried out in the period January to April 1999 (Lescuyer et al. 1999). Information was also derived from the TCP social science project.
5.1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SURROUNDING VILLAGES: SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
The forest, for which this plan is made, is surrounded by 26 villages (see Table 5.1): -
8 in the subdivision of Akom II; 11 in the subdivision of Bipindi; 7 in the subdivision of Ebolowa.
Most villages are fairly old settlements installed at the beginning of the last century (Table 5.1). Each village has a chief who is customarily elected and accepted by the villagers and then sanctioned by the administrative authority. The largest villages are Mvié (421 persons), Ebom (411 persons) and Ebimimbang (373 persons). In most cases, the houses are built along the roads giving a linear pattern to the villages. Four villages are Bagyeli settlements: Sa'a, Mindjo, Mimbiate and Mefane A human occupancy map was drawn up for the whole TCP area indicating the approximate limits of the village domains. Figure 5.1 shows the territory claimed by individual villages. This map has absolutely no legal value. The purpose is to have an idea of the territory occupied or used by a given village. The limits were traced on 1: 50,000 topographical maps during village meetings with the chief and other villagers (elders and young people) without any field delimitation. There was no field verification and the villagers’ statements where sometimes difficult to transfer to the map. In some cases, areas claimed by individual villages overlapped and the overlaps were mapped as such. Important aspects of infrastructure and services encountered in the villages are briefly described below. An overview of some facilities is given in Table 5.1. Roads The roads of the TCP site are unpaved dirt roads. They are generally degraded; some bridges are broken and if TCP had not maintained the roads, some villages would be completely isolated. This situation has a pronounced negative effect on the commercialisation potential of products from the area. The surrounding villages are located along the roads Bipindi - Nkouekouk, Mvié - Nkouekouk
Electrification Abiété and Mvié are the only villages receiving electricity from Ebolowa. Telecommunication None of the villages have access to telephone or other radio communication. Water supply Apart from Engomba, which has deep wells, none of the villages has a water distribution network. The villagers use isolated wells or draw water from nearby streams and rivers.
23
Figure 5.1 Human occupancy 24
Table 5.1 Name of village / subdivision Akom II Abiete Bibindi Bibole Malomba Mefane Mvié Nlonkeng Toko Bipindi Assok II Bongwana Ebimimbang Edo'omang Melen Mimbiate Mindjo Minfombo Nyaminkom Sa'a Tyango Ebolowa Abo'o Ntomba Ebom Engomba Kalate Aba'a Mekalat Minkan Nkoutou
The villages: year of establishment and facilities Year of Primary Churches establishment schools
Football fields
1919 1850 1953 1923 1860 1913 1912
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 3 0 7 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1930 1914 1884 1935 1870 1960 1963 1870 1964 1918
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 3 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 3
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 1
1970 1884 1909 1916 1930 1900
1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 3 2 4 1 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 0 1
Education Each village has a primary school, except Mefane, Nyaminkom, Kalate Aba'a and Minkan. For secondary schools, students have to go first to Akom II, Bipindi, Lolodorf and then to Kribi or Ebolowa. Religion The dominant religions are Protestantism and Catholicism, but Islam and animism are also practised in the area. One or more churches are present in the most villages. Health In Melen, there is a health centre under construction. The villagers have to go to Bipindi or Akom II. Recreation The recreational facilities are non-existent except for football fields. Shops and markets Small shops are usually found in the villages. The quantity and the diversity of products available increase with the size of the village. There are very few markets in the area. People sometimes have to travel long distances to reach active markets.
25
Organisations There are few organised groups; these are mostly agriculture mutual aid groups associated with savings groups (“tontines”). Some registered community interest groups (“Groupe d’intérêts communautaires” or GIC) with specified working objectives and also development organisations exist. 5.2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE POPULATION
The population of the TCP area can be divided into two major ethnic groups: 1
2
The sedentarised Bantu villagers, including Bulu, Ngoumba, and Fang ethnic groups. The Bassa ethnia is also represented. They live mainly along the roads and their main activity is agriculture (shifting cultivation and cacao plantations). The Bagyeli pygmies live mainly small settlements, which are often located in the forest. They practice gathering and hunting. They also practice shifting cultivation.
The total population of the surrounding villages consists of 4256 persons10, belonging to 912 family units. There are on average 163 persons per village. The population density is 7.5 inhabitants per km2. Table 5.2 gives the number of persons and family units per village. The size of the family units is small, averaging 4.5 persons per family. Household leaders are mostly men. The mean age of the household leader is 52 years. More than 50% of the villagers have a first certificate educational level and can read. The number of Bantu children going to school is high, close to 100%; but on the other hand very few Bagyeli children attend schools. The principal activity is considered as the one on which people dedicate most of their working time. The foremost activity practised in the area is food crop cultivation, which is carried out mainly by women. The next important activity is cacao cultivation, done by men. The other activities observed are hunting, fishing and gathering. A fair proportion of the inhabitants has a remunerated employment or receives a pension. The survey (Lescuyer et al., 1999) gives the following proportions of the main activities practised by the inhabitants. Crop cultivation 62%, Agriculture plantation 7%, Hunting 3%, Fishing 2%, Gathering 1%, Other activities 25%. The incomes are derived from main three sources: natural resource exploitation activities (agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering), paid activities (salaries, pensions), and other income (gift, small dealings, miscellaneous incomes). The origin of income is distributed the following way: 32% comes from agriculture, 15% from hunting, fishing and gathering, 22% from salaries and pensions, 31% from other types of income. The annual mean income per household is estimated at 470,000 F CFA. Table 5.3 shows the classes of income according to type of activity.
10
The persons absent of the village, at the time of the survey, for more than one month have not been counted, that means that youngsters going to school outside of the village have not been counted.
26
Table 5.2
Population of the surrounding villages
Sub-division
Name of village
Principal ethnia
Akom II (8 villages)
Abiete Bibindi Bibole Malomba Mefane Mvié Nlonkeng Toko Total Akom II
Bulu Bulu Bulu Bulu Bagyeli Bulu Bulu Bulu
Bipindi (11 villages)
Assok II Bongwana Ebimimbang Edo'omang Melen Mimbiate Mindjo Minfombo Nyaminkom Sa'a Tyango Total Bipindi
Bulu Fang Fang Bulu Bulu Bagyeli Bagyeli Bulu Fang/Bagyeli Bagyeli Fang
Ebolowa (7 villages)
Abo'o Ntomba Ebom Engomba Kalate Aba'a Mekalat Minkan Nkoutou Total Ebolowa
Bulu Bulu Bulu Bulu Bulu Bulu Bulu
TOTAL 26 villages * Includes persons of all ages
Table 5.3
Number of females* 93 62 39 65 37 209 75 61 641
Number Number of males* of persons 90 68 35 89 29 212 53 82 658
183 130 74 154 66 421 128 143 1299
Number of children 64 43 16 50 32 170 58 52 485
Number of families 39 26 20 32 11 83 27 30 268
102 76 189 40 73 14 6 43 55 10 227 835
108 51 184 37 66 9 5 40 52 13 185 750
210 127 373 77 139 23 11 83 107 23 412 1,585
70 45 124 27 46 7 2 34 27 5 120 507
50 22 102 14 32 5 4 15 33 7 69 353
46 201 100 143 80 62 71 703
34 210 103 122 76 62 56 663
80 411 203 265 156 124 133 1,372
36 168 88 122 56 62 61 593
20 99 37 54 29 27 25 291
2179
2071
4256
1585
912
Origin of incomes
Classes of income (F CFA) Agriculture Hunting Fishing Gathering Salaries Pensions Gifts Others
Less than 20,000 37% 80% 95% 74% 86% 94% 79% 69%
20,000 – 50,000 11% 7% 2% 9% 1% 0% 10% 8%
50,000 100,000 15% 6% 1% 6% 1% 0% 6% 5%
27
100,000 – 200,000 14% 4% 1% 6% 2% 1% 3% 6%
200,000 – 500,000 16% 2% 0% 4% 5% 3% 1% 6%
More than 500,000 7% 1% 1% 1% 5% 2% 1% 6%
5.2.1. Demographic changes A comparison of recent national censuses (1965, 1976 and 1987) and the TCP survey (Lescuyer et al., 1999) showed a negligible demographic increase for the villages of Bipindi subdivision, an increase of 0.6% for the villages of Akom II subdivision and an increase of 2% for the villages of Ebolowa subdivision. If the tendency remains unchanged, the population of the area will increase slowly. The minimum required area per village to assure enough cultivable land for the next 20 years, if the land use stays the same, has been calculated and is presented in Annex V. 5.3.
POPULATION ACTIVITIES
5.3.1. Shifting cultivation The population of the TCP area depends on agriculture for subsistence and cash revenues. Shifting cultivation is the principal agricultural system used. The traditional shifting cultivation (clearing and burning of virgin forest) is more and more giving way to what may be called "rotational fallow" (Nounamo and Yemefack, 2000). Shifting cultivation understood in that sense is concentrated in wide strips of land along the roads in which cultivable areas are cleared. The trees are felled, the area is burned, food crops are cultivated during a few (2 - 5) years and then the land is left in fallow during a period of 3 to 15 years before the whole process starts over again. According to Nounamo and Yemefack (2000) and field observations, garden fields are located near the houses and roads. Next, there is a strip of forest used for immediate needs of forest products (fuelwood, construction wood, NTFPs, etc.) in which animals stray. Somewhat further from the houses, there are the cacao plantations and then the food crop fields and fallow land and finally the forest. This “rotational cultivation strip” usually does not exceed a width of more than five kilometres from the main roads or from the houses because of the time it takes to reach the furthest fields by foot. Also it appears that when the demand for cultivation land increases, the tendency in the zone is to intensify the cultivation systems and to reduce fallow periods instead of opening new fields in the forest (Tiayon, 1998). On average, the annual area used for food crops is 1.28 ha per household and it is estimated that 0.23 ha/person/year is used for food crops (Lescuyer et al., 1999). Nounamo and Yemefack (2000), among others, estimate the total area, including fallow, used by a household for food crops at approximately 10 ha. The principal food crops are cassava (Manihot esculenta), macabo (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), plantain (Musa spp), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), maize (Zea mays) and cucumber (Cucumeropsis mannii). Other crops of less importance are yam (Colocasia antiquosum) and fruit trees such as avocado (Persea americana) and plum (Dacryodes edulis). Shifting cultivation is basically oriented towards domestic use, only the surpluses are commercialised. The 1983 aerial photographs suggest that there is no or very little agriculture inside the forest for which this plan is made. 5.3.2. Agricultural plantations There are no large-scale industrial plantations in the area. The agricultural plantations are included in the shifting cultivation zone. Local populations are mainly if not exclusively exploiting cacao plantations, covering 625 ha within the entire TCP area (Lescuyer et al., 1999). The mean size of cacao plantations is 0.3 ha (Lescuyer et al., 1999). These plantations are often old and poorly maintained due to the low prices of cacao on the world market the last years. Recently, other types of plantations such as oil palm, pineapple or plantain have been introduced by some "élites", who do not live permanently in the villages. These people were underestimated or omitted in the socio-economic survey, which was oriented towards inhabitants of the TCP area.
28
5.3.3. Animal husbandry Animal husbandry is poorly developed in the area. Animals stray freely around the houses and the proximate fields. Poultry are most common; 67% of households have chickens, although usually not many (on average three). Pigs and goats are owned by some 25% of the families, while sheep were encountered in only 12% of the households. 5.3.4. Non-timber forest product exploitation For the rural populations, collecting Non-Timber forest products (NTFPs) has always been part of their activities. It contributes to their subsistence economy as it provides food, medicines, building materials and household and agriculture equipment. It is only recently that the real importance of it was recognised as well for subsistence as cash income. In the TCP area, van Dijk (1999) has intensively studied the abundance and distribution of NTFP species and carried out an economic and ecological assessment of some NTFP producing plant species. Ndjebet Ntamag (1997) identified six vegetation types favourable for NTFP collection; fallow lands, cacao plantations, food crop plantations, home gardens, swampy sites and forest. Gatherers and hunters may sometimes walk long distances (5-10 km) to collect some products, but an important part of NTFPs are extracted outside the primary forests. They come from anthropogenic vegetation types such as secondary forests, young fallow vegetation and cacao plantations. These habitats are generally located close to the villages and cultivated lands (less than 3 km from the houses). Mainly women practise gathering of NTFPs. In general, the collection of NTFPs does not have a negative impact on the environment. Most NTFPs are used for household consumption, and only a relatively small number of products are sold on local or urban markets (van Dijk, 1999). Hunting Hunting is practised mainly by men. The meat is for domestic use as well as for local commercialisation. Traps and shotguns are the principal forms of hunting. The main mammal species captured in the TCP site are the giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus), the African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherures africanus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola), the tree pangolin (Manis triscuspis), the moustached monkey (Cercopithecus cephus), and the greater white-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans). The most hunted reptiles are the Gabon viper (Bitis gabonica), the hingeback tortoise (Kinixys sp.), the spitting cobra (Naja nigicolis) and the Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus) (Dijk, 1999). Fishing Men and women practice fishing for domestic consumption, using traditional techniques. The dry season is considered as the main fishing period. The main species caught are Clarias camerunensis, Barbus camptacanthus, Gymnallabes typus, Barbus batesi, Labeo annectans (van Dijk, 1999). Gathering Gathering is practised by men and women. The plants collected are used for food, medicine and construction. Fruits, bark, leaves, roots and mushrooms are gathered. The species most commonly used are listed per type of use in Annex VI, and also the species that the local people consider the most important to protect or conserve. For more details, one may refer to van Dijk (1999). The species that are important as NTFP as well as for timber production will be discussed in Section 7.6.1. 5.3.5. Sacred places It is recognised that sacred places may exist in the forest where people conduct spiritual or religious ceremonies. It is believed that these sites do not occupy a much space but are of great importance for the initiated people that use them. It is possible that some sacred places are to be found inside the forest. 5.4.
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
There are no industrial or mining activities inside the envisaged production Forest or the surrounding villages. The nearest industries are: Hevecam which processes rubber, Socapalm which produces palm 29
oil and two sawmills exploited by GWZ (Wijma-Douala SARL) and CFK (Compagnie Forestière de Kribi). All these industrial plants are located along the Kribi - Akom II road, at approximately 50 km from the TCP area. 5.4.1. Forest exploitation There is presently (year 2001) no forest exploitation. The recent exploitation history is presented in Section 6.1. 5.5.
RESEARCH
TCP has initiated many research projects in the area (see Annex I). Some of the studies are still going on and periodic observations or measurements are undertaken on permanent study plots. The main study plots are shown on Map 1 of the cartographic annex; TCP research site. One of those study plots is a water catchment, studied by Lu1 and Ecol2 research projects, which is located in the southern part of the envisaged production forest, north of Mvié. The catchment is 356 ha in size.
30
6.
THE CONDITION OF THE FOREST
6.1.
TIMBER EXPLOITATION HISTORY
The TCP area has been logged several times in the past. Recently, the whole TCP area has been logged except for hilly and mountainous parts, which are located mainly in the eastern part. A Dutch company, Wijma-Douala SARL (GWZ) logged the area during the period 1985 -1997. The envisaged production forest is located inside two former GWZ cutting licence areas. Most of it is within license area N° 1600 (16,295 ha) and a minor part in N° 1790 (1734 ha). Based on the available information11, it is estimated that GWZ has cut on average of 0.8 tree/ha or 7.83 m3/ha in concession N°1600. The main species exploited were Azobé (Lophira alata, 60% of the extracted volume), Padouk (Pterocarpus soyauxii, P. mildbraedii), Tali (Erythrophleum ivorense), Dibétou (Lovoa trichilioides), Kossipo (Entandrophragma candollei) and Bongo H (Fagara heitzii). In the Zoning Plan (Côté, 1993), the envisaged production forest was proposed as a council forest, without specifying the council concerned. 6.2.
PREVIOUS FOREST INTERVENTIONS
Except for timber exploitation (Section 6.1), no previous forest interventions have been recorded for the envisaged production forest. 6.3.
SYNTHESIS OF THE FOREST MANAGEMENT INVENTORY RESULTS
A management inventory of the envisaged production forest was conducted by ONADEF in the period March - April 2000. The sampling was done in accordance with the national regulations (ONADEF, 1991b). Sampling plots of 0.5 ha (250 m x 20 m) were contiguously placed along transect lines. The lines were equidistant from each other. A rate of sampling of 1% was foreseen, but only 659 plots of the 717 planned could be realised due to terrain constraints. Three transects (see Map 3; Forest strata and inventory transects) were outside the envisaged production forest, and were therefore excluded in data processing. The remaining 621 plots were processed, resulting in a sampling rate of 1.72%. The quality of the inventory was monitored and controlled according to national regulations (ONADEF, 1991c) by an ONADEF team accompanied by one TCP staff (Ngibaot, 2000). The program TIAMA, developed by TECSULT-MINEF (1999), was used in data processing and the regression equations of Phase III of the ″Inventaire de reconnaissance″ (MINEF, 1995) were used in data analysis. A provisional report on the forest inventory was prepared (Ngibaot and Fines, 2000). Normally, a 1 : 50,000 scale forest map (″carte forestière″) would have been used, but since such a map was not available, a forest map at scale 1 : 200,000 was utilised (see Map 3 of cartographic annex) to delineate the main forest types or strata (Table 6.1). The TIAMA program first distinguishes the encountered species in two groups; the principal species (Group 2; the so-called ″Top 50″) composed of 63 species commercialised in Cameroon in the past years and the other species (Group 5). A total of 443 tree species were found in the envisaged production forest, 58 of Group 2 and 385 of Group 5. The list of the encountered species of Group 2 is given in Annex VII. The lists for both groups are given in Ngibaot and Fines (2000). Table 6.2 provides data on the most common commercial species (number of stems, number of stems larger than the DME, total volume and volume of trees larger than the DME) and the totals for Group 2.
11
The data were collected from records held at the forest delegation of Mvila division and the forest delegation of the South Province in Ebolowa (Ngiboat, 1997) and also from GWZ.
31
Table 6.1 Code DHS DHS in SA Sj
Main forest types (strata) and corresponding areas Stratum Primary forest
Area (ha) 10,460
Primary forest inaccessible Old secondary forest Young secondary forest
Total Table 6.2
% of total area 58.00
389
2.16
6,938
38.48
247
1.36
18,034
100.00
Numbers of stems and volumes of common timber species12
Trees of all diameters Species N° of stems 1 Niové 84,182.61 2 Ilomba 67,873.23 3 Ekop ngombé 42,912.61 mamelle 4 Alep 36,938.21 5 Naga 21,212.22 6 Ekop ngombé 19,481.86 grandes feuilles 7 Dabéma 18,798.50 8 Ekaba 15,679.76 9 Emien 15,300.23 10 Movingui 13,903.39 Other Group 2 spp. 164,057.45 Total Group 2 500,340.07
1 2 3
Exploitable trees (diameter ≥ DME) Species N° of stems Ilomba 23,055.48 Tali 10,913.78 Emien 10,737.87
4 5 6
Alep Niové Dabéma
7 8 9 10
Fraké / Limba Andoung brun Naga Ekaba Other Group 2 spp. Total Group 2
10,558.85 8,932.64 8,478.07 7,291.67 6,935.52 6,493.33 6,443.10 45,309.12 145,149.43
Exploitable trees (diameter ≥ DME) Species Total volume (m3) 1 Ilomba 140,709.96 2 Tali 126,684.41 3 Zingana 77,339.76 4 Emien 74,963.27 5 Dabéma 65,821.56 6 Andoung brun 64,048.87 7 Alep 62,710.30 8 Azobé 58,918.03 9 Padouk rouge 52,337.05 10 Naga 43,711.98 Other Group 2 spp. 349,393.18 Total Group 2 1,116,638.37
Trees of all diameters Species Total volume (m3) 1 Ilomba 198,954.65 2 Tali 129,064.64 3 Niové 91,593.08 4 Zingana 87,971.94 5 Alep 85,340.30 6 Emien 80,073.18 7 Dabéma 78,855.09 8 Andoung brun 71,287.45 9 Azobé 63,359.95 10 Naga 59,532.69 Other Group 2 spp. 571,010.22 Total Group 2 1,517,043.19
In the provisional inventory report (Ngibaot and Fines, 2000), the frequencies, volumes and basal areas of TIAMA Groups 2 and 5 are presented per stratum in tables and in frequency diagrams for DHS and SA strata. The frequency and volume tables are also presented by species for the three first groups (Principal 1, Principal 2 and Secondary) of the ONADEF classification (ONADEF 1991d). 12
See Annex VII for the scientific names and DME.
32
For all strata, the forest contains an average of 455 trees/ha (155 trees/ha of diameter>20 cm), and an average volume of 285 m3/ha13. 6.4.
