Effect of dietary vegetable oils on the fatty acid profile

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May 23, 2016 - Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; cSchool of ... cows were used in two different 3 × 3 Latin square experiments that .... lignin were determined by methods described by Van Soest et al. (1991). .... The inlet and flame ionisation detector temperatures were 260°C, the.
Archives of Animal Nutrition

ISSN: 1745-039X (Print) 1477-2817 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gaan20

Effect of dietary vegetable oils on the fatty acid profile of plasma lipoproteins in dairy cows Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez, Gonzalo Íñiguez-González, Nathaly CancinoPadilla, Juan J. Loor & Philip C. Garnsworthy To cite this article: Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez, Gonzalo Íñiguez-González, Nathaly CancinoPadilla, Juan J. Loor & Philip C. Garnsworthy (2016) Effect of dietary vegetable oils on the fatty acid profile of plasma lipoproteins in dairy cows, Archives of Animal Nutrition, 70:4, 322-332 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2016.1182305

Published online: 23 May 2016.

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Date: 24 May 2016, At: 06:33

ARCHIVES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION, 2016 VOL. 70, NO. 4, 322–332 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2016.1182305

Effect of dietary vegetable oils on the fatty acid profile of plasma lipoproteins in dairy cows Einar Vargas-Bello-Péreza, Gonzalo Íñiguez-Gonzáleza, Nathaly Cancino-Padillaa, Juan J. Loorb and Philip C. Garnsworthyc

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a

Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; bMammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; cSchool of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK ABSTRACT

ARTICLE HISTORY

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of dietary supplementation of soybean oil (SO) and hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) on the transport of fatty acids (FA) within plasma lipoproteins in lactating and non-lactating cows. Three lactating and three non-lactating Holstein cows were used in two different 3 × 3 Latin square experiments that included three periods of 21 d. Dietary treatments for lactating cows consisted of a basal diet (control; no fat supplement) and fat-supplemented diets containing SO (500 g/d per cow) or HPO (500 g/d per cow). For non-lactating cows, dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (control; no fat supplement) and fat-supplemented diets containing SO (170 g/d per cow) or HPO (170 g/d per cow). Compared with the control and SO diet, HPO addition increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of C16:0, C18:0, C18:2cis-9,12, C18:3cis-9,12,15 and total saturated and polyunsaturated FA in the plasma of lactating cows. In non-lactating cows, the SO addition increased the plasma concentration of C18:1trans-11. In lactating cows, concentrations of C16:0, C18:0 and total saturated FA were increased (p < 0.05) by HPO addition in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Total saturated FA were increased (p < 0.05) by HPO in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). In nonlactating cows, the concentration of C18:0 was increased (p < 0.05) by HPO in HDL, whereas C18:1trans-11 was increased (p < 0.05) by SO in the low-density lipoprotein. Overall, it was found that distribution and transport of FA within the bovine plasma lipoproteins may be influenced by chain length and degree of unsaturation of dietary lipids. Also, the distribution of individual FA isomers such as C18:1trans-11 and C18:2cis-9,trans-11 may vary depending on the physiological state of the cow (lactating or non-lactating), and are increased in plasma (lactating cows) and the HDL (non-lactating cows) when cows are fed SO.

Received 17 February 2016 Accepted 14 April 2016 KEYWORDS

Dairy cows; lipoproteins; palm oils; plasma; soybean oil

1. Introduction Supplementing dairy cow diets with soybean oil (SO) can increase milk yield with no detrimental effect on milk fat content (Bu et al. 2007). Milk bioactive fatty acids (FA) such as vaccenic acid (C18:1trans-11) can be increased by inclusion of SO into dairy CONTACT E. Vargas-Bello-Pérez

[email protected]

