Ii- _ ,oo,_o°.r--_,. /_Plant (Food) Production_Unit/ ..... MDC. E3224,. McDonnell. Douglas. Astronautics. Company,. St. Louis,. MO,. (1987). C.C.. Johnson and. T.
N91-3i788 PRELIMINARY
Ricardo
B.
ment,
New
EVALUATION
Jacquez,
OF
Associate
Mexico
State
WASTE
PROCESSING
Professor,
University,
Civil
Las
IN
A
CELSS
Engineering
Cruces,
NM
Depart-
88003
ABSTRACT Physical/chemical, in
a
space
The be
waste
by
in
and
volatile
bacteria;
washing
and
these
materials
rates
at
separating uents
during
mass
and
energy
indicate
the
needed
in
a
the
magnitude
for
a
space
tradeoof rates
required
products
support the
the
their from
The to
requiring
a
high
of be
of
their
will
quantitative be
responses as
treatment life
of
pres-
to
the
well
as
that
presented a
in
constit-
scenarios,
etc., and
degree
gained
recycling to
data
of recycling the
to
opposed
developing
from
variety
composition,
waste
system,.
wide
fates
studies,
and
fungi,
water
composition,
Two
on
higher
capable
their
as
emphases
challenge
a are
regimes.
differing
habitat
and
will of
algae,
waste
advantages
considerations
formation
of
know the
processing,
balances,
life
that
from
used
CELSS.
system
plants,
includes
to
oxidation
reflect
stream
that
be a
examples
feces;
systems
produced,
before
humans,
urine;
can by
support
materials
by
necessary
are
qualitative
they
waste
is
various
from
ented;
it
life
inedible
trash
develop
methods generated
Representative
vapor;
and
they
them
derived
the produce
To
which
sources.
water
hybrid
wastes
bioregenerative
include:
hygiene;
materials.
and
processing
organics CO2;
solid
a
numerous
components
plants;
for
materials
generated
waste
biological,
environment
are
demonstrate support
system
closure.
INTRODUCTION Renewed ticularly has
the
prompted
systems available in
interest
space
limitations
are
critical This
for
long
establishment a
(i).
in
of
a
Lunar
evaluation
evaluation
nearly
prevent
of
has
complete
technologically will
duration
humans
245
or
a
advanced
of
spending
missions, mission
life
that
economically from
space
base
revealed
recycling and
human
oxygen,
impractical. long
to
Mars,
support
current
water,
par-
periods
methods and
food Such
of
time
in
space.
oping
Therefore,
improved Nearly
by
life
or
chemical
Life
recycling complete
support
living
or
sis
which
are
to an
of
a
respiration
through
of
energy.
If
is
required,
and
a
biological Recycling
streams ucts.
Some
CELSS
based
derived
from
streams
are
system
life
several waste
streams
support human
common
present
only
in
space
an
integral
part
of
the
trate:
if
higher
biomass
(in
tems
as
substantial
transpiration are
wastes
plants
of not
are
in
and
life
used
a
the
solely
both
to
to
source
support
system
food
is of
P/C
both
the
and
of
food,
the
To then
wastes waste
living
from
subsysillus-
inedible the
nutrient
support
P/C
Certain use
derived
waste prod-
all
that
of
useable
produce
life
its
for
into
systems.
plant
plants
oxygen
for
system.
spent,
246
Higher
support
water
P/C
electrical
conversion
example,
habitats
quantity),
plants,
found
to
using
needed.
the
common
For
by
combination
sources
are
electroly-
life
a
a
water
and
be
implies
systems.
are
of
undoubtedly
different
the
on
a
produces
oxygen,
consisting
habitat
space
water,
based
sunlight of
a
Ecological
oxygen.
that
closure
the
in
the
a
of
will
a
and
using
of
is
physical
include
is
respiration
hydrogen
on
Controlled which
sybsystem
degree
hybrid
from
of
into
most
a
devel-
accomplished
which
example,
for
subsystems
derived
as
on
limitations.
either
subsystems
for
placed
these
dependent
photosynthesis, high
overcome
subsystem
biological
wherein then
A
be
theoretically
such
oxygen
water
a
by
principle,
decompose
recycled,
or
(CELLS).