FOREST PRODUCTIVITY
The three main elements influencing the productivity or allowable cut are the increment, mortality and exploitation damage. 6.4.1. Increment Increment is usually expressed as the diameter growth of the stems and is given in centimetre/year (cm/year). Increment figures form a determinant element in the calculation of the annual allowable cut. Unfortunately, data from permanent sample plots (PSPs) in TCP area cover a period, which is too short to give reliable data. The increment figures used here are those given in the ″Guide d’Elaboration des Plans d’Aménagement des Forêts de Production du Domaine Forestier Permanent ″ (MINEF, 1998a). They are based on the available data from Cameroon and other African countries within the equatorial forest zone such as the Central African Republic, Ghana and Ivory Coast. The TIAMA program offers the possibility to replace them by more accurate information when this becomes available. 6.4.2. Mortality The mortality rate is assumed to be constant and to apply for all diameter classes. The mortality rate recommended by MINEF (1998a) and used by TIAMA is 1% per annum in all the diameter classes and for all species. Data on mortality are even scarcer and less reliable than increment figures, and some authors use a rate of 2% per annum (e.g. Eba’a Atyi, 2000). The mortality rate used therefore is arbitrary, and should be replaced by more accurate rates when these become available. 6.4.3. Logging damage Well-conducted forest exploitation with a low yield does not necessarily lead to major perturbation of the ecosystem or the forest structure. Generally, 90% to 95% of the canopy remains intact and enough trees remain to secure natural regeneration of commercial and other species. The API Dimako Project (1994) in the East Province of Cameroon reported a logging damage rate of 6.5% of the area after harvesting 0.77 trees/ha, while the results of TCP (Jonkers, 2000) show 5.1% logging damage after cutting 0.3 trees/ha. Jonkers (2000) assumes that about 20% of this 5.1% damage can be avoided if Reduced Impact Logging is applied. Logging damage increases with the number of trees harvested per ha. A removal rate of 1 - 2 trees/ha is likely to result in a logging damage rate of 7%, as suggested by MINEF (1998a), or more. TIAMA software applies a fixed reduction of 7% for logging damage for all diameter classes. It should be possible to change this rate according to the number of trees logged per ha. Durrieu de Madron et al. (2000) found a relation between the percentage of area affected and the number of trees logged, which is approximately as follows: 1 tree harvested/ha 8.4% 2 trees /ha 13.5% 3 trees/ha 18.2% 4 trees/ha 22.0%. 6.5.
DIAGNOSIS OF THE STATE OF THE FOREST
In spite of its ‘primary’ aspect, the presence of Azobé (Lophira alata) suggests that the forest has been altered by human activities in the past and is in fact a very old secondary forest (Letouzey, 1985). According to van Gemerden and Hazeu (1999), the vegetation changes gradually from low altitude 13
These figures are comparable to the results of a TCP inventory in another part of the TCP area (467 trees/ha 3 and 291.5 m /ha; see Eba’a Atyi, 2000).
33
characterised by the presence of Azobé to mid altitude rich in Caesalpiniaceae. The forest was logged several times and most recently by Wijma-Douala (GWZ), which carried timber exploitation selectively with a low intensity (0.8 trees/ha). In this logged-over forest, the small diameter classes are well represented indicating that logging did not compromise regeneration in general. Nevertheless, the case of the species Tali (Erythrophleum ivorense) needs a special attention because small trees of this species are very rare. Very large trees of commercial species, and especially of Tali, are not uncommon. It is believed that they have survived logging because of poor timber quality or insufficient commercial value. These old trees should be considered as more suited as seed trees than as a source of timber. The felling of some of those ″big″ trees during the next logging period can be considered as a silviculture operation, should they be processed or left in the forest. The many streams and rocks outcrops scattered here and there make that a thorough planning of logging operations such as directional felling, skidding trail layout, construction of bridges, etc. is needed. In conclusion, the regeneration of most commercial tree species is satisfactory and in spite of recent logging operations, farming activities have not affected the forest. Littoral forest species of high economic value are well represented, and so are the species qualified as promotional by MINEF/MINDIC (1999). Several wood processing units are located within reasonable distance (less than 80 km) from the forest.
34
7.
PROPOSED MANAGEMENT
7.1.
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES
The main objective of a production forest is timber production, but sustainable management requires that other uses or functions of the forest, such as biodiversity conservation, fauna management, research and the collection of forest produce by local populations, are also considered. Considering the value of non-timber forest products can make the difference between a socially acceptable and sustainable timber industry and a logging enclave resented by the local population (Panayatou and Ashton, 1992). The management proposals presented here will therefore be oriented towards a multiple-use forest. Managing multiple-use forests is a way to combine conservation (maintenance of forest cover and biological diversity) with both industrial timber harvesting and forest utilisation by local people (Eba’a Atyi, 2000). Another important aspect is that the surrounding populations should be truly involved in the management of the forest. When the forest is exploited under a long-term contract, sustainability seems more conceivable than when yearly sales of standing volume are issued. A concessionaire or a community holding a 15 years exploitation contract and which submitted a 30 years management plan is more likely to adopt sustainable management practices. Different options are still feasible, however: 1° a)
b)
c)
2°
The forest is classified as permanent production forest following the normal procedure. As such, it is offered in auction as a FMU. However, the medium size forest (18,000 ha) considered here is too small to fully meet the timber requirements of an industry. It would be preferable to combine this forest with other small or medium size forests nearby in one FMU, managed by one logging company. A minimum of 25,000 ha exploitable forest is necessary to supply a small sawmill, as the smallest one in Cameroon has a capacity of 5000 m3/year of raw logs (Eba’a Atyi, 1998). It is attributed as a council forest to Bipindi or Akom II. These towns are fairly distant from the forest, however, and the fact that the forest is divided over several administrative subdivisions may complicate its attribution and probably its management. The forest is managed as a pilot forest under the control of MINEF or ONADEF, or by a NGO in partnership with a logging company. This option would imply a research forest status and the forest may be used to test the feasibility or cost of sustainable management on an operational scale. The management of the forest should be financed out of timber exploitation revenues but innovative measures may require additional funding, e.g. from a project. The forest is managed as a community forest. The law limits the area of a community forest to a maximum of 5000 ha. Increasing this limit would give the local populations the opportunity to manage their own local medium size forest. Another possibility would be to divide the forest in several community forests, managed by different nearby villages.
In all cases, the forest has to be considered as one Forest Management Unit (FMU) for which a management plan has to be elaborated. If the boundaries of the forest are to be modified as result of negotiations or if other forests are added, the FMP will then be adapted in a way to comply with the new situation. In the following chapters, the forest will be considered as a pilot forest managed by a governmental body in close association with the local populations. It is assumed that an agreement will be reached with a logging company concerning timber harvesting and that there will be financial input from a research project. Multiple-use management increases the complexity of forest management planning. In Cameroon, there is no experience in applying such management. It needs to be defined in more detail and tried on an experimental basis. Also essential data still need to be collected. Therefore, the aim is rather to 35
guide forest managers in including other uses and users of the forest in forest management plans than to provide unambiguous solutions. 7.2.
LAND ALLOCATION AND USERS’ RIGHTS
7.2.1. Land allocation The term land allocation type refers to tracts of land that are oriented towards a specific land use type with a leading objective but that may also support other (secondary) land use types. The land allocation of the actual production forest was mostly derived from suitability maps (Hazeu et al., 2000) of the land uses compatible with production forest: Value for flora conservation (Figure 7.1); Suitability for fauna conservation (Figure 7.2); Suitability for timber production and exploitation (Figure 7.3); and Suitability for Non-Timber Forest Products (Figure 7.4). The analysis of those suitability maps generates the following remarks: The entire forest is suitable for flora conservation. Most of the forest is moderately suitable for fauna conservation, except for parts less than 3 km from roads and villages, which are not suitable. The hills are suitable for fauna conservation. Most of the forest is moderately suitable for timber production. A small area in the north is marginally suitable and the hills are not suitable. The whole area is suitable for NTFPs except for the hills, which are marginally suitable. Based to these suitability ratings and the management objectives, an allocation map (Map 4 of the cartographic annex) with four allocation types was prepared (see also Table 7.1). A rather substantial proportion (20%) of the forest has been set aside as protection, conservation or research area and should not be logged. The exploitable area (Production forest) is oriented towards timber exploitation, other uses such as NTFP collection, tourism or hunting may also be developed. It represents 80% of the forest. Protected areas (Protection forest) include 500-meter wide bands, separating the management compartments (see Section 7.6.6), and a 500-m wide band along the Tchangué River. They represent 12% of the area. In addition, there are streamside buffer strips; 30-m wide bands along each side of permanent streams that must not be logged to protect riverbanks against excessive erosion (MINEF, 1998c). These strips, also considered as protected areas, are not indicated on the maps because of the scale. It is estimated that they cover 3% of the exploitable area. Furthermore, slopes of more than 30% (17°) should not be logged or entered by heavy machinery (Dykstra and Heinrich, 1996). The area under Conservation (Bio-diversity conservation) consists of hills and covers 6% of the forest. The Mvié catchment in the southern part of the forest is recognised as a Research site (Teaching and Research forest). It is used by TCP for hydrological and ecological studies. Table 7.1
Areas per land allocation types Land allocation Type
Production (Timber and NTFP exploitation) Protection Conservation Research Total
Code FOR PRO CON RES
36
Area (ha) 14,421 2,151 1,106 356 18,034
Percentage of the forest (%) 80 12 6 2 100
Figure 7.1 Value for flora conservation 37
Figure 7.2 Suitability for fauna conservation 38
Figure 7.3 Suitability for timber production and exploitation 39
Figure 7.4 Suitability for Non-Timber Forest Products 40
7.2.2. Users’ rights Law N° 94-01 of 20 January 1994 (Government of Cameroon, 1994) on forestry, wildlife, and fisheries states that; ″logging or customary right means the right which is recognised as being that of the local population to harvest all forest, wildlife and fisheries products freely for their personal use, except the protected species″ as well as ″The Ministers in charge of the forestry, wildlife and fisheries may, by reason of public interest, and in consultation with the populations concerned, temporarily or permanently suspend the exercise of logging rights, when necessary. Such suspension shall be done in consonance with the general regulations on expropriation by reason of public interest″. With regard to hunting, the Law states that ″traditional hunting is authorised throughout the national territory except in State forests protected for wildlife conservation or in the property of third parties″ and that ″Any hunting method, whether traditional, which endangers the conservation of certain animals may be forbidden or regulated by the service in charge of wildlife″. Based on socio-economic studies and/or consultations with local populations, the management plan calls back and specifies users’ right within the concession and describes the restrictions, regulations and prohibitions related to each activity or land use to be undertaken in each land allocation. It specifies the activities, the methods of intervention and the list of products excluded or authorised. Table 7.2 gives the compatibility of land use types with the four land allocation types. Harvesting of household timber Local populations are allowed to harvest trees for their personal use, except the protected species. Nevertheless, such activity must be in accordance with the management plan and with the permission issued by the forest administration representative. In order to avoid accidents, the local population will not be allowed to enter the current annual working coupe during working days. Timber harvested by the population may not be sold in any case. Hunting, fishery and gathering People in the area collect many forest products for a wide range of purposes. Van Dijk’s survey (1999) shows that 280 animal species are caught for consumption and more than 500 plant species are used for many different purposes. According to Biesbrouck (in prep), bush-meat is a highly valued component of the meals; Bagyeli use an estimated 60% of the bush-meat caught for own consumption, whereas the remaining 40% is exchanged or sold to Bantu neighbours. Although law-makers recognise the importance of hunting for forest communities and allow this activity in all forests except those dedicated to wildlife protection, commonly used hunting techniques such as trap-hunting with steel-wire cables and hunting with guns are forbidden. Only lines of snares consisting of a mix of traps made from traditional materials are authorised. Lighting bush fires is forbidden in all forests of the national forest estate without prior authorisation from the forest service. Hunting should be forbidden in current annual working coupe for security reasons. ″Comités de vigilance″ like the ones created by young men of some villages to control poaching in the forest that belongs to their village (van den Berg and Biesbrouck, 2000) are to be encouraged. Animal species are divided in three protection classes known as A, B and C (see Annex VIII). Class A is composed of rare or declining species (endangered species). These species are totally protected and may not be hunted. However, their capture or detention is subject to a special authorisation from wildlife officers. Class B is composed of partially protected species. They may not be hunted, captured or killed without a wildlife exploitation title. Class C includes all species that are not in class A or B. Traditional fishery for own consumption is allowed to the local population. The use of means, which may to modify the flow of the rivers and of ichthyo-toxins is forbidden. For securities reasons, fishing in the current annual working coupe is forbidden. 41
Local populations are allowed to harvest non-timber forest products for their personal consumption and also for commercial purposes. NTFPs include all products derived from the forest except wood, such as fruits, barks, leaves, mushrooms and insects. Bamboo and rattans are also considered as NTFP. The harvesting methods applied should not cause the death of the trees. This may apply when bark or roots are removed. Quantities harvested must not exceed the production capacity of the forest. The . local populations themselves can regulate this activity through a ‘ Special attention must be given to the liana Strophanthus gratus during logging activities. Their seeds are used in the pharmaceutical industry, and a trade network exists in the area. According to Biesbrouck (in prep.), the seeds of S. gratus are the Bagyeli’s main cash ‘crop’, and Bagyeli stress that these are as important to them as cacao is to Bantu. Species like Coula edulis, Irvingia gabonensis, Ricinodendron heudelotii and Baillonella toxisperma, which provide important NTFPs for the local populations and generally are not used for commercial timber (except B. toxisperma), must be protected from destruction during logging operations. Table 7.2
Compatibility of land utilisation types and land allocation types Land allocation type
Land utilisation type
Production FOR 1
Protection PRO 1
Conservation CON 1
Research RES 1
Fauna conservation
1
1
1
1
Timber exploitation
1
3
3
3
NTFP exploitation
1
a
2
3
2
Hunting
a 1 1
2
3
2
3
3
3
a 1 1
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
Agricultural activities
b 1 3
3
3
3
Human habitation
3
3
3
3
Sand and gravel extraction
2
3
3
3
Biodiversity conservation
Tree plantation Tourism, Recreation Research and teaching Sacred places
1 2 3 a b
Permitted Allowed under special conditions Prohibited Prohibited during logging period for security reasons Sacred places should be localised and identified inside production forests so that they can be isolated from exploitation
Extraction of sand and gravel The extraction of sand and gravel for the road construction or repair will not be allowed in the Protection, Conservation and Research forests. Timber extraction and related activities will be done in accordance with the ″Normes d’intervention en milieu forestier″ (MINEF, 1998c).
42
Agriculture Agriculture is strictly prohibited inside the forest under management. All agroforestry zones are outside the concession. 7.3.
MANAGEMENT OF THE PROTECTION FOREST
Protected areas in a production forest should not be limited to unproductive or inaccessible sites but also include representative areas of commercial forest types (Higman et al., 1999). The protected areas foreseen in this FMP are 500-meters wide bands of productive forest, separating the management compartments, and a corridor along the Tchangué River in management compartment N° 414. They are meant to remain permanently as such. They are to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity, to a reserve of seed trees and also to the protection of wild animals’ habitats. This preoccupation is shared by Onguene (2000), who adds that small forest refugia should be created to preserve ectomycorrhizal forest clumps, as these will contribute to the re-colonisation of degraded forestlands. Timber exploitation is forbidden and machinery should not cross those protected areas. Commercial trees fallen naturally should not be harvested and be left to decompose. Small-scale collection of NTFPs is tolerated as long as the harvesting practices do not endanger the survival of individual trees. Because of their size, it seems quite difficult to control hunting in the corridors; nevertheless local population should be sensitised on the importance of not disturbing the fauna inside protected areas. Footpaths may be established for passage of local people or for tourism, taking precautions not to cause soil erosion or damage to the vegetation. Agricultural activities and campsites should not be accepted. The actual guidelines of forest management do not specify that protected areas should be preserved within a FMU. Although some management plans have already taken this into account, preserving parts of productive forest for bio-diversity conservation is a rather new element. It is recommended that at least 5% of the productive area should be set aside as protected areas15. 7.4.
MANAGEMENT OF THE CONSERVATION FOREST
Land mapping units corresponding to steep hills are unsuitable for timber production, because they are poorly accessible for the timber extraction machinery used and susceptible to soil and vegetation degradation. These areas should not be used for production purposes, including NTFP collection. Actually, they were classified as marginally suitable for NTFP by Hazeu et al. (2000). In addition to bio-diversity and fauna conservation and protection of the physical environment, these sites can also be used for research activities. Sacred places should also be preserved. 7.5.
MANAGEMENT OF THE RESEARCH FOREST
All activities other than research should be forbidden inside the research forest. The boundaries of the area should be clearly demarcated on the field. 7.6.
MANAGEMENT OF THE PRODUCTION FOREST
An important element of a FMP is the calculation of the quantity of timber that can be extracted from a forest on a sustainable basis. The yield should be in equilibration with the net increment in a given time span. The allowable cut is estimated on the basis of three principal parameters: increment, mortality and exploitation damage (as defined in Chapter 6). It is obvious that the number of species included in the calculation will influence the allowable cut. The cutting cycle and the DME (minimum cutting diameter) are two other elements in the computation. Two options are then possible:
14
The management compartments are described in Section 7.6.6 and illustrated on map 4 of the cartographic annex. 15 The Swedish National FSC Council requires at least 5% of productive forest set aside for conservation management (Higman et al., 1999).
43
1°) the DMEs are fixed and the period of time necessary to recuperate the same volume of timber is calculated; 2°) the cutting cycle is fixed and simulations are made to detect which DME will allow harvesting the same timber volume during the first and the subsequent harvests. These simulations need to integrate the numbers and diameters of small trees, which will be exploitable in the following felling periods. 7.6.1. Species included in the allowable cut The species to be used in the calculation of the allowable cut are of commercial value and there is a demand for them. The TIAMA program uses 63 species, which have been commercialised the past years. Fifty-eight of them were actually found in the forest for which this FMP is made. They are listed in Table 7.3, with their number of stems and volume per ha, total and above the DME. The list has been divided in two, the first part includes the species that will be used in the calculation of the allowable cut and the second part consists of the species left out. The species listed in the second part should not be exploited during the first rotation, either to improve their stocking or because of their importance to the local populations. Ebene (ebony) is also left out since it is a protected species and it is not permitted to exploit it. Eba’a Atyi (2000) suggests that species should be grouped according to similar characteristics, such as growth rate, economic value and size at maturity. This would allow the manager to calculate several possibilities according to these groups rather than for species one by one or, as it is the case for TIAMA, for the whole forest stand. Eba’a Atyi’s model offers such flexibility, but uses expensive and complex software. A user-friendly version is still to be developed. In deciding which species are to be including, it is important to consider other uses of the species concerned. In this FMP, only two types of uses will be considered: 1°) timber and 2°) trees used by or important for local populations. Van Dijk (1999) identified the tree species that the local population uses, considers important or wishes to protect. Some of those also produce commercial timber. The most important ones are given below, with indications of their frequencies: - Small number of individuals :
Dibétou (Lovoa trichilioides) Bubinga rose (Guibourtia tessmannii) Iroko (Milicia excelsa) Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma)
- Large number of individuals :
Azobé (Lophira alata) Emien (Alstonia boonei) Eyong (Eribroma oblongum) Fraké (Terminalia superba) Niové (Staudtia kamerunensis) Tali (Erythrophleum ivorense).
The three most important species for the local population are Moabi, Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum) and Bubinga rose (van Dijk, 1999). They are also of high commercial timber value, which may explain why there are so few Moabi16 and Bubinga rose left. As for the Sapelli, the TCP area is not really its natural habitat even though people consider it an important species. Because of their low frequency and NTFP value, Moabi and Bubinga rose as well as Iroko and Dibétou will not be included in the allowable cut calculation and will not be exploited in the first rotation.
16
The Moabi distribution curve (see Ngibaot and Fines, 2000) however shows that there is considerable regeneration of this species.
44
The species in demand by both timber exploitation and local use that are encountered in large number are according to van Dijk (1999): -
Azobé; the leaves are used for medicine and young trees for poles Emien; the exudates and bark are used for medicine Eyong is appreciated for construction planks Fraké and Tali; the bark is used for medicine Niové; the bark is used for medicine and the wood for construction.
