deficiency of clotting Factor XIII who required the premature extraction of 2 primary molar teeth. Factor. XIII catalyzes the cross linking of fibrin ~nonomer into.
PEDIATRICDENTISTRY/Copyright ©1985 by The American Academyof Pediatric Dentistry Volume 7 Number 3
Medical/dental Factor XIII
Wayne Colin,
CLINICAL
management of a patient
DMDHoward L. Needleman,
with
congenital
DMD
Homozygoteseffectively lack any subunit A of FXIII and have reduced amounts of subunit B. Clinically, This clinical report presents the medical and dental they may be characterized as having umbilical stump managementof a 7-year-old male with congenital bleeding, a high incidence of spontaneous abortion, deficiency of clotting Factor XIII whorequired the delayed wound bleeding, and frequently fatal intrapremature extraction of 2 primary molar teeth. Factor cranial hemorrhages. ~ The routine laboratory tests of XIII catalyzes the cross linking of fibrin ~nonomerinto fibrin polymerinducing resistance to fibrinolysis. This prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time clotting factor is unusual in having a long half-life (8.4 (PTT), thrombin time (TT), bleeding time (BT), days) and requires low concentrations (0.5-2.0%) let count, and platelet function tests are all within order to control superficial bleeding. Epsilot~ aminocaproic normal limits. Confirmation of the suggested clinical acid (EACA),an antifibrinolytic agent was ineffective diagnosis may be obtained by the dissolution of a the he~natologic ~nanage~nentof this patient since EACA recalcified plasma clot with either 5 Murea or 1% inhibits the lysis of fibrin polymersandthe genetic monochloroacetic acid. 7 deficiency in this patient causes diminishedfibrin Replacement therapy is simple since FXII! has a substrate. The child’s surgical management was half-life of approximately 8.4 days~ and only very small successfully achievedwith a single infusion of fresh frozen plasma concentrations (approximately 0.5-2.0% of plasma. normal) are required for normal clot cross linking which will prevent bleeding from minor injuries. ’,9 Fresh The management of a patient with a bleeding frozen plasma (FFP) infusions are efficacious for prophylaxis in patients with FXIII deficiency, t°,t~ Addiathesis is of concern for physicians and dentists junctive therapy with epsilon aminocaproic acid alike. The purpose of this article is to report the suc(EACA)to inhibit fibrinolysis also may be beneficessful management of a pedodontic patient who had cial. 12 congenital Factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency, a rare bleeding disorder previously unreported in the pedodontic literature. Clinical Report Activated FXIII is responsible for the formation of D.D., a 7-year, 5-month-old male, was referred to a proper clot by the cross linking of fibrin monomers the Dental Department of The Children’s Hospital of into polymers. This produces increased clot strength and resistance to fibrinolysis.~ FXIII is composed of Boston for treatment of a "deep cavity" on his max2 subunits: subunit A has enzymatic activity; whereas, illary left second primary molar. subunit B is the support unit. Congenital deficiency The past medical history was significant for a neonatal cephalohematoma and prolonged bleeding at of FXII! activity is an uncommon disease, usually with circumcision. At age 3 he had a right inguinal heran autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance and is 2-5 caused by the lack of the enzymatic subunit A. niorrhaphy which caused intractable oozing and deHeterozygotes with variable penetrance may be idenlayed healing until a diagnosis of FXIII deficiency was made. At that time an infusion of FFP was effective tified by measuring less than normal quantities of 6subunits A and B and are usually not bleeders. in stopping the bleeding. There also was a history of
Abstract
PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY: September
1985/Vol.
7 No. 3
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prolonged bleeding following a minor laceration of the tongue at age 5, an elbow and left knee hemarthrosis. Each hemorrhagic episode was resolved after FFP infusion. The child's history was otherwise negative for bleeding from nasopharynx, oropharynx, urinary tract, or rectum nor was there reported hemoptysis or hematemesis. There was no history of cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, splenic, or adrenal disease. The patient's laboratory values: CBC, PT, PTT, TT, BT, and platelet count had always been normal. Subsequent screening of all his living relatives (Fig 1) revealed that there were multiple familial heterozygotes for FXIII deficiency. An initial oral examination revealed that a large mesiocclusal cavitation was present on the maxillary left second primary molar (tooth #J). The tooth was asymptomatic and had +3 mobility. The remainder of the examination was within normal limits, except for the presence of an ectopically erupting maxillary right first permanent molar (tooth #3). Panoramic (Fig 2) and periapical radiographs revealed prematurely 55
54
O-T-D 103%
70%
o £ o o a li \32
JT9
_B5
97%
70%
96%
23
94%
M7
«0%
E8
69%
84%
HOMOZYGOTE
-1%
*
PROPOSITUS
HETEROZYOOTE
FIG 1. Family pedigree of D.D.; upper figures are individual's age and lower figures are the percentage of Factor XIII activity (courtesy of Jan McDonagh, MD).
