Effect of Mineral Fertilizers on Cereal Cyst Nematode Heterodera ...

World Applied Programming, Vol (3), Issue (4), April 2013. 137-141 ISSN: 2222-2510 ©2013 WAP journal. www.tijournals.com

Effect of Mineral Fertilizers on Cereal Cyst Nematode Heterodera filipjevi Population and Evaluation of Wheat Sonia Seifi *

Akbar Karegar Bide

Payame Noor University, P.O. Box, 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran. [email protected]

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

Abstract: In this research the comparison among capability of some microelements to decrease Cereal Cyst Nematode population and increasing wheat yield were investigated. The treatment included: 0.1 g urea, 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 0.1 g super phosphate, 0.1 zinc sulfate, 0.1 urea + 0.1 zinc sulfate, 0.1 urea + 0.1 g super phosphate, 0.1 g urea + 0.2 potassium sulfate, 0.1 g super phosphate + 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 0.1 g zinc sulfate + 0.1 super phosphate, 0.1 g zinc sulfate + 0.2 g potassium sulfate and combination of all fertilizer with fertilizer calculate critical levels in the field based on physical and chemical analysis. In completely randomized complete block design pattern with three replication in greenhouse conditions was designed. Statistical analysis showed that the treatment in this experiment to see each other and control have a significant impact on both cases so that the minimal contamination by counting the average number of cysts/100 g soil and number of eggs and j2 per gram of soil in treatment of urea, urea + super phosphate, zinc sulfate +super phosphate and combination of all treatments with average population of 0.32, 0.44, 1.01, 1.1 respectively, compared with control 6.7 eggs per gram of soil. Moreover the treatment singly had great effect on increasing seed yield (number of grain per panicle and thousand kernel weights)., potassium sulfate had the most efficacy on straw and stubble yield. Keywords: Mineral fertilizers, Wheat, Cereal Cyst Nematode, Heterodera filipjevi.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important agricultural crop in Iran and constitutes the main grain food. Wheat cultivation in Iran has old background so that Iran is considered as one of the origins of this plant (11). Among plant parasitic nematodes, cyst-forming nematodes are highly specialized and economical important soil-borne plant pathogens attacking numerous agricultural crops worldwide. Cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are a group of closelyrelated species and are recognized as one of the most important groups of plant-parasitic nematodes on cereals in the world (15; 18). Cereal cyst nematode is belonging to Heterodera avenae group consists of 12 valid and several under scribed species that infect cereals and grasses. Among these, three main species Heterodera avenae (Wollenweber) H. filipjevi (Madzhidov) and H. latipons (Franklin) are documented as the most economical important (9; 16; 18). These species are found in many countries and have caused significant economic damage to wheat and barley, especially under low rainfall and poor soil nutrition of growing systems (3; 16). Yield losses caused by cereal cyst nematodes could be up to 90% in severe infested fields (17; 18). Cereal cyst nematodes have been reported from some of the wheat and barley growing areas in Iran. Detailed investigation on the cereal cyst nematodes revealed that H. filipjevi is more widely distributed in Iran, where it has been reported from 18 province while, H. latipons and H. avenae have limited distribution (1, 28, 29) Heterodera filipjevi has been reported in the former USSR (26), Iran (25), Turkey (9), and in several European countries (17; 18; 23; 27). In Iran, H. filipjevi is the dominant species of cereal cyst nematodes in most cereal growing areas and is widespread in different areas (7; 28). Wheat is often cultivated continuously in monoculture systems in Iran, and hence control of cereal cyst nematodes in these cropping systems is of major importance. Management strategies that have been successful in several categories, but any strategy that will be useful must be effective over a period of year or usable year after year .the most effective nematicides are no longer available, and those available are not economical(5, 6). moreover Nematicide application is a serious threat for environment and it is prohibited nowadays. Organic and inorganic manure are used in order to improve the soil structure and fertility. Nonetheless there are some evidences based on toxicity of these materials. In spite of being one of the most important wheat pathogens there is no enough investigation about this pest. For instance there is no information towards the effects

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Sonia Seifi and Akbar Karegar Bide. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (4), April 2013.

of fertilizers on nematode population in the world. Therefore application of different mineral fertilizers was investigated in this study to understand how these fertilizers affect on cereal cyst nematode population and wheat yield. II.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