Since these species are well represented and distributed in the forest, they will be included in the calculation of the allowable cut, and then a certain quantity of these trees will be set aside for the local populations. This quantity required for local needs still has to be assessed and will need to be specified in agreements between the villagers and the logger. Some 25 species have currently a very low exploitable volume and it is preferable to leave them uncut, so that their stocking may improve. This may result in more interesting volumes of these species in the next cutting cycle. The total exploitable volume of these species represents less than 3% of the actual exploitable volume (calculated from the Administrative DME) and in most cases, it will not be profitable for the logging company to exploit such a small volume of one species. The 25 additional species withdrawn from the allowable cut and from exploitation are: Abam à poils rouges (Gambeya beguei), Abam à fruit jaune (Gambeya gigantea), Abam vrai (Gambeya lacourtiana), Acajou à grandes folioles (Khaya grandifolia), Acajou blanc (Khaya anthotheca), Aningré R (Aningeria altissima), Bongo H (Fagara heitzii), Bossé clair (Guarea cedrata), Bossé foncé (Guarea thompsonii), Bubinga E (Guibourtia ehie), Bubinga rouge (Guibourtia demeusei), Doussié blanc (Afzelia pachyloba), Doussié Sanaga (Afzelia africana), Ekop naga akolodo (Brachystegia eurycoma), Ekop naga nord-ouest (Brachystegia kennedyi), Ekop ngombé mamelle (Didelotia africana), Gombé (Didelotia letouzeyi), Kossipo (Entandrophragma candollei), Naga parallèle (Brachystegia mildbraedii), Okan (Cylicodiscus gabonensis), Onzabili M (Antrocaryon micrasler), Padouk blanc (Pterocarpus mildbraedii), Sipo (Entandrophragma utile), Tiama (Entandrophragma angolense) and Tiama Congo (Entandrophragma congoense). Onguene (2000) also recommends to leave aside some of those species such as Doussié and different Ekops, because of their mycorrhizal specificity. This leaves 29 species for the calculation of the allowable cut (see Table 7.3). Ilomba (Pycnanthus angolensis) and Emien (Alstonia boonei) are included in Table 7.3 as species, which may eventually be added later (see Section 7.6.3). The other species of Group 2 present in the forest are given in Table 7.4. 7.6.2. Cutting cycle The cutting cycle or rotation period is a very important element of sustainable forest management. It is common knowledge among foresters that a fairly long period between two timber harvests is necessary to allow the forest to recover the wood volume extracted. ONADEF recommends that the cycle should be 30 years (MINEF, 1998b). MINEF (1998a) recommends that it should be between 25 and 50 years, and TIAMA allows any a multiple of 5 years within that range. Eba’a Atyi (2000) comes to the conclusion that 30 years (or less) would be an appropriate rotation period for the TCP area. A cutting cycle of 30 years was thus adopted for this FMP. For some species with a very low increment such as Moabi, the period between two harvests could be fixed at 60 years, which corresponds with two cutting cycles (Debroux, 1998). 7.6.3. Allowable cut The allowable cut is another crucial aspect of sustainable forest management. The allowable cut is the quantity or volume of timber that can be extracted from a given forest. In principle, it is equal to the net volume increment in one cutting cycle. If a too large volume is cut, the forest will deteriorate and ultimately loose its value as resource of timber. On the other side, with too many restrictions, forest exploitation will not be economically feasible and may lead to clearing of the forest in favour of other 45
land uses. The calculation of the allowable cut depends on the increment of the trees, the natural mortality and the exploitation damage including the harvested trees. To ensure that timber exploitation of a given forest is not too selective (e.g. limited to the 4 or 5 most valuable species), the calculation of the allowable cut with TIAMA is subject to the condition that at least 20 species representing 75% of the exploitable volume (Administrative DME) have to be used. Also, the allowable cut is calculated for the whole stand, which means that some specific species may not recover the initial exploitable volume, while others may exceed it. Table 7.3
Species17 included in the calculation of the allowable cut
Commercial Code Name Acajou de 1103 bassam Azobé 1106 Doussié rouge 1112 Aningré A 1201 Bahia 1204 Eyong 1209 Longhi 1210 Movingui 1213 Aiélé / Abel 1301 Alep 1304 Andoung brun 1305 Andoung rose 1306 Bilinga 1308 Dabéma 1310 Ekaba 1314 1600 Ekop ngombé grandes feuilles Faro 1319 Fraké / Limba 1320 Fromager / 1321 Ceiba Koto 1326 Mambodé 1332 Naga 1335 Niové 1338 Onzabili K 1342 Padouk rouge 1345 Tali 1346 Zingana 1349 Emien Ilomba 29 species
17
1316 1324
Volume (m3) total ≥ DME 5,715,14 2,316.60
per ha 0.11
Stems total 2,022.53
≥ DME 228,14
per ha 0.32
0.44 0.50 0.57 0.55 0.29 0.05 0.79 0.41 2.09 0.72 0.19 0.40 1.07 0.89 1.10
7,705.88 8,817.68 10,106.67 9,662.39 5,184.92 968.24 13,903.39 7,204.46 36,938.21 12,778.29 3,274.04 7,116.27 18,798.50 15,679.76 19,481.86
4,944.11 746.10 462.47 2,503.38 1,990.93 481.03 4,513.24 2,614.54 10,558.85 6,935.52 2,003.79 234.33 8,478.07 6,443.10 4,531.73
3.59 1.23 0.67 1.44 0.80 0.13 2.49 1.69 4.84 4.04 1.67 0.93 4.47 3.01 2.72
63,359.95 21,755.07 11,772.36 25,396.46 14,117.72 2,232.50 43,992.25 29,885.55 85,340.30 71,287.45 29,399.97 16,367.78 78,855.09 53,031.99 48,025.81
58,918.03 6,013.39 1,586.04 15,349.03 9,971.12 1,726.37 29,708.97 24,407.09 62,710.30 64,048.87 27,847.14 3,729.15 65,821.56 41,172.81 28,454.13
0.12 0.73 0.07
2,201.19 12,819.88 1,213.41
1,004.99 7,291.67 1,035.25
0.47 2.90 0.74
8,366.64 51,252.22 13,115.35
6,551.46 40,774.89 12,801.74
0.28 0.28 1.20 4.77 0.21 0.54 0.77 0.49
4,865.40 4,945.64 21,212.22 84,182.61 3,687.58 9,443.93 13,650.99 8,640.25
1,430.71 832.52 6,493.33 8,932.64 1,819.14 5,524.23 10,913.78 4,776.41
0.64 0.46 3.37 5.19 0.85 3.22 7.31 4.99
11,294.29 8,055.15 59,532.69 91,593.08 15,065.80 56,845.09 129,064.64 87,971.94
7,612.12 4,961.04 43,711.98 39,110.43 13,184.44 52,337.05 126,684.41 77,339.76
0.87 3.85
15,300,23 67,873,23
10,737.87 23,055.48
4.54 11.28
80,073.18 198,954.65
74,963.27 140,709.96
24.35
429 679.65
141 517.38
See Annex VII for the scientific names.
46
80.01 1,411,720.10 1,084,523.14
Table 7.4
Species of Group 2, present in the forest, left out of the allowable cut calculation
Commercial Code Name Acajou à 1101 grandes folioles Acajou blanc 1102 Bossé clair 1108 Bossé foncé 1109 Dibétou/Bibolo 1110 Doussié blanc 1111 Doussié Sanaga 1113 Iroko 1116 Kossipo 1117 Moabi 1120 Sipo 1123 Tiama 1124 Tiama Congo 1125 Aningré R 1202 Bongo H/Olon 1205 Bubinga rouge 1206 Bubinga E 1207 Bubinga rose 1208 Gombé 1322 Naga parallèle 1336 Okan 1341 Padouk blanc 1344 Abam 1402 à poils rouges Abam fruit jaune 1409 Abam vrai 1419 Ekop naga 1598 Akolodo Ekop naga 1599 nord-ouest Ekop ngombé 1601 Mamelle Onzabili M 1870 29 species
Volume (m3) total ≥ DME 787.50 368.12
per ha 0.01
Stems total 221.96
≥ DME 55.49
per ha 0.04
0.01 0.05 0.33 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.22 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.30 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.09
185.03 838.71 5,832.97 1,042.10 690.61 55.49 1,417.67 185.03 3,798.37 530.33 1,035.92 61.68 5,333.87 123.35 61.68 394.61 234.33 789.22 308.38 1,023.73 826.33 1,535.51
0.00 55.49 0.00 234.33 0.00 0.00 55.49 61.68 178.84 55.49 55.49 0.00 61.68 61.68 61.68 166.47 61.68 499.40 0.00 302.19 117.16 481.03
0.01 0.06 0.26 0.31 0.04 0.01 0.26 0.04 0.37 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.28 0.02 0.02 0.11 0.04 0.42 0.02 0.27 0.07 0.21
254.28 982.77 4,629.31 5,451.57 791.67 220.47 4,506.01 743.45 6,525.79 735.32 1,343.15 43.55 4,877.50 355.65 415.88 1,859.86 634.99 7,356.36 354.41 4,715.59 1,281.93 3,635.50
0.00 339.71 0.00 3,342.38 0.00 0.00 595.61 528.49 3,355.99 468.98 638.91 0.00 203.36 239.49 415.88 1,577.74 415.88 7,057.47 0.00 3,573.11 733.83 2,565.00
0.01 0.00 0.02
117.16 55.49 406.98
117.16 0.00 61.68
0.03 0.00 0.03
599.86 58.64 595.98
599.86 0.00 234.80
0.01
166.47
55.49
0.02
299.11
211.25
2.43
42,912.61
653.68
2.82
49,694.83
3,357.30
0.03
474.84
178.84
0.09
1,572.17
1,292.05
4.00
70,660.42
3,632.09
5.97
105,323.09
32,115.23
The totals of Tables 7.3 and 7.4 are: Total 58 species of Group 2
Stems per ha 28.36
total 500,340.07
Volume ≥ DME 145,149.43
per ha total ≥ DME 85.98 1,517,043.19 1,116,638.37
The initial exploitable volume is calculated with the administrative DMEs and then a first simulation is done using the accepted parameters (see Section 6.4) of increment, mortality and exploitation damage to estimate if the pre-logging volume is restored after one cutting cycle. If not, the DMEs of the species are increased in steps of 10 cm, one species after another in a series of simulations, each 47
time comparing if the initial exploitable volume (IEV) and the volume available at the end of the rotation (REV) are equal. This is done until the REV is equal or slightly higher than IEV. The DMEs used at that last simulation will be the management DMEs that have to be respected to ensure the recovery of the cut volume. Proceeding this way, it is ensured that the total extracted volume will be recovered but this does not apply to individual species. Some species might have a deficit and others a surplus at the end of the rotation. This aspect will be discussed further in Section 7.6.5. The allowable cut may be calculated by area or by volume. An industry is interested in having a steady supply of timber every year. Especially for large FMUs, the area per management compartment should vary, as tree growth makes the timber volume available per unit area increase with time. One may therefore expect the largest exploitable volumes per hectare in management compartments to be logged towards the end of the rotation period. The areas of the management compartments are then calculated in relation to this increment. For a small or medium size forest, it seems more appropriate to divide the forest in management compartments of similar productive area (see Section 7.6.6). The allowable cut is calculated for the whole forest and then divided by the number of years or the number of management compartments. Ilomba is the species with the highest exploitable volume. It is a commercial timber but its actual value is rather low; its wood is mainly used for plywood after déroulage. Discussions with local loggers suggest that because of its low market value it is not profitable to transport it over long distances to existing plywood plants. Another species with the same characteristics is Emien. This means that although these two species have an interesting exploitation volume and a very good recovery potential, harvesting them is not feasible unless their market prices rise or a plywood plant will be established nearby. This might be the case for some other species too, but since these two represent a considerable exploitable volume (19% of the exploitable volume with ADM-DME), they have been rejected in the allowable cut calculation. Their allowable cut and MAN-DME are however indicated, as an opportunity to exploit them may arise. One may often rightly assume that commercial trees of large dimensions in recently logged forest are of poor quality, as this would explain why they have been left behind. This is particularly the case for Tali. It also appears that in some cases the DME would need to be very high to recover that volume. For those reasons, TIAMA does not include trees that have a diameter higher than the ADM-DME + 40 cm when calculating the allowable cut. If they are exploitable, the logger may harvest them; that volume is called the ″Bonus″ and is available only in the first rotation period. The Cameroonian authorities insist and stimulate by providing reduced taxes rights incentives, that loggers should harvest and commercialise species for which there is currently little demand (promotional species). Loggers may cut any species that is not in the Top 50 as long as the ADMDME is respected. The TIAMA program removes 3% of the land allocation type FOR area for the streams and buffer stream zones and 3% of the area for the road network. Table 7.5 gives the final results of the calculation of the allowable cut, with the MAN-DMEs (see Section 7.6.4) for the 27 species considered (without Ilomba and Emien). A more detailed table is included in Annex VII, where 13,555 ha (14,421 ha – 6%) was used as the exploitable area for the rotation period. The allowable cut is estimated at 0.387 m3/ha/yr or 11.61 m3/ha or 5746 m3/year. The Bonus is estimated at 23.94 m3/ha or 11,845 m3/year. If Ilomba and Emien are added, the allowable cut will rise to 0.555 m3/ha/yr and 16.65 m3/ha, their MAN-DMEs being respectively 90 and 80 cm. The calculation of the allowable cut is as reliable as the growth, mortality and logging damage estimates on which it is based, and the results should therefore be applied with caution (see also Section 7.6.4).
48
Table 7.5
The allowable cut and minimum felling diameter per species
Code Species
IEV*
1103 Acajou de bassam
m3/ha 0.055
REV**
Allowable cut m3/ha m3/ha/yr 0.093 0.003
Bonus
((REV-IEV)/IEV) MANx 100 DME
m3/ha 0.055
% 68.72
90
1301 Aiélé / Abel
0.146
0.221
0.011
0.805
51.31
90
1304 Alep
0.446
0.382
0.026
1.604
-14.44
80
1305 Andoung brun
0.345
0.333
0.021
2.120
-3.30
90
1306 Andoung rose
0.084
0.061
0.004
1.300
-27.21
90
1201 Aningré A
0.090
0.182
0.007
0.000
102.12
60
1106 Azobé
0.582
0.185
0.024
1.980
-68.23
90
1204 Bahia
0.236
0.124
0.010
0.046
-47.41
90
1308 Bilinga
0.053
0.087
0.003
0.158
64.70
80
1310 Dabéma
0.528
0.474
0.033
1.567
-10.19
90
1112 Doussié rouge
0.084
0.127
0.006
0.055
51.43
90
1314 Ekaba
0.537
0.518
0.031
0.283
-3.53
90
1600 Ekop ngombé grandes feuilles 1209 Eyong
0.187
0.230
0.011
0.504
23.39
90
0.048
0.115
0.005
0.069
140.84
80
1319 Faro
0.028
0.085
0.004
0.112
205.63
90
1320 Fraké / Limba
0.909
0.935
0.057
0.081
2.92
80
1321 Fromager / Ceiba
0.022
0.042
0.003
0.624
92.55
80
1326 Koto
0.114
0.147
0.008
0.000
28.53
80
1210 Longhi
0.032
0.039
0.003
0.000
23.27
70
1332 Mambodé
0.024
0.043
0.002
0.137
78.17
80
1213 Movingui
0.192
0.301
0.013
0.506
56.93
90
1335 Naga
0.739
0.358
0.034
0.504
-51.52
90
1338 Niové
0.273
0.376
0.017
0.343
37.43
80
1342 Onzabili K
0.207
0.092
0.009
0.395
-55.52
80
1345 Padouk rouge
0.000
0.354
0.011
1.615
1346 Tali
0.376
0.210
0.019
6.161
1349 Zingana
0.000
0.338
0.011
2.915
6.337
6.454
0.387
23.940
1.86
1324 Ilomba
1.151
2.858
1.063
1.265
148.37
90
1316 Emien
0.920
0.892
0.0616
2.091
-2.98
80
Total
* **
Initial exploitable volume Exploitable volume at end of the cutting cycle
49
100 -44.13
80 120
7.6.4.
Minimum exploitable diameter (DME)
A DME is the minimum diameter below which loggers may not harvest a tree of the species concerned. DMEs differ according to characteristics of the species. MINEF prescribes a DME, called administrative DME (ADM-DME), for each species. These DMEs are often considered too low from an economic as well as an ecological point of view (Eba’a Atyi, 2000). The calculation of the allowable cut used here shows that if the ADM-DMEs are applied, the period to recover the extracted volume will be longer than 30 years. Since the cutting cycle has been fixed to 30 years, the DMEs need to be raised to timely recover the extracted volume. These calculated DMEs are referred to as management DME (MAN-DME) and should be respected. One should not assume that the allowable cut calculated in Section 7.6.3 is perfectly accurate, it only gives an estimation of what should happen according to the parameters used. That means that the logger should not aim at cutting that volume but must absolutely respect the management DMEs and the working coupe limits. The MAN-DMEs applicable to this forest management plan are presented in Table 7.5. 7.6.5. Management compartments A management compartment is an area designated for timber exploitation during a period of 5 years. The forest has been divided in six management compartments of more or less the same size (see Map 4 of cartographic annex and Table 7.6). The allowable cut, calculated for the whole forest (Section 7.6.3), is attributed to individual management compartments according to their area and the extent of the various forest strata. The volume available in the management compartments to be logged last may be higher than the volume of those logged earlier, but for a forest of this size it is not worthwhile to divide the forest in management compartments with similar exploitable volumes in each one of them. Also, since the corridors of protected forest are meant to be permanent it is better to choose permanent management compartments. The TIAMA program automatically subtracts 6% from the exploitable area (FOR), i.e. 3% for rivers and riverbanks and 3% for the road network. This gives the effective exploitable area of 13,553 ha used in Annex IX. Table 7.6 Management compartment N° 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Area per land allocation type and per management compartment CON
0 164 150 534 58 200 1,106
PRO
164 374 397 553 289 374 2,151
RES
Area (ha) 0 0 0 0 0 356 356
FOR
2,426 2,427 2,444 2,164 2,452 2,508 14,421
Total
2,590 2,965 2,991 3,251 2,799 3,438 18,034
The sequence of opening of management compartments is follows. 1; 5; 2; 4; 6; 3. This sequence was chosen to avoid a linear pattern and also took the presently available volume (related to the area and strata of the compartment) into account. This opening sequence will prevent a linear advance of logging exploitation from one end of the forest to the other. Such a linear advance is considered detrimental for the larger mammals, as it allows them to flee away from logging operations in one direction only, and does not permit them to return after logging has been completed (see also Jonkers, 2001). 50
Assuming that tree increment and tree mortality is as estimated, the actual volume increase during the time before a compartment is logged can be calculated (see Section 7.6.3). For instance, the trees in the last compartment to be logged (N° 3) will grow during 25 years before logging in the compartment starts. Table 7.7 indicates the number of commercial stems and volume (allowable cut and bonus) available per compartment at the time of opening18. The number of stems and volume available per species and compartments is presented in Annex X. Table 7.7
Logging period and exploitable stock per management compartment
Management compartment N° 1 5 2 4 6 3 Total
Period of opening (years) 1–5 6 – 10 11 - 15 16 – 20 21 – 25 26 - 30
Number of stems ≥ DME 5,954 5,686 6,783 5,964 7,275 6,825 38,487
Volume (m3) ≥ DME 79,063 71,606 89,589 76,911 95,205 86,340 498,714
Each management compartment will be divided in five annual working coupes. 7.6.6. Synthesis of the evolution of the forest The method used calculates an allowable cut for the whole forest and not by species. Even though the allowable cut is given by species, TIAMA seeks a global volume reconstitution and not a species by species reconstitution. After one rotation, the available exploitable volume will be comparable to the initial one, with a slight increase of 1.86%. The exploitable volume of some species will be higher in the next cutting cycle while the volume of others will be lower. Fraké has the highest allowable cut in volume terms and is also the species that will offer the highest exploitable volume in the second rotation (Tables 2 and 5 of Annex IX). It is interesting that the species with the highest actual timber price show the highest relative net increment (Table 3 of Annex IX), which increases also the overall economic value of the timber stand. Azobé and Tali, two valuable species which are characteristic for the predominant forest type, will not fully recover their present exploitable volume. They will produce interesting future yields but the exploitable volumes will respectively be 68% and 44% less in the second cutting cycle. If their total reconstitution is desired, then their MAN-DMEs need to be raised. In the case of Tali, such a raise will be excessive and may result in not having any good exploitable stem. Efforts should be made to find ways to exploit Ilomba and Emien economically, as these species can contribute substantially to future harvests. An average harvest of 1.56 stem/ha should be possible, assuming that 55% of the 38,487 timber trees of exploitable size (Table 7.7) are of adequate quality and that the effective exploitable area is 13,553 ha. It is assumed in this management plan that it is acceptable to cut up a maximum of 4 trees per ha (including silvicultural treatments), which corresponds to the recommendations of other forest management research in Cameroon (Durrieu de Madron et al., 2000).
18
Ilomba and Emien are not included.
51
7.7.
