Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2242–2247
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Effect of sintering temperature on physical, structural and optical properties of wollastonite based glass-ceramic derived from waste soda lime silica glasses Karima Amer Almasri a, Hj. Ab Aziz Sidek a b
a,⇑
, Khamirul Amin Matori a,b, Mohd Hafiz Mohd Zaid a,b
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 15 March 2017 Received in revised form 17 April 2017 Accepted 18 April 2017 Available online 23 April 2017 Keywords: Soda lime silica glass Wollastonite Sintering Structural properties Optical properties
a b s t r a c t The impact of different sintering temperatures on physical, optical and structural properties of wollastonite (CaSiO3) based glass-ceramics were investigated for its potential application as a building material. Wollastonite based glass-ceramics was provided by a conventional melt-quenching method and followed by a controlled sintering process. In this work, soda lime silica glass waste was utilized as a source of silicon. The chemical composition and physical properties of glass were characterized by using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Archimedes principle. The Archimedes measurement results show that the density increased with the increasing of sintering temperature. The generation of CaSiO3, morphology, size and crystal phase with increasing the heat-treatment temperature were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transforms infrared reflection spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average calculated crystal size gained from XRD was found to be in the range 60 nm. The FESEM results show a uniform distribution of particles and the morphology of the wollastonite crystal is in relict shapes. The appearance of CaO, SiO2, and Ca-OSi bands disclosed from FTIR which showed the formation of CaSiO3 crystal phase. In addition to the calculation of the energy band gap which found to be increased with increasing sintering temperature. Ó 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Introduction Recently, an essential calcium silicate based glass-ceramic for the applications in the industry of construction which were manufactured via the Japanese company ‘‘Nippon Electric Glass” which named NeoparisÒ [1]. Wollastonite is also known as calcium silicate (CaSiO3) is found in nature has been wide studying due to its wide applications in ceramics, dental implant applications, architecture and construction which used as floor materials in order to substitute the granite and natural marble [2–6]. The main feature of this material is curved panels and big flat which can be produced [7,8]. Conventionally, wollastonite based glass-ceramic are produced from SiO2-CaO-Al2O3 glass system by controlled surface crystallization and such glass-ceramic materials may show specific visual impacts and other major interesting properties such as hardness
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses:
[email protected] (K.A. Almasri), sidekaziz@gmail. com,
[email protected] (Hj. Ab Aziz Sidek),
[email protected] (K.A. Matori),
[email protected] (M.H.M. Zaid).
which is bigger than that of natural stones, good strength, crystal shape, low shrinkage, body permeability, lack of volatile constituents, body permeability, whiteness, zero water absorption and low density [9–11]. They were fabricated on a big scale and utilized as coatings for floors which outside and inside walls in the construction of the building. A major advantage of wollastonite based glass-ceramics material; a big flat and curved panels can be fabricated compared to the natural stones. The crystallization of wollastonite starts at temperatures above 950 °C, which forming wollastonite phase (triclinic). With the increase of temperature, b-wollastonite (monoclinic) increases in a needle-like a form through the glass surface toward the interior of a grain of the glass, forming the material is like marble or granite because of the variations in light diffraction indicators between the glass and crystals in matrix. At higher temperature, a-wollastonite is fabricated (monoclinic, pseudo-wollastonite) that showed a grainy crystalloid morphology with more vague crystals [12]. Industrial waste, fly ash or slag ash are used as based materials in the industry of ceramic and for the production of glass-ceramic in many countries [13–16]. This process relies on waste composition and additives, which generally, consists of impurities and
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.04.022 2211-3797/Ó 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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secondary components. The interest in soda lime silica (SLS) glass waste is because of its composition and the large volume which is produced in Malaysia. This glass gives a share in a portion in the domestic waste category. Among the conventional glasses, SLS glass is known as the most common commercial glass product that contributes up to 90–95% of the glass produced around the world [17]. These types of glasses are commonly used because SLS glasses have a virtuous glass-forming nature compared to others several conventional glass system. Generally, SLS glasses are usually used for window panes, glass containers, flat glass, packaging, insulating materials, bioactive materials and building material industries. During recycling SLS glass, the raw materials consumption decreases yielding economical and environmental advantages [18,19]. The preparation of wollastonite using high pureness of silicon dioxide (SiO2) powder which is costly and high-temperature synthesis. Soda lime silica glass waste has many advantages to use it as a source of SiO2. Therefore, SLS glasses are selected to substitute SiO2 source as it can decrease the production cost and it has benefits as an attractive host matrix due to its good mechanical and optical properties, such as high transparency, perfect chemical stability, high thermal stability and low melting point [20]. To the best of our knowledge, the studies on optical properties of wollastonite based glass-ceramics are very limited. In this work, the preparation of wollastonite based glass-ceramics via controlled sintering process of prepared CaO-SLS glasses was reported. The process of crystallization has been studied via Fourier transform infrared reflection (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The glass and derived glass-ceramics have been characterized via studying their physical, optical, and structural properties including optical band gap. The main advantage of CaO-SLS glass system compared to normal CaO-SiO2 glass system was that the processing and melting and temperature will reduce substantially. That will decrease the production cost for this glass-ceramic. In fact, the idea of this article is the synthesis and characterization of wollastonite based glass-ceramic derived from CaO-SLS glass system also to study the effect of sintering temperatures on physical, structural and optical properties of wollastonite.
Experimental procedure
the characterization [21]. The samples of glass have been heated at different temperatures (700–1100 °C) for 2 h to synthesize the wollastonite based glass-ceramic (see Table 2). Characterization The chemical composition of glasses was analyzed via Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy. The density of prepared glass was measured by the electronic densimeter (MD-300s) supplied with an Alfa Mirage balance at room temperature by using the principle of Archimedes and water as buoyancy liquid. The patterns of XRD were measured utilizing a X’Pert PRO MPD diffractometer (PANalytical, Philips) then the measurements were executed with Ni-filtered Cu-Ka radiation = 1.6406 A° radiation as the X-ray source at 41 kV and 41 mA to recognize the crystallinity of phases. High-resolution FESEM (NANOSEM 230, Fei Nova) has been used to notice the microstructure of samples plated with a thin gold film. The spectra of FTIR of the samples were measured using spectrometer of FTIR (Spectrum 100, Perkin Elmer) in the range of wavenumber 400–4000 cm1. The spectra of optical absorption of the samples were measured at room temperature using UV–vis spectrophotometer (UV-3600, Shimadzu). In the region of wavelength from 300 to 800 and those measurements were made on sample powder with the size 63 l which have been compressed in a specified holder. There was a limitation in this technique that is the particle size require to be soft and small about
