PERRON-TYPE THEOREM FOR FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL

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Jun 17, 2017 - at least one bounded solution for every bounded inhomogeneity. 1. ... est due to their varied applications on various fields of science and engineering, ... constants formula and a procedure of substitution, we describe explicitly ... Let R, C be the set of all real numbers and complex numbers, respectively.
Electronic Journal of Differential Equations, Vol. 2017 (2017), No. 142, pp. 1–12. ISSN: 1072-6691. URL: http://ejde.math.txstate.edu or http://ejde.math.unt.edu

PERRON-TYPE THEOREM FOR FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS NGUYEN DINH CONG, THAI SON DOAN, HOANG THE TUAN Communicated by Mokhtar Kirane

Abstract. In this article, we prove a Perron-type theorem for fractional differential systems. More precisely, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a system of linear inhomogeneous fractional differential equations to have at least one bounded solution for every bounded inhomogeneity.

1. Introduction In recent years, fractional differential equations have attracted increasing interest due to their varied applications on various fields of science and engineering, see e.g., [2, 10, 12, 13]. Several results on asymptotic behavior of fractional differential equations are published: e.g., on Linear theory [11, 6], Stability theory for nonlinear systems [1, 4], Stable manifolds [5], Stability theory for perturbed linear systems [7]. However, the qualitative theory of fractional differential equations is still in its infancy. One of the reasons for this fact might be that these equations do not generate semigroups and the well-developed theory to ordinary differential equations cannot be applied directly. Consider the inhomogenneous system of the order α ∈ (0, 1) involving Caputo derivative C α D0+ x(t) = Ax(t) + f (t), x(0) = x0 ∈ Rd , (1.1) where t ∈ [0, ∞), A ∈ Rd×d and f : [0, ∞) → Rd . Motivated by Perron’s work, an interesting question arises here: what is the necessary and sufficient condition on A for which (1.1) has at least one bounded solution for any bounded continuous vector-valued function f ? In the case of ordinary differential equations (α = 1), the answer is known: the matrix A is hyperbolic; see [9, Proposition 3, p. 22]. However, for the fractional case the question is still open. Note that Matignon [11] gives a necessary and sufficient condition of the matrix A such that for any external force f and any initial condition x0 , the solution x of (1.1) is bounded. In this article, we give a Perron-type theorem for fractional differential systems saying that the inhomogeneous system (1.1) has at least one bounded solution for 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 26A33, 34A08, 34A30, 34E10. Key words and phrases. Fractional differential equations; linear systems; bounded solutions; Perron-type theorem; asymptotic behavior. c

2017 Texas State University. Submitted March 17, 2017. Published Jun 17, 2017. 1

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N. D. CONG, T. S. DOAN, H. T. TUAN

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any bounded continuous function f if and only if the matrix A satisfies a (fractional) hyperbolic condition  απ σ(A) ∩ λ ∈ C : λ = 0 or | arg (λ)| = = ∅, (1.2) 2 where σ(A) is the set of all eigenvalues of the matrix A. This result is a natural analog of the known theorem of the theory of ordinary differential equations. Our approach is as follows. First, we transform the matrix A of the system (1.1) into its Jordan normal form to obtain a simpler system. Next, using the variation of constants formula and a procedure of substitution, we describe explicitly bounded solutions. Finally, by estimating Mittag-Leffler functions, we show the asymptotic behavior of solutions which enable us to describe the set of unbounded solutions of (1.1) when the matrix does not satisfy the hyperbolic condition. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present some basics of fractional calculus and some preliminary results related to Mittag-Leffler functions. In Section 3, we state and prove the main result of the paper (Theorem 3.1). To conclude the introductory section, we fix some notation which will be used later. Let R, C be the set of all real numbers and complex numbers, respectively. Denote by R≥0 the set of all nonnegative real numbers. For a Banach space (X, k·k), we define (Cb (R≥0 ; X), k · k∞ ) as the space of all continuous function ξ : R≥0 → X such that kξk∞ := sup kξ(t)k < ∞. t≥0