SILVICULTURAL TREATMENT PROGRAM
Forest management on a sustainable basis implies that the timber resource is managed in such a way that the initially available resource will recover to the extent that in subsequent cutting cycles exploitable timber of at least the same quality will be available in at least the same quantity. However, repeated selective logging tends to modify the composition of the stand, as good-quality trees of commercial species are progressively extracted while non-commercial species and defective and poorly shaped stems of valuable species remain. In the long term, the timber stand is likely to decline in quality and quantity. Furthermore, the 30-years rotation period does not allow the trees to grow to very large sizes. The forest structure will therefore change and ″giant trees″ will become rare. To counterbalance undesirable changes in the forest, the forest manager or silviculturalist should take measures that will assure sustainable production and hopefully an increase, in quantity and quality, of the exploitable volume. Silvicultural treatments have been designed in many tropical countries to provoke such an effect. The results obtained were not always convincing and many times the treatments have failed due to improperly applied methods (Panayatou and Ashton, 1992). The cost of the silvicultural treatment is sometimes higher than the value generated. On the other hand, there is evidence that opening up the forest by eliminating trees will stimulate diameter increment (Eba’a Atyi, 2000). TCP also developed treatments where the growth of commercial species is stimulated by opening of the canopy through killing non-commercial trees. Testing such treatments takes many years, and conclusive results from the TCP treatments are not available yet. It appears important to continue testing these (and other) silvicultural treatments. More information concerning the ecological consequences is needed before drawing up an appropriate silvicultural program, and more research is to be done before it can be decided which treatment(s) should be applied. Liana cutting is also often advocated as a silvicultural treatment to stimulate growth and to reduce logging damage. A TCP experiment to test if pre-felling climber cutting did not show a positive impact on logging damage (Parren and Bongers, 1999). Moreover, the local population uses many lianas for consumption, medicine or handicraft. Their systematic elimination is therefore not justified as silvicultural treatment. 7.8.
REDUCED IMPACT LOGGING
Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) reduces logging damage, which should lead to an increase of the allowable cut. It also reduces wastage and therefore increases the effectively extracted volume. Furthermore, RIL may contribute to an increase in economic benefits and is becoming an important condition for certification. Even though the number of trees logged per hectare is low in southern Cameroon, the damage is still substantial and should be reduced to a minimum. The management guidelines (MINEF 1998a) do not insist much on using reduced impact logging methods. Forest exploitation in Cameroon is also subject to the ″Normes d’intervention en milieu forestier″ (MINEF, 1998c) ratified by the ″Décision N° 0108/D/MINEF/CAB du 9 février 1998″ (MINEF, 1998d). This document contains recommendations and regulations on management and exploitation activities, relations with local populations, streams and stream buffer zones protection, fauna protection, road construction, skidding, etc. Following these rules should substantially contribute to reducing undesirable logging impacts. Particular recommendations concerning Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) should be indicated in a FMP, more specifically in the annual operational plan. The most important aspects to improve are: Planning Training Safety measures Establishment of a RIL committee.
52
The proposals presented here have been derived mainly from Dykstra and Heinrich (1996), Sist et al. (1998), Durrieu de Madron et al. (1998), Higman et al. (1999) and Jonkers (2000; 2001). Planning Good planning is the most important aspect of RIL. Planning starts with the FMP, which prescribes an appropriate cutting cycle (30 years) and a division of the FMU in compartments. The five- year plans divide the compartments then in annual coupes. Logging methods need to be described in detail in the annual operational plans. The results of the exploitation inventory should be available at least 6 months before harvesting starts in the annual coupe concerned. The road network as well as the skidding trails can then be planned (on 1 : 5000 scale maps), taking into consideration the contour lines and terrain features such as streams, swamps and rock outcrops, and, in the case of skid trails, the positions of exploitable trees and potential crop trees (PCTs). Directional felling should be applied to reduce damaging to PCTs, and logs should be winched from the stump to the main skid trail wherever feasible. Training Regular periodic training is needed for logging personnel at all levels to ensure that operations are carried out according to required procedures and to maintain high standards. Machine operators and fellers should undergo skill testing and be awarded a certificate of competence. Receiving training on ecology or forestry aspects will help the workers to better understand the reasons for using practices that reduce environmental impacts. Safety The health of forest workers and the safety measures adopted are as important as their skills. Operations should be based on clearly established safety regulations. Workers should be provided with basic first-aid facilities and adequate means should be in place for a quick evacuation in case of serious injury. Personal protective equipment should be provided to workers. RIL Committee A RIL Committee should be established, with the responsibility of verifying that logging operations are done in a proper way according to RIL guidelines. This committee should be composed of the company director, a representatives of the MINEF and senior company managers responsible for inventories, planning and logging operations This committee will give directions to a RIL Supervisory Field Team who should control and supervise logging planning and operation in the field. The main tasks of the Field Team are to: Control and supervise all the pre-harvesting operations Control and supervise the implementation of RIL procedures during felling and extracting operations in the field Provide technical expertise and advice to the operators during logging Make prompt decisions in the field when RIL guidelines cannot be fulfilled or require interpretation Report regularly to the RIL Committee on the progress of logging operations.
7.9.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROGRAM
Forest exploitation can have a considerable impact on the environment, both inside and outside the FMU. Where possible, the environmental benefits of forest should be maximized and adverse impacts minimized. Protecting the forest includes conserving biodiversity, maintaining its ecological functions, protecting soil and water resources and minimizing waste and pollution (Higman et al., 1999). In the case of the present FMU, the following environmental issues require attention: Protection against erosion; 53
-
Protection against fire and insects; Protection against pollution; Protection of the fauna; Supervision and control; Encroachment and illegal cutting.
7.9.1. Protection against erosion Protection of streams and streamside buffer strips To protect streams and streamside buffer strips against erosion, commercial logging, extraction of sand and gravel, harvesting of service woods, pasture and agriculture will be prohibited within the buffer strips. However, harvesting of NTFPs like bamboo and rattans for local consumption can be allowed but will be restricted and regulated in order to prevent overexploitation of those products in these fragile zones. Subsistence hunting and fishing is also allowed. Other sources of erosion In a FMU, man-made erosion can have different causes such as: roads, skidding trails, landings and bridge construction. In order to minimize the negative impacts of the logging, these activities must be conducted in conformity with the prescriptions of MINEF (1998c). 7.9.2. Protection against fire and insects Bush fires do not constitute a serious threat, because the forest is very rarely exposed to severe moisture stress and because slash and burn agriculture is not allowed. No particular protection measure is to be considered. Outbreaks of insect pests may be a threat to the forest, and more specifically to seedlings and saplings and to the quality of the timber. Large-scale treatments are very costly and seldom feasible in heterogeneous tropical forest. Nevertheless, periodic control should be assured and if insects cause very extensive damage, appropriate measures should be taken if possible. 7.9.3. Protection against chemical pollution Chemicals such as fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and hormones which are used in forest management activities, may cause serious effects on the environment and need careful control (Higman et al., 1999). In general, the use of chemicals should be minimized. ITTO (1990) directives for forest management classify phytocides as dangerous products for personnel working in the forest and for the environment. ITTO recommends rigorous norms for their use. In conclusion, thinning should preferably be done without using chemical products. Pesticides may have some of the following adverse effects (Higman et al., 1999): Non-target species in the forest may be affected. Chemicals may drift on to nearby crops. Animals and plants in nearby watercourses may be affected. Drinking water quality may be affected. People living nearby and operators applying chemicals may be harmed. Biological diversity may be reduced. They may enter the food chain, affecting wildlife and livestock seemingly unconnected with the pests or chemical application. Special attention should be given to prevention of fuel and oil spills. 7.9.4. Protection of fauna Hunting of protected species is absolutely prohibited as well as transport of bush-meat by vehicles belonging to the logging company. The sale of bush-meat is also forbidden. This last prescription must be strictly applied to the personnel of the logging company and their families. In this respect, the personnel must cooperate with the Forest Administration Agents in charge of control. Other sources of proteins must be supplied for workers to diminish the pressure on wildlife. 54
To limit the access for illegal hunters, forest roads will be closed after logging of a working coupe. Permanent control of forest administrative agents must be applied to discourage poachers. As far as the aquatic fauna is concerned, using chemical products for fishing is prohibited. 7.10.
SUPERVISION AND CONTROL
The best control of the FMU starts by a good demarcation of the forest limits. As a pilot forest, placards indicating among others, the name of the FMU, its objectives and prohibited activities must reinforce this demarcation. As a multiple-use forest with many stakeholders (public administration, research, logging company, local populations, NGOs, etc.), the success of this FMU depends on communication and collaboration between these interested and affected parties. Each stakeholder must find way to ensure the sustainability of each forest product (wood and NTFPs). With this aim in view, a specification must be elaborated and respected by all. Permanent control in the field by forest administration agents is needed according to MINEF (1999a). Checkpoints are necessary along the roads to ensure a good control. As far as the concessionaire is concerned, he must strictly apply the FMU management prescriptions such as the DME, the materialization of the concession and working coupes. Each illegal activity recorded in the field must be rapidly brought to the attention of the forest administration. Furthermore, local populations must organize themselves to fight against poaching and overexploitation of NTFPs. NGOs may play an important role in the sensitisation and training of the local population in the domain of sustainable harvesting of some NTFPs and the organisation of control over the exploitation of forest resources. Encroachment and illegal cutting of wood within the FMU constitute a serious threat to the forest. To avoid this, a permanent program of supervision must be implemented by the stakeholders in general and by the forest administration agents in particular. Forest administrative agents who are the only sworn persons must play an important role in order to ensure the safeguarding of the forest. They have the power to sanction a delinquent. Each illegal activity must be reported to them and rapid response of the administration is necessary to discourage those who do not respect the specification of the FMU. Entering roads in closed working coupes should be forbidden. All infraction to exploitation rules should be reported to the forest administration and fines should be given to offenders. 7.11.
OTHER MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
The boundaries of the forest need to be demarcated in the field. This is the responsibility of the concessionaire and should be done after classification of the forest. The forest has a total perimeter of 75 km of which 40 km are alongside rivers and 35 km follow straight lines on fair ground. The sites of NTFP collection should be localised and demarcated and that forest exploitation at such sites may be banned if necessary. Particular silvicultural treatments should be given to important NTFP species such as Irvingia gabonensis, Ricinodendron heudelotii and rattan. Sacred places should be identified on maps to prevent their destruction by logging. This localisation of sacred places should be done during a socio-economic survey of the surrounding villages prior to the exploitation. 7.12.
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
This FMP and forest management in general is based on the scientific information available. In Cameroon as well as in most other tropical countries, there is scarcity of sufficient relevant data 55
necessary for the elaboration of management plans for equatorial evergreen rainforest. The character of a pilot forest given to this FMU is important, as it may lead to crucial information for future adjustments of the forest management plan. Actions to be undertaken will be in collaboration with research organisations. Effects of logging on Bagyeli forest use Research on Bagyeli in relation to logging has been conducted by a team of TCP sociologists (see van den Berg and Biesbrouck, 2000). A follow-up of this work is needed to incorporate the effects of the management strategy envisaged in this FMU. Especially the efforts to stimulate the integration of Bagyeli in forest management should be addressed in subsequent forest management reviews. Fauna disturbance by machine noise The aim is to assess the impact of machine noise during logging activities on fauna, and if this constitutes a threat to the animals concerned. Especially the larger mammals are chased away by logging activities (Jonkers, 2001). It is not known if and when these animals may come back to the same area. It is also not known which species are seriously affected or have disappeared from the area as result of logging. In addition, a quantitative assessment of the fauna in the FMU as well as their corridors of migration and studies on their roles in natural regeneration of tree species are of importance for improving forest management. NTFP exploitation methods Ongoing TCP research has shown, that NTFP harvesting is not always sustainable (Guedje and Nkongmeneck, 2001). The exploitation methods of the main NTFPs need to be studied with the aim to improve them. NTFP commercialisation line Knowledge on NTFP commercialisation is important for integrating these products in forest management. The present lack of financial information on this line of the balance sheet of the management plan makes the evaluation of their economic importance difficult. More information on these products is therefore needed. Hunting potential and management Studies on fauna, hunting methods and options for fauna management should be undertaken. Reduced Impact Logging Research on RIL should be a continuous process seeking the improvement of logging techniques, workers’ comfort and efficiency as well as minimising negative environmental effects and increasing forest productivity. Silvicultural treatment The follow-up of experimental silvicultural treatments is of prime importance to enable future silvicultural activities contributing to the improvement in quantity and quality of timber. Permanent sampling plots The main objective of permanent sampling plots (PSPs) is to provide data for growth and yield models, which will be used to assist forest management. There is no perfectly well-defined method of calculating the number of PSPs required, but approximate indications are that one plot per 1000 ha of forest, laid in a stratified random sample, will normally be adequate. This means that a minimum 18 PSPs is recommended for the present concession of 18,000 ha. Plots of 100 ha divided in 25 20 x 20 m quadrats is recommended as a basis for all permanent, temporary, and experimental plots (Alder and Synnott, 1992). Aspects to be studied include: phenology, growth and mortality of tree species, their ages of sexual maturity and pathology, the reaction of the residual to silviculture treatments, dynamics of the natural regeneration, techniques of sustainable exploitation of NTFPs, etc.
56
The planning, establishment and monitoring of these PSP will be done by research organisations. Results will be taken into account during forest management plan reviews. Alder and Synnott (1992) give a detailed description on how and why to install PSPs.
57
8.
POPULATION PARTICIPATION IN FOREST MANAGEMENT
8.1.
ORGANISATIONAL AND RELATIONAL FRAMEWORK
Because of their physical proximity, local populations surrounding the production forest are the immediate custodians of the forest. They are the stakeholders in closest touch with the forest, and dependent on it in a wide variety of ways. Hence they are best placed to ensure its effective stewardship. They distinguish forest areas into ‘agricultural land’, ‘fallow lands’ and ‘high forest’ (van den Berg and Biesbrouck, 2000). This local classification into either of these categories reflects the result of human investments, and is in contrast with the conventional forest classification, which divides the national forest area into a series of permanent and non-permanent forest types. It is evident that forest management plan should be preceded by a classification of the forest. Such classification aims at securing the availability of resources, especially that of the area providing valuable timber resources. These areas are valuable not only because of the profits derived from timber itself, but also because a whole apparatus exists that profits from distributing the right to exploitation of this timber. State forests include various types of forest with different forest management purposes, such as game reserves, timber production and forest conservation. Local populations in the TCP research area whose livelihood depends on forests have a legitimate right to be involved in the establishment of management aims, as well as in the demarcation of production forests. Their involvement in the formulation of forest management arrangements makes these arrangements known, well accepted and respected (van den Berg and Biesbrouck, 2000). In addition, involving communities and community institutions of the research area in forest management helps to introduce discipline into the management of the sector and offer significant checks and balances on otherwise unregulated public services. Van den Berg and Biesbrouck (2000) point out that community-based forest management is expected to increase the resource flows to local populations, leading to important effects on poverty alleviation and income distribution. The principle of co-management, as embodied in concepts of ‘participatory forest management’, ‘collaborative forest management’, ‘joint forest management’ and the like is even considered to be an aim in itself, for it would provide people with a better grip on their own futures. Borrini-Feyerabend (1998) gives a sufficiently broad definition of “collaborative management”, it “is a partnership by which two or more stakeholders collectively negotiate, agree upon and implement a share of functions, benefits and responsibilities associated with the management of a particular territory or set of natural resources”. Unfortunately, local people are usually in a weak position vis-à-vis the authoritarian state and logging companies with their much stronger capital position and/or direct access to means of coercion (van den Berg and Biesbrouck, 2000). In this context, local leadership such as “traditional” chiefs, lineage heads, elderly notables, village councils and urban élites is of critical importance. Special interest should also be given to the existence of NGOs composed of local élites and religious NGOs who also have an important role in mobilising local population and co-ordinate the expression of their interests and rights. An alternative approach in view of the apparent lack of clearly institutionalised forms of leadership is the creation of “comités de développement”. The state is the sole guardian and principal manager of all forests in the area, and thereby as the legal owner of forest resources, grants exploitation rights to logging operators. If the local people are consulted, than the élite is usually considered to represent the population. The state as sovereign, has superior public regulation rights. The most important interest, which the local populations are allowed to have in permanent forests, is a customary right to harvest forest products for their personal use. Concession holders have the obligation to negotiate with the local populations to provide them with social overhead capital, such as roads, bridges, schools and health facilities. They are expected to 58
come to agreements with local communities in preparing forest management plans for their concessions, which has to be recorded in the management plan. But even more important is the prerequisite (MINEF, 1998a) for concession holders to take part in the design and implementation of management plans as well as in the supervision of their own concessions with the village communities concerned. Tenure arrangements are developed in order to regulate the exploitation of the forest resources. Tenure of forest products is integrated in daily life of the local Bagyeli and Bantu populations of the research are, so there is no distinct formal institution designed exclusively for this purpose. However, there are major differences between Bagyeli and Bantu farmers in the relative importance of economic activities, and hence in that of forest resources. There are important imbalances in their power relations and major differences in capacities to voice their views. Bagyeli interests, perceptions, capacities and power positions differ considerably from Bantus’, this requires their treatment as a separate party in co-management settings. Moreover, customary tenure regimes establish multiple, overlapping individual and group rights on the same forest area. These are vested at different levels of social organisation varying from the village, to the lineage, to the household, to the individual. Indeed, neither village communities, nor other local units hold exclusive property rights over a specific part of the forest. Village courts mostly ensure mechanisms for negotiation and conflict resolution. The success of co-management ultimately depends on the extent to which legal power over forest resources is devolved to the local populations on the one hand and on the security of tenure arrangements between them and the state on the other. One possible form of representation, recommended by MINEF (1998a), is the foundation of a ″Comité paysans-forêt″. It is an organism created to assure dialogue, consultation, negotiation, animation, information and formation, and participation of local populations in the forest management plans. It is considered as an intermediary between the administration and the village and should be formed in each of the villages surrounding the forest area. The ″Comité paysans-forêt″ may be composed of eight members elected and representatives of the community as follows: village chief a member of the village ″Comité de développement″ a representative of the village élites a representative of the outside élites two representatives of the women association a representative of farmers and a representative of young people. These people should be directly involved in all steps of the elaboration of all management plans, which concern their village. The possible forms of participation of local populations in forest management remain: the provision of labour for forest management activities, sharing the benefits from royalties, and participation in the writing of a management plan. 8.2.
BENEFITS FROM PRODUCTION FOREST TO THE COMMUNITY
As explained in Section 3.1.5, the villages surrounding a FMU are entitled to 10% of 50% of the annual forestry fees for the realisation of social work such as: roads, bridges, schools and health facilities. The fee is calculated on the exploitable area. In the present case, the 14,000 ha of exploitable area, multiplied by 1000 F CFA/ha, will give a total of 14,000,000 F CFA annually. Fifty percent or 7,000,000 F CFA will go to the state, 6,300,000 F CFA to the council(s) and 700,000 F CFA to the 26 villages, which would give approximately 27,000 F CFA/year/village.
59
9.
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATEMENT
Actually there is no method clearly put forward in the existing guidelines on how to develop the financial and economic analysis of a management plan. This FMP will attempt to make a financial statement according to the information and data available. This statement will use the present currency value assuming that the incomes and expenses are yearly constant, and that the inflation rate will be the same for both the incomes and the expenses throughout the period. 9.1.
INCOME
9.1.1.
Timber exploitation
The main income will come from timber exploitation. The allowable cut, estimated at 157,393 m3, and the bonus, estimated at 324,465 m3, corresponds to the gross volume that will be available during the cutting cycle. The income has to be calculated on the net volume, that is the volume effectively extracted from the forest and sold. This net volume is usually estimated using a commercialisation coefficient, which takes into account stems of inferior quality that are not felled and logs or parts of logs abandoned in the forest. Since the specific coefficients by species are not available for this forest, the general commercialisation coefficient of 55% used by MINEF (1995) will be applied. The sum of the allowable cut/species multiplied by 55% and also multiplied by the FOB values gives the total income of the forest (see Table 9.1). It is assumed that the timber will be purchased at the FOB price and that it will stay constant during the rotation period. The total income from the allowable cut and bonus with a coefficient of 0.55 for the rotation period is estimated at 22,822,572,061 F CFA. 9.1.2. Other products or services Multiple-use management implies determining the optimal mix of different land uses in a single forest and requires that the costs and benefits of each land use are considered. Multiple-use management might signify that the revenues of the exploitation of some products or services will be less than under single-use management, but the overall revenues will exceed those under single-use management (Panayatou and Ashton, 1992). Unfortunately, there are insufficient data available at this moment to quantify the values or potential income from other product than timber and from services. A qualitative value will therefore be given for the main other products and services that can be obtain from the forest under a commercial and legal basis. Non-timber forest products Many studies and observations testify that exploitation and commercialisation of NTFPs play an important role in the local economy. Specific data still need to be collected on the main products extracted from this forest, their actual available quantity, their exploitation allowable cut and their value on local markets to estimate with sufficient precision the income obtained from them. Including the income from NTFPs should increase the economic value of the forest and contribute to justify its sustained management. Tourism Eco-tourism and outdoor activities are more and more popular and could well be integrated in a multiple-use production forest. The TCP area could benefit from tourism in Kribi, which is an important beach resort, and offer to the tourists activities such as animal sightseeing, trekking in the forest and canoe tours on rivers. Tourism would provide income to local people working as touring guides or offering accommodation facilities.
