Enhanced Modified LEACH (EMODLEACH) protocol for WSN. Debabrata Singh. Department of CS & IT. ITER, Siksha '0' Anusandhan. University. Bhubaneswar ...
2015 International Symposium on Advanced Computing and Communication (lSACC)
Enhanced Modified LEACH (EMODLEACH) protocol for WSN Sanjeet Kumar Nayak
Debabrata Singh
Department of CS & IT
Department of CS & IT
ITER, Siksha '0' Anusandhan
ITER, Siksha '0' Anusandhan
University
University
Bhubaneswar, India
Bhubaneswar, India
Abstract In LEACH, the minimum amplification energy required for
Many routing protocols have originated since the
inter cluster or Cluster head to Base station communication
development of this field in which LEACH [3] , TEEN [9] ,
and amplification energy required for cluster members to
M-SEP[2] and PEGASIS[lO] are some of them. LEACH,
cluster head transmission is identical. As a result packet
of them, proved to be more promising and became a bench
drop ratio increases. The collisions or interference for other
mark in the designing of other protocols like A-sLEACH
signals also increases. LEACH chosen its cluster heads
[4] , Enhanced LEACH [5] , LEACH-CC [6] , Ad-LEACH
periodically and distributes energy consumed uniformly by
[7] and MODLEACH [8] are some of them. This technique
rotation. If we apply heterogeneity in this protocol it gives
performs data fusion, which combines data and transmit
poor performance and less efficiency. To get an another
from
chance to became a Cluster Head (CH) for next 1/p rounds
meaningful information.
source
nodes
Our
is very difficult once a CH is formed. For every round,
to
destination
proposed
protocol
node
with
Enhanced
set
of
Modified
cluster heads are replaced and whole design of the protocol
LEACH (EMODLEACH) is a reactive protocol which is
is changed. Basing on the mode of functioning, WSNs can
implemented in homogeneous network model. We have
be classified into proactive, reactive and hybrid networks.
implemented
the
Reactive networks, respond immediately basing on the
Replacement
scheme(ECHR)
decision parameters. Our proposed protocol Enhanced
power(DTP) level scheme of MODLEACH along with the
concept
of
Efficient and
Cluster
Dual
head
transmIttmg
Modified LEACH (EMODLEACH) is a reactive protocol
concept of Efficient Intra Cluster transmission Scheme of
which is implemented in homogeneous network model. We
TEEN
have implemented the concept of Efficient Cluster head
performances of the network mathematically and verified
in LEACH. We analyzed their effect on
the
Replacement scheme (ECHR)and Dual transmitting power
with the help of simulation. The result clearly indicates that
level (DTP) of MODLEACH along with the concept of
our proposed protocol EMODLEACH outperforms better
Efficient Intra Cluster transmission Scheme of TEEN.
network lifetime, packet transmitted to the Base Station, less dead nodes at each round, less energy loss per round
Keywords:
LEACH, Dr, MTE, CBRP, M-SEP, TEEN
and greater average energy of each node. The analysis helps particular wireless sensor networks applications.
1.
The remaining part of this paper is organized as
Introduction
follows. Section 2 introduces a related work, section 3 Progressive
work
on
Wireless
sensor
Networks
describes
the
problem
contains
dissipation
and routing protocols are data centric in nature. The data
evaluation of our protocol and comparison with other
centric approaches are assigning the sensing tasks to the
protocols. At the end we conclude the paper in section 6
sensor
with some references.
communicating
the
valuable
purpose data,
of
many
sensing
and
model,
proposed
4
sensors, which can be deployed randomly. Sensor networks
For
and
section
Network
nodes.
module
definition,
(WSNs) has enabled the designers to create autonomous
section
5
protocol
with
contains
performance
energy
energy-efficient
2.
routing protocols are developed basing on LEACH in
Related Work
WSNs. Sensor nodes in WSNs are usually battery operated sensing devices with limited energy resources.
So energy
A Sensor Node consists of sensors, processor, and
efficiency is one of the most important issues and designing
transceiver and power units. A sensor node is limited
power-efficient protocols is vital for increasing the lifetime
energy supply, so available energy at those nodes must be a
and throughput of the system. Performances of the system
major constraint. While designing a routing protocol,
in WSNs depends certain applications with limited power,
have to handle bulk of information sensed and passed over
we
reliable data transfer, short range communication, and
by every node in the network effectively and efficiently .
reasonably low cost [1] .