II.1. population density of Heterodera filipjevi in the soil: For this purpose cysts of H. filipjevi were extracted from 100cm3 infested soil collected from a wheat field in Fars province and were stored at 4-5◦C until use. The modified Fenwick can technique (24) was used to extract cysts from the soil and the cysts were crushed in a glass cyst crusher (in 100 ml water) to release the eggs and second stage juveniles (J2s), which were stored at 4-5◦C until use, and then the number of eggs and larvae were counted in 1 ml of suspension three times. With using average number and suspension volume, nematode population density (number of eggs and second-stage juveniles in each gram soil) was estimated. Consider to cysts number in 100 cm3 of soil and estimated eggs number, the number of eggs in each cyst was calculated. II.2. Cultivation: Experimental units consisted of a clay pot (22 cm top diam. × 25 cm deep) containing 3 kg naturally infested soil (63.6% sand, 29% silt, 7.4% clay) with pH 7.94and EC 2.96 ds m−1. Before seed sowing wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum c.v Shiraz) were surface sterilized by 0.5 % sodium hypo chloride. It is worth mentioning that prior to the experiment a composite soil sample was sent to the laboratory for physicochemical analysis. The results are shown in table (1). Seven Seeds of winter wheat cv. Shiraz were sown in pot in early October. After germination, seedlings were thinned to four plants per pot and fertilizers were solved in water and added into each pot. Twelve fertilizer treatments were included: 0.1 g urea, 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 0.1 g super phosphate, 0.1 zinc sulfate, 0.1 urea + 0.1 zinc sulfate, 0.1 urea + 0.1 g super phosphate, 0.1 g urea + 0.2 potassium sulfate, 0.1 g super phosphate + 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 0.1 g zinc sulfate + 0.1 super phosphate, 0.1 g zinc sulfate + 0.2 g potassium sulfate, combination of all fertilizer treatments and control treatment (naturally infested soil without fertilizer). Experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times in green house conditions (Temperature was adjusted on 10-15̊ C and irrigation was performed twice a week). At the end of the experiment (approximately 258 days after planting), growth parameters of plant height (cm), number of tillers, root dry weight (g), aerial shoot dry weight (g) and grain yield were recorded. Root systems were separated from aerial shoot and washed to remove soil, and oven dry weights of the aerial shoot and root were determined. Final nematode population (Pf), the number of cysts per 100 g of soil and reproduction factor was also recorded. Cysts on root fractions were separated by the method of Hooper (1986) and counted. The soil of each pot was thoroughly mixed and a 100 g soil subsample was used to extract and enumerate cysts (8). The final population density of H. filipjevi was determined from the total number of eggs and J2 from cysts collected from soil and roots of each pot. Grain weight and dry weight of aerial shoots per pot were used to design potential loss prediction models. II.3. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed according to standard analysis of variance procedures with the MSTATC program. Turkey’s multiple range tests were used for mean comparison. Statistical differences referred to in the text were significant At P ≤ 0.05, unless otherwise indicated. III.

CONCLUSION

Damage caused by cereal cyst nematodes may be affected by a number of biotic and abiotic factors. It is known that H. avenae causes impairments in growth and physiological aspects of infected wheat plants, including the suppression of root growth, plant and spike height, number of tillers, reduction in concentration of N, Fe, Mn and Cu in shoots, intercepted light by leaves, photosynthetic efficiency, suppression of total chlorophyll content, and interference in nutrient and water uptake in plants, each of one may have a major role in grain yield loss (2; 10; 14; 23). To understand more about the effect of different fertilizers on cereal cyst nematode more research is needed. For example, required amount of fertilizers depends on many factors such as mineralization of organic matter, leaching potential, exhalant substances and interaction between fertilizers with other soil processes. Anyway current study reflects following results. Mineral fertilizers had different effects on studied traits. For instance, urea application had the highest effect on grain weight. Since urea contains 46% of nitrogen and nitrogen is the main part of the proteins it is not surprising that application of urea would increase plant growth and grain weight (12). Soil texture of study site was classified in sandy loamy class; we concluded that due to being sandy and saline soils, urease activity tends to decrease and subsequently available urea decreased (12). Therefore application of urea can improve protein content in plants. After urea, potassium + zinc treatment had the highest effect on grain weight. Urea + potassium and potassium treatments placed in second and third scores. In addition,