60
Table 9.1 Code
Income generated by timber exploitation during the first cutting cycle Species
1103 1106 1112 1201 1204 1209 1210 1213 1301 1304 1305 1306 1308 1310 1314 1319 1320 1321 1326 1332 1335 1338 1342 1345 1346 1349
Acajou de bassam Azobé Doussié rouge Aningré A Bahia Eyong Longhi Movingui Aiélé / Abel Alep Andoung brun Andoung rose Bilinga Dabéma Ekaba Faro Fraké / Limba Fromager / Ceiba Koto Mambodé Naga Niové Onzabili K Padouk rouge Tali Zingana Ekop ngombé grandes 1600 feuilles Total income* 1324 Ilomba 1316 Emien * Excluding Ilomba and Emien
Possibility m3 1,310.03 9,780.75 2,542.95 2,772.81 4,073.10 2,168.00 1,102.72 5,286.27 4,340.98 10,473.42 8,631.76 1,762.88 1,346.11 13,240.70 12,548.60 1,713.29 23,367.45 1,205.57 3,443.00 847.09 13,805.82 7,032.32 3,529.55 4,646.39 7,579.62 4,321.43
Bonus m3 747.97 26,840.47 749.49 0.00 618.13 932.75 0.00 6,853.10 10,911.18 21,745.77 28,735.57 17,620.88 2,145.87 21,240.38 3,832.80 1,513.62 1,101.40 8,452.74 0.00 1,857.21 6,835.24 4,641.92 5,354.13 21,886.55 83,506.03 39,512.97
FOB Value F CFA/m3 136,500 94,500 246,750 241,500 88,200 90,825 283,500 120,750 68,250 52,500 73,500 73,500 91,350 63,000 84,000 63,000 73,500 78,750 115,500 52,500 78,750 78,750 68,250 105,000 89,250 115,500
Income F CFA 154,504,749 1,903,387,998 446,826,646 368,298,318 227,571,521 154,894,107 171,942,151 806,206,219 572,528,120 930,328,999 1,510,574,369 783,588,442 175,445,629 1,194,769,669 756,820,952 111,812,669 989,153,646 418,325,639 218,716,671 78,086,920 894,016,141 505,640,766 333,471,327 1,532,277,813 4,471,167,200 2,784,580,507
4,520.72 157,393.32
6,829.13 324,465.41
52,500
327,727,194 22,822,664,382
43,234.42 25,027.36
17,147.12 28,345.19
68,250 84,000
2,266,572,061 2,465,812,389
Carbon sequestration Sequestration of carbon in natural tropical forests has a current economic value. It is estimated that a ton of wood contains half a ton of carbon and that a ton of carbon is worth 20 US$. One m3 of wood (depending of the species) averages 800 kg (CTFT, 1989). If a maximum of 15 m3/ha is extracted from a total volume estimated at 285 m3/ha, 270m3/ha or 216 T/ha of wood is left in the forest after exploitation representing 108 T/ha of carbon which would worth 2000 US$/ha. The whole forest (18,000 ha) would then be worth 36 million US$ or 21.6 billion F CFA19. Watershed protection Forests play a crucial role in regulating quality and quantity of the water flowing in the rivers or entering in the soil. Although it is difficult to attribute a value to it, water regulation should add an economic value to the forest.
19
Exchange rate used: 1 US$ = 600 F CFA.
61
9.2.
EXPENSES
Expenses are estimated at management and exploitation level, without taking account of transformation costs and according to the available information. The cost estimations used are commonly accepted in southern Cameroon (Eba’a Atyi, 2000; Fomété, 2001). The transport distance to a transformation unit or point of exportation is estimated at 75 km. Table 9.2 gives the main expense items and their costs. The following basic hypothesis have been used: Total area of the forest 18,034 ha Exploitable area 14,421 ha Total perimeter of forest 75 km Perimeter alongside rivers 40 km Perimeter along straight lines 35 km Rotation period 30 years Allowable cut 157,393 m3 Bonus 324,465 m3 Total available volume 481,858 m3 Commercial coefficient 55 % Total commercial volume 265,021 m3 Average distance of transport 75 km Table 9.2
Expenses related to timber exploitation Item
Management plan (including management forest inventory) 5 yr. Operational plan Annual operational plan (including exploitation inventory) Installation FMU boundaries Maintenance of FMU boundaries (straight lines) Exploitation activities Transport Forestry fees Felling taxes Round tree export tax Other expenses
Cost per unit
Yearly cost F CFA
Total cost (rotation period) F CFA 50,500,000
% of total income
6,000,000
0.03
2,000,000
60,000,000
0.26
700,000
3,750,000 21,000,000
0.02 0.09
9,637,160,000 2,891,148,000 432,630,000 484,981,618 3,394,871,326 228,000,000
42.23 12.67 1.90 2.13 14.88 1.00
120,000,000 300,000,000 60,000,000
0.53 1.31 0.26
17,690,040,945
77.51
5,132,623,437
22.49
2,800 F CFA/ha
1,000,000 F CFA/ plan
50,000 F CFA/km 20,000 F CFA/km 20,000 F CFA/m3 80 F CFA/m3/km 1000 F CFA/ha 2.5% FOB – 15% 17.5% FOB – 15% 1% of total income
Silvicultural treatments Research Training
14,421,000
4,000,000 10,000,000 2,000,000
Total expenses Benefit Total income
22,822,664,382
The total expenses are estimated to be 17,690,040,945 F CFA. 62
0.22
100
9.3.
MANAGEMENT JUSTIFICATION
The reading of Table 9.2, built from the basic hypothesis retained, brings the following observations: The benefit margin would correspond to 22.5% of the total income; The elaboration costs of management plans including demarcation of the forest corresponds to less than 1% of the total income; and The costs of silvicultural treatments, research and training, which are not compulsory, correspond to 2% of the total income.
63
10.
MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT
10.1.
PRINCIPLES, CRITERIA AND INDICATORS
A Forest Management Plan is a document, which indicates what should be done and how to manage a production forest well on a sustainable basis. In recent years, various organisations have worked on defining sustainable forest management (SFM) standards through principles, criteria and indicators (PCIs) which are to be used for the assessment of the quality of the forest management. In Cameroon, a National Working Group on SFM and Certification (NWG) was created to elaborate PCIs adapted to the Cameroonian context. The results of the NWG were proposed to the Cameroonian Government but are not yet recognised by an official enactment. The concept of SFM needs to be formulated and elaborated for different scales: world-wide, regional, national and FMU. At the universal and national level, the issues of concern are being discussed in a more generic way than in a smaller spatial scale such as the FMU. However, the substance of many issues may still be the same. There is a strong relation between SFM at national level and at the FMU level. SFM for the FMU is ultimately dependent on national forest policy. The policy is reflected in laws and land use procedures. At the national level, the forest base must be secured (permanent forest estate) to sustain the forest at the level of the FMU. This is a condition for sustainable management of a FMU (Lammerts van Bueren and Blom, 1997). Monitoring is an important phase in the process of improving standards developed for SFM. Monitoring here means repetitive observations over time. Monitoring may focus on various aspects and may serve several purposes. Monitoring is a scientific activity, which provides insights into the functioning of the system. The results may indicate a need for an adjustment of management. An operational system to monitor responses is a prerequisite for continuous improvement (Lammerts van Bueren and Blom, 1997). It is therefore important to note that the formulation of standards must be considered as a dynamic process. That is, new standards should be developed and adjusted when new social and/or scientific information and experiences become available as a result of dynamics of forest ecosystem. A FMP does not really have the assignment to define the appropriate set of PCIs for the forest under management but should be drawn up to meet the terms of accepted PCIs that could be used to assess the quality of the proposed management. In that sense, some examples of linkage between principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers given by Lammerts van Bueren and Blom (1997) that could easily be applied for this forest are important to consider in this FMP. Principle 1 Long term social and economic well being of forest workers and local communities shall be maintained, or enhanced. Criterion 1.1 Forest workers and local communities have their user rights well defined and secured. Indicator 1.1.1 Tenure and user rights are clear to all stakeholders. 1.1.2 Area and percentage of forestland used for subsistence purposes. Verifiers * Interviews. * Written procedures. * Company annual report. Principle 2 The productive functions of the forest shall be maintained. 64
Criterion 2.1 The productive capacity of the ecosystem is maintained. Indicator 2.1.1 Operation of low-impact felling and skidding techniques. 2.1.2 Silvicultural practices are adjusted to the specific ecology of the forest. Criterion 2.2 The productive capacity of the soil is maintained. Indicator 2.2.1 Percentage of harvested area having significant soil compaction. Criterion 2.3 The standing volumes after harvest and the diameter class variations are favourable to support future harvests. Indicator 2.3.1 Actual harvest volumes compared with calculated allowable cut (net annual increment). 2.3.2 Abundance of regeneration after harvesting. Principle 3 The protection functions of the forest shall be maintained. Criterion 3.1 Slopes steeper than x% are continuously kept under forest cover. Indicator 3.1.1 Occurrence of gaps or roads on slopes steeper than x%. 3.1.2 Presence of planning of harvesting activities on slopes steeper than x%. 3.1.3 Presence of planning of measures for the protection of forests on slopes steeper than x%. Principle 4 The biodiversity of the forest shall be maintained, conserved and appropriately enhanced. Criterion 4.1 The species composition of logged forest resembles original forest. Indicator 4.1.1 Changes in the number of threatened species. 4.1.2 Changes in the number of forest dependant species. 4.1.3 Monitoring system to measure biodiversity in place. Criterion 4.2 The structure of the logged forest resembles original forest. Indicator 4.2.1 Gap size and frequency. 4.2.2 Number of canopy layers. Verifiers Forest visit and observation by assessment team. Growth and yield tables, permanent sample plots. Annual harvesting reports. Management plan. 10.2.
CERTIFICATION
More and more people are concerned about conservation of forests but are also aware that using (biodegradable) forest products is often preferable from an ecological point of view to using other products and therefore want a guarantee that the forest products they buy or use come from wellmanaged forests. Certification is the process of independent verification that forest management has reached the level required by a given standard (Higman et al., 1999) The explicit of certification is to improve the quality of forest management so as to reach sustainable forest management. Certification is a process, which results in a written quality statement (a certificate) attesting the origin of wood raw material and its status and/or qualifications following validation by an independent third 65
party. In other words, certification provides a guarantee to the buyers that their purchase comes from a well-managed forest and they will not favour unsustainable or inequitable practices (Upton and Bass, 1995). Assessment as applied in certification, provides information on the situation at a given moment. Certificates are often granted conditionally. This means that within a certain time period specific aspects should be improved or changed. So, with monitoring it is possible to see whether such aspects are changing in the right direction. (Lammerts van Bueren and Blom, 1997). Once again a management plan is not meant to define or decide which certification process should be used but to make sure the management propose will comply with it. As an example, one principle concerning management plans of the Forest Stewardship Council (Appendix 1 in Higman et al., 1999) is presented below: Principle 7: Management plan A management plan – appropriate to the scale and intensity of the operations – shall be written, implemented, and kept up to date. The long-term objectives of management, and the means of achieving them, shall be clearly stated. Criteria 7.1 The management plan and supporting documents shall provide: a) Management objectives. b) Description of the forest resources to be managed, environmental limitations, land use and ownership status, socio-economic conditions, and a profile of adjacent lands. c) Description of silvicultural and/or other management system, based on the ecology of the forest in question and information gathered through resource inventories. d) Rationale for rate of annual harvest and species selection. e) Provisions for monitoring of forest growth and dynamics. f) Environmental safeguards based on environmental assessment. g) Plans for the identification and protection of rare, threatened and endangered species; h) Maps describing the forest resource base including protected areas, planned management activities and land ownership. i) Description and justification of harvesting techniques and equipment to be used. 7.2 The management shall be periodically revised to incorporate the results of monitoring or new scientific and technical information, as well as to respond to changing environmental, social and economic circumstances. 7.3 Forest workers shall receive adequate training and supervision to ensure proper implementation of the management plan. 7.4 While respecting the confidentiality of information, forest managers shall make publicly available a summary of the primary elements of the management plan, including those listed in Criterion 7.1.
66
11.
PERIOD AND REVISION OF THE PLAN
A FMP is not a static plan but a dynamic process; a proper monitoring and evaluation system should be designed enabling improvements or reorientation during its implementation (Vellema and Maas, 1998). This management plan is meant for a period of 30 years, which corresponds to one cutting cycle. The revision periodicity will be of 5 years. The objectives and baselines will be conserve but modifications might occur according to changing circumstances or new information. The accuracy of the allowable cut will be verified by comparing the effectively extracted timber to the exploitation inventory results as well as to the ones of the management inventory and adjustments will be done if necessary. New species might be added to the actual exploitable list. The role of local population in forest management will be elaborated further with ongoing experience. Results from the research will induce a better global management approach. The financial analysis will be stated more accurately when the commercialisation coefficients, income of other forest products and exploitation costs will be known better. Logging contracts are actually signed for a duration of 15 years. If the management of the forest has been adequately conducted, it should normally be renewed for another 15 years. In fact the concessionaire becomes reluctant to proceed in long-term investments such as silvicultural treatments or even a long-lasting road network that he is not sure to benefit from in the future. The duration of a FMU logging contract should correspond to a period of at least 2 or more rotation periods. Normally a FMP should include the first five-year management plan as well as the first annual plan of operation including the planned road network. Because of the already described particular circumstances and without the exploitation inventories these two operational plans will not be integrated in this FMP. Five important steps or activities need to be completed before implementing this management plan: A specific socio-economic survey of the surrounding villages needs to be realised; The proposed limits of the production forest need to be discussed and negotiated with the stakeholders; The forest needs to be classified as part of the permanent forest estate; The type of exploitation needs to be decided and if applicable the logger identified; The forest management plan needs to be adapted to the new limits if these have changed.
67
REFERENCES Alder, D. and Synnott, T.J. (1992). Permanent sample plot techniques for mixed tropical forest. Tropical Forestry Papers 25. Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. API Dimako (1994). Gestion durable des unités forestières d'aménagement 10-046/10-060/10-059/10038/10-031. Volume 1 : Généralités sur les UFA, synthèse des connaissances actuelles disponibles et méthodologie appliquée. Projet API Dimako, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Aplet, G.H., Johnson, N., Olson, J.T. and Sample, A.V. (eds.) (1993). Defining sustainable forestry. The wilderness society and Island Press, Covelo, USA. van den Berg, J. and Biesbrouck, K. (2000). The social dimension of rainforest management in Cameroon: Issues for co-management. Tropenbos-Cameroon Series 4. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Biesbrouck, K. (in prep). Tenure of forest resources, mobility and their dynamics: The case of Bagyeli in southern Cameroon. PhD thesis. Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands and TropenbosCameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Borrini-Feyerabend, G. (1997). Gestion participative des aires protégées : l'adaptation au contexte. UICN Série sur les Politiques Sociales. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Bos, J. (1994). STAGES: a system for generating strategic alternatives for forest management. PhD thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Bruntland, G.H. (1989). Notre avenir à tous : la commission mondiale sur l'environnement et le développement. Editions du Fleuve, Montréal, Canada. Côté, S. (1993). Plan de zonage du Cameroun forestier méridional, Objectifs, méthodologie, plan de . MINEF-ACDI-PTI, Yaoundé, Cameroon. CTFT (1989). Mémento du forestier. Troisième édition. Ministère de la Coopération et du Paris, France. Debroux, L. (1998). L'aménagement des forêts tropicales fondé sur la gestion des populations d'arbres : l'exemple du moabi (Baillonella toxisperma Pierre) dans la forêt du Dja, Cameroun. Thèse de doctorat. Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux, Belgium. van Dijk, J. F. W. (1999). Non-timber forest products in the Bipindi – Akom II region, Cameroon: a socio-economic and ecological assessment. Tropenbos-Cameroon Series 1. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Durrieu de Madron, L. (2000). Revue technique des concessions forestières. Rapport version 4. Comité Technique de Suivi des programmes économiques Cameroon. Durrieu de Madron, L., Fontez, B. and Dipapoundji, B. (2000). Dégâts d’abattage et de débardage en fonction de l’intensité d’exploitation en forêt dense humide d’Afrique Centrale. Tropiques 264, 57-60. Durrieu de Madron, L., Forni, E. and Mekok, M. (1998). Les techniques d’exploitation à faible impact en forêt dense humide camerounaise. Série FORAFRI, Document 17. CIRAD-Forêt, Montpellier, France. Dykstra, D.P. and Heinrich, R. (1996). FAO model code of forest harvesting practice. FAO, Rome, Italy. Eba´a Atyi, R. (1998). Cameroon logging industry: structure, economic importance and effects of devaluation. CIFOR Occasional Paper no. 14. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. Eba'a Atyi, R. (2000). TROPFOMS: a decision support model for sustainable management of south Cameroon's rain forests. Tropenbos-Cameroon Series 2. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Eyog Matig, O., Schmidt, P. and Foahom, B. (eds.) (2000). Elaboration du plan d’aménagement du site du Programme Tropenbos-Cameroun. Tropenbos-Cameroon Reports 00-4. TropenbosCameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. FAO (1988). FAO-UNESCO soil map of the world. World Soil Resources Report 60. FAO, Rome, Italy. 68