For any λ ∈ C \ {0}, we define its argument to be in the interval −π < arg (λ) ≤ π and }. (1.4) 2 2. Preliminaries 2.1. Inhomogeneous linear fractional differential equations. For α > 0, Rb [a, b] ⊂ R and x : [a, b] → R is a measurable function such that a |x(τ )| dτ < ∞, the Riemann-Liouville integral operator of order α is defined by Z t 1 α (Ia+ x)(t) := (t − τ )α−1 x(τ ) dτ, t ∈ (a, b], Γ(α) a where the Gamma function Γ : (0, ∞) → R is defined as Z ∞ Γ(α) := τ α−1 exp(−τ ) dτ. 0 α The Caputo fractional derivative CDa+ x of a function x ∈ C m ([a, b]) is defined by m−α m α (CDa+ x)(t) := (Ia+ D x)(t),

∀t ∈ [a, b],

m

d th where Dm = dt -order derivative and m := dαe is the smallest m is the usual m integer larger or equal to α, see, e.g., [12, p. 79]. While the Caputo fractional derivative of a d-dimensional vector function x(t) = (x1 (t), . . . , xd (t))T is defined component-wise as α α α (CDa+ x)(t) := (CDa+ x1 (t), . . . ,C Da+ xd (t))T .

EJDE-2017/142

PERRON-TYPE THEOREM

3

In this paper, we consider the initial value problem α D0+ x(t) = Ax(t) + f (t),

C

x(0) = ξ ∈ Rd

(2.1)

with α ∈ (0, 1) and f : [0, ∞) → Rd is a continuous function. It is well known that the initial problem (2.1) has a unique solution defined on the whole interval [0, ∞), see, e.g., [10, Theorem 6.8]. An explicit formula of this solution is given by using Mittag-Leffler functions which are defined as ∞ X Ak Eα,β (M ) := , Eα (M ) := Eα,1 (M ), ∀M ∈ Cd×d , Γ(αk + β) k=0

where β ∈ R. Next we have a variation of constants formula for fractional differential equations. Theorem 2.1. Let ξ ∈ Rd and ϕ(·, ξ) denote the solution of the initial problem (2.1). Then the following (variation of constants) formula holds Z t α ϕ(t, ξ) = Eα (t A)ξ + (t − τ )α−1 Eα,α ((t − τ )α A)f (τ ) dτ, ∀t ≥ 0. 0

The proof of the above theorem uses the same arguments as in the proof of [8, Lemma 2]; see also [8, Remark 4]. 2.2. Some useful properties of Mittag-Leffler functions. To investigate the asymptotic behavior of the solutions to linear fractional differential equations, it is important to know the behavior of Mittag-Leffler functions. Hence, we next introduce some basic properties of these functions. To save the length of the paper we give only sketch of the proofs of the results presented in this subsection. Lemma 2.2. Let λ ∈ C be arbitrary. There exist a positive real number m(α, λ) such that for every t ≥ 1 the following estimations hold: (i) if λ ∈ Λuα then Eα (λtα ) − 1 exp (λ1/α t) ≤ m(α, λ) , α tα α−1 m(α, λ) 1 1 t Eα,α (λtα ) − λ α −1 exp (λ1/α t) ≤ α+1 ; α t s (ii) if λ ∈ Λα then m(α, λ) |tα−1 Eα,α (λtα )| ≤ α+1 . t For a proof of this theorem one uses integral representations of Mittag-Leffler functions and the method of estimation of the integrals similar to that of the proofs of [12, Theorem 1.3 and 1.4, pp. 32–34]. Lemma 2.3. Let λ ∈ C \ {0}. There exists a positive constant K(α, λ) such that for all t ≥ 0 the following estimates hold: (i) if λ ∈ Λuα , then Z ∞ 1 |λ α −1 Eα (λtα ) exp(−λ1/α τ )| dτ ≤ K(α, λ), t Z t 1 |(t − τ )α−1 Eα,α (λ(t − τ )α ) − λ α −1 Eα (λtα ) exp(−λ1/α τ )| dτ ≤ K(α, λ); 0

