Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change
Effect of 3% Outdated Milk Powder Supplementation in Commercial Concentrates on Reproduction Performance Dairy Cattle Rochijan, Bugi Rustamadji, Kustono Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Corresponding email:
[email protected] ABSTRACT This research was conducted to study the effect of 3% outdated milk powder supplementation in commercial concentrates on reproduction performance of early lactation dairy cattle. This research was located in Murten Farmer Group, Sleman Regency, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Eight early lactation Friesian Holstein Crossbred (PFH) were divided into two groups. Four animal were used as a control (without supplement addition) and another group as treatment object (with supplement addition). The animals fed with both commercial concentrates form Warga Mulya and forages (King grass). Outdated milk powder supplement was added at level 3% of total concentrates for each individual animal in treatment group. Drinking water was provided ad libitum. The variable measured consisted of post partum mating (PPM), service per conception (S/C) and days open (DO). The comparison results between the two condition (control and treatment) were tested using T-test analysis. The results indicated that post partum mating (99.75±21.45 vs. 88.00±9.27 day), service per conception (1.25±0,50 vs. 1.00±0.00) and days open (126.75±41.69 vs. 88.00±9.27 day) between controls and treatments were not significant (P>0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of 3% outdated milk powder in commercial concentrates in the ration have no significant effect on reproduction performance of PFH dairy cattle. Key Words: Concentrates, Outdated Milk Powder, Dairy Cattle Reproduction INTRODUCTION Dairy cattle need high quantity nutrients in their feed during lactation period, especially during early lactation period, i.e. approximately 3 to 7 times as much compared to during the dry physiological condition. If the feed intake provided is insufficient, either in terms of quantity or quality, then the cattle will utilize the nutrients available within its body by mobilizing the stored energy within their bodily tissues. As the consequence of this mobilization, the cattle will lose so much weight, which will affect the cattle’s production and reproduction performance (Mundingsari, 2006). The farmers’ ability in Indonesian as the subject is essential in managing the dairy farm to obtain the ideal birth interval. To increase milk production and to achieve the optimal results, obtaining dairy cattle with high genetic factors, other factors such as good environment, good management (of feed, care, and climate), as well as good organization are also needed. Feed quality and management in terms of improving efficiency and efficacy to stimulate better cattle productiveness need to be examined because feed costs are the biggest expense in the management of dairy cattle. Efforts in improving the dairy cattle’s nutrition can be achieved by improving the quality of concentrate feed. Improving the quality of concentrate feed can be performed by adding high quality supplement into the concentrate due to the quality of the concentrate will increase to meet the cattle’s needs. Supplement such as: outdate milk powder is a byproduct which is produced by the dairy processing industry. The supplement contains a high nutrition values such as: high protein and energy contents. Therefore, it can increase milk production and composition, as well as optimal reproductive performance which the genetic capabilities were appropriate. This research was conducted to study the effect of 3% outdated milk powder 2260
Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II 10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
supplementation in commercial concentrates on reproduction performance of early lactation dairy cattle, includes post partum mating, service per conception and days open. MATERIALS AND METHODS This research was conducted in the Murten Farmer Group, Sleman Regency, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. The research used eight early lactation Friesian Holstein Crossbred (PFH) which were divided into two groups. Four animal were used as a control (without supplement addition) and another group as treatment object (with supplement addition). The animals fed with both commercial concentrates from Warga Mulya and forages (King grass). Outdated milk powder supplement was added at level 3% of total concentrates for each individual animal in treatment group. Drinking water was provided ad libitum. Feed was given twice a day, at 07:30 am and 04:30 pm. King grasses were provided after being kept overnight to reduce the water content. Tabel 1. Nutrient content of the outdate milk powder and the commercial concentrate feed*) Nutrient content Outdate milk powder (%) Commercial concentrates feed (%) DM 80.00 Ash 6.29 10.50 EE 9.33 1.41 CF 1.50 18.30 CP 13.33 11.52 Ca 3.02 P 2.17 *)