provides
be
are
component,
chemical
example
which
should
to
can
principles
System
physical
energy
recycling
biological
Support
emphasis
techniques
subsystems
(P/C)
or
unit
research
system.
solution
Not
only
biological A
requires
unique
support
is
to
or
a
waste
the
streams
required
nutrients
different
outputs
as
an
in
are
output
photosynthetic-based
the
to
rates
specifically could
be
development
recycling
desirable
production
as
food
have
and
in
also
P/C
and
different.
stream,
a
production
or
two
a
a
computer the
defined
on
in
a
a
require-
and
human
life
feed
given
type
life
life
waste
that
streams
system
for
as
streams
Those
support
including
presented,
support
scenarios
bioregenerative
are
the
waste itself,
streams,
habitat.
of
representative
of
a
design
data
nature space
of
functional
Recent
the
model
input
composition.
of
and
nitrogen
well
possible,
characteristic
of
subsystem
encountered
identified, and
but plant
either
treatment
are
input
system. For
it
the
systems,
CELSS
ment
are
are
recycling system
that
wastes
are
described. WASTE
SOURCES In
stream
determining of
a
life
considered: and
3)
WASTES
FROM
sive
study
data
was
weight
end
GENERAL and of
human
human
average
be
applied
least 2)
to
three
rate
of
any
waste
factors stream
must
be
production,
product(s). HUMAN
ACTIVITIES (2)
wastes
in
They feces,
number
at
composition,
the
which
pads
or
results over
mean
volume
solids of
reported
reported
milliliters/person-day), the
to
system,
GAllagher
analyzed. of
treatment
support
l)stream
required
Parker
the
of per
tampons
247
from
25,000 values
human
used
for
the
dry
of and
wet
(2,066
period per
comprehen-
person-days
urine
menstrual
a
period
(i0
grams),
(15.2),
the
average weight of pads (10.65 grams) and tampons (2.60grams) from different
manufacturers,
usage
women
for
for
grams/woman-day). from
reported size
that
must
be
on
the
to
of
urine
and can
elemental
composition
specified
diet
used
amount
for
designing
support of
private
from the
Space The
its
amount
model
program
for
and data
food (3).
food
are
and and
obtained
the
values
and
they
treatment should
empha-
subsystem not
the
inorganic
previous
be
designed
work
derived
constituents (3
and
from
4).
in The
subjects
fed
a
(3). water
the US hand
and
these
Station
shown
in
Table
environmental
and
Space
water
amounts
ECLSS.
contaminant
and
are
also
1
were
The
the
volumes in
being
used
of
concentration of
life
obtained
also
amount
being
and
(5).
are
The
part
is
control
Station
wash
its
preparation
available
Institute processing In
that
was
designing
of and
waste
(3). Technology, preparation this
model 248
The
and
were design
work was
of
derived
load
for
M.
concerning Karel
employed
waste waste,
details
for it
was
for the
a
cabin
ECLSS. of
composition
Massachusetts a
sizing
Space
Station
urine
values
and
feces
flush
(6)
Shuttle
in
urinal
condensate
Space
noted mean
organic
human
shower,
the
(41.1
human
handling
available
communication
humidity
of
of
(ECLSS)
designing
be
extremes
identified
or
laundry,
of
are
waste
urination
paper
values.
also
of
system
dish,
for
is
The
Gallagher
amounts be
and
should
accomodate
mean
amount of toilet
content
It
habitat
designed
type
solids
and
space
basis
movements
(3).
Parker
a
The human
work
by
bowel The
previous
and the total
of
the
designing
US
assumed
CELSS that
Table I.
Waste Feed Stream Production Rates and Solids Content in a Manned Space Habitat containing a Higher Plant Growth
Stream
Chamber
ID
Wet Weight Formation Rate,
Dry Weight Formation Rate,
1b/person-day Toilet
Weight Percent Solids,
ib/person-day
%
Waste
Urine
(2,
Feces
(2)
3)
Wipes Urinal
(2) Water
0.14
4.59 (a) 0.21 0.091
3.1 21.4
0.0452 Unknown
1.09
Unknown
NA
NA
(5) Hygiene Water Dish (6) Shower & Hand
2.6xi0-3
28
1.5
x
10-3
8.26
1.3
x
10-3
3.4xi0-3
(6)
Humidity
Con-
densate
0.0054
(b)
0.016
(6) PreparaWaste (3)
Trash Respired Air (5)
CO2
0.13
0.044
2.2
Unknown
in
NA
Cabin
See
Air
Inedible
34
Unknown
2.2
Contaminated
mass Chaff)
(b) (c)
(6)
Laundry
Food tion
0.022 0.028
12 12
Table
NA
3
(ii) Bio-
14
1.4
10
(Wheat
Transpiration Water (7)
136 •
-
678
See
,
.