Foahom, B. and Jonkers, W.B.J. (1992). A programme for Tropenbos research in Cameroon. The Tropenbos Foundation. Ede, the Netherlands. Fines, J.P., Lescuyer, G. and Tchatat, M. (2001). Pre-mediation Master Management Plan for the Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme research area. Tropenbos-Cameroon Documents 5. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Fomété, T. (2001). Séminaire de formation sur les aspects économiques de l’aménagement forestier, . Projet Campo Ma’an, Kribi, Cameroon. Franqueville, A. (1973). Atlas régional Sud-Ouest I, République du Cameroun. ORSTOM, Yaoundé, Cameroon. van Gemerden, B.S. and Hazeu, G.W. (1999). Landscape Ecological Survey (1:100,000) of the Bipindi – Akom II – Lolodorf region, southwest Cameroon. Tropenbos-Cameroon Documents 1. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Guedje, N.M. and Nkongmeneck, B.A. (2001). Demographic study on non-timber species for sustainable use and management of forest resources: the case of Garcinia Lucida Vesque. In Jonkers, W.B.J., Foahom, B. and Schmidt, P. (eds.). Seminar proceedings ‘Sustainable management of African rain forest’, held in Kribi, Cameroon, November 1999. Part II. Symposium. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Hazeu, G.H., van Gemerden, B.S., Hommel, P. and van Kekem, A. (2000). Suitability evaluation of the forest land in the Bipindi – Akom II – Lolodorf region, southwest Cameroon. TropenbosCameroon Documents 4. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Higman, S., Bass, S., Judd, N., Mayers, J. and Nussbaum, R. (1999). The sustainable forestry handbook: a practical guide for tropical forest managers on implementing new standards. IIED, SGS and Earthscan Publications Limited, London, United Kingdom. ITTO (1990). ITTO guidelines for sustainable management of natural tropical forests. ITTO Technical Series 5. ITTO, Yokohama, Japan. Jonkers, W.B.J. (ed.) (2000). Logging, damage and efficiency: a study on the feasibility of reduced Impact logging in Cameroon. Final report. Tropenbos-Cameroon Reports 00-3. The TropenbosCameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Jonkers, W.B.J. (2001). Reduced Impact Logging in Sarawak, the Guyanas and Cameroon: the reasons behind differences in approach. Paper presented at the “International Conference on application of Reduced Impact Logging to advance Sustainable Forest Management: constraints, challenges and opportunities, 26 February - 1 March 2001, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Jonkers, W.B.J. and Wessel, M. (eds.) (1999). Forest management related studies of the TropenbosCameroon Programme. Tropenbos-Cameroon Reports 99-1. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Lammerts van Bueren, E.M. and Blom, E.M. (1997). Hierarchical framework for the formulation of sustainable forest management standards, Principles, criteria, indicators. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Lescuyer, G., Fouda Moulende, T. and Fines, J-P. (1999). Rapport socio-économique 1999 Zone de recherche Programme Tropenbos Cameroun. Internal report. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Letouzey, R. (1968). Etude phytogéographique du Cameroun. Editions Paul Lechevalier, Paris, France. Letouzey, R. (1985). Notice de la carte phytogéographique du Cameroun au 1 : 500 000 (1985). Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Végétation, Toulouse, France. MINEF (1995). Organisation des forêts de production du Cameroun méridional. MINEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. MINEF (1998a). Guide d’élaboration des plans d’aménagement des forêts de production du domaine forestier permanent de la République du Cameroun MINEF (1998b). Directives nationales pour l’aménagement durable des forêts naturelles du Cameroun. ONADEF-OIBT. MINEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. MINEF (1998c). Normes d’intervention en milieu forestier. MINEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. MINEF (1998d). Décision N° 0108/D/MINEF/CAB du 9 février 1998 portant application des normes d’intervention en milieu forestier en République du Cameroun 69
MINEF (1999a). Procédure de contrôle des opérations forestières. MINEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. MINEF (1999b). Décision N° 1354/D/MINEF/CAB du 26 novembre 1999 Fixant les procédures de classement des Forêts du Domaine Forestier Permanent de la République du Cameroun. MINEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. MINEF/MINDIC (1999). Arrêté conjoint N° 0796 du MINEF/MINDIC portant classification des Cameroon. MINEF-TECSULT (1999). Logiciel TIAMA Traitement des Inventaires Appliqué à la Modélisation des Aménagements. Manuel d’utilisation. Cameroon. MINEFI and CIRAD-FORET (2000). Audit économique et financier du secteur forestier au Cameroun. Rapport provisoire. MINEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Nasi, R., Amsallem, I. and Drouineau, S. (eds.) (1999). La gestion des forêts denses africaines : actes du séminaire Forafri de Libreville, Gabon, 12-16 octobre 1998. CIRAD, Montpellier, France. Ndjebet Ntamag, C. (1997). Spatial distribution of non-timber forest products collection, A case study of south Cameroon. MSc thesis. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Ngibaot, F. (1997). Rapport de mission effectuée à Ebolowa du 17 au 20 juin 1997. Internal report. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Ngibaot, F. (2000). Rapport de mission de vérification des travaux d’inventaire d’aménagement dans le site de recherche du Programme Tropenbos Cameroun. Internal report. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Ngibaot, F. and Fines, J-P. (2000). Rapport partiel de l’inventaire d’aménagement d’un massif forestier situé dans le site de recherche du Programme Tropenbos Cameroun. TropenbosCameroon Programme and ONADEF, Kribi, Cameroon. Nounamo, L. and Yemefack, M. (2000). Shifting cultivation in the evergreen forest of Cameroon: farming systems and soil degradation. Tropenbos-Cameroon Reports 00-2. Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Olivry, J.C. (1986). Fleuves et rivières du Cameroun. MESRES-ORSTOM. Collection “Monographies Hydrologiques ORSTOM” 9. ORSTOM, Paris, France. ONADEF (1991a). Stratification forestière du territoire pour une cartographie au 1/50 000. ONADEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. ONADEF (1991b). Normes d’inventaire d’aménagement et de pré-investissement. ONADEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. ONADEF (1991c). Normes de vérification des travaux d’inventaire de reconnaissance, Cameroon. d’aménagement et de pré-investissement ONADEF (1991d). Liste des essences des forêts denses du Cameroun. ONADEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Onguene, N.A. (2000). Diversity and dynamics of mycorrhizal associations in tropical rain forests with different disturbance regimes in south Cameroon. Tropenbos-Cameroon Series 3. TropenbosCameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon. Panayotou, T. and Ashton, P. (1992). Not by timber alone: the case of multiple use management in tropical forests. Island Press, Covelo, California, USA. Parren, M. and Bongers, F. (1999). Forest lianas and pre-felling climber cutting in southern Cameroon: a silvicultural evaluation. In Nasi, R. Amsallem, I. and Drouineau, S. (eds.). Actes du séminaire Forafri de Libreville du 12-16 octobre 1998, Libreville, Gabon. CIRAD, Montpellier, France. Poulin Thériault Inc/GDFC (1996). Procédures administratives pour l’attribution des titres d’exploitation (domaine forestier permanent). ACDI-MINEF. Yaoundé, Cameroon. Poulin Thériault Inc/GDFC (1998). Plan de gestion quinquennal, Lokoundjé-Nyong. ACDI-MINEF, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Republic of Cameroon (1994). Law N° 94-01 of 20 January 1994 to lay down forestry, wildlife, and fisheries regulations. Official Journal, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Republic of Cameroon (1995a). Decree N° 95-531-PM of 23 August 1995 to determine the conditions of implementation of forestry regulations. Official Journal, Yaoundé, Cameroon. 70
Republic of Cameroon (1995b). Decree N° 95-678-PM of 18 December 1995 to institute an indicative land use framework for the southern forested area of Cameroon. Official Journal, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Republic of Cameroon (2000). Loi N° 2000/08 du 30 juin 2000 portant loi des finances de la République du Cameroun pour l’exercice 2000/2001. Official Journal, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Sist, P., Dykstra, D.P. and Fimbel, R. (1998). Reduced-Impact Logging Guidelines for Lowland and Hill Dipterocarp Forests in Indonesia. CIFOR Occasional Paper 15. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. Tiayon, F. (1998). Pratiques agricoles et utilisations des terres forestières chez les Ngumba du SudCameroun. In Nasi, R. Amsallem, I. and Drouineau, S. (eds.). Actes du séminaire Forafri de Libreville du 12-16 octobre 1998, Libreville, Gabon. CIRAD, Montpellier, France. Touber, L., Smaling, E.M.A., Andriesse, W. and Hakkeling, R.T.A. (1989). Inventory and evaluation of tropical forest land: guidelines for a common methodology. Tropenbos Technical Series 4. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, the Netherlands. UNESCO (1981). Carte de la végétation d'Amérique du Sud. Recherches sur les ressources naturelles 17. UNESCO, Paris, France. Upton, C. and Bass, S. (1995). The forest certification handbook. Earthscan Publication Ltd, London, United Kingdom. Vellema, H.C. and Maas, J.B. (1998). Forest management plans; what are they about? In Jonkers, W.B.J. and Wessel, M. (eds.). Forest management related studies of the Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme. Tropenbos-Cameroon Reports 99-1. The Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Vivien, J. (1991). Faune du Cameroun : guide des mammifères et poissons Cameroon. Waterloo, M. J., Ntonga, J. C., Dolman, A. J. and Ayangma, A. B. (1997). Impact of land use change on the hydrology and erosion of rain forest in south Cameroon. DLO Winand Staring Center Report 134. Winand Staring Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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ANNEXES
72
Annex I List of Tropenbos Cameroon Programme research projects Forest land inventory and evaluation Lu1 : Overall forest land inventory and qualitative ecological land evaluation Lu2 : Shifting cultivation in evergreen forest: farming systems and soil degradation Ecology Ecol1
:
Ecol2 Ecol3
: :
Forestry F1 F2 F3 F4
: : : :
F5 F6
: :
Structure and species composition (biodiversity) of evergreen moist forest in southern Cameroon Functional aspects of the evergreen forest in southern Cameroon Plant animal relations: effects of disturbance on the regeneration of commercial tree species
Logging damage and efficiency Growth, regeneration and mortality in managed natural forest Commercial potential of lesser-known species Forest dynamics in evergreen forest, with special reference to actual and potential tree species Plant insect relations, with special references to pest of commercial tree species Mycorrhiza association in tropical evergreen forest
Economics and management Econ1 : A management model for efficient and sustainable timber production in southern Cameroon Econ2 : Environmental impact assessment of forest management in southern Cameroon Social sciences S1 : People’s perspectives on forest exploitation – villagers, pygmies and changing relations with the forest Theme 1 : Normative framework Theme 2 : Sedentarisation Theme 3 : Local knowledge Theme 4 : Comoditization Theme 5 : Non timber forest products (NTFP) S1bis : Options of integration of NTFP resources management in multiple use forest management in southern Cameroon Carpe1
:
Carpe2
:
The sustainability of NTFP harvesting and management: the case of Garcinia lucida in the Bipindi – Akom II region (south Cameroon). The role of community institutions in the management of NTFP in Cameroon.
Information on these research projects can be found in Foahom and Jonkers (1992), in the proceedings of the Forafri seminar (Nasi et al., 1999) and in the proceedings of the TCP workshops (Foahom et al., 2000) and the TCP symposium (Jonkers and Foahom, 2000). Results are published in the TropenbosCameroon Series, the Tropenbos-Cameroon Documents, and the Tropenbos-Cameroon Reports, all available at the Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme (P.O.B. 219, Kribi, Cameroon) and the Tropenbos Foundation (P.O.B. 232, NL 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands). The annual reports of the Tropenbos Foundation give an overview of all TCP publications.
73
Annex II Taxable values applied for the felling tax First semester 2000-2001 Arrêté N° 00376/MINEFI/DD of 12 august 2000
Code
1401 1204 1103 1104 1348 1301 1303 1476 1305 1307 1201 1496 1203 1105 1106 1107 1110 1308 1309 1108 1207 1548 1310 1552 1554 1119 1111 1112 1313 1314 1315
Species
FOB Value F CFA/m3 (Zone I)
Abale/Abing/Essia Abura/Bahia Acajou de Bassam/Ngollon Afrormosia/Assamela Agba/Tola Aiele/Abel Ako/Aloa Amvout/Ekong Andoung Angueuk Aniegre/Aningre Asila/Kioro/Omang Avodire Ayous/Obeche Azobé/Bongossi Bete/Mansonia Bibolo/Disetou Bilinga Bodioa Bosse Bubinga Cordia/Ebe Dabema/Atui Dambala Diana/Celtis/Odou Douka/Makoré Doussié blanc/Pachyloba/Apa Doussié rouge/Bipindensis Ebiara/Abem Ekaba Ekoune
78,750 88,200 136,500 194,250 84,000 68,250 68,250 52,500 73,500 52,500 241,500 52,500 52,500 106,730 94,500 110,250 105,000 91,350 52,500 126,000 210,000 105,000 63,000 52,500 52,500 99,750 157,500 246,750 89,550 84,000 52,500
74
Taxable value F CFA/m3 (85%of FOB value) 66,938 74,970 116,025 165,113 71,400 58,013 58,013 44,625 62,475 44,625 205,275 44,625 44,625 90,721 80,325 93,713 89,250 77,648 44,625 107,100 178,500 89,250 53,550 44,625 44,625 84,788 133,875 209,738 76,118 71,400 44,625
Felling tax F CFA/m3 (2.5% of taxable value) 1,673 1,874 2,901 4,128 1,785 1,450 1,450 1,116 1,562 1,116 5,132 1,116 1,116 2,268 2,008 2,343 2,231 1,941 1,116 2,678 4,463 2,231 1,339 1,116 1,116 2,120 3,347 5,243 1,903 1,785 1,116
Code
Species
1316 1632 1631 1635 1639 1317 1336 1646 1651 1318 1209 1319 1115 1321 1322 1323 1324 1116 1681 1683 1325 1117 1346 1326 1327 1328 1329 1320 1331 1210 1212 1332 1120 1728 1213 1333 1334 1335 1338
Emien/Ekouk Esak Eseng/Lo Essessang Esson Etimoe Evene/Ekop Evene/Naga parallèle Eveuss Evoula/Vitex Eyek Eyong Faro Framire Fromager/Ceiba Gombe/Ekop Gombe Iatandza/Evouvous Ilomba Iroko Kanga Kapokier/Bombax/Esodum Kondroti/Ovonga Kossipo Kotibe/Tali Koto Kumbi/Ekoa Landa Lati/Edjil Limba/Fraké Limbali Longhi/Abam Lotofa/Nkanang Mambode/Amouk Moabi Moambe Movingui Mukulungu Mutundo Naga/Ekop Naga Niove
FOB Value F CFA/m3 (Zone I) 84,000 52,500 52,500 68,250 63,000 52,500 78,750 52,500 52,500 52,500 90,825 63,000 110,250 78,750 78,750 84,000 68,250 147,000 52,250 64,050 68,250 99,750 89,250 115,500 63,000 52,500 52,500 73,500 78,750 283,500 72,450 52,500 126,000 52,500 120,750 68,250 52,500 78,750 78,750
75
Taxable value F CFA/m3 (85% of FOB value) 71,400 44,625 44,625 58,013 53,550 44,625 66,938 44,625 44,625 44,625 77,201 53,550 93,713 66,938 66,938 71,400 58,013 124,950 44,413 54,443 58,013 84,788 75,863 98,175 53,550 44,625 44,625 62,475 66,938 240,975 61,583 44,625 107,100 44,625 102,638 58,013 44,625 66,938 66,938
Felling tax F CFA/m3 (2.5% of taxable value) 1,785 1,116 1,116 1,450 1,339 1,116 1,673 1,116 1,116 1,116 1,930 1,339 2,343 1,673 1,673 1,785 1,450 3,124 1,110 1,361 1,450 2,120 1,897 2,454 1,339 1,116 1,116 1,562 1,673 6,024 1,540 1,116 2,678 1,116 2,566 1,450 1,116 1,673 1,673
Code
1339 1341 1121 1205 1342 1343 1883 1207 1885 1214 1344 1215 1122 1123 1347 1978 1124 1452 1126 1349
Species
FOB Value F CFA/m3 (Zone I)
Oboto/Abodzok Okan/Adoum Okoume Olon/Bongo Onzabili/Angongui Osanga/Sikon Ouochi/Albizia/Angoyeme Ovengkol/Bubinga E Ovoga/Angale Ozigo Padouk Pao Rosa Sapelli Sipo Tchitola Teck Tiama Tsanya/Akela Wenge Zingana/Amuk Other species
63,000 52,500 57,750 65,100 68,250 52,500 52,500 101,850 52,500 63,000 105,000 147,000 152,250 183,750 57,750 163,800 108,720 52,500 147,000 115,500 52,500
76
Taxable value F CFA/m3 (85% of FOB value) 53,550 44,625 49,088 55,335 58,013 44,625 44,625 86,573 44,625 53,550 89,250 124,950 129,413 156,188 49,088 139,230 92,412 44,625 124,950 98,175 44,625
Felling tax F CFA/m3 (2.5% of taxable value) 1,339 1,116 1,227 1,383 1,450 1,116 1,116 2,164 1,116 1,339 2,231 3,124 3,235 3,905 1,227 3,481 2,310 1,116 3,124 2,454 1,116
Annex III Description of the boundaries of the forest Coordinates Boundary Latitude mark 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
(o ; ';'')
(o ; ';'')
2°55'03'' 2°57'58'' 2°59'31'' 3°01'26'' 3°00'13'' 3°01'57'' 3°03'44'' 3°02'06'' 2°59'36'' 2°56'56'' 2°55'40'' 2°55'49'' 2°55'35''
10°32'35'' 10°29'51'' 10°26'21'' 10°31'47'' 10°33'38'' 10°34'43'' 10°38'06'' 10°40'28'' 10°37'16'' 10°37'30'' 10°35'17'' 10°33'17'' 10°33'03''
Boundary To mark Boundary mark
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Longitude
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1
Direction
Distance
(o)
(m)
317 north-west east south, east 32 63 125 south-west 175 245 North West 230
7,395.0 9,316.0 12,224.0 5,336.0 3,768.0 7,079.0 5,345.0 8,204.0 4,940.0 4,702.0 3,031.0 1,960.0 1,949.0
Total:
75,249.0
River sides (Ri):
40,071.0
Straight lines (Li):
35,178.0
Observations
Type
Straight line Following downstream Tchangué River Following upstream Mindjoh River Following upstream river Straight line Straight line Straight line Following downstream Sonkwé River Straight line Straight line Following downstream river Following downstream river Straight line
Li Ri Ri Ri Li Li Li Ri Li Li Ri Ri Li
77
Annex IV Rainfall and temperature charts of Kribi, Ebolowa and Lolodorf meteorological stations
600
28 27,5 27 26,5 26 25,5 25 24,5 24 23,5
500
mm
400 300 200 100
Ju
ne Ju
M ay
ril Ap
ly Au gu Se st pt em be r O ct ob er N ov em be D r ec em be r
Ja
nu
ar y Fe br ua ry M ar ch
0
°C
Kribi
months
Monthly mean rainfall (columns in mm) and temperature (curve in °C) at Kribi meteorological station
Ebolowa 350
25,5
300
25 24,5 24
200
23,5 150
23
100
22,5
50
22
Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er N ov em be D r ec em be r
ly Ju
ne Ju
M ay
Fe br ua ry M ar ch
ar nu
Ap ril
21,5 y
0
Ja
°C
mm
250
Monthly mean rainfall (columns in mm) and temperature (curve in °C) at Ebolowa meteorological station
78
Lolodorf 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50
Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er N ov em be r D ec em be r
ly Ju
ne Ju
M ay
ril Ap
ch ar M
Ja
nu
ar
y Fe br ua ry
0
Monthly mean rainfall (columns in mm) at Lolodorf meteorological station
Rainfall in 1996 Latitude N
Lolodorf
3.20 Ebom Melan
Bipindi Ebimimbang
t 3.00
Minkan Nyangong Kribi
Mvie
Ebolowa
Akom II
2.80 10.00
10.20
10.40
10.60
Longitude E Isohyets 1996 (mm of rainfall)
79
10.80
11.00
11.20
Annex V Areas of villages, which consider part of the forest as their territory 1 Name of village
2
3
4
Area Minimum Area Ratio Production cultivable Agroforestry column 3 / forest area needed* zone column 2 (ha) (ha) (ha)
Abiete Bibindi Bibole Malomba Mefane Mvié Nlonkeng Toko Total Akom II
2,427 129 412 2,968
437 930 504 1,871
1,730 4,127 2,223 8,080
3.96
Assok II Bongwana Ebimimbang Edo'omang Melen Mindjoh Minfombo Sa'a Tyango Nyaminkom Total Bipindi
1,207 528 1,275 1,064 2,694 6,768
750 1,530 210 480 150 495 3,615
1,187 3,622 1,268 1,017 1,571 894 9,559
1.58
Abo'o Ntomba Ebom Engomba Kalate Aba'a Mekalat Minkan Nkoutou Total Ebolowa Area claimed by more than one village Total
2,095 114 941 422 818 4,390 3,880
291 539 787 590 364 2,571
2,534 2,455 1,824 5,103 2,341 14,257 3,290
8.71
18,006
8,057
35,186
4.37
4.44 4.41 4.32
2.37 6.04 2.12 10.47
1.81 2.64
4.55 2.32 8.65 6.43 5.55
* Projections for the next 20 years (Fines et al., 2000). Note: Some villages located close to the forest do not claim part of it as belonging to their traditional territory (examples: Bibindi, Bibole). They are considered bordering villages, but their village territories are not included in the table.
80
Annex VI Most important NTFP species Use type Most used species Condiments and spices Angale (Poga oleosa) Andok (Irvingia gabonensis) Essessang (Ricinodendron heudelotii) Afane (Panda oleosa) Divida (Scorodophloeus zenkeri) Fruit and nut bearing Fruit Amvout (Trichoscypha acuminata) Ekong (Trichoscypha arborea) Akomengwe (Cola ricinifolia) (Cola sp.) Onzabili K (Antrocaryon klaineanum) Nut Coula (Coula edulis) Abeu (Cola acuminata/C. nitida) Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) Angale (Poga oleosa) Abeu afan (Cola verticilata) Medicine Emien (Alstonia boonei) Asseng (Musanga cecropioides) Palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) (Rauvolfia vomitoria) Etoan (Tabernaemontana crassa) Construction materials House construction Coula (Coula edulis) Akui (Xylopia aethiopica) Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum) Eyong (Eribroma oblonga) Abura (Mitragyna stipulosa) Furniture Akui (Xylopia aethiopica) Abura (Mitragyna stipulosa) Moambé jaune (Enenthia chlorantha) Coula (Coula edulis) Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum) Equipment Zo'o (Massularia acuminata) Mfas (Strychnos asterantha) Mbel (Pterocarpus soyauxii) Etup (Treculia africana) Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum)
81
Most important species Andok (Irvingia gabonensis) Angale (Poga oleosa) Essessang (Ricinodendron heudelotii) Afane (Panda oleosa) Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma) Amvout (Trichoscypha acuminata) Ekong (Trichoscypha arborea) Coula (Coula edulis) Bitter kola (Cola spp) Andok (Irvingia gabonensis)
Emien (Alstonia boonei) (Rauvolfia vomitoria) Coula (Coula edulis) Mubala (Pentaclethra macrophylla) Asseng (Musanga cecropioides) Coula (Coula edulis) Akui (Xylopia aethiopica) Abura (Mitragyna stipulosa) Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum) Padouk rouge (Pterocarpus soyauxii)
Use type Vegetables and wrapping leaves
Bark used for palm wine
Most used species Eru (Gnetum sp.) Lombades (Cercestis sp.) Ndole (Vernonia amygdalina) (Vernonia sp.) Folong (Amaranthus spp) Essok (Garcinia lucida) Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) Awum (Phyllanthus muellerianus) Ozounga (Sacoglottis gabonensis) Emien (Alstonia boonei)
Most important species
Source: van Dijk (1999). This publication provides detailed information on NTFPs in the TCP research area.