: Results of Analysis in Chemix Pratama laboratory, Yogyakarta
Data collection was performed by jotting reproduction performance on each PFH dairy cattle. Reproduction performance includes post partum mating, service per conception and days open were collected. Post partum mating refers to remating after partus or the interval between the times of partus cattle to the cattle were the first inseminated, indicated by number of days. Service per conception refers to the average number of time the cattle mates to that cattle were pregnant. Days open refers to the interval between the time of partus cattle to the cattle were pregnant or the last mating which getting pregnancy. The comparison results between the two condition (control and treatment) were tested using T-test analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Success of reproductive performance is mainly determined by days open, the longer days open means the longer calving interval which affects the lowering amount of milk production throughout the cattle life. The research result shows three out of four cattle from the treatment group was pregnant within 100 days research, whereas from the control group one out of four cattle was pregnant within 100 days. Considering this research, the time of observation was extended until all cattle were pregnant to determine the overall reproductive performance. The overall results of reproduction performance are listed in Table 2. Tabel 2. PPM, S/C and DO data throughout the research Parameters Post partum matingns (day) Service per conceptionns Days openns (day)
ns: not significant (P>0.05)
Control 99.75±21.45 1.25±0.50 126.75±41.69
Group Cattle
Treatment 88.00±9.27 1.00±0.00 88.00±9.27
The cattle pregnancy detection was carried out or checked by artificial inseminator from Cooperation of Warga Mulya by performing a pregnancy detection. The low reproductive 2261
Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change
performance was caused by the lack of nutrient balance, especially lack of energy, inaccurate estrous detection, inaccurate of the inseminator performed artificial insemination and inaccurate farmer to performed observation during estrous. Post partum mating (PPM) The result shows that the shortest average PPM found in the treatment group is 88.00±9.27 days and control group is 99.75±21.45 days. Based on the PPM data obtained, the treatment group still in normal range of the first time cattle mating after partus. This range confirms Salisbury dan Vandemark (1993) opinion that first mating is the best performed within 60 to 90 days after partus. The average in control group, which causes the days open and calving interval delayed. This is delayed because the control group required a higher amount of nutrient than the treatment group to milk production. Besides that factor, the relatively drastic weight loss will also affect the reproductive performance. This was in line with the opinion of Lucy et al. (1991) that excessive weight loss due to lack of energy will hamper the growth of follicle in the ovary and then will hamper estrous. The lower of PPM resulted in the more efficient reproductive performance of cattle. The difference in PPM on each cattle was caused by differences in the occurrence of estrous as the result of milk production difference which will cause weight loss. Therefore the time to achieve the normal body weight for reproduction will be varied. These variations were caused by differing negative energy, which triggers reproductive problems such as sub estrous and silent heat or quiet ovulation, as stated by Peters and Ball (1995), that very low nutrition quality and quantity were the main causes of anestrous and the prolonging of estrous period after partus. Service per conception (S/C) The research result shows irregular estrous cycles, this caused inaccuracy of pregnancy detection since the absence of estrous after the estrous cycle will lead the researcher to conclude that the cattle is pregnant and this awaiting the pregnancy examination (PKB) by artificial inseminator. The irregularity of estrous cycle is influenced by lack of nutrient, especially energy, because most of the nutrients are mobilized to milk production, so that the performance of reproduction hormone, i.e. progesterone is hindered. This was in line with the opinion of Bath et al. (1985), that when cattle suffer from lack of nutrients, the function of its reproductive organs will not perform normally. The average estrous cycle in each group could not be calculated because there were cattle with service per conception score 1, therefore upon these cattle the estrous cycle could not be determined. But it can be seen in the control group