For
For
energy
efficiency,
extensibility
of
lifetime,
scalability and performance, cluster based routing protocol enforces a structure out of different routing protocols.
better
efficient routing
protocol
we
require
well
organized data fusion mechanisms, reliable data transfer, short range communication with low routing overhead. The simplest routing protocol method is flooding, which decreases the throughput, goodput, data delivery ratio, efficiency and energy of the nodes.
978-1-4673-6708-0/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
For efficient use of energy in
routing protocol , the
LEACH chooses cluster heads periodically and distributes
network plays a vital role in bandwidth consumption,
energy consumed uniformly by rotation, but under this
security and energy conservations.
condition if we apply heterogeneity this protocol gives poor
Using Direct Transmission in the network, sensor
performance and less efficiency. To get an another chance
nodes directly transmits to the sink that are far away from
to became a Cluster Head (CH) for next lip rounds is very
the sink would die first . On the other hand, using
difficult once a CH is formed. For every round, cluster
Minimum transmission Energy (MTE), data is transmitted
heads are replaced and whole cluster is created. Also
to base stations via multi hop. In the approached protocol
EMODLEACH
having same problem that we had in direct transmission.
parameters and assigned them a fixed value. Experiments
Difference
are done in MATLAB (2013a) to analyze the accuracy and
is
that
in
minimum
transmission
energy
algorithm, far away nodes remain alive longer with respect
introduced
soft
and
hard
threshold
compare with other protocols.
to the nodes nearer to BS. This happens because nearer nodes transmits all data traffic to BS than farther nodes. To
4.
Network
overcome this problem Clustering based routing protocol (CBRP) has been suggested in which all the nodes of the
and optimizing the cluster head algorithm. By adding power factors, the distance between cluster head adjusting the number of clusters, cluster members etc. Clustering for energy conservation is proven as efficient mechanism for WSNs. When the sensor nodes are deployed in a wireless sensor network, they group themselves and elect one of them as Cluster Heads (CH) which are responsible for receiving
data
from
other
nodes
of
cluster.
Data
aggregation/ fusion of received data and transmitting them to Base Station is done by cluster heads. The Base station is the data processing point for data received from sensor nodes, where data is accessed by end user. It is generally fixed and presented at a distance from sensor nodes. Other nodes except the cluster head are called the Cluster Members of that cluster. Cluster head actually acts as a gateway link between cluster members and base station.
and
Proposed
4.1. Energy Dissipation Model
networks are divided into hoping cluster. Reduces the number of cluster due to frequent consumption of energy
module
EMODLEACH protocol We have taken an area A=Length*Breadth m
Z
over
which n nodes are randomly distributed. The sink is located all most at the middle of the field. In this model, a radio dissipates Ee/ec =50nJ/bit to run the transmitter or receiver z circuitry. Both the free space (d power loss) and the multi 4 path fading (d power loss) channel models are used. If the distance is less than a threshold crossover distance (do), the free space model is used; otherwise, the multi path model is used. Here
we
have
taken
dual
level
amplification
energy
according to the nature of transmission. For Cluster head to z base station transmission,Emp =O.0013pJ/bitlm (when z distance>do) and Ers =lOpJ/bit/m (when distancedl ) and z Ersl =lpJ/bitlm (when distance do)
to
For intra cluster transmission transmitting,
and backward region to the environment and transmit the sensed data to a cluster head. The cluster head then reduce
the
amount
of
information
that
must
be
transmitted to the BS, which drains out more energy of the cluster head as compared to the other nodes. In LEACH, amplification energy(minimum) required for inter cluster or cluster
head
to
Base
station
communication
and
amplification energy required for cluster members to CH transmission is same. As a result packet drop ratio and collisions
or
interference
for
other
signals
increases.
Erx(k,d)= Erx-elec(k) + Erx-amp(k, d) Erx(k,d) = Eelec * k + Erst * k * d12 (dt :5 do) Erx(k,d) = Eelec * k + Empt * k * dt (d1 > do) For receiving,
ERx(k)
=
ERx-elec(k),
Where bit
by
Eelec is the energy expended to process a single
SV (sensed value) by an amount equal to or greater than the
radio
ST.
transmission
ETx(k,d)
circuitry.
is
the
transmission energy dissipated for k bit transmission . In symmetric
radio
channel
we
assume
that
the
required to transmit a message from node A to node B is same as energy required to transmit a message from node B to node A.