resorbed roots of both maxillary right (tooth #A) and left (tooth #J) second primary molars and the ectopically erupting tooth #3. The etiology of the prematurely resorbed tooth #A was the ectopic eruption of tooth #3, and the resorption of tooth #J was probably a result of tooth #14 which erupted into normal position after spontaneous resolution of a mesioangular eruption path. The goal of the treatment plan was to guide the eruption of the maxillary right first permanent molar and to regain the lost space. After tooth #3 was in the appropriate position, teeth #A and #] were extracted due to their excessive mobility and to prevent the development of periapical pathology. A brass wire was inserted between teeth #3 and #A utilizing 0.1 cc 2% xylocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 as a local infiltrate. Placement of the brass wire was successful. However, some palatal gingival oozing was present after its placement. The oozing persisted for 4 days so the wire was removed. The patient was placed on EACA 1250 mg q6h in an attempt to control bleeding. The oozing persisted and 6 days later the patient was infused with 200 cc of fresh frozen plasma. At that time, under local anesthesia (3.6 cc 2% xylocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000) and nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation, teeth #A and #J were extracted. There was good hemostasis even without application of any packing material into the socket. The patient was given routine home care instructions and advised to continue his EACA regime for the following 9 days. The remainder of his postoperative course was uneventful. One week later the sockets had healed normally and alginate impressions were taken for diagnostic casts and for fabrication of a maxillary sagittal appliance to move tooth #3 distally (Fig 3). Rotation and 2 mm of posterior movement of #3 was completed and a fixed bilateral maxillary space maintainer was placed (Fig 4).
Discussion
FIG 2. Panoramic radiograph showing premature resorption of maxillary right and left second primary molars.
228
FACTOR XIII DEFICIENCY: Colin and Needleman
The treatment of bleeding episodes in patients with coagulation deficiency requires the infusion of material containing the deficient clotting factors. For example, patients with classical hemophilia or Christmas disease, respectively, are infused with plasma fractions enriched in FVIII or FIX and subsequently supplemented with an antifibrolytic agent such as EACA. Treatment of patients with these common clotting deficiencies has been effective as documented in numerous reports.13"17 The short half-life of these proteins may necessitate multiple infusions to maintain hemostasis. Patients with FXIII deficiency can be treated easily since 0.5-2% of the normal FXIII level corrects clot solubility and minor bleeding, and 30-50% of the normal FXIII level both increases clot tensile strength
FIG 3. Removable sagittal appliance used to move distally the maxillary right first permanent molar.
has not been found effective in controlling bleeding in patients with FXIII deficiency. Nevertheless, the authors attempted to control bleeding in this FXIIIdeficient patient with EACA alone since it is relatively safe. The most typical untoward effects are reported to be dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Theoretically, using EACA to inhibit the fibrinolytic factors responsible for the lability of the noncross-linked fibrin clot with antifibrinolytic agents seemed appropriate; however, it was unsuccessful. The multiple signs and symptoms of FXIII deficiency may be potentiated by several basic cellular phenomena other than the defect of clotting.1 FXIII or at least FXIII-like activity purportedly enhances cellto-substrate adhesion. This is hypothesized to occur by cross linking of the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin to connective tissue. Fibronectin cross linking theoretically would increase wound strength and wound healing.8 If, in fact, FXIII-deficient tissue is more labile, this could account for the decreased wound strength and delayed healing independent of its fibrin cross-linking function.
Conclusion
FIG 4. Fixed bilateral maxillary space maintainer in place.
