ecotoxicology of explosives

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Ecotoxicology of Explosives. As a result of wartime activities, dumping, and accidents, unexploded ordnance. (UXO) is an additional source of explosive ...
and Toxicity of 5 Fate Explosives in Sediments Guilherme R. Lotufo, Marion Nipper, R. Scott Carr, and Jason M. Conder CONTENTS 5.1 5.2 5.3

Introduction .................................................................................................. 117 Methodology for Amending Explosives to Sediments ................................. 118 Fate and Lethal Toxicity of Explosives in Sediment Exposures .................. 119 5.3.1 Trinitrotoluene and Related Compounds.......................................... 119 5.3.2 2,6-Dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) .......................................................... 125 5.3.3 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol (Picric Acid) .................................................... 126 5.3.4 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (Tetryl) .................................. 127 5.3.5 Cyclic Nitramines ............................................................................. 127 5.4 Effects of Explosives on Reproduction and Growth of Invertebrates .......... 128 5.5 Toxicity of Porewater Extracted from Sediments Spiked with Explosives ..................................................................................................... 128 5.6 The Use of Biomimetic Devices to Assess Explosives Bioavailability ........ 129 5.7 Conclusions and Research Recommendations ............................................. 131 References.............................................................................................................. 133

5.1 INTRODUCTION Contamination of soils, sediment, groundwater, and surface water with explosives is associated with military activities at ammunition production sites and military training facilities. At ammunition plants, this contamination occurs mainly as a result of contaminated runoff, effluent from the facilities, liquid waste lagoons, and spills [1]. Major explosive contaminants such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) and their transformation products have been detected in freshwater sediment samples collected from military installations at concentrations ranging from low (e.g., less than 6.7 mg kg–1) to exceedingly high (up to 711,000 mg kg–1) [1]. Those extremely high concentrations (“hot spots”) are indicative of large amounts of nondissolved and nonsorbed explosives in some contaminated sites. Low concentrations (