Note
(d)
..
Footnotes (a)
The density urine volume
(b)
Detergent detergent). Cleansing
(c) (d)
of urine was to weight.
taken
only;
sodium
dodecyl
agent
only;
Economics
Formulation 6503.54.4 The contaminant load unknown.
(an anionic in transpired
249
as
1.008
benzene Laboratory
g/ml
(4)
sulfonate
to (an
Cleansing
detergent). water from
plants
convert anionic Agent is
the
CELSS
population
hydroponically,
would
and
In
1985,
the
back
to
Earth
aboard
this
analysis
and
volume
trash
This
type
of
term
human
a
long
subsystems.
Table
The
2.
space
results
insight
amount 51D (49
be
of trash person-day
Weight,
(a)
a
needed
are
the
trash
The
objective
brought
50.8
human
space
for
the
and
treatment
shown
in
design
Table
Space
Volume,
3.3
14
1.3
Boiomedical
14
1.0
10.5
0.3
Food
&
Garbage
7
2.2
3.5
0.3
2.8
0.5
Miscellaneous
5.8
O.8
Total
108
9.9
Plastic
Grey
Bags
or
Cans,
Duct
Tape
Aluminum
$
Bimetallic
Footnotes (a)
Includes
(b)
After
27 cleaning
ibs
of and
uneaten
food
stacking. 250
and
beverages.
ft3
(b)
Paper
Leftover
of
amount,
derived from flight)
ibs
grown
CELSS.
composition,
handling
analysis
be
of
representative
waste
this
would
part
51D. the
will
mission
be
analyzed
a
Constituent
Containers
not
into
during
from
plants
Flight
information
Composition and Suhuttle Flight
Trash
Food
gain
of
would
Shuttle
produced
mission.
that
laboratory
Space to
small,
animals
NASA-Ames
was of
that
be
2.
AIR
CONTAMINANTS
Contaminated that
must
be
Wastes
in
ration
and
inant
by
an
adult
model
(including
design
designing
the
Space
sentative
volatile
compounds
one
space
contaminants
can
expect
information
to
also
(SMAC)
An
in
a
includes
for
type
and
carbon
1
(5).
the
contam-
load
model removal
list
of
broad
repre-
spectrum
habitat
is
space
maximum
allowable
exposure
to
a
A
concentra-
contaminant
the
and
closed
the
continuous
of
The
illustrating find
Table
extensive
perspi-
of
in
habitat.
(ii).
habitat.
people
sizing
Station
space
amount
shown
and
stream
from
from
contaminant
the
developed
is
a
waste
dioxide
average
day
a
been
of
carbon
The
for
has
another
contaminants
subsystem
subsystem
concentrations
and
each
for
is
environment
water
particles.
airborne
for
Specific
include
prerequisite
used
closed
and
control
being
the
quarters
volatile
load a
crew
respiration,
contaminant is
in
air
produced
tion)
from
treated
cabin
equipment, dioxide
air
of
described.
given
contam-
inant. The which in
estimated
are
Table sizing
the
rate
Space
expected
to
(ii).
These
of
contaminant
3
and
concentration
of
the
would
obtain
the
it be
total
was
found
size
aboard
the
estimates
generatioon
Station,
ticles
be
and
of assumed
derived
generation
from
are
control airborne
of
Space
being
particles about
90
humans
and
their
251
of
particles
particles
Station
used
subsystem.
that
rate
airborne
for In
are the
aboard of
activities.
or
dust
design
estimating
expected percent
given
the
parTo
expected
the
aboard
the
plied
by
Space the
generation of
the
Table
Station,
crew
by
the
size
and
sourcess
numbers
the
other
factor than
in
Table
3
i.i
to
account
people
must
(assumed
be
multi-
for to
particle
be
10
percent
total).
3.
