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Editorial Challenges for Fish Foodborne Parasitic Zoonotic Diseases Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales* Guest Editor, “Emerging Topics in Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases”, Recent Patents in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery. Co-Director, Public Health and Infection Research and Incubator Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. Part-Time Faculty, Schools of Medicine & of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. Co-Chair, Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society for Chemotherapy, Aberdeen, United Kingdom. Member, Committee on Zoonoses and Haemorrhagic Fevers, Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN), Bogotá, DC, Colombia. Senior Researcher (2015-2018), Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNCTI) (National System of Science, Technology and Innovation), Colciencias, Bogotá, Colombia. Food borne diseases or illnesses (also often called food poisoning) are terms employed to define the consequences at gastrointestinal tract that happen following immediate or mediate consumption of particular foods or drinks [1]. This include the possibility of parasite-contaminated fish consumption [2-5]. It is evident that particularly during the last decade, not only the fish consumption has increased but also raw or semi-rash fish consumption has increased too. This is the particular case of Japanese food (sushi) or Peruvian and/or Chilean food (ceviche), which can be associated with some fish parasite infections for human beings [4, 6]. Due to the popularization of these regional cuisines, infections have been suspected to be the etiology of fishborne zoonoses due to parasites, particularly anisakiasis [4, 6]. In addition, an array of freshwater and brackish water fish and wild animal meats, which are important sources of infection with zoonotic parasites, are being served as sushi and sashimi in the rural areas of Japan [4]. Many people and healthcare workers are not aware that eating such exotic ethnic plates would imply significant risk to the human health at short and mid-terms [4, 6, 7]. Among the most important parasites associated with this consumption for many regions in the world, including Latin America, is Anisakis and other members of the family Anisakidae [2, 5, 6]. Recent reports from Chile [8, 9], Peru and Spain [10-12], have highlighted the importance of local cases but also of the consumption in distant countries. In some countries, such as Colombia [13-15], has been evidenced the presence of parasite members of the family Anisakidae in fish from Caribbean coasts of the country that are particularly touristic, with the consequent risk for travelers to consume raw or semiraw fish (ceviche) and acquire fish foodborne infections or allergies. Furthermore, recently from this area of the country, cases have been originated and diagnosed in other distant places, such as Argentina, for other parasites associated such as Gnathostoma [16, 17]. Another fish parasite, that in the case of Peru, has been well-reported causing human infections [18, 19]. Gnathostomiasis has also been associated with sushi consumption [20]. This fishborne parasite has also been reported and studied significantly in Mexico. In this country, Gnathostoma has been associated with outbreaks [21, 22]. Given all this information, the major challenge in the clinical practice would be thinking of these fish parasites, knowing their epidemiology, and particularly in increasing its research in regions where these have been certainly neglected such as Latin America.
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As has also been recently stated in North America [23], fishborne parasite infections have been neglected in Latin America too, because fish parasites are not considered a major threat, in part because have not being considered of financial relevance; funding for its investigation is usually not available and because use of such research would not be of immediate practical implementation. Nowadays, changes in the attention that should be paid by new physicians, veterinarian and in people involved in public health, should also consider new approaches in training in order to keep in mind its importance [23]. An additional epidemiological important question is that, fishborne zoonoses such as anisakiasis or gnathostomiasis, are neither under surveillance nor epidemiological notification. Opportunities in this field will be benefited from more research which is urgently needed, including basic epidemiological studies. In some countries, such as Colombia, these are nearly expected in the future [24]. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This manuscript is a part of a conference at the XVII Pan American Infectious Diseases Congress (API 2015), Quito, Ecuador, May 15-19, 2015 (“Parasitic diseases associated with fish consumption - Incidence in Latin America”, symposium “Unavoidable partner parasites in the route”). Author would like to thank the support of the Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences, of the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Dr. Juliana Buitrago-Jaramillo, who partially funded the travel airticket for this meeting, and also to the organizing committee who funded the rest of travel expenses. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
[14]
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[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]
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Olivero-Verbel J, Baldiris-Avila R, Arroyo-Salgado B. Nematode infection in Mugil incilis (Lisa) from Cartagena Bay and Totumo Marsh, North of Colombia. J Parasitol 2005; 91: 1109-12. Orduna TA, Lloveras SC, Echazarreta SE, Garro SL, Gonzalez GD, Falcone CC. Foodborne dermatosis after traveling: Gnathostomiasis. Medicina 2013; 73: 558-61. Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardenas-Giraldo EV, Manrique-Castano S, Martinez-Pulgarin DF. Is there gnathostomiasis in Colombia? Reflections from a possible case imported to Argentina. Medicina 2014; 74: 264. Laga AC, Lezcano C, Ramos C, Costa H, Chian C, Salinas C, et al. Cutaneous gnathostomiasis: Report of 6 cases with emphasis on histopathological demonstration of the larva. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68: 301-5. Chappuis F, Farinelli T, Loutan L. Ivermectin treatment of a traveler who returned from Peru with cutaneous gnathostomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: E17-9. Jarell AD, Dans MJ, Elston DM, Mathison BA, Ruben BS. Gnathostomiasis in a patient who frequently consumes sushi. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33: e91-3. Vanegas ES, Cendejas RF, Mondragon A. A 41-year-old woman with migratory panniculitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90: 786-7. Diaz Camacho SP, Willms K, de la Cruz OMC, Zazueta RML, Bayliss GS, Castro VR, et al. Acute outbreak of gnathostomiasis in a fishing community in Sinaloa, Mexico. Parasitol Int 2003; 52: 133-40. Scholz T, Choudhury A. Parasites of freshwater fishes in North America: Why so neglected? J Parasitol 2014; 100: 2645. Robertson LJ, Sprong H, Ortega YR, van der Giessen JW, Fayer R. Impacts of globalisation on foodborne parasites. Trends Parasitol 2014; 301: 37-52.
Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales (Guest Editor) E-mail:
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