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(ii) if λ ∈ Λsα , then Z t |(t − τ )α−1 Eα,α (λ(t − τ )α )| dτ ≤ K(α, λ). 0

The proof of the above lemma follows easily by using Lemma 2.2 and repeating arguments used in the proof of [3, Lemma 5]. Lemma 2.4. For any function g ∈ Cb (R≥0 ; R) and λ ∈ Λuα , we have Z t Eα,α (λ(t − τ )α ) (t − τ )α−1 lim g(τ ) dτ t→∞ 0 Eα (λtα ) Z ∞ 1 = λ α −1 exp(−λ1/α τ )g(τ ) dτ.

(2.2)

0

The proof of the above lemma uses Lemmas 2.2 and 2.3, and arguments analogous to those used in the proof of [3, Lemma 8]. 3. A Perron type theorem for fractional differential equations The main result of this section is a Perron-type theorem for fractional systems. Theorem 3.1. Let A ∈ Rd×d and α ∈ (0, 1). The inhomogeneous system C

α D0+ x(t) = Ax(t) + f (t)

has at least one bounded solution for any f ∈ Cb (R≥0 ; Rd ) if only if the matrix A satisfies the condition απ } = ∅. σ(A) ∩ {λ ∈ C : λ = 0 or | arg (λ)| = 2 The proof of Theorem 3.1 is divided into the sufficiency part (Proposition 3.2) and the necessity part (Proposition 3.7). Firstly, we show the sufficiency part. Proposition 3.2 (Sufficient part of Theorem 3.1). Let A ∈ Rd×d satisfy the hyperbolic condition (1.2) απ σ(A) ∩ {λ ∈ C : λ = 0 or | arg (λ)| = } = ∅. 2 Then, for any f ∈ Cb (R≥0 ; Rd ), the corresponding inhomogeneous system C

α D0+ x(t) = Ax(t) + f (t),

(3.1)

has at least one bounded solution. Before proving Proposition 3.2, we transform the matrix A of the system (3.1) into its Jordan normal form to obtain a simpler system. Let T ∈ Rd×d be a nonsingular matrix transforming A into its Jordan normal form, i.e., T −1 AT = diag(A1 , . . . , An ), where for j = 1, . . . , n, the block Aj is  λj 1  0 λj   .. Aj :=  ... .  0 0 0 0

of the form 0 1 .. .

... ... .. .

... ...

λj 0

 0 0  ..  .  1 λj d

j ×dj

,

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PERRON-TYPE THEOREM

5

with λj ∈ σ(A) ∩ R, or  Dj 0   Aj =  ...  0 0

I Dj .. .

0 I .. .

... ... .. .

0 0

... ...

Dj 0

0 0 .. .



     I  Dj d

, j ×dj

here  Dj =

aj bj

 −bj , aj

 I=

1 0

 0 , 1

aj , bj ∈ R,

bj 6= 0,

and λj = aj + ibj ∈ σ(A). By the change of variable x = T y, the system (3.1) is transformed into the equation C

α D0+ y(t) = By(t) + g(t),

(3.2)

where B is the real Jordan normal form of A, i.e., B = T −1 AT = diag(A1 , . . . , An ),

and g(t) = T −1 f (t).