Estimation tion
Particle
of
Rate
Size,
by
Space
Station
Humans
Particle
or
Dust
Genera-
(ii)
(microns)
Particle
Generation,
(parti-
cles/hr/person
0.3
-
0.5
81,341,426
-
1
34,570,164
1
-
2
4,270,366
2
-
5
1,565,870
0.5
5
-
Above
WASTES
FROM In
tion
10
40,626
PRODUCTION
estimating
subsystem
the
(Table in
amount
kilograms
(5),
a
dry
food
b)
wheat
the
dry
mass
of harvest
the
of
must
of
necessarily
of
that the
not
optimistic
i)
ACTIVITIES
amount
CELSS,
but
weight
211,548
PLANT
water
average
10
inedible
be
mature index
can
inedible
portion
by meet
each
50
plant
a
is
percent), of
252
the
a
wheat
and
transpira-
waste
treatment
were adult
c)
only
90
plant
50
is
is
the
0.617
caloric percent
(i.e., percent
a)
day
daily
inedible d)
made:
per
person's
requirement,
wheat of
by
assumptions
required
nutritional a
handled
following
alone
biomass
of
an of
comprised
the
wet of
water,
and
amount
of
plant
e)
depending
transpired
(edible
must
plus
may
be
come
Currently, ration
water
considered WASTES
as FROM
a
be
weight
(7).
water
contain
may
before or and
being
considered
which
waste
the
water.
will
gram
These
compounds chamber.
contaminants
in
this
require
of
compounds
growth
therefore
the
per
organic
plant
of
that
transpi-
stream
some
must
be
processing.
SYSTEMS conducted
varying The
here.
in
types
a
and
broad
experiments
derived
in
and
stream
treatment. from
the
concentration
being of
recycling
defined
grams
volatile
materials
EXPERIMENTAL
and
derived
dry
waste
waste
handling
inedible)
poorly
Experiments contribute
50-250
type
are
concentration,
from
plants
the
dioxide
ranges
removed
from
carbon
water
Transpiration that
upon
from
habitat
amounts
a
potential
of
this study
will
that
spectrum
precludes However,
space
will
flight
require
wastes
source has
also
of
been
that waste
from
conducted
experiments
is
might
in defined
(8). WASTE
PROCESSING Given
in
Table
methods wastes. cal
the
qualitative balance
and
i,
there
are
that
one
might
These
processes.
remains
quality
to
methods The
be
a
number consider include
optimum
determined.
considerations calculations,
quantity of
of
for
However,
a
opposed studies,
i.
253
and
biological of
treating
etc.)
technologies
based
is
these
phyical/chemi-
processing
detailed
presented
processing
and
scenario to
streams
waste
handling
combination
tradeoff
waste
different
both
(as
the
on mass
shown
and in
energy Figure
Water Flow Gas Flow Potable
.....
w..r,.... ----, i ,
lodlnatlon
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I
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I
Charcoal
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I
I
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Hygiene & Tollat Water
lcT
t
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Processor
,
i
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! I
_.':---T---:-, '
Water Compartment
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I
t
Waste & Hygiene
I inediblei
Imomm[
_._. ........ J,., Water
! : .
Transpiration Aerial Zone
:_------i I
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J Nutrient Solution I_
_
.....
CO2.-.- _
........
0 2---I_, ,
Solid &
'.::::::;::::::.:
I I ....
I
,
Salt Removal
I i- _ ,oo,_o°. r--_, /_Plant (Food)
[_, F
I
Production_Unit/
Particulate I Microbial Filtering Organics Removal
r .............................
;0
_ Sludge
Cabin Condensate
Fig.
1. Representative
Water
254
Pathways
',
Liquid Waata Processing
in a CELSS.