and prevents major bleeding episodes.8 Additionally, FXIII has a relatively long half-life (8.4 days) compared to other factors such as FVIII (12 hr);18-19 therefore, only a single dose of a small amount of FFP needs to be infused prior to dental treatment that otherwise may have resulted in bleeding. A single infusion of FFP concentrate would provide protection to an FXIII patient needing dental extractions, both at the time of surgery and well into and beyond the postoperative healing phase. The authors' observations on this patient reinforce previous reports of the need for minimal amounts of FFP (approximately 200 cc) for adequate hemostasis for dental extraction in FXIII-deficient patients.7-" Noncross-linked clots that are present in FXIII patients are characterized by decreased mechanical stability as well as increased susceptibility to lysis.8 These properties may account for the fact that EACA alone
Based on the authors' observations, EACA therapy alone was ineffective for the hematologic management of this FXIII-deficient patient, which confirms previous reports. EACA probably also was not needed after FXIII replacement because FXIII is unique in having a relatively long half-life (8.4 days) and requires a very low plasma concentration for clotting activity (approximately 1%). This is unlike other clotting factors, which have a short half-life FVIII—12 hr, require higher plasma concentrations, and hence may require multiple factor infusions or the addition of EACA to the regime. This fact stresses the need for a cross-linked fibrin clot substrate, the lysis of which EACA can prevent. FXIII-deficient patients have an intrinsic lack of fibrin cross linking; hence EACA could not prevent clot lysis because an adequate clot had not formed. In summary, patients with FXIII deficiency can be managed successfully for routine dental care and/or superficial surgical treatment with a small infusion of fresh frozen plasma. Dr. Colin is a research fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA., and a postdoctoral fellow, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, maxillofacial surgery. Dr. Needleman is an assistant clinical professor, pediatric dentistry, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston MA, and Associate Dentist-in-Chief, The Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115. Reprint requests should be sent to Dr. Needleman. 1.
Kitchens CS, Newcomb TF: Factor XIII. Medicine 58:413-29,
1979.
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2. Israels ED, Paraskevas F, Israels LG: Immunological studies of coagulation Factor XIII. J Clin Invest 52:2398-2403, 1973. 3. Barbiu T, Carter G, Chesesi T, Dias E: Electroimmunoassay of plasma subunits A and S in a case of congenital fibrin stabilizing factor deficiency. ThrombOrath Haemorrh 32:12431, 1974. 4. Barbiu T, Redeghiero F, Dini E: Subunit A and S inheritance in four families with congenital Factor XIII deficiency. Br J Haemat 38:267-71, 1978. .5. Francis J, Todd P: Congenital Factor XIII deficiency in a neonate. Br Med J 12:1552, 1978. 6. Lovand L, Urayarna T, DeKiewiet JWC, Nossel HL: Diagnostic and genetic studies on fibrin stabilizing factor with a new assay based on an incorporation. J Clin Invest 48:1054-64, 1969. 7. HuddyECH: Facl:or XIII deficiency: a rare hemorrhagic disease. Br Dent J 131:365-66, 1971. 8. McDonaghJ: Structure and function of Factor XIII, in Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. Colman RW, Hirsh J, Mauder VJ, Salzman EW, eds. Philadelphia and Toronto; J D Lippincott Co, 1982 pp 164-73. 9. Duckert F, Tang E, Schmerling DH: A hitherto tmdescribed hemorrhagic diathesis probably due to fibrin stabilizing Factor deficiency. Throm Diath Haemorrh 5:179~36, 1960. 10. Ikkala 1~: Transfusion therapy in congenital deficiencies of plasma Factor XIII. Ann N Y Acad Sci 202:200-203, 1972.
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11. Ikkala E, Myllyla G, Nevanlinna HR: Transfusion therapy in Factor XIII deficiency. Scand J [-Iematol 1:308-12, 1964. 12. Stefanini M, Eubank RE, Andracki EG: Deficiency of fibrin stabilizing Factor: report of a case probably congenital with observation on the effect of treatment with EACAand with prednisone. AmJ Clin Pathol 57:364--68, 1972. 13. Walsh PN, Rizza CR, Matthews ]M, Eite .I, Kernoff PBA, Coles MD, Bloom AL, Kaufman BM, Beck P, Hanan CM, Biggs R: Epsilon aminocaproic acid therapy for dental extractions in hemophilia and Christmas disease. Br ] Hematol 20:463-75, 1971. 14. Mulkey TM: Outpatient treatment of hemophiliac for dental extractions. J Oral Surg 34:428-34, 1976. 15. Needleman HL, Kaban LB, Kevy SV: The use of epsilon aminocaproic acid for the management of hemophilia in dental and oral surgery. ,IADA93:586-90, 1976. 16. Bjorlin G, Nilson IM: Tooth extractions in hemophiliacs after administration of a single dose of Factor VIII or Factor IX concentrate supplementation with EACA.Oral Surg 36:48289, 1973. 17. Sachs SA, Lipton R, Frank R: Managementof ambulatory oral surgical patients with hemophilia. J Oral Surg 36:25-29, 1978. 18. Zech R, Strother SV: Maintenance of hemostasis during exodontia in two hemophiliacs with Factor Vlll inhibition. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 41:53-56, 1983. 19. Miloszewski K, Losowsky MS: The half-life of Factor XIII in vivo. Br J Haematol 19:685-90, 1970.
