Effect of Processing and Storage Methods on the

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on its nutritional, anti-nutritional, and anti-mutagenic properties are not known. ... 59′ 25″ E°; latitude–30° 38′ 40″ N°; altitude–2200 m asl) of Uttarakhand (West ... Ascorbic acid was determined following standard methodology [23]. ... Results were expressed in milligrams tannic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight.
Effect of Processing and Storage Methods on the Nutritional, Anti-nutritional, and Anti-oxidant Properties of Paeonia emodi, Wall. ex. Royle Arun Kumar Jugran, Waqar Younis Chaudhary, Amit Bahukhandi, Indra D. Bhatt, Ranbeer S. Rawal & Pitamber P. Dhyani Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Part A: Enzyme Engineering and Biotechnology ISSN 0273-2289 Appl Biochem Biotechnol DOI 10.1007/s12010-016-2101-0

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Author's personal copy Appl Biochem Biotechnol DOI 10.1007/s12010-016-2101-0

Effect of Processing and Storage Methods on the Nutritional, Anti-nutritional, and Anti-oxidant Properties of Paeonia emodi, Wall. ex. Royle Arun Kumar Jugran 1,2 & Waqar Younis Chaudhary 1 & Amit Bahukhandi 1 & Indra D. Bhatt 1 & Ranbeer S. Rawal 1 & Pitamber P. Dhyani 1

Received: 15 February 2016 / Accepted: 21 April 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016

Abstract Nutritional, anti-nutritional, and anti-mutagenic activities of the fresh and boiled Paeonia emodi leaves were analyzed. Significantly higher vitamin A (64.19 ± 0.18 mg/100 g), C (160.50 ± 1.85 mg/100 g), and E (1.25 ± 0.00 μg/g) contents were recorded in boiled as compared to fresh and dried juvenile leaves. Similarly, significantly higher protein content (329.63 ± 0.33 mg/100 g) was found in boiled budding leaves, carbohydrate content in fresh juvenile (0.353 ± 0.02) and mature leaves (0.353±0.10 mg/g) , methionine content (47.75 ± 0.09 mg/g) in dried budding stage leaves, and proline content (1.23 ± 0.12 μM/g) in dried mature leaves. Anti-nutritional attributes like phytic acid (250.17 ± 0.19 mg/100 g; p < 0.05) and total tannins (48.41 ± 0.09 mg/g) were significantly higher in dried and fresh budding leaves, respectively; however, trypsin inhibition activity (91.90 ± 0.34 %) was observed in dried juvenile leaves. Significantly higher 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (71.13 ± 0.09 mM AAE/100 g) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity (3.39 ± 0.01 mM AAE/100 g) were recorded higher in dried budding leaves. On the other hand, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay (3.55 ± 0.017 mM AAE/100 g) and OH ions (1.69 ± 0.01 mM AAE/100 g) were significantly higher in boiled juvenile leaves and dried mature leaves, respectively. Anti-mutagenic activity of P. emodi extract revealed varying levels of protection against DNA damaging agents. The aqueous extract of P. emodi at budding leaves (500 μg dried) showed comparatively better protective activity as

* Indra D. Bhatt [email protected]

1

G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora 263 643 Uttarakhand, India

2

G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Garhwal Unit, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India

Author's personal copy Appl Biochem Biotechnol

compared to other growth stages. Results of this investigation indicated that the species have nutritional and medicinal value and therefore can be a potential source for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords Anti-oxidant . Anti-mutagenic . Anti-nutritional . Himalaya . Nutritional . Paenoia emodi

Introduction Paeonia emodi Wall. ex. Royle (Family—Paeoniaceae), commonly known as Himalayan Peony or Late Windflower, is native to the western Himalaya [1]. It is a perennial herb, distributed in Pakistan, India, and Eastern Afghanistan. In the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), the species is found from Kashmir to Kumaun at an altitude of 1800 to 3000 m asl [2]. The species is well known for its ornamental and medicinal properties and is considered the most important crude drug in traditional Chinese medicine [3]. For instance, dried flower infusion of the species is useful in treatment of diarrhea, whooping cough, hemorrhoids, and intestinal pain [2]; rhizomes are used as a tonic to cure backboneache, dropsy, epilepsy, headache, abdominal spasms, dizziness, vomiting, and hysteria and as a tonic [4]; roots are used in uterine diseases, biliousness, dropsy, and nervous affections and as a blood purifier; and seeds are emetic, purgative, and cathartic [5]. In addition, the species is used in cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses including palpitations, high blood pressure, and congestive heart failure as well as lipoxygenase and beta-glucuronidase inhibition and is known for spasmolytic, spasmogenic, anti-convulsant, anti-anxiety, and memory enhancing activities [5]. It has been observed that the species is found to be effective in type 2 diabetes, and therefore, leaves of the species are used for vegetables in Uttarakhand. However, studies on its nutritional, anti-nutritional, and anti-mutagenic properties are not known. Reports are available on nutritional assessment of different Himalayan wild edible species. For instance, Hippophae rhamnoides, Prunus armeniaca, and Rhodiola imbricata collected from trans-Himalaya possess comparatively higher amounts of vitamins, essential amino acids, fatty acids, and dietary minerals [6, 7]; commercial edible bamboo species of the North Eastern Himalayan region are source of food energy, ash content, crude fiber, carbohydrate, and protein content [8]; Baccaurea sapida, Diploknema butyracea, Eriolobus indica, Spondias axillaris, Machilus edulis, and Elaeagnus latifolia have nutritional potential [9]; and Habenaria intermedia, H. edgeworthii, and Roscoea procera possess important microelements and minerals [10]. Crude extract of Myrica esculenta fruits were found to have potential as natural antioxidants [11]. A very few studies are available on the anti-nutritional activity of wild edible species. For instance, nutritional and anti-nutritional factors of fruits of different Berberis species showed potential of mineral nutrient [12]. The fruits, however, contained anti-nutritional content, but these were much lower than their permissible limit. Similarly, antioxidant potentials of several Himalayan medicinal plants are well known [11, 13–17]. Keeping this in view, the aims of the present study were to (i) analyze nutritional and anti-nutritional properties in different growth stages and (ii) determine the anti-oxidant and anti-mutagenic potential of raw and processed leaves of P. emodi. The outcome of this study will be helpful in promoting potential of the species as a new and novel source of antioxidant.

Author's personal copy Appl Biochem Biotechnol

Materials and Methods Study Area and Sampling Leaf samples were collected from Triyuginarayan area (Rudraprayag district; longitude—78° 59′ 25″ E°; latitude–30° 38′ 40″ N°; altitude–2200 m asl) of Uttarakhand (West Himalaya) in three different phenophases/growth stages [budding (Plant height >10 cm; 0–25 days old), juvenile (Plant height >20 cm; 26–50 days old), and mature stage (Plant height