:
GENERAL
WATER
AND
Figure CELSS. in
The
order
in
pally
from
throughput
basis
(actual
be
noted in
the
Table
I
chamber.
gas
transpiration dry
is
and
rate
or of
each
of
the
dependent
a
of
the
solid princi-
on
upon
in treated
(derived
compartments
range is
for
a
the
per
rate
determined
by of
day
of
the
dioxide
(up
to
produced);
environmental dioxide
production
pressure.
openings
in
the
open,
and
grams
water
transpired
reverse
is
in
is
occur, 250
the
the
partial
stomates,
exchange
water
carbon
water
carbon
low,
high
transpiration
concentration
the
water
is
biomass
sizes
volumes
Transpiration to
CO 2 pressure which
of
the
the
proportional
through
that
predominantly
inversely
processed
standards
water are
scenario
considerations).
forth
growth
be
different
major
sizes
pathway
may
proportional the
storage
set
plant
gram
of
water
quality The
reflect i)
a
water
required
Table
conditions,
When
1
should
production
the
how
compartments.
and
It
SCENARIO
depicts
shows
attain
Figure
person
the
graphicallly
water
boxes
PROCESSING
scenario
to
depicted
per
1
GAS
true
leaves
the
for
per
high
CO 2
varying
the
concentrations. The
ability
CO 2
concentration
For
example,
enough
under
water
of
is
water
merely
change
can
is
transpiration water
to
provided decreasing
by
an
optional
provided
rate needed
be
the
is
to the
to
CO 2
meet
crew
the
crew
factor
be
in
conditions,
emergency
transpiration
concentration
by
requirements
an
could
255
rate
control
growth
Should
crew,
the
important plant
low.
the
transpiration
quickly in
the
more even
occur rate
a
than though
whereby and
the
increased, plant
CELSS.
growth
the more
amount by
chamber. It
is
from
a
this
waste
control
expected
phase
change stream
to
be
high
solution.
to
only
quality
This
cycle
make-up
water
of
from
illustrated
also
in
being
derived Therefore,
and
drinking
bacterial
and
condensed
lost
been
clean.
filtering
for
the
having
relatively
minimal
water
as
be
water
most
replenish
water,
will
need
However,
used
solution
transpiration
process, may
yield
applications. will
that
other
transpiration the
plant
Figure
introduced
1
water
nutrient
shows
from
nutrient
other
proces-
sors. The system, be
condensate having
quite
contain growth the
passed
clean a
treated
The
microbes
as
and
detritus
and
useable
filtrate
with
nutrient well
Toilet
breakdown.
sludge water
streams
have
contain
potentially
will
require
organic
more
be
water
be
containing high harmful rigorous
meet
and
contain
compounds
can
an
contaminants
treated feces
in and
solids microbes. treatment.
256
the
be
nutrient
the
solid
the
inedible
Therefore, High
combined
and
solu-
number root
of
metabolism
filtered
out
solution. waste
The
processor.
biomass and these
temperature
of
and
nutrient
by
concentrations
amount
hygiene
unknown
can
may
the
be
spent
to
microbial
the
produced
to
expected
Although to
control
condensate from
recovered
returned
would
relatively
a
enough
will
also
humidity derived
water
These
can
is
exchanger.
not
the
environmental
change,
microbes
solution as
cabin
However,
heat
is
the
phase
transpiration
salts or
or
requirement,
along
tion.
i).
collected
water
a
of
condenser
condensate
toilet
Table
population
the
from
through
(see
high
on
collected
also
waste may
streams and
pressure processes, such as wet oxidation oxidation
may be used to treat
to assist
in closing
unit.
waste processor
inedible
these more concentrated
(see Figure i)
amount inherent
includes
the yield
water treatment,
not necessarily
potable,
metals (derived
from corrosion)
and
from
and also
in some of the items listed
Table 2, as well as from the root zone filtrate.
plants
streams and
The water produced by the solid
biomass, hygiene and toilet
from a certain
water
the water cycle between the crew person and
the plant production liquid
or supercritical
but after
salts
This water is
and potentially
are removed, it
growing from the nutrient
solution
in
toxic
is benign to the
to which it
is returned.
Gas exchange between the plant growth chamber and other parts of a CELSSis also
an
oxygen
photosynthesis
produced
be
used
by
the
for
oxidation
crew.
oxidation
potable
RECYCLE
THROUGH
2
organic
nitrogen
(NO3-)
which As
this A
are
mentioned
a for
for is
recycling.
the
plant
processor
produced for
more
specific
recycling
species
desired
previously,
waste
257
biomass, the
crew
scenario.
