30 Jun 2011 ... Bompa, Tudor O. Periodization, 1999. Periodisation is an empirical descriptive
guideline with many open questions: HOW are adaptations.
30.06.2011
Periodisation
Sportwissenschaftliche Fakultät – Institut BTW der Sportarten
(Definition from HARRE, based on MATWEJEW)
Faculty of Sport Science – Institute for Movement and Training Science in Sports
4th Training Science Congress Ankara, Turkey, 28. – 30.06.2011
Training Load and Fatigue Interaction in Periodization
„Periodisation is the continuing result of periodic cycles in the process to create a sport performance ability. Each single periodic cycle is characterized by a licit caused periodic change of (training) aims, tasks and content as well as characterizes therefore the structure of the training“. (translated from HARRE, 1986, 99ff)
Ulrich Hartmann
[email protected]
30.06.2011
Monocycle or single-peak annual plan for a speed-power sport
Periodization: Commercial sport events / disciplines......
HOW are adaptations inducedMatveyev ? model (1965)
Bompa, Tudor O. Bompa, Tudor O. Periodization, 1999
Periodization, 1999
WHICH factors are stimulating further adaptations ?
Bi-cycle for a sport (track and field) in which speed and power dominate
Performance
How to “rectangular do 360 day peeking” ?? multiple peaking
Periodisation is an empirical descriptive guideline with many open questions:
Dubble peaking
WHY does the cellular mechanism behave in a given way ? etc…
January
Monocycle annual plan (modified after Ozolin 1971)
December
Bompa, Tudor O. Periodization, 1999
Bompa, Tudor O. Periodization, 1999
The original problem
The (different) causes
Performance level
energy supply, training content Overtraining Training workloads Time Performance level
New improvement in performance
mechanism of muscle adaptation
individual level of performance
Time
(Viru, A. & Viru, M., 2001, p. 194)
1
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aerobic
share of energy (%)
Necessitative components of performance by the view of total metabolism capacity • The physical performance / power of a high trained athlete has two components: • 1: An about 60% increased max. oxidative power of the act. MuM by an increased mitochondria mass from normal 3,0 % to 5.5 % per kg of act. MuM (60%). This is the result / function of an extensive endurance training
time (min)
Values for the relative VO2max at different levels of endurance
Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell
rel. VO2 max untrained
Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration - Amount - Size - Surface - Location - Volume (+ 500%)
women (20-30 years) men (20-30 years)
32-38 ml / kg / min 40-55 ml / kg / min
hightrained endurance athlets women men
60-70 ml / kg / min 80-90 ml / kg / min
norm values for a fitness condition
Marieb 1992
THE CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
women men
35-38 ml / kg / min 45-50 ml / kg / min
endurance athletics endurance athletics (international level) endurance athletics (international high level)
55-65 ml / kg / min 65-80 ml / kg / min 85-90 ml / kg / min
Necessitative components of performance by the view of total metabolism capacity
OXYGEN TRANSPORT VO2max (ml/min/kg) ADAPTATION - lung surface - Hb - heart size - muscle mass - mitochondria
% 15 15--20 20 50 35 500
• The physical performance / power of a high trained athlete has two components: • 1: An about 60% increased max. oxidative power of the act. MuM by an increased mitochondria mass from normal 3,0 % to 5.5 % per kg of act. MuM (60%). This is the result / function of an extensive endurance training •
2: The „maximal glycolytic power“ is very much related with the „maximal lactate formation rate“ (= VLamax mmol/s*kg). This is maximally and only usable until the 10. to 20. sec during a (supra)maximal load.
2
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anaerobic lactic
aerobic
Variation of lactic formation rate in untrained / specific trained individuals in 100m sprint
share of energy (%)
anaerobic alactic
VLAmax (mmol/l*s) measurement procedure: 100m sprint (14s), one single max. load, untrained individual (max. post exercise lactate ~ 8 - 10 mmol/l (VLA max: 10 mmol/l - 2 mmol/l) / 12 s = 0,7 mmol/l*s). 100m sprint (12s), singular maximal load, medium anaerobic trained individual (max. post exercise lactate ~ 10 - 14 mmol/l (VLA max: 14 mmol/l - 2 mmol/l) / 10 s = 1,2 mmol/l*s). 100m sprint (10s), singular max. load, specific trained high class sprinter (max. post exercise lactate ~ 14 - 18 mmol/l (VLA max: 18 mmol/l - 2 mmol/l) / 8 s = 2,0 mmol/l*s).
