Effect of Cationic and Anionic Surfactants on Application of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles in Paper Coating Ahmed Barhoum,†,‡* Hubert Rahier,† Ragab Esmail Abou-Zaied,‡,§ Mohamed Rehan,∥Thierry Dufour,# Gavin Hill,† Alain Dufresne‡ †
Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels,
Belgium ‡
Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP) –The International School of Paper, Print
Media and Biomaterials (Pagora), CS10065, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France §
Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Center (NRC), Dokki, Giza 11622, Egypt
∥
Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Applied Materials Research (IFAM),
Wiener Street 12, D-28359 Bremen, Germany #
Faculty
of
Sciences
-
Analytical
and
Interfacial
Chemistry,
Libre de Bruxelles, 2, Bvd du Triomphe, CP-255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium *Email:
[email protected]
Université
Supporting Information
Figure 1s. The universal coating machine developed by CTP (Centre Technique du papier, Grenoble, France).
Figure 2s. FI-IR spectra of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium oleate
Coating Thickness
Coat Thickness [µm]
8 6 4 2 0 BK
GCC
MC
NC
CC
OC
Figure 3s. Coating thickness of reference paper (BK) and paper coated with the commercial ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and the prepared micro (MC) and nano (NC, CC and OC) calcium carbonates.
Coating Weight Coat Weight [gm/m2]
10 8 6
4 2 0 BK
GCC
MC
NC
CC
OC
Figure 4s. Coating weight of reference paper (BK) and paper coated with the commercial GCC and the prepared calcium carbonates MC, NC, CC and OC.
Air Roughness
Air Flow [ml/min]
700 600 500
400 300 200 100 BK
GCC
MC
NC
CC
OC
Figure 5s. Air roughness of reference paper (BK) and paper coated with the commercial GCC and the prepared calcium carbonates MC, NC, CC and OC.
Air Permeability
Air Flow [ml/min]
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 BK
GCC
MC
NC
CC
OC
Figure 6s. Air permeability of reference paper (BK) and paper coated with the commercial GCC and the prepared calcium carbonates MC, NC, CC and OC.
Brightness
Brightness [%]
90 88 86
84 82 BK
GCC
MC
NC
CC
OC
Figure 7s. Brightness of reference paper (BK) and paper coated with the commercial GCC and the prepared calcium carbonates MC, NC, CC and OC.
Whiteness
Whiteness [%]
90 88 86 84 82 BK
GCC
MC
NC
CC
OC
Figure 8s. Whiteness of reference paper (BK) and paper coated with the commercial GCC and the prepared calcium carbonates MC, NC, CC and OC.
Opacity 80
Opacity [%]
78 76 74 72 70 68 BK
GCC
MC
NC
CC
OC
Figure 9s. Opacity of reference paper (BK) and paper coated with the commercial GCC and the prepared calcium carbonates MC, NC, CC and OC.
Table 1s. Relative change of physical and optical properties of paper coated with the prepared calcium carbonates; the values are based on the comparison with GCC coated paper (based on data from tables 2 and 3). Paper Physical
Paper Optical Properties
Properties Sample
Coating Thickness [%]
Coating Weight [%]
Paper Roughness [%]
Air Permeability [%]
Brightness [%]
Whiteness [%]
Opacity [%]
Paper
MC
15.7
5.3
-9.3
-7.1
0.3
1.8
1.9
NC
-5.9
-15.1
-21.4
-25.2
1.3
2.1
0.9
CC
-13.7
-21.4
-8.9
-9.3
1.0
2.8
1.0
OC
-19.6
-25.5
-23.2
-25.8
0.6
2.3
2.3
Table 2s. The contact angle measurement the reference (BK) and coated papers GCC, MC, NC, CC and OC.
Drop Age
Paper Sample BK
GCC
MC
NC
CC
OC
[min]
[°]
[°]
[°]
[°]
[°]
[°]
0
122
118
132
134
125
143
1
121
117
123
128
104
137
2
120
116
119
122
92
131
3
119
115
114
107
77
126
4
118
115
110
101
67
125
5
117
114
108
91
58
121
6
116
112
105
90
54
118
7
115
110
103
89
52
116
8
113
108
99
88
48
115
9
112
106
97
87
45
114
10
111
104
92
86
42
112