82
Annex VII List of TIAMA Group 2 species present in the forest Code
Commercial name
Scientific name
1409 1402 1419 1101 1102 1103 1301 1304 1305 1306 1201 1202 1106 1204 1308 1205 1108 1109 1207 1208 1206 1310 1110 1111 1112 1113 1314 1598 1599 1600
Abam à fruit jaune Abam à poils rouges Abam vrai Acajou à grandes folioles Acajou blanc Acajou de bassam Aiélé / Abel Alep Andoung brun Andoung rose Aningré A Aningré R Azobé Bahia Bilinga Bongo H / Olon Bossé clair Bossé foncé Bubinga E Bubinga rose Bubinga rouge Dabéma Dibétou / Bibolo Doussié blanc Doussié rouge Doussié Sanaga Ekaba Ekop naga akolodo Ekop naga nord-ouest Ekop ngombé grandes feuilles Ekop ngombé mamelle Emien Eyong Faro Fraké / Limba Fromager / Ceiba Gombé Ilomba Iroko Kossipo Koto Longhi
Gambeya gigantea Gambeya beguei Gambeya lacourtiana Khaya grandifolia Khaya anthotheca Khaya ivorensis Canarium schweinfurthii Desbordesia glaucescens Monopetalanthus microphyllus Monopetalanthus letestui Aningeria altissima Aningeria robusta Lophira alata Mitragyna ciliata Nauclea diderrichii Fagara heitzii Guarea cedrata Guarea thompsonii Guibourtia ehie Guibourtia tessmannii Guibourtia demeusei Piptadeniastrum africanum Lovoa trichilioides Afzelia pachyloba Afzelia bipindensis Afzelia africana Tetraberlinia bifoliolata Brachystegia eurycoma Brachystegia kennedyi Didelotia africana
50 50 50 80 80 80 60 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 80 60 80 80 80 80 80 60 80 80 80 80 60 60 60 60
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.35 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.35 0.50 0.40 0.70 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Didelotia unifoliata Alstonia boonei Eribroma oblongum Daniella ogea Terminalia superba Ceiba pentandra Didelotia letouzeyi Pycnanthus angolensis Milicia excelsa Entandrophragma candollei Pterygota macrocarpa Gambeya africana
60 50 50 60 60 50 60 60 100 80 60 60
0.50 0.90 0.40 0.70 0.70 0.90 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
1601 1316 1209 1319 1320 1321 1322 1324 1116 1117 1326 1210
83
ADM DME (cm) MAI (cm)
Code
Commercial name
Scientific name
1332 1120 1213 1335 1336 1338 1341 1342 1870 1344 1345 1123 1346 1124 1125 1349
Mambodé Moabi Movingui Naga Naga parallèle Niové Okan Onzabili K Onzabili M Padouk blanc Padouk rouge Sipo Tali Tiama Tiama Congo Zingana
Detarium macrocarpum Baillonella toxisperma Distemonanthus benthamianus Brachystegia cynometrioides Brachystegia mildbraedii Staudtia kamerunensis Cylicodiscus gabonensis Antrocaryon klaineanum Antrocaryon micrasler Pterocarpus mildbraedii Pterocarpus soyauxii Entandrophragma utile Erythrophleum ivorense Entandrophragma angolense Entandrophragma congoense Microberlinia bisulcata
84
ADM DME (cm) MAI (cm) 50 100 60 60 60 50 60 50 50 60 60 80 50 80 80 80
0.50 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.40
Annex VIII Protected animal species1 Class A Totally protected mammals Common name Scientific name Caracal Felis caacal Chevrotain aquatique Hyemoschus aquaticus Chimpanzé Pan troglodytes Redunca de montagne Redunca fulvorufula Colobe à manteau Colobus guereza blanc Drill Papio leucophaeus Cercopithèque de Cercopithecus l’hoestii l’Hoest Ecureuil volant de Anomalurus beecroftii Beecroft Eléphant Loxodonta spp Galago Galago allenii Gazelle à front roux
Gazelle rufifrons
Girafe Gorille Guépard
Giraffa camelopardalis Gorilla gorilla Acinonyx jubatus
Lamantin Lion
Trichechus senegalensis Panthera leo
Lycaon
Lycaon pictus
Oryctérope
Orycteropus afer
Pangolin géant
Manis gigantea
Panthère
Panthera pardus
Potto de Bosman
Perodicticus potto
Potto de Calabar
Arctocebus calabarensis Diceros bicornis
Rhinocéros noir
Totally protected birds Common name Autruche Bateleur Bec en sabot Cigogne blanche Cigogne noire Flamant rose Francolin du Cameroun Grue couronnée
Phoenicopterus ruber Mont Francolinus camerunensis Balearica povonina
Ibis tantale Jaribus du Sénégal
Ibis ibis Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Messager serpentaire Sagittarius serpentarius Petit serpentaire Polyboroïde radiatus Perruche à collier Psittacula krameri Perruche ou inséparable Agoponis pullaria à tête rouge Perruche ou inséparable Agoponis swinderniana à collier noir Perroquet de mayers Poicephalus meyeri papageal Perroquet à tête grise Poicephalus senegalus ou youyou Perroquet vert du Poicephalus crassus Congo à calotte rouge Picatharte chauve du Picatharte Cameroun gymnocepheius Pie Grièche du Mont Malaconolus kupeensis Koupé Pie Grièche verte à tête Malaconolus glad grise Timalie à gorge Kupeornis gilbertii blanche Tisserin de Bannerman Ploceus bannermanii Touraco doré de Tauraco bannermanii Bannerman Touraco vert Tauraco persa
Totally protected reptiles Crocodile à museau Crocodylus allongé cataphactus Crocodile du Nil Crocodylus niloticus Crocodile nain Osteoleamus tetraspis 1
Scientific name Sthruthio camelus Terathopius ecaudatus Balaeniceps rex Ciconia nigra Ciconia nigra
Totally protected amphibian Grenouille Goliath Conrua goliath
Extracted from “l’Arrêt » N° 1954/A/MINTOU/DFA/SC Fixant la liste des animaux des classes A, B et C “.
85
Class B Protected mammals Common name Bongo Bubale
Protected birds Common name Aigle martial Aigle ravisseur
Buffle Civette Damalisque
Scientific name Boocerus eurycerus Alcephalus buselaphus major Syncerus caffer Vivera civetta Damaliscus korrigum
Cobe de Buffon
Kobus cob
Aigrette Canards (tous) Grand d’Abyssine Marabout
Cobe de roseaux Cobe Onctueux Cobe deffassa Eland de Derby
Redunca redunca Cobus deffassa
Outarde de Denham Passereaux
Tragelaphus derbianus
Guib harnaché Hippotrague
Tragelaphus scriptus Hippotragus equinus
Hippopotame
Potamochère Sitatunga
Hippopotamus amphibius Crocuta crocuta Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Phacochoerus aethiopicus Potamochoerus porcus Tragelaphus spekei
Perroquet gris à queue Psittacus erithacus rouge Poule de pharaon Eupodotis senegalensis Touraco à gros bec Tauraco macrornynchus Touraco à huppe Tauraco leucolophus blanche Touraco violet Musophaga violacea Touraco géant Corythaeola cristata
Protected reptiles Grand python Grande tortue Naja Varan du désert Varan du Nil
Python sebae Chelonlidae spp Naja spp Varanus griseus Varanus niloticus
Hyène tachetée Hylochère Phacochère
86
Scientific name Polemanctus bellicosus Aquilla rapax Egretta alba Anatidae calao Bocurvus abyssinicus Leptoptilos crumeniferus Neotis denhami Andropadus montanus
Annex IX Results of the calculation of the allowable cut Table IX.1: Sequence by code number (exploitable area 13,553 ha; cutting cycle 30 years) Code Species
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1103 1106 1112 1201 1204 1209 1210 1213 1301 1304 1305 1306 1308 1310 1314 1319 1320 1321 1326 1332 1335 1338 1342 1345 1346 1349 1600
Acajou de bassam Azobé Doussié rouge Aningré A Bahia Eyong Longhi Movingui Aiélé / Abel Alep Andoung brun Andoung rose Bilinga Dabéma Ekaba Faro Fraké / Limba Fromager/Ceiba Koto Mambodé Naga Niové Onzabili K Padouk rouge Tali Zingana Ekop ngombé g.f. Total
IEV m3/ha
REV AAC Bonus REV-IEV Rotation (30 yrs) Annually m3/ha m3/ha/y m3/ha % IEV (m3) REV (m3) Allowable Bonus (m3) Allowable cut(m3) cut (m3)
0.0554 0.5816 0.0842 0.0899 0.2358 0.0478 0.0319 0.1920 0.1459 0.4460 0.3446 0.0838 0.0530 0.5279 0.5371 0.0279 0.9087 0.0220 0.1145 0.0244 0.7390 0.2733 0.2074 0.0000 0.3758 0.0000 0.1868 6.3367
0.0934 0.1848 0.1274 0.1817 0.1240 0.1151 0.0394 0.3012 0.2208 0.3816 0.3333 0.0610 0.0873 0.4740 0.5182 0.0854 0.9352 0.0423 0.1471 0.0435 0.3583 0.3756 0.0923 0.3535 0.2100 0.3376 0.2305 6.4544
1324 Ilomba 1.151 1316 Emien 0.920 AAC: Annual allowable cut IEV: Initial exploitable volume
2.858 0.892
0.0032 0.0552 0.0241 1.9804 0.0063 0.0553 0.0068 0.0000 0.0100 0.0456 0.0053 0.0688 0.0027 0.0000 0.0130 0.5057 0.0107 0.8051 0.0258 1.6045 0.0212 2.1202 0.0043 1.3001 0.0033 0.1583 0.0326 1.5672 0.0309 0.2828 0.0042 0.1117 0.0575 0.0813 0.0030 0.6237 0.0085 0.0000 0.0021 0.1370 0.0340 0.5043 0.0173 0.3425 0.0087 0.3951 0.0114 1.6149 0.0186 6.1614 0.0106 2.9154 0.0111 0.5039 0.3871 23.9405
68.72% -68.23% 51.43% 102.12% -47.41% 140.84% 23.27% 56.93% 51.31% -14.44% -3.30% -27.21% 64.70% -10.19% -3.53% 205.63% 2.92% 92.55% 28.53% 78.17% -51.52% 37.43% -55.52%
DME DME MAI cm type cm
FOB value F CFA/m3
43.668 326.025 84.765 92.427 135.770 72.267 36.757 176.209 144.699 349.114 287.725 58.763 44.870 441.357 418.287 57.110 778.915 40.186 114.767 28.236 460.194 234.411 117.652 154.880 252.654 144.048 150.691 5,246.444
24.932 894.682 24.983 0.000 20.604 31.092 0.000 228.437 363.706 724.859 957.852 587.363 71.529 708.013 127.760 50.454 36.714 281.758 0.000 61.907 227.842 154.731 178.471 729.552 2,783.535 1,317.099 227.638 10,815.514
90 90 90 60 90 80 70 90 90 80 90 90 80 90 90 90 80 80 80 80 90 80 80 100 80 120 90
MAN MAN MAN ADM MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN ADM MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN
0.7 0.35 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.35 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
136,500 94,500 246,750 241,500 88,200 90,825 283,500 120,750 68,250 52,500 73,500 73,500 91,350 63,000 84,000 63,000 73,500 78,750 115,500 52,500 78,750 78,750 68,250 105,000 89,250 115,500 52,500
0.106 1.265 148.37% 15,593.426 38,729.412 43,234.420 17,147.120 1,441.147 0.062 2.091 -2.98% 12,463.070 12,091.333 25,027.364 28,345.199 834.245 REV: Exploitable volume at the end of the rotation DME: Minimum exploitable diameter MAI: Mean annual increment FOB: Free On Board
571.571 944.840
90 80
AMÉ AMÉ
0.7 0.9
68,250 84,000
-44.13% 23.39% 1.86%
750.537 1,266.281 1,310.035 747.971 7,883.040 2,504.156 9,780.748 26,840.473 1,140.646 1,727.227 2,542.951 749.499 1,218.236 2,462.247 2,772.809 0.000 3,195.945 1,680.616 4,073.098 618.131 647.897 1,560.420 2,167.999 932.751 432.679 533.361 1,102.723 0.000 2,601.652 4,082.798 5,286.269 6,853.106 1,977.860 2,992.612 4,340.977 10,911.187 6,044.149 5,171.316 10,473.417 21,745.770 4,670.874 4,516.541 8,631.759 28,735.572 1,136.056 826.881 1,762.878 17,620.881 718.494 1,183.392 1,346.106 2,145.870 7,154.071 6,424.787 13,240.698 21,240.389 7,279.454 7,022.526 12,548.599 3,832.806 378.685 1,157.358 1,713.288 1,513.629 12,315.717 12,675.219 23,367.454 1,101.406 297.592 573.002 1,205.571 8,452.741 1,551.258 1,993.898 3,443.002 0.000 330.768 589.343 847.091 1,857.218 10,015.953 4,855.989 13,805.818 6,835.247 3,703.809 5,089.963 7,032.316 4,641.929 2,811.033 1,250.338 3,529.547 5,354.138 0.000 4,791.338 4,646.393 21,886.556 5,093.235 2,845.777 7,579.619 83,506.039 0.000 4,575.610 4,321.431 39,512.973 2,531.495 3,123.595 4,520.724 6,829.135 85,881.135 87,476.591 157,393.320 324,465.418
Bonus(m3)
87
Table IX.2: Sequence according to the allowable cut (exploitable area 14,421 ha; cutting cycle 30 years) Code Species IEV REV AAC Bonus REV- Rotation (30 yrs) Annually 3 3 3 3 m /ha m /ha m /ha/yr m /ha
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1320 1335 1310 1314 1304 1106 1305 1346 1338 1213 1345 1600 1301 1349 1204 1342 1326 1201 1112 1209 1306 1319 1308 1103
Fraké / Limba Naga Dabéma Ekaba Alep Azobé Andoung brun Tali Niové Movingui Padouk rouge Ekop ngombé g.f. Aiélé / Abel Zingana Bahia Onzabili K Koto Aningré A Doussié rouge Eyong Andoung rose Faro Bilinga Acajou de bassam 1321 Fromager / Ceiba 1210 Longhi 1332 Mambodé Total
1324 Ilomba 1316 Emien
0.9087 0.7390 0.5279 0.5371 0.4460 0.5816 0.3446 0.3758 0.2733 0.1920 0.0000 0.1868 0.1459 0.0000 0.2358 0.2074 0.1145 0.0899 0.0842 0.0478 0.0838 0.0279 0.0530 0.0554
0.9352 0.3583 0.4740 0.5182 0.3816 0.1848 0.3333 0.2100 0.3756 0.3012 0.3535 0.2305 0.2208 0.3376 0.1240 0.0923 0.1471 0.1817 0.1274 0.1151 0.0610 0.0854 0.0873 0.0934
0.0575 0.0340 0.0326 0.0309 0.0258 0.0241 0.0212 0.0186 0.0173 0.0130 0.0114 0.0111 0.0107 0.0106 0.0100 0.0087 0.0085 0.0068 0.0063 0.0053 0.0043 0.0042 0.0033 0.0032
0.0220 0.0319 0.0244 6.3367
0.0423 0.0394 0.0435 6.4544
0.0030 0.6237 0.0027 0.0000 0.0021 0.1370 0.3871 23.9405
1.151 0.920
2.858 0.892
AAC: Annual allowable cut IEV: Initial exploitable volume
0.106 0.062
IEV %
IEV m3
0.0813 2.92% 0.5043 -51.52% 1.5672 -10.19% 0.2828 -3.53% 1.6045 -14.44% 1.9804 -68.23% 2.1202 -3.30% 6.1614 -44.13% 0.3425 37.43% 0.5057 56.93% 1.6149 0.5039 23.39% 0.8051 51.31% 2.9154 0.0456 -47.41% 0.3951 -55.52% 0.0000 28.53% 0.0000 102.12% 0.0553 51.43% 0.0688 140.84% 1.3001 -27.21% 0.1117 205.63% 0.1583 64.70% 0.0552 68.72%
REV m3
Allowable cut m3
24,864.019 14,690.010 14,088.696 13,352.273 11,144.185 10,407.155 9,184.579 8,065.054 7,482.700 5,624.827 4,943.971 4,810.253 4,618.994 4,598.196 4,333.959 3,755.596 3,663.508 2,950.393 2,705.814 2,306.848 1,875.781 1,823.015 1,432.317 1,393.936
Bonus m3
13,104.475 10,657.423 7,612.252 7,745.666 6,431.245 8,387.909 4,970.020 5,419.431 3,941.019 2,768.274 0.000 2,693.624 2,104.532 0.000 3,400.628 2,991.065 1,650.608 1,296.258 1,213.699 689.391 1,208.814 402.938 764.510 798.605
13,487.002 5,166.990 6,836.262 7,472.282 5,502.513 2,664.535 4,805.802 3,028.035 5,415.949 4,344.280 5,098.198 3,323.645 3,184.273 4,868.654 1,788.251 1,330.416 2,121.597 2,619.941 1,837.847 1,660.357 879.839 1,231.481 1,259.182 1,347.379
1,171.945 7,273.009 22,600.727 4,078.278 23,138.474 28,559.468 30,575.938 88,854.171 4,939.221 7,292.012 23,288.277 7,266.506 11,609.993 42,043.576 657.719 5,697.043 0.000 0.000 797.500 992.489 18,749.408 1,610.569 2,283.302 795.874
92.55% 23.27% 78.17% 1.86%
316.651 460.390 351.952 91,381.380
609.700 567.520 627.088 93,079.017
1,282.782 8,994.096 1,173.347 0.000 901.343 1,976.163 167,473.553 345,245.76 1
1.265 148.37% 2.091 -2.98%
16,592.105 13,261.266
41,209.832 12,865.721
46,003.363 18,245.305 26,630.238 30,160.563
REV: Exploitable volume at the end of the rotation MAI: Mean annual increment
88
Allowable cut m3 828.801 489.667 469.623 445.076 371.473 346.905 306.153 268.835 249.423 187.494 164.799 160.342 153.966 153.273 144.465 125.187 122.117 98.346 90.194 76.895 62.526 60.767 47.744 46.465
Bonus m3
DME DME MAI Tax. Val. cm type cm F CFA/m3
39.065 242.434 753.358 135.943 771.282 951.982 1,019.198 2,961.806 164.641 243.067 776.276 242.217 387.000 1,401.453 21.924 189.901 0.000 0.000 26.583 33.083 624.980 53.686 76.110 26.529
80 90 90 90 80 90 90 80 80 90 100 90 90 120 90 80 80 60 90 80 90 90 80 90
MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN ADM MAN MAN MAN MAN ADM MAN
0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.7
68,250 70,350 53,550 71,400 52,500 84,000 71,400 75,600 67,200 102,900 89,250 70,350 64,050 98,700 74,550 57,750 98,700 205,800 210,000 77,700 71,400 53,550 77,700 116,550
42.759 299.803 39.112 0.000 30.045 65.872 5,582.452 11,508.192
80 70 80
MAN MAN MAN
0.9 0.5 0.5
70,350 241 500 85,050
1,533.445 887.675
90 80
AMÉ AMÉ
0.7 0.9
57,750 71,400
608.177 1,005.352
Tax. Val.: Taxable value
Table IX.3: Sequence according to taxable value (exploitable area 14,421 ha; cutting cycle 30 years) Code Species IEV REV AAC Bonus REV- Rotation (30 yr.) Annually 3 3 3 3 m /ha
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1210 1112 1201 1103 1213 1349 1326 1345 1332 1106 1209 1308 1346 1204 1314 1305 1306 1335 1600 1321 1320 1338 1301 1342 1310 1319 1304
Longhi Doussié rouge Aningré A Acajou de bassam Movingui Zingana Koto Padouk rouge Mambodé Azobé Eyong Bilinga Tali Bahia Ekaba Andoung brun Andoung rose Naga Ekop ngombé g.f. Fromager / Ceiba Fraké / Limba Niové Aiélé / Abel Onzabili K Dabéma Faro Alep Total
0.0319 0.0842 0.0899 0.0554 0.1920 0.0000 0.1145 0.0000 0.0244 0.5816 0.0478 0.0530 0.3758 0.2358 0.5371 0.3446 0.0838 0.7390 0.1868 0.0220 0.9087 0.2733 0.1459 0.2074 0.5279 0.0279 0.4460 6.3367
m /ha m /ha/yr m /ha 0.0394 0.1274 0.1817 0.0934 0.3012 0.3376 0.1471 0.3535 0.0435 0.1848 0.1151 0.0873 0.2100 0.1240 0.5182 0.3333 0.0610 0.3583 0.2305 0.0423 0.9352 0.3756 0.2208 0.0923 0.4740 0.0854 0.3816 6.4544
IEV %