that for cattle with S/C score higher than 1, the estrous cycle interval is between 21 to 77 days. This long interval is due to silent estrous caused by negative nutrient imbalance. This is parallel with Perry’s (1984) opinion, who said that lack of energy after giving birth will extend estrous interval and will delay ovulation. The research result shows that service per conception score on the treatment group was better as compared to that of the control group. It can be seen that among the treatment group, all four cattle got S/C score 1, whereas among the control group only three out of four cattle achieved the score 1. The success to bring cattle to mate is influenced by various factors, namely cattle, semen quality and inseminator, therefore researcher and inseminator must be very accurate in their estrous observation, in which case researcher and farmer act as the main informant for the inseminator. Days open (DO) Days open refers to the interval between the times of partus to pregnant or the last mating which getting pregnancy. Among the control group, the average of days open or the vacant 2262
Proceedings of the 16th AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II 10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
period is 126.75±41.69 days, while among the treatment group the average score is 88.00±9.27 days. The control group has long days open, this not in line with Antiyatmi’s opinion that the optimal days open or the safest time to bring a cattle into mating again is between 60 to 90 days after partus. If days open is too long, production during the next lactation period will decrease between 75 to 110 days. The long days open period was caused by the decrease of PPM and by the high service per conception. The long days open period will extend calving interval, which will decrease the number of calves produced throughout the cattle lifetime. This was in line with the opinion of Foley et al. (1973) that the long days open will lower the cattle productivity during its lifetime. According to Garantjang and Achmad (2008), in a paper for a national seminar, cattle reproduction performance is often influenced by environmental factors in the sense that quantitative changes of the effect of the environment will show on the reproduction performance within a population. Several influences on reproduction include interactions between genetic factors and environmental factors. In cattle reproduction performance, the features to be monitored are age of puberty, estrous cycle, age of first partus, calving interval, genital maturity, first mating and first mating after partus. Reproduction performance of cattle only showed in general because there is lack of not recording and the population dynamics (the varying population level that is not known certainly). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the supplementation of 3% outdated milk powder in commercial concentrates in the ration have no significant effect on reproduction performance of PFH dairy cattle. REFERENCES Antiyatmi. 2009. Kinerja Reproduksi Induk Sapi Perah Friesian Holstein Pada Tiga Kelompok Umur di Koperasi Peternakan Pasir Salam Sukabumi Jawa Barat. S. Pt. Skripsi, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta. Bath, D. L., F. N. Dickinson, A. Tucker and D. A. Robert. 1985. Dairy Cattle: Principles, Problems, Profits. 3rd Edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Foley, R. V., D. L. Bath, F. N. Dickinson, H. A. Allen Tucker and R. D. Appleman. 1973. Dairy Cattle Principles, Practice, Problem, Profit. Prentice Hall Inc., Philadelphia. Garantjang, S. dan Z. Achmad. 2008. Performan reproduksi dan dinamika populasi sapi perah di Kabupaten Enrekang Sulawesi Selatan. Dalam: Proceeding seminar nasional pengembangan agroindustri usaha persusuan nasional untuk perbaikan gizi Masyarakat dan kesejahteraan peternak, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. pp. 184-191. Lucy, M. C., C. R. Staples, F. M. Michael and W. W. Thatcher. 1991. Energy balance and size and number of ovarian follicles detected by ultrasonography in early post partum dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74:473-482. Mundingsari, R. D. 2006. Efek Substitusi Konsentrat Suplemen Energi dan Protein Terhadap Kinerja Produksi dan Reproduksi Sapi Perah PFH Awal Laktasi. M. Sc. Tesis, Program Pascasarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta. Perry, T. W. 1984. Animal Life Cyce, Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, San Diego. Peters, A. K. and P. J. H. Ball. 1995. Reproduction in Cattle, Butterworth and Co Borough Green. Sevenoaks Kent TN 158, England. Salisbury, G. W. and A. L. Vandemark. 1993. Fisiologi Reproduksi dan Inseminasi Buatan pada Sapi. Terjemahan R. Djanuar. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
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