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these treatments showed a significant effect on growth parameters of wheat. It has been reported that potassium sulfate application in saline soil increases wheat seed yield (13). Potassium sulfate application, in one hand increases potassium/sodium ratio and on the other hand decreases chlorine/sulfate ratio in root zone, therefore increase in seed yield might be expected especially in saline soils. Other treatments had similar effect and did not show any significant difference compared to control treatment. Potassium sulfate had the highest effect on straw and stubble yield rather than other treatments. Third and fifth treatments had similar effect as well. The lowest effect was related to combined treatment which quite similar to control treatment. The highest seed number in panicle was observed in urea treatment. After that urea + zinc sulfate and urea + potassium sulfate produced the highest number of grain, respectively. This increase can be due to high level of nitrogen in urea, furthermore, application of urea along with potassium increases potassium uptake by plants (12). No significant difference between potassium sulfate treatment and control treatment prove this claim. Combination of fertilizers and super phosphate + zinc sulfate treatment showed the lowest values regarding this trait. It might be due to salinity and soil texture, because in saline soil phosphorus would be fixed into the soil due to high level of calcium carbonate (30). Among the treatments, urea, urea + super phosphate, urea + potassium sulfate + zinc sulfate + super phosphate decreased cyst number per gram soil (Table 2). According to other reports, application of nitrogen fertilizers which release ammonia decreases nematode population (19, 20, 21). Among treatments, urea, urea + super phosphate were the most effective treatments to decrease egg/ cyst ratio. The most important aspect of assessment of damage is egg number per each gram of soil. It has been reported that 22 eggs in a g soil can reduce cereal yield up to 87% (18). The lowest egg number was observed in urea, urea + super phosphate, super phosphate +zinc sulfate and super phosphate + potassium sulfate + zinc sulfate + urea treatments. This decrease is because of produced ammonium from urea which controls nematode population in the soil. In saline soils zinc efficiency will increase (Fig 1, 2-Table 2) and also zinc improves root function and make it tolerant against pathogens and therefore number of egg / g soil would decrease in soil.

Table 1: Chemical analysis of soil K(Av.) Available potassium

P(Av.) Available phosphorus

O.C% Organic matter

T.N.V%

pH of paste (saturated soil)

E.C

225

7.93

0.64

17

7.94

2.96

Table 2 Effect of Mineral Fertilizers on Heterodera filipjevi Population and wheat yield Treatments

Number of Egg/ g soil*

Number of Egg/cyst **

Number of Cyst/g soil*

Straw and stubble yield (g)

Grain weight (g)

Number of grain per panicle

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0.32 F 1.50 D 2.37 B 2.36 B 1.55 D 0.44 F 1.52 D 2.42 B 1.01 E 2.04 C 1.10 E 6.70 A

4.46 G 11.57 CD 13.30 B 11.80 CD 9.70 E 4.87 G 7.22 F 11.00 D 7.31 F 9.72 E 12.30 BC 26.67 A

0.07 E 0.13D 0.18 BC 0.2 B 0.16 CD 0.09 E 0.21 B 0.22 AB 0.14 D 0.21 B 0.09 E 0.25 A

2.083 BC 2.91 A 2.21 AB 1.94 BCD 2.26 AB 1.39 CDE 1.23 DE 1.22 DE 1.44 CDE 1.14E 0.93 E 1.54 BCDE

113.8 A 83.31 ABCD 74.39 ABCD 73.35 ABCD 91.60 ABC 82.13 ABCD 78.32 ABCD 62.15 BCD .34 D 96.94 AB47 53.45 CD 73.54 ABCD

27.16 A 18.16 D 20.49 CD 19.50 CD 23.99 ABC 20.00 CD 25.50 AB 18.50 D 21.16 BCD 17.83 D 17.16 D 17.33 D

-For a given means within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly differences (p < 0.05) - For each treatment, except for columns are having * and **, four replicates were considered.. (* Triplicate, **: five cysts and for each one three replications, totally 15 reps ) -1: 0.1 g urea, 2: 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 3: 0.1 g super phosphate, 4: 0.1 zinc sulfate, 5: 0.1 urea + 0.1 zinc sulfate, 6: 0.1 urea + 0.1 g super phosphate, 7: 0.1 g urea + 0.2 potassium sulfate, 8: 0.1 g super phosphate + 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 9: 0.1 g zinc sulfate + 0.1 super phosphate, 10: 0.1 g zinc sulfate + 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 11: combination of all fertilizer treatments and 12: control treatment (infected soil without fertilizer).

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Figure 1.Effect of fertilizer on wheat yield which grown in naturally infested soil. 1: 0.1 g urea, 2: 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 3: 0.1 g super phosphate, 4: 0.1 zinc sulfate, 5: 0.1 urea + 0.1 zinc sulfate, 6: 0.1 urea + 0.1 g super phosphate, 7: 0.1 g urea + 0.2 potassium sulfate, 8: 0.1 g super phosphate + 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 9: 0.1 g zinc sulfate + 0.1 super phosphate, 10: 0.1 g zinc sulfate + 0.2 g potassium sulfate, 11: combination of all fertilizer treatments and 12: control treatment (infected soil without fertilizer).

Figure 2. Effect of fertilizer on population of Heterodera filipjevi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was partly financially supported by the Shiraz University. Shiraz, Iran. The author grateful to Akbar Kargar bideh and Ziaeldin Banihashemi for advice. REFERENCES [1]

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