PROCESSING
SYSTEM
waste
nitrogen
plants
waste
drinks
described
ammonia by
and
growth.
recycling and
metabolism. into
may
respiration
crew
Consequently,
WASTE
example, chamber
for
both
their
HYBRID
converted
and
by
generally
plant
For growth
edible
waste.
in
methods
desirable
waste
plants
illustrates
includes
of
in
CO 2
produces loop
forms
the
part
water-containing
support
Figure
into
by
and
the the
consumes
water,
NITROGEN
which
needed
crew
life
in
Likewise,
is
The
the
by
important
In (NH3) for
processing,
closes
scenario
converting
this
it
scenario,
and their applied
nitrate
ions
nutrition. to
closing
,""Plant Growth
Transpiration Water
I
,'
,---..................,
-:
,v,
Unit
-'
Human
Habitation
"'0'."'ooas.I
I
'! ,!
'I :
w,,.r
Urine and Wash
Processing Waste
a Ultraviolet Disinfection
,
Water
Inedible Blomass (Org-N)| : Grinder/Pulverizer ................. • ................
,_
Unit
;
[ Spant Nutrlem ] Solution
r..o.J.o......
,
: J
..... : Compression : Distillation
(Org-N) _Concentrate ....... _ .............. ,
(NO 3 and Org-N) SolldWaste(Or_l-N)
--_
: : NH3
Pre )rocessina
Liquid Waste (NH3):, Minimize Soluble Carbon • Maximize Soluble Nitrogen | ,1. Slurry ! ,2. Leach NH3-N w.e.o..e.
Wet Oxidation
'
Liquid (NH3)
, Solids v, ! Separation
, :
Recycle Sludge
Regeneratedl I
ca_....... fQ: I
,| Activated L, ,_...e....| Carbon ,"
2.
I
_'_ Oxidation
C=on //
Fig.
', 3. Separate Solids
I
........I-f-, •
.: eioioglcal
Waste
Stream Flow
Waste Sludge (Org-N)
Compartment
Nutrient Solution (NO3) r
Processor
[--] .m.e
Processing
in a CELSS:
258
Nitrogen
' I
Recovery.
'
|
a
life
support
system,
Physical/chemical liquids a
as
methods
well
significant
nitrogen
as
is
of
require
produce
either
either
handle
solid
activated
schematic The
applicable
to
both
and
N20
or
is
of
scheme
adsorption, the
proposed
is
simplified
(NH4
product
With
the
above
an
+)
as
can not and
waste system
includes oxida-
disinfection.
presented the
source
do
biological
is
show
a
a
requirements
ultraviolet
system
for
but
hybrid
oxidation,
to
of The
integrated
The
and
suffer
systems
end
wet
form
plants
processing
below.
distillation,
a
growing ions
of
but
plants.
final
scenario
handling
characteristically
ammonium
a
discussed
higher
) while
waste
as
a
by
methods.
materials, produce
methods
efficiently. mind,
to
directly
{N 2
solid
inability
ions
diagram
of
processing
carbon
treatment
directly
or
system
tion,
are
biological
in
compression
basic
nitrate
wastes
vapor
three
Aerobic
characteristics processing
by
the
gases
nutrition.
achieved
quantities
waste
nitrogen
be
reuseable
physical/chemical
CELSS
large
limitation;
which
produce
can
in
flow
of
A
Figure
2.
nitrogen
only. The by
the
plant
waste
to
the
and
scenario
growth unit
and
overall large first
particle
represents amount
be
ground
size.
of
low a
in
and Final
is
organic
nitrogen
processing
could
from
the
reduce be
of
solid
handled
content
nitrogen
inedible the
the
spent
(Org-N)
mass The
to
generated
principally
high
pulverized
259
and
biomass
generated.
wastes Wastes
biomass
potentialy
material
of
units.
inedible
inedible
etc.)
processing
habitation
the
The
chaff,
assumes
human
include
solution. (wheat
but
would
plant growth
nutrient
(3)
treatment
biomass
total by
volume wet
due
oxidation of
operated
1500
psig
to
at
of
ammonia
solution
is
primarily
exuded
by
to
preprocessing
the
maximize
at
the
and
an
The
solid
and
food
the
solid
liquid be
and
and
The
Liquid
hygiene
to
water. technology
of
that
efficiency
and
disinfection of
the
other will final
salts
pH
product.