0.0027 0.0000 23.27% 0.0063 0.0553 51.43% 0.0068 0.0000 102.12% 0.0032 0.0552 68.72% 0.0130 0.5057 56.93% 0.0106 2.9154 0.0085 0.0000 28.53% 0.0114 1.6149 0.0021 0.1370 78.17% 0.0241 1.9804 -68.23% 0.0053 0.0688 140.84% 0.0033 0.1583 64.70% 0.0186 6.1614 -44.13% 0.0100 0.0456 -47.41% 0.0309 0.2828 -3.53% 0.0212 2.1202 -3.30% 0.0043 1.3001 -27.21% 0.0340 0.5043 -51.52% 0.0111 0.5039 23.39% 0.0030 0.6237 92.55% 0.0575 0.0813 2.92% 0.0173 0.3425 37.43% 0.0107 0.8051 51.31% 0.0087 0.3951 -55.52% 0.0326 1.5672 -10.19% 0.0042 0.1117 205.63% 0.0258 1.6045 -14.44% 0.3871 23.9405 1.86%
IEV m3
REV m3
Allowable cut (m3)
460.390 567.520 1,213.699 1,837.847 1,296.258 2,619.941 798.605 1,347.379 2,768.274 4,344.280 0.000 4,868.654 1,650.608 2,121.597 0.000 5,098.198 351.952 627.088 8,387.909 2,664.535 689.391 1,660.357 764.510 1,259.182 5,419.431 3,028.035 3,400.628 1,788.251 7,745.666 7,472.282 4,970.020 4,805.802 1,208.814 879.839 10,657.423 5,166.990 2,693.624 3,323.645 316.651 609.700 13,104.475 13,487.002 3,941.019 5,415.949 2,104.532 3,184.273 2,991.065 1,330.416 7,612.252 6,836.262 402.938 1,231.481 6,431.245 5,502.513 91,381.380 93,079.017
Bonus m3
1,173.347 0.000 2,705.814 797.500 2,950.393 0.000 1,393.936 795.874 5,624.827 7,292.012 4,598.196 42,043.576 3,663.508 0.000 4,943.971 23,288.277 901.343 1,976.163 10,407.155 28,559.468 2,306.848 992.489 1,432.317 2,283.302 8,065.054 88,854.171 4,333.959 657.719 13,352.273 4,078.278 9,184.579 30,575.938 1,875.781 18,749.408 14,690.010 7,273.009 4,810.253 7,266.506 1,282.782 8,994.096 24,864.019 1,171.945 7,482.700 4,939.221 4,618.994 11,609.993 3,755.596 5,697.043 14,088.696 22,600.727 1,823.015 1,610.569 11,144.185 23,138.474 167,473.553 345,245.761
1324 Ilomba 1.151 2.858 0.106 1.265 148.37% 16,592.105 41,209.832 46,003.363 18,245.305 1316 Emien 0.920 0.892 0.062 2.091 -2.98% 13,261.266 12,865.721 26,630.238 30,160.563 AAC: Annual allowable cut REV: Exploitable volume at the end of the rotation Tax. Val.: Taxable value IEV: Initial exploitable volume MAI: Mean annual increment
89
Allowable cut (m3)
Bonus m3
39.112 0.000 90.194 26.583 98.346 0.000 46.465 26.529 187.494 243.067 153.273 1,401.453 122.117 0.000 164.799 776.276 30.045 65.872 346.905 951.982 76.895 33.083 47.744 76.110 268.835 2,961.806 144.465 21.924 445.076 135.943 306.153 1,019.198 62.526 624.980 489.667 242.434 160.342 242.217 42.759 299.803 828.801 39.065 249.423 164.641 153.966 387.000 125.187 189.901 469.623 753.358 60.767 53.686 371.473 771.282 5,582.452 11,508.192 1,533.445 887.675
608.177 1,005.352
DME DME MAI Tax. Val. cm type cm F CFA/m3 70 90 60 90 90 120 80 100 80 90 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 80 80 90 80 90 90 80
MAN MAN ADM MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN ADM MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN
0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.35
241 500 210,000 205,800 116,550 102,900 98,700 98,700 89,250 85,050 84,000 77,700 77,700 75,600 74,550 71,400 71,400 71,400 70,350 70,350 70,350 68,250 67,200 64,050 57,750 53,550 53,550 52,500
90 80
AMÉ AMÉ
0.7 0.9
57,750 71,400
Table IX.4: Sequence according to the rate of reconstitution (exploitable area 14,421 ha; cutting cycle 30 years) Code Species IEV REV- Rotation (30 yr.) REV AAC Bonus Annually 3 3 3 3 m /ha
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1345 1349 1319 1209 1201 1321 1332 1103 1308 1213 1112 1301 1338 1326 1600 1210 1320 1305 1314 1310 1304 1306 1346 1204 1335 1342 1106
Padouk rouge Zingana Faro Eyong Aningré A Fromager / Ceiba Mambodé Acajou de bassam Bilinga Movingui Doussié rouge Aiélé / Abel Niové Koto Ekop ngombé g.f. Longhi Fraké / Limba Andoung brun Ekaba Dabéma Alep Andoung rose Tali Bahia Naga Onzabili K Azobé Total
0.0000 0.0000 0.0279 0.0478 0.0899 0.0220 0.0244 0.0554 0.0530 0.1920 0.0842 0.1459 0.2733 0.1145 0.1868 0.0319 0.9087 0.3446 0.5371 0.5279 0.4460 0.0838 0.3758 0.2358 0.7390 0.2074 0.5816 6.3367
m /ha m /ha/yr 0.3535 0.3376 0.0854 0.1151 0.1817 0.0423 0.0435 0.0934 0.0873 0.3012 0.1274 0.2208 0.3756 0.1471 0.2305 0.0394 0.9352 0.3333 0.5182 0.4740 0.3816 0.0610 0.2100 0.1240 0.3583 0.0923 0.1848 6.4544
0.0114 0.0106 0.0042 0.0053 0.0068 0.0030 0.0021 0.0032 0.0033 0.0130 0.0063 0.0107 0.0173 0.0085 0.0111 0.0027 0.0575 0.0212 0.0309 0.0326 0.0258 0.0043 0.0186 0.0100 0.0340 0.0087 0.0241 0.3871
m /ha
IEV %
1.6149 2.9154 0.1117 205.63% 0.0688 140.84% 0.0000 102.12% 0.6237 92.55% 0.1370 78.17% 0.0552 68.72% 0.1583 64.70% 0.5057 56.93% 0.0553 51.43% 0.8051 51.31% 0.3425 37.43% 0.0000 28.53% 0.5039 23.39% 0.0000 23.27% 0.0813 2.92% 2.1202 -3.30% 0.2828 -3.53% 1.5672 -10.19% 1.6045 -14.44% 1.3001 -27.21% 6.1614 -44.13% 0.0456 -47.41% 0.5043 -51.52% 0.3951 -55.52% 1.9804 -68.23% 23.9405 1.86%
IEV m3
REV m3
Allowable cut m3
0.000 5,098.198 0.000 4,868.654 402.938 1,231.481 689.391 1,660.357 1,296.258 2,619.941 316.651 609.700 351.952 627.088 798.605 1,347.379 764.510 1,259.182 2,768.274 4,344.280 1,213.699 1,837.847 2,104.532 3,184.273 3,941.019 5,415.949 1,650.608 2,121.597 2,693.624 3,323.645 460.390 567.520 13,104.475 13,487.002 4,970.020 4,805.802 7,745.666 7,472.282 7,612.252 6,836.262 6,431.245 5,502.513 1,208.814 879.839 5,419.431 3,028.035 3,400.628 1,788.251 10,657.423 5,166.990 2,991.065 1,330.416 8,387.909 2,664.535 91,381.380 93,079.017
4,943.971 23,288.277 4,598.196 42,043.576 1,823.015 1,610.569 2,306.848 992.489 2,950.393 0.000 1,282.782 8,994.096 901.343 1,976.163 1,393.936 795.874 1,432.317 2,283.302 5,624.827 7,292.012 2,705.814 797.500 4,618.994 11,609.993 7,482.700 4,939.221 3,663.508 0.000 4,810.253 7,266.506 1,173.347 0.000 24,864.019 1,171.945 9,184.579 30,575.938 13,352.273 4,078.278 14,088.696 22,600.727 11,144.185 23,138.474 1,875.781 18,749.408 8,065.054 88,854.171 4,333.959 657.719 14,690.010 7,273.009 3,755.596 5,697.043 10,407.155 28,559.468 167,473.553 345,245.761
1324 Ilomba 1.151 2.858 0.106 1.265 148.37% 16,592.105 41,209.832 46,003.363 1316 Emien 0.920 0.892 0.062 2.091 -2.98% 13,261.266 12,865.721 26,630.238 AAC: Annual allowable cut REV : Exploitable volume at the end of the rotation Tax. Val. : Taxable value IEV : Initial exploitable volume MAI : Mean annual increment
90
Bonus m3
18,245.305 30,160.563
Allowable cut m3
Bonus m3
164.799 776.276 153.273 1,401.453 60.767 53.686 76.895 33.083 98.346 0.000 42.759 299.803 30.045 65.872 46.465 26.529 47.744 76.110 187.494 243.067 90.194 26.583 153.966 387.000 249.423 164.641 122.117 0.000 160.342 242.217 39.112 0.000 828.801 39.065 306.153 1,019.198 445.076 135.943 469.623 753.358 371.473 771.282 62.526 624.980 268.835 2,961.806 144.465 21.924 489.667 242.434 125.187 189.901 346.905 951.982 5,582.452 11,508.192 1,533.445 887.675
608.177 1,005.352
DME DME MAI Tax. Val. cm type cm F CFA/m3 100 120 90 80 60 80 80 90 80 90 90 90 80 80 90 70 80 90 90 90 80 90 80 90 90 80 90
MAN MAN MAN MAN ADM MAN MAN MAN ADM MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN
0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.35
89,250 98,700 53,550 77,700 205,800 70,350 85,050 116,550 77,700 102,900 210,000 64,050 67,200 98,700 70,350 241 500 68,250 71,400 71,400 53,550 52,500 71,400 75,600 74,550 70,350 57,750 84,000
90 80
AMÉ AMÉ
0.7 0.9
57,750 71,400
Table IX.5: Sequence according to the reconstitution of exploitable volume (exploitable area 14,421 ha; cutting cycle 30 years) Code Species IEV REV DME DME MAI Tax. Val. AAC Bonus REV-IEV Rotation (30 yrs) Annually 3 3 3 3 3 m /ha
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1320 1314 1310 1304 1338 1335 1345 1349 1305 1213 1600 1301 1346 1106 1201 1326 1112 1204 1209 1103 1342 1308 1319 1306 1332 1321 1210
Fraké / Limba Ekaba Dabéma Alep Niové Naga Padouk rouge Zingana Andoung brun Movingui Ekop ngombé g.f. Aiélé / Abel Tali Azobé Aningré A Koto Doussié rouge Bahia Eyong Acajou de bassam Onzabili K Bilinga Faro Andoung rose Mambodé Fromager / Ceiba Longhi Total
0.9087 0.5371 0.5279 0.4460 0.2733 0.7390 0.0000 0.0000 0.3446 0.1920 0.1868 0.1459 0.3758 0.5816 0.0899 0.1145 0.0842 0.2358 0.0478 0.0554 0.2074 0.0530 0.0279 0.0838 0.0244 0.0220 0.0319 6.3367
m /ha m /ha/yr m /ha 0.9352 0.5182 0.4740 0.3816 0.3756 0.3583 0.3535 0.3376 0.3333 0.3012 0.2305 0.2208 0.2100 0.1848 0.1817 0.1471 0.1274 0.1240 0.1151 0.0934 0.0923 0.0873 0.0854 0.0610 0.0435 0.0423 0.0394 6.4544
0.0575 0.0813 0.0309 0.2828 0.0326 1.5672 0.0258 1.6045 0.0173 0.3425 0.0340 0.5043 0.0114 1.6149 0.0106 2.9154 0.0212 2.1202 0.0130 0.5057 0.0111 0.5039 0.0107 0.8051 0.0186 6.1614 0.0241 1.9804 0.0068 0.0000 0.0085 0.0000 0.0063 0.0553 0.0100 0.0456 0.0053 0.0688 0.0032 0.0552 0.0087 0.3951 0.0033 0.1583 0.0042 0.1117 0.0043 1.3001 0.0021 0.1370 0.0030 0.6237 0.0027 0.0000 0.3871 23.9405
%
2.92% -3.53% -10.19% -14.44% 37.43% -51.52%
-3.30% 56.93% 23.39% 51.31% -44.13% -68.23% 102.12% 28.53% 51.43% -47.41% 140.84% 68.72% -55.52% 64.70% 205.63% -27.21% 78.17% 92.55% 23.27% 1.86%
IEV m3
13,104.475 7,745.666 7,612.252 6,431.245 3,941.019 10,657.423 0.000 0.000 4,970.020 2,768.274 2,693.624 2,104.532 5,419.431 8,387.909 1,296.258 1,650.608 1,213.699 3,400.628 689.391 798.605 2,991.065 764.510 402.938 1,208.814 351.952 316.651 460.390 91,381.380
REV m3
13,487.002 7,472.282 6,836.262 5,502.513 5,415.949 5,166.990 5,098.198 4,868.654 4,805.802 4,344.280 3,323.645 3,184.273 3,028.035 2,664.535 2,619.941 2,121.597 1,837.847 1,788.251 1,660.357 1,347.379 1,330.416 1,259.182 1,231.481 879.839 627.088 609.700 567.520 93,079.017
Allowable cut (m3)
24,864.019 1,171.945 13,352.273 4,078.278 14,088.696 22,600.727 11,144.185 23,138.474 7,482.700 4,939.221 14,690.010 7,273.009 4,943.971 23,288.277 4,598.196 42,043.576 9,184.579 30,575.938 5,624.827 7,292.012 4,810.253 7,266.506 4,618.994 11,609.993 8,065.054 88,854.171 10,407.155 28,559.468 2,950.393 0.000 3,663.508 0.000 2,705.814 797.500 4,333.959 657.719 2,306.848 992.489 1,393.936 795.874 3,755.596 5,697.043 1,432.317 2,283.302 1,823.015 1,610.569 1,875.781 18,749.408 901.343 1,976.163 1,282.782 8,994.096 1,173.347 0.000 167,473.553 345,245.761
1324 Ilomba 1.151 2.858 0.106 1.265 148.37% 16,592.105 41,209.832 46,003.363 1316 Emien 0.920 0.892 0.062 2.091 -2.98% 13,261.266 12,865.721 26,630.238 AAC: Annual allowable cut REV: Exploitable volume at the end of the rotation Tax. Val.: Taxable value IEV: Initial exploitable volume MAI: Mean annual increment
91
Bonus m3
18,245.305 30,160.563
Allowable cut (m3)
Bonus m3
828.801 39.065 445.076 135.943 469.623 753.358 371.473 771.282 249.423 164.641 489.667 242.434 164.799 776.276 153.273 1,401.453 306.153 1,019.198 187.494 243.067 160.342 242.217 153.966 387.000 268.835 2,961.806 346.905 951.982 98.346 0.000 122.117 0.000 90.194 26.583 144.465 21.924 76.895 33.083 46.465 26.529 125.187 189.901 47.744 76.110 60.767 53.686 62.526 624.980 30.045 65.872 42.759 299.803 39.112 0.000 5,582.452 11,508.192 1,533.445 887.675
608.177 1,005.352
cm
type
cm
F CFA/m
80 90 90 80 80 90 100 120 90 90 90 90 80 90 60 80 90 90 80 90 80 80 90 90 80 80 70
MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN ADM MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN ADM MAN MAN MAN MAN MAN
0.7 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.35 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.5
68,250 71,400 53,550 52,500 67,200 70,350 89,250 98,700 71,400 102,900 70,350 64,050 75,600 84,000 205,800 98,700 210,000 74,550 77,700 116,550 57,750 77,700 53,550 71,400 85,050 70,350 241 500
90 80
AMÉ AMÉ
0.7 0.9
57,750 71,400
Annex X Stocking of management compartements Years: 1 - 5 Compartment 1 Species
Acajou de bassam Aiélé / Abel Alep Andoung brun Andoung rose Aningré A Azobé Bahia Bilinga Dabéma Doussié rouge Ekaba Ekop ngombé grandes feuilles Eyong Faro Fraké / Limba Fromager / Ceiba Koto Longhi Mambodé Movingui Naga Niové Onzabili K Padouk rouge Tali Zingana Total
DME cm
Number of stems ≥ DME 90 90 80 90 90 60 90 90 80 90 90 90 90 80 90 80 80 80 70 80 90 90 80 80 100 80 120
92
27 136 639 491 286 64 297 64 26 364 38 287 188 38 50 333 124 14 1 15 130 235 191 130 330 1,042 413 5,954
Volume ≥ DME m3 363 2,021 6,676 7,279 5,320 224 4,620 665 424 4,357 437 3,003 2,287 336 554 2,565 2,055 125 5 133 1,349 2,415 1,533 1,151 4,909 14,872 9,384 79,063
Years: 6 – 10 Compartment 5 Species
Acajou de bassam Aiélé / Abel Alep Andoung brun Andoung rose Aningré A Azobé Bahia Bilinga Dabéma Doussié rouge Ekaba Ekop ngombé grandes feuilles Eyong Faro Fraké / Limba Fromager / Ceiba Koto Longhi Mambodé Movingui Naga Niové Onzabili K Padouk rouge Tali Zingana Total
DME cm
Number of stems ≥ DME 90 90 80 90 90 60 90 90 80 90 90 90 90 80 90 80 80 80 70 80 90 90 80 80 100 80 120
93
22 194 313 317 67 98 482 67 44 481 36 107 88 37 17 334 88 94 53 80 230 408 204 194 192 1,258 180 5,686
Volume ≥ DME m3 225 2,802 3,059 4,864 1,150 343 7,547 789 661 6,499 341 1,075 1,048 331 180 2,844 1,235 750 254 779 2,449 4,230 1,736 1,921 3,016 17,596 3,883 71,606
Years: 11 – 15 Compartment 2 Species
Acajou de bassam Aiélé / Abel Alep Andoung brun Andoung rose Aningré A Azobé Bahia Bilinga Dabéma Doussié rouge Ekaba Ekop ngombé grandes feuilles Eyong Faro Fraké / Limba Fromager / Ceiba Koto Longhi Mambodé Movingui Naga Niové Onzabili K Padouk rouge Tali Zingana Total
DME cm
Number of stems ≥ DME 90 90 80 90 90 60 90 90 80 90 90 90 90 80 90 80 80 80 70 80 90 90 80 80 100 80 120
94
33 164 713 530 285 122 285 70 42 425 63 396 233 72 79 523 121 23 12 17 146 256 254 130 371 980 438 6,783
Volume ≥ DME m3 439 2,434 7,562 8,019 5,553 449 4,337 803 536 5,166 676 4,255 2,811 620 885 4,271 2,204 197 53 157 1,555 2,814 2,095 1,273 5,602 14,759 10,062 89,589
Years: 16 – 20 Compartment 4 Species
Acajou de bassam Aiélé / Abel Alep Andoung brun Andoung rose Aningré A Azobé Bahia Bilinga Dabéma Doussié rouge Ekaba Ekop ngombé grandes feuilles Eyong Faro Fraké / Limba Fromager / Ceiba Koto Longhi Mambodé Movingui Naga Niové Onzabili K Padouk rouge Tali Zingana Total
DME cm
Number of stems ≥ DME 90 90 80 90 90 60 90 90 80 90 90 90 90 80 90 80 80 80 70 80 90 90 80 80 100 80 120
95
27 168 493 395 158 133 320 63 43 439 58 264 154 65 55 481 100 78 42 46 186 311 234 136 279 950 285 5,964
Volume ≥ DME m3 337 2,521 5,137 6,051 3,088 487 4,933 776 568 5,665 582 2,828 1,872 557 610 4,090 1,683 624 205 454 2,000 3,446 1,982 1,451 4,247 14,208 6,509 76,911
Years: 21 – 25 Compartment 6 Species
Acajou de bassam Aiélé / Abel Alep Andoung brun Andoung rose Aningré A Azobé Bahia Bilinga Dabéma Doussié rouge Ekaba Ekop ngombé grandes feuilles Eyong Faro Fraké / Limba Fromager / Ceiba Koto Longhi Mambodé Movingui Naga Niové Onzabili K Padouk rouge Tali Zingana Total
DME cm
Number of stems ≥ DME 90 90 80 90 90 60 90 90 80 90 90 90 90 80 90 80 80 80 70 80 90 90 80 80 100 80 120
96
38 187 669 469 168 161 408 68 50 525 69 311 174 79 61 728 147 93 50 50 204 335 300 145 351 1,002 434 7,275
Volume ≥ DME m3 452 2,851 6,957 6,969 3,352 594 6,779 859 624 6,787 696 3,344 2,113 677 711 6,508 2,631 735 246 489 2,203 3,780 2,497 1,601 5,625 15,042 10,082 95,205
Years: 26 - 30 Compartment 3 Species
Acajou de bassam Aiélé / Abel Alep Andoung brun Andoung rose Aningré A Azobé Bahia Bilinga Dabéma Doussié rouge Ekaba Ekop ngombé grandes feuilles Eyong Faro Fraké / Limba Fromager / Ceiba Koto Longhi Mambodé Movingui Naga Niové Onzabili K Padouk rouge Tali Zingana Total
DME cm
Number of stems ≥ DME 90 90 80 90 90 60 90 90 80 90 90 90 90 80 90 80 80 80 70 80 90 90 80 80 100 80 120
97
45 219 405 372 77 230 401 74 53 576 73 194 111 78 36 571 104 178 89 87 307 463 283 198 274 1,129 200 6,825
Volume ≥ DME m3 474 3,444 4,088 5,807 1,504 866 6,248 990 721 7,882 691 2,096 1,398 664 420 5,334 1,681 1,463 480 909 3,317 5,344 2,456 2,245 4,187 17,070 4,563 86,340
Cartographic annex Map 1 Map 2 Map 3 Map 4
Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme research site Landscape ecological map Forest strata and inventory transects Land allocation and management compartments
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