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Financial Market Contagion During the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Moroccan Stock Market Ahmed El GHINI and Youssef SAIDI FSJES, Mohamed V University-Souissi, Rabat, Morocco, Research Department, Bank Al-Maghrib, Rabat, Morocco

28. December 2013

Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53392/ MPRA Paper No. 53392, posted 5. February 2014 10:31 UTC

Financial Market Contagion During the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from the Moroccan Stock Market



Ahmed EL GHINI † FSJES, Mohamed V University-Souissi, Rabat, Morocco Youssef SAIDI ‡ Research Department, Bank Al-Maghrib, Rabat, Morocco

Abstract In this paper, we aim at the study of the contagion of the global financial crisis (2007-2009) on Moroccan stock market. Our study focuses to examine whether contagion effects exist on Moroccan stock market, during the current financial crisis. Following Forbes and Rigobon (2002), we define contagion as a positive shift in the degree of comovement between asset returns. We use stock returns in MASI, CAC, DAX, FTSE and NASDAQ as representatives of Moroccan, French, German, British and U.S. markets respectively. To measure the degree of volatility comovement, time-varying correlation coefficients are estimated by flexible multivariate dynamic conditional correlation (DCC). We investigate empirical studies using the DCC-GARCH model to test the contagion hypothesis from U.S. and European markets to the Moroccan one.

Key-words : Multivariate GARCH model, financial crisis, contagion hypothesis, break identification, conditional volatility, volatility comovement. JEL Classification : C5, C22, G1, G01, G15.

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Introduction

The global financial crisis of 2007-2009 is generally recognized as one of the most severe since the Great Depression of 1929 and will be well-known in the books of history and finance. Stock market crash around the ∗

The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of their institutions. The authors are grateful for

fruitful discussions with participants of the 20th International Forecasting Financial Markets Conference, Hannover, Germany. † Economics Department, Eradiass, Faculty of Juridical, Economic and Social Sciences, Souissi, Av. Mohammed Ben Abdellah Ragragui, Al Irfane B.P : 6430, Rabat, Morocco, TEL : +212 5 37 67 17 09, FAX : +212 5 37 67 17 51, e-mail : [email protected]. ‡ Bank Al-Maghrib, Espace les Patios - Angle Avenue Mehdi Benbarka et Avenue Annakhil Hay Ryad - Rabat, Morocco TEL : +212 5 37 57 41 95, FAX : +212 5 37 57 41 97, e-mail : [email protected].

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world during the crisis period demonstrated the financial contagion of recent global financial crisis. Notwithstanding the financial crisis firstly hit stock markets in the United States and other developed markets, it soon spread around the world to hit stock markets in emerging countries. Current studies on contagion offer many methods for measuring the propagation of international shocks across countries. Some of the more widely used processes include the cross-market correlation coefficient procedures (e.g., King and Wadhwani 1990), analysis with a cointegration relationship between markets (e.g., Longin and Solnik 1995), probit-logit models (e.g., Eichengreen, Rose, and Wyplosz 1996), and autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) or GARCH models (e.g., Hamao et al. 1990). Forbes and Rigobon (2002) survey other prevailing contagion procedures used to measure how shocks are transmitted on different equity markets in the world. The initial empirical literature on financial contagion was the simple comparative analysis of Pearson’ correlation coefficients between markets in calm and in crisis periods. Contagion was found when significant increases in correlations occurred in periods of crisis. King and Wadhwani (1990), and Lee and Kim (1993) employed the correlation coefficient between stock returns to test for the impact of the U.S. stock crash in 1987 on the equity markets of several countries. Empirical findings show that the correlation coefficients between several markets significantly increased during the crash. Hamao and al. (1990) employed the conditional variance estimated under the GARCH model to test for correlations between market volatilities for the crisis of 1987. Edwards and Susmel (2001) used switching ARCH model. They found that many Latin American equity markets, during the times of high market volatility, were significantly correlated which proved the existence of contagion effects. Many recent studies have dealt with the recent global financial crisis. Some of them tackle the specific issue of market contagion. Among them Guo et al (2011) and Longstaff (2010) study the cross-asset contagion between several asset classes in the US market. Kenourgios et al (2011) deal with the contagion in the BRIC emerging equity markets. Johansson (2011) examines equity market movements in East Asia and Europe during the global financial crisis. The issue with Johansson (2011) is that it uses a time period 2004-2008 and thus the time period ends in a period when the global financial markets enter the highest level of turmoil. Neaime (2012) examined the impact of the recent financial crisis in the MENA region, he found a higher correlation with the U.S. stock market during the crisis, the index of the place of Egypt, the CASE30, ended 2008 with a change of -56.43 %. All of these studies find evidence of contagion. The current paper focuses to investigate empirically the comovements between the Moroccan stock market and the U.S., France, U.K. and Germany stock markets over the period of 2002-2012. Therefore, we contribute to the literature of contagion among the financial markets around the financial crisis of 2007-2009. We employ tow flexible multivariate GARCH models (CCC, and DCC) to measure conditional correlations between the stock markets under investigation. The aim is to examine the contagion effect from U.S., France, U.K and