time (min)
Performance development during season
1.4
early prep. phase
1.3
1st comp. phase
late prep. phase
2nd comp. phase
102,0% Anteil Bestleistung % of an best performance(%)
Lactate formation rate VLAmax [mmol/l*s]
Development of anaerobic-lactic performance in young talented soccer players
Maximal anaerobic (glycolytic / lactic) metabolic “capacity” / performance for short distance running
1.2 1.1 average VLAmax
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
100,0% 98,0% 96,0% 94,0% 92,0% 90,0% Okt Nov Nov Dec Dez Jan Jan Feb Feb März Apr May Mai Jun Juni Jul Juli Aug Aug Oct Mar Apr
0.5
Mitte mid ofdes the Monats month
0.4 age (y) / (n) 11-12 (5)
13-14 (15) 15-16 (16) 17-18 (5) 14-15 12-13 (7) 16-17 (13) 18-19 (4) (16)
Possible shares of energy supply mechanisms for an identical load / power output of a rower (♂ ♂, 95kg) at same VO2 max but different glycolytical conditions
80,0%
VO2 = 6000 ml/min VLAmax = relative high glycolytic VO2 < 90%; ph ca. 6,4; 18,0mmol/l LA blood
85,0%
VO2 = 6000 ml/min VLAmax = normal low glycolytic VO2 > 90%; ph ca. 6,7; 13,0mmol/l LA blood
82,6%
VO2 = 6000 ml/min VLAmax = medium glycolytic VO2 = 90%; ph ca. 6,6; 16,0mmol/l LA blood
P4
P2000m
The interaction of the oxidative and the glycolytic system 1. Oxidative share needs long time to develop 2. Oxidative share is never too big 3. Glycolytic share needs only short time to increase 4. Glycolytic system is very limited in development
anaerobic alactic
anaerobic lactic
aerobic
5. Is seldomly too small, mostly too big (specifity of training) 6. None system can be trained independently.
3
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Variation of energy metabolism during year round – early preparation phase
Variation of energy metabolism during year round – competition phase
Anaerobic lactic
anaerobic alactic
Anaerobic lactic anaerobic alactic
aerobic aerobic
Share of energy supply mechanism during different track and field events (according to MADER / HARTMANN):
How to train? Consequences for the practice? Knowledge about the load / energetic profile of the sport / discipline Individuality of muscles fibers would be good to know Increase of amount, intensity more seldom Training load must be orientated at the energy/caloric turnover
distance
ATP / CRPH %
anaerobic-lac anaerobic%
aerobic %
30 m
80
19
1
60 m
55
43
2
100 m
25
70
5
200 m
15
60
25
400 m
12
43
45
800 m
10
30
60
1500 m
8
20
72
3000 m
5
15
80
5000 m
4
10
86
10000 m
3-2
1212-8
8585-90
marathon
0
5-2
9595-98
Training schedules are recommendations, no bibles
Share of energy supply mechanism / Lactate level (blood) during different track and field events / (HARTMANN HARTMANN) HARTMANN : Distance
anaerobic anaerobic--lactic %
blood-lactate blood[mmol mmol/l] /l]
rest
0.5
0.8 – 1.8
30 m
19
2- 5
60 m
43
5- 9
100 m
70
14--16 14
200 m
60
18
400 m
43
24
800 m
30
21
1500 m
20
15
3000 m
15
?
10
?
5000 m 10000 m
12--8 12
8
42195 m
5- 2
3- 4
The (different) causes energy supply, training content
mechanism of muscle adaptation
individual level of performance
4
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change of performance
Dynamic of muscle cell adaptation
Dynamic of muscle cell adaptation
change of performance
training load
cell proteinmass
+ 0
high Catabolic hormons corticosteroids sympathic level (cortisol) catecholamines low
maximum of protein-synthesis
proteinsynthesis
hypertrophy
hypertrophy
basic stress
proteinsynthesis
training load
training
Coactivation load 1. Anabolic hormons stress level Testosteron 2. Common transcripvagotonyfactors tion activating
max. stress
decrease of performance
cell proteinmass
+ adaptationperiod
steady state
adaptationperiod
0
-
steady state
-
load increase = (intensity * amount) anabolic adaptation-phase
load increase = (intensity * amount) anabolic adaptation-phase
catabolic-phase
time
time
Annual change (%) of Pmax depending of age
The (different) causes 120
energy supply, training content
118
1.8
Änderung Change Pmax (%)
116
0.5
-0.3
0.5
0.6
-0.5 -0.8
0.6
2.5
114 2.8
112 110
4
108 106
4.5
104
mechanism of muscle adaptation
individual level of performance
102 100 18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Age Alter(years) (Jahre)
Summary:
Spare time ≠ Recovery time
1. Existing points of view about adaptation and periodisation have their origins in the “Russian school” 2. It is a phenomenological way of thinking 3. It has no respect to biology 4. It includes a hypothetic / self full-filling assumption of possible adaptations (“master´s teaching”) 5. Adaptation and periodisation show in athletes very individual responses depending of many other influencing factors (age, level of performance, load tolerance etc.)
Thank you very much for your attention!!
6. There are only few existing (energy) demand / load profiles and its specific adaptation in disciplines.
5