Our
I: Specify the probability temperature
proposed
protocol
Enhanced
Modified
LEACH (EMODLEACH) is a reactive protocol which is implemented for homogeneous network model. We have implemented
the
concept
of
Efficient
Cluster
head
Replacement scheme(ECHR) and Dual transmitting power (DTP)scheme of MODLEACH along with the concept of Efficient Intra Cluster transmission Scheme of TEEN in LEACH.
(Popt),
number of nodes (n),
If the existing cluster head containing energy must be greater than the threshold value, It remains cluster head for next round as well, else set-up phase will be carried out again. Considering the threshold value as static, the energy wasted in routing packet for new cluster head and cluster formation is saved.
head to BS uses low energy level and saving much amount of energy. acting
as
cluster
member
requires low amplification energy to transmit. iii.
High energy level for inter cluster or cluster
head
to
base
station
transmission. iv.
Nodes those are acting as cluster head requires high amplification to transmit.
3. Efficient Intra Cluster transmission Scheme: i.
sensed value (SV)-The value sensed by each
node
is
stored
in
an
internal
variable. ii.
At
every
round
(change
time),
in
addition to the attributes, the cluster head broadcasts to its cluster members, Hard Threshold (HT): It is the absolute value the node sensing this value and
switch on its
transmitter and report to its cluster head. Soft Threshold (ST): This is a small change in the value of the sensed attribute
in which the node
trying to transmit. iii.
The
nodes
sense
their
environment
continuously. When the attribute value touches its hard threshold value, the node sends the sensed data. The nodes will
transmit
cluster
next
period,
,
in
only
the
current
when
both
conditions are true: I)
The current value of sensed attribute is greater than the HT (hard threshold).
2)
The
previous sensed value (sv); 2: Einitial (s) =Eo, s=l, 2 . . . n;
(I) PREPARATION PHASE (lIPopt) :;to)
1: if (Einitial (s»O & rmod
then
IIPopt
can be
set 0 to 1 2: r+- random (0, I) and compute T(s); 3: if (r < T(s)) then 4: CCH{s} =TRUE; II s node be a candidate of CH
7: end if 8: end if
(II) SET-UP PHASE I: for r=0 to n rounds {//repeat for n rounds 2: r�random (0, 1); 3: cv �
tempi
+
(temPrtempi)* random (1, 1); (l/Pop d :;to) then
5: compute T(s); Ilgiven by (I)
In intra cluster transmissions, cluster
Node
final
4: if (Einitial (s»O & rmod
2. Dual transmitting power level scheme:
11.
(tempi),
hard threshold (h), soft threshold(s),
6: CCH{s} =FALSE; II s node not be a candidate of CH
1. Condition for Cluster head selection:
i.
(temPt),
5: else
4.2.1. Efficient Cluster head Replacement scheme
•
protocol: "BEGIN
threshold for CH (a), initial temperature
4.2. Proposed Model
•
4.3. The pseudo code for EMODLEACH
energy
current
value
of
the
sensed
attribute differs from the previous
6: if (r < T(s)) then 7: CH{s} =TRUE; II s node may be a CH 8: else 9: CH{s} =FALSE; II s node may not be a CH 10: end if 11: end if 12: if (CH{s} =TRUE) then 13: packeUo_BS=packet_to_BS+l 14: Join (IDi); Iinon-cluster head node i join with CH 15: Cluster(c); Ilformation of cluster c; 16: if (CH{s}>a) then 17: set CH{s} =TRUE 18: packeuo_BS=packet_to_BS+1 19: end if 20: repeat step 2 to step 15 21: end if 22:end if
(III)
STEADY-STATE PHASE
1: If (CH(s) =TRUE) then 2:
If (cv :2':h) then
3:
set testdo) Emp in free space(intra
whereas the last node dies at 1843th round. So, the network life time of the LEACH protocol is 1843 rounds and has the h In TEEN, the first node dies at 71t round 1h whereas the last node dies at 1895 round. So, the network
life time of the TEEN protocol is 1095 rounds and has the
0.00013pJ/bit/ m2
cluster transmission)(d>dl) Emp 1
next
round. So, the network
life time of the MODLEACH protocol is 1298 rounds and d has the 3r highest value. h In LEACH, the first node dies at 54t round
IpJ/bit/m2
cluster transmission)(d