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Germany to Morocco. In fact, DCC-GARCH model of Engle (2002) has been extensively used in the contagion literature, mainly because of its intuitive interpretation property and the fact that it involves a simpler estimation procedure than the VEC models described in Engle and Kroner (1995). In addition, it does not suffer from the simplistic assumption of constant correlation as is does the CCC-GARCH. Finally, being part of the GARCH family of models gives the DCC-GARCH the flexibility to be combined with any univariate GARCH model to capture asymmetric or long memory effects. On the other hand, the restrictive assumption of constant correlations (CCC) is employed to whether will be rejected by the data. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the data used and provides the different used econometric tools. Section 3 is devoted to our empirical findings including their analysis and discussion. Finally, Section 4 provides conclusion.

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Data and Methodology

In this section, we firstly present the description of the different data used in our analysis. Secondly, we present the econometric tools we use to develop our empirical analysis. We define shift contagion as a significant increase in correlations between stock returns during financial crisis period. Then, time-varying correlation coefficients are estimated by the Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) Multivariate GARCH model. We use also its restriction CCC-GARCH model to test whether the assumption of constant correlations will be rejected by the data. In order to recognize the contagion effects, we test whether the mean of the DCC-GARCH estimated conditional correlation coefficients in post-crisis period differs from that in the pre-crisis period. This paper considers the same break point due to the financial crisis estimated previously in El Ghini and Saidi (2013) based on the structural break tests of Bai-Perron (1998, 2003) and Lee-Strazicich (2003, 2004).

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Data and Descriptive Statistics

The Casablanca Stock Exchange (CSE), which achieves one of the best performances in the region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), is Africa’s third largest Bourse after Johannesburg Stock Exchange (South Africa) and Nigerian Stock Exchange in Lagos. Originally, CSE had the "Indice General Boursier" (IGB) as an index. IGB was replaced on January 2002 by two indices: MASI (Moroccan All Shares Index) and MADEX (Moroccan Most Active Shares Index). The Open Market Days are Monday-Friday and the financial market trading hours are 9:00 AM to 03:30 PM (GMT/GMT+1 in the summer). In our empirical studies, we consider the stock market indices, namely, MASI (Morocco), NASDAQ 100 (Unites States), CAC 40 (France), FTSE 100 (United Kingdom), and DAX 30 (Germany). These indices are

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extensively based on financial and econometric literature and are considered as the most comprehensive index for the above countries. The sample set of data used are daily closing prices of the five indices from January 2002 to December 2012 excluding holidays (2869 observations). We compute the returns (Stock return, Rit is measured as logarithmic difference of the price series, Pit as follows: Rit = 100 ∗ ln(Pit /Pi(t−1) )) for each index. Then we proceeded the pretreatment of the data by filtering method to remove the whole linear structure from the returns, which were present in the first moment of the series. Panel 1 displayed in the Appendix shows the dynamics of all return series. Following El Ghini and Saidi (2013), we use the date September 26, 2008 as break point of NASDAQ due to the subprime crisis. The break point due to the subprime crisis is estimated using Lee-Strazicich (2003,2004) and Bai-Perron (1998, 2003) structural break tests. In the following, we divide the overall sample data into two sub-periods: the pre-crisis (January 2, 2002-September 26, 2008: 1758 observations) and the post-crisis (September 29, 2008 - December 31, 2012: 1111 observations). Following the NASDAQ crash, the MASI and the three other European markets indices, shown in the Panel 2 displayed in the Appendix, appears to decrease dramatically around September 26, 2008. Table A.1 given in the Appendix contains the summary statistics of the market returns in the full and two defined sub-periods. The kurtosis of all return series is much larger than three. Further, the Jarque-Berra normality test (p