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

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cow diets (Allred et al. 2006; Vargas-Bello-Pérez et al. 2015). On the other hand, hydrogenated vegetable oils have been used to increase the energy content of dairy cow diets in confinement (Kargar et al. 2012) and pasture systems (Schroeder et al. 2002) without any effect on milk composition (Vargas-Bello-Pérez et al. 2015). It is difficult to increase polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) concentrations in milk, since large amounts of dietary lipid supplements are needed to achieve a meaningful rise in milk concentration of PUFA (Offer et al. 2001). In bovines, the effects of dietary PUFA on lipoprotein metabolism are difficult to define since they depend on the degree of protection against biohydrogenation (Scislowski et al. 2004a) and the location, orientation and number of double bonds of dietary lipids (Tyburczy et al. 2008). Dietary PUFA can alter lipoproteins, especially the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction, which is the major plasma lipoprotein fraction in bovines (Bauchart 1993). For example, the HDL lipid profile can be modified when dietary PUFA are directly infused into the proximal duodenum (Scislowski et al. 2004a) or when pre-ruminant calves are supplemented with SO (Leplaix-Charlat et al. 1996) or when dairy cows are fed protected sunflower oil seed (Ashes et al. 1982) or protected soybean (Storry et al. 1980). Understanding how dietary FA affect lipoprotein metabolism in dairy cows is important because this knowledge could be used to modulate the effect of nutrition on milk fat yield and milk FA quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of dietary FA on the FA profile of plasma lipoproteins when lactating and non-lactating cows are supplemented with polyunsaturated (SO) or saturated [hydrogenated palm oil (HPO)] lipid sources.

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Animals and diets All animals were handled following approved guidelines of the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. The study was conducted at the Estación Experimental Pirque (33°38′28″S, 70°34′27″W) of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Three lactating cows averaging 169 ± 24 days in milk at the beginning of the study [mean ± standard deviation: 641 ± 111.3 kg body weight (BW)] and three non-lactating non-pregnant Holstein cows (685 ± 84.7 kg BW) were used in two different 3 × 3 Latin square designs with three periods consisting of 21 d. Cows were individually fed a total mixed ration at a fixed rate once daily (09:30 h). All cows received a basal diet formulated with a 56:44 forage:concentrate ratio, which was fed at rates determined by NRC (2001). Lactating cows received 19.5 kg dry matter (DM) per day of the basal diet to meet the requirements of cows producing 30 l milk per day; non-lactating cows received 10 kg DM per day of the basal diet. Dietary treatments for lactating cows consisted of the basal diet (control; no fat supplement) and fat-supplemented diets containing SO (unrefined oil; 500 g/d per cow) or HPO (500 g/d per cow). For non-lactating cows, the dietary treatments were basal diet (control; no fat supplement), SO (basal diet + 170 g SO/d per cow) or HPO (basal diet + 170 g HPO/d per cow). Amounts of oil fed to animals were based on VargasBello-Pérez et al. (2015). Experimental diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous. Standard procedures (AOAC 2006) were used to determine DM (934.01), Kjeldahl N

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E. VARGAS-BELLO-PÉREZ ET AL.

Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets. Experimental diets

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Control Ingredients [% of dry matter] Alfalfa hay Corn silage High-moisture corn Soybean hulls Wheat bran Vitamin and mineral premix* Soybean oil Hydrogenated palm oil Chemical composition [%] Dry matter Crude protein Ether extract Neutral detergent fibre Acid detergent fibre Lignin Fatty acid composition [g/100 g of total fatty acids] C4:0 C6:0 C8:0 C10:0 C12:0 C14:0 C16:0 C18:0 C18:1cis-9 C18:2cis-9, 12 C18:3cis-6, 9, 12 C18:3cis-9, 12, 15 C18:2cis-9,trans-11 Other#

Soybean oil (SO)

Hydrogenated palm oil (HPO)

17 18 10 34 19 2 † 2.6 (1.7‡) 0

17 18 10 34 19 2 0 2.6† (1.7‡)

51.0 16.7 2.3 39.2 21.0 3.2

53.7 15.9 5.1 39.2 20.1 3.8

53.6 16.6 6.3 38.9 19.5 3.6

0.03 0.05 0.03 1.63 0.16 0.26 15.6 18.8 0.42 46.9 0.17 7.44 0.05 8.49

0.09 0.04 0.03 0.15 0.13 0.15 13.7 18.8 1.78 49.5 0.10 6.38 0.09 9.06

0.73 0.01 0.07 0.10 2.08 1.70 45.9 36.3 0.04 5.03 0.19 6.55