and
can
be
disintegra-
include
feces
preprocessing
of
separated
convert
the
would
distillation
and
and
insure
water
maximize
post-treatment improve
by the potable
be
distillation be
will
be
hygiene
post-treatment potable
urine
(VCD).
could
compression
to
include
streams
drinking
could
Org-N
unit
distillation as
into
Org-N
and
260
sent
slurry
leaching
containing
waste
vapor
Additional
be
wastes
unit
habitation
unit
significantly
residues
to
solids
compression
adjustment
while
nutrient
solid
After
to
compression
pre-
maximize
would
physically
two
habitation
pressure
organic
Nitrogen
portion
human
vapor
vapor
by
be
These
and
agent
the
waste.
state-of-the-art
treatment
wetting
habitation
solid
the
and
physical
oxidation
by
human
Pretreatment
NH3-N
wet
from
processing
human
would
The
a
process.
processing
water.
requires
optimize
the
and
spent
solution
from
of
slurry
by
wash
Current
NH3-N
combination
streams.
the
a
unit.
or the
product
returned
(i0).
or
as
C
gas
The
nutrient
act
N 2
salts,
habitation
from
wastes
for
final
and
wastes
solid
(9).
fermentation-like
processed
combined
Org-N
anaerobic
wastes,
further
to
a
preparation
NH3-N.
ity
through
spent
300
as
inorganic
stage
human
than
nitrogen
(NH3-N)
The
of
less
of
water,
plants.
accomplished tion
loss
nitrogen
leaching
generated
temperature
minimize
recovery
the
a
implemented quality
separation
ultraviolet
of (UV)
bacteriological water
to
could
qualbe
supplied
by
process
water
occurring
vapor
compression
stage
to
The
be
liquid
in
highly
or
filter,
etc.)
the
NH3-N
to
convert
oxidation
of
carbon
by being
carbon
system
growth
of
viruses
well
and
activated
separation
transferred would
bacteria
remove while
including
oxidation
system
activated
carbon.
to
would
plant
plant be
used
CONCLUSION
261
CO 2
and
to
plant
and
UV
would
regenerate
growth
wet
incomplete during
require
additional
disinfection
unit. which
the
necessary
cells
will
water
from
by
the
occur,
Following
other
pathogens. to
would
the
microbial
carbon
trickling
processed
growth
disinfection
potential also
be
effluent
residual UV
and
will
biologi-
effluent
to
the
(activated
to
liquid
adsorption the
by
(NO3-N).
Due of
liquid
carbon
carbon
as
which
oxidation
nitrogen
NH3-N.
of
growth
returned
could
well
contactor,
the
be
leachate.
processed
nitrogen
as
to
the
be
organic
solids
Org-N
processing,
before
and
as
as
nitrogen
nitrate
would
microbial
oxidation
the
stage both
from
preprocessing
liquid
step,
solids,
unit
water,
The
polishing
of
the
NH3-N
suspended
and
concentrate
to
biological
Carbon
to
sent
could
as
(rotating
microbial
supply
biological
NH3-N, such
the
oxidation
nutrients.
oxidation
Org-N
biological to
wet
and
The
concentrated
the
majority
of
be
preprocessing
systems. the
unit.
the
film
separation
unit
growth
the
oxidation
transforming
evqaporation/transpiration
would
concentrated
fixed
the
from
from
(microbial)
and
with
leachate
sludge)
plant
distillation
effluent
contain
from
the
combined
liquid
cal
condensed
The can
destroy
activated
stimulate bacteria
The
wet
the
spent
the
in
a
The
production
life
support
grown
for 1
have
and
to
etc.,
emphases
on
2),
and
waste
treatment
of
well
as
in
a
demonstrate a
life
as
reflect
differing
life
formation
required
and from
system.
magnitude
system
rates
products
support
the
are
scenarios
tradeoff
the
support
plants
balances,
stream
indicate
needed
also
developing
waste
which
found
considerations
they
the
streams
recycling
qualitative energy
waste (in
Two
and
to
of
habitat
presented;
are
here
space
from mass
as
content
discussed.
been
that
presented to
a
responses
composition,
challenge
for
derived
have
their
data
solid
been
quantitative
studies,
and
system
food)
(Figures opposed
rate
of
with
a
The
the high
degree
Space,"
A
closure.
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S.K.
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"Leadership
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McDonnell (1987).
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36__.
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