On the other hand, without loss of generality, we may rewrite (3.2) in the form C

α D0+ y(t) = diag(B s , B u )y(t) + (g s (t), g u (t))T ,

(3.3)

where B s/u is the part of B corresponding to the collection of all blocks with the s/u eigenvalues belonging to Λα . Note that system (3.1) has at least one bounded solution for any bounded continuous function f if and only if the system (3.3) has at least one bounded solution for any bounded continuous function g. Thus, we only focus on the system (3.3). We need the following preparatory lemmas for the proof of Proposition 3.2. Lemma 3.3. Let λ ∈ C \ {0}. Consider the inhomogeneous equation C

α D0+ x(t) = λx(t) + g(t),

(3.4)

where g ∈ Cb (R≥0 ; C). Then, the following statements hold: (i) if λ ∈ Λsα , then all solutions of (3.4) are bounded on R≥0 ; (ii) if λ ∈ Λuα , then the equation (3.4) has exactly one bounded solution. Proof. (i) Using the variation of constants formula provided by Theorem 2.1, for any ξ ∈ C, the solution ϕ(·, ξ) of (3.4) has the representation Z t α ϕ(t, ξ) = Eα (λt )ξ + (t − τ )α−1 Eα,α (λ(t − τ )α )g(τ ) dτ, ∀t ≥ 0. 0

From [12, Theorem 1.4, p. 33], we see that the quantity Eα (λtα )ξ is bounded on [0, ∞). On the other hand, by Lemma 2.3(ii), there exists a positive constant C such that Z t |(t − τ )α−1 Eα,α (λ(t − τ )α )g(τ )| dτ ≤ C sup |g(τ )|, ∀t ≥ 0. τ ≥0

0

Thus ϕ(·, ξ) is bounded for any ξ ∈ C. (ii) Let Z ∞ 1 ∗ −1 α ξ := −λ exp (−λ1/α τ )g(τ ) dτ. 0

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By the variation of constants formula provided by Theorem 2.1, we see that the function Z ∞   1 ϕ(t, ξ ∗ ) = Eα (λtα ) − λ α −1 exp (−λ1/α τ )g(τ ) dτ 0 Z t + (t − τ )α−1 Eα,α (λ(t − τ )α )g(τ ) dτ, ∀t ≥ 0, 0

is a solution of (3.4). We will prove that this function is the only bounded solution. Indeed, for any t ≥ 0, we have |ϕ(t, ξ ∗ )| Z ∞ 1 −1 λ α Eα (λtα ) exp(−λ1/α τ ) |g(τ )| dτ ≤ t Z t (t − τ )α−1 Eα,α (λ(t − τ )α ) − λ α1 −1 Eα (λtα ) exp(−λ1/α τ ) |g(τ )| dτ, + 0

which together with Lemma 2.3(i) imply |ϕ(t, ξ ∗ )| ≤ 2K(α, λ) sup |g(τ )|,

∀t ≥ 0.

τ ≥0

Thus, ϕ(·, ξ ∗ ) is bounded on [0, ∞). Now, assume that ϕ(·, ξ) is another bounded solution of (3.4) for some ξ ∈ C. Then, ϕ(t, ξ ∗ ) − ϕ(t, ξ) = Eα (λtα )(ξ ∗ − ξ),

∀t ≥ 0.



α

Because limt→∞ Eα (λt ) = ∞, we have ξ = ξ. This implies ϕ(t, ξ ∗ ) = ϕ(t, ξ),

∀t ≥ 0.

Hence, equation (3.4) has exactly one bounded solution. The proof is complete.  Remark 3.4. Consider the system C

α D0+ x1 (t) = ax1 (t) − bx2 (t) + g1 (t),

(3.5)

C

α D0+ x2 (t)

(3.6)

= bx1 (t) + ax2 (t) + g2 (t),

where a, b ∈ R and g1 , g2 ∈ Cb (R≥0 ; R). In the light of Proposition 3.3, we obtain the following results: (i) if a + ib ∈ Λsα , then all solutions of system (3.5)-(3.6) are bounded; (ii) if λ := a+ib ∈ Λuα , then system (3.5)-(3.6) has exactly one bounded solution as (x1 (t), x2 (t))T = (