Ekoloji 23, 91, 22-28 (2014) doi: 10.5053/ekoloji.2014.914
Effects of Imazamox on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization under Two Different Humidity Conditions Husniye AKA SAGLIKER1*, Nacide KIZILDAG2, Sahin CENKSEVEN2, Cengiz DARICI2, Burak KOCAK2, Nigar YARPUZ BOZDOGAN3, Nebile DAGLIOGLU4 1Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, 80000 Osmaniye-TURKEY 2Çukurova
University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, 01330 Adana-
TURKEY 3Çukurova
University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, 01350 Adana-TURKEY
4Çukurova
University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, 01330 Adana-
TURKEY *Corresponding
author:
[email protected]
Abstract Imazamox, is a herbicide intensively used in the peanut field soils of Osmaniye, Turkey with Mediterranean climate conditions. In this study, two types of soils were selected, first not exposed (NE) to Imazamox previously and the second Imazamox treated peanut soil (P). The recommended field dose [(RFD), 40 g L-1 active ingredient], 2 × RFD, and 4 × RFD of this herbicide were added to the NE and P soil. The microbial activities of the soils were measured by carbon and nitrogen mineralization under two different humidity conditions [60% and 80% of field capacity (FC)]. Carbon mineralization was determined by the CO2 respiration method at 30°C over 45 days. Mineralization ratios (%) of carbon in all herbicide doses of P humidified at 60% and 80% FC were significantly higher than all the other dose–humidity combinations of NE soils (P 0.05). The two different humidity conditions did not affected the carbon mineralization ratios in both the NE and P field soils (Fig. 4). No significant difference was found in the NH4N content between the soils and herbicide doses (Table 4). While the nitrate production did not changed much at all with the herbicide doses of the P soil, it decreased with the increasing doses in the NE soil (Table 4). There were significant differences between the NO3-N contents of the two different soils. DISCUSSION The diversity and counts of microorganisms are known to be higher in environments having sufficient and convenient organic matter. Moreover, herbicides have the potential to variably affect the soil organic matter dynamics, especially soil microbial biomass (Vischetti et al. 2002, Singh and Ghostal 2010). Hence, the total count of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and fungi was much higher in the organic matter rich NE soil. The amounts of microbial biomass were influenced by the soil organic matter quality and quantity (Wardle 1992, Hassink 1994). 25
Ekoloji Table 3. Results of ANOVA (General Linear Model) for repeated measures of C mineralized (n = 48) and the effects of the incubation time, soil, dose, and humidity.
Fig 4. Rate of mineralization (Rm) of organic carbon in the control, NE, and P soils at the RFD, 2 and 4 folds of RFD of Imazamox at the two different humidity conditions (mean ± SE; n = 3) during the incubation period (45 days). Different letters denote significant differences among the two fields, two humidity’s and the different doses of the herbicide Imazamox (P < 0.05). Table 4. The nitrogen mineralization (mg kg-1) of the NE and P soils, before and after carbon mineralization, for 45 days at 30°C. Different letters denote significant differences among two fields, the two humidity’s and the different dose levels of the herbicide Imazamox (P ≤ 0.05, FC: Field Capacity, RFD: Recommended Field Dose).
The carbon mineralization of the 4 × RFD soil was significantly lower than the control, RFD, and 2 × RFD of the NE and P soils at 80% humidity. In other words, the highest Imazamox dose (4 × RFD) 26
Aka Sagliker et al. decreased the microbial activity and there was also a decrease in the microbial respiration with the increasing herbicide dose at 60% humidity. The soil moisture increases microbial degradation of imidazolinones (Basham and Lavy 1987) and diphenyl ethers. The microorganisms in the carob and acacia soils also show better activities with 80% of FC at 28°C in 30 days (Zengin et al. 2008a, Zengin et al. 2008b). There was a significant difference only between the lowest and the highest doses of the P soils at 60% of FC. The interactions of incubation time, incubation time × soil, and incubation time × dose were significant in the microbial respiration. Similar results were also observed for the herbicides glyphosate isopropylamine and trifluralin when added to the soils (Eser et al. 2007, Aka Sağlıker 2009). The carbon mineralization ratios (%) in all herbicide doses of the P soils with both humidity’s were significantly higher than the NE soils (P < 0.001) (Fig 4). Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that some soil microorganisms are able to use Imazamox as a carbon and or nitrogen source. Similar results were also observed with herbicides such as glyphosate isopropylamine and trifluralin (Eser et al. 2007), topogard (Kara et al. 2004), and atrazine (Mahia et al. 2011) when added to the soils. The soil microbial biomass may decrease (Wardle and Parkinson 1990, Kara et al. 2004, Macur et al. 2007), increase (Debnath et al. 2002, Moreno et al. 2007), or remain unaffected (Wardle and Parkinson 1990, Lupwayi et al. 2007) in response to herbicide application. The carbon mineralization ratios of the control and RFD of the P soils were significantly different from the other two doses at 80% of FC and all doses at 60% of FC (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the NH4-N content between the soils and herbicide doses (Table 4). This might be due to the functional characteristics of ammonia producing bacteria. Short term application of atrazine slightly reduced the amount of N mineralized and the microbial biomass in the soil (Mahia et al. 2011). They suggested that the soil N dynamics can reveal the long-term impact of repeated atrazine application to agricultural soils. While the nitrate production did not changed much with all the herbicide doses of the P soil, it decreased with increasing doses in the NE soil and there were significant differences between the NO3No: 91, 2014
Effects of Imazamox on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen...
N contents of the two different soils. Nitrate producing bacteria were sensitive to the herbicide applications in both soils. These results showed that nitrate producing bacteria were still very sensitive to foreign compounds being added to the soils. Hence, soils should be monitored regularly and necessary precautions should be taken to sustain this sensitivity. Herbicide treatment inhibited the activity of nitrifying microorganisms and decreased the NO3-N content in the Tepedibi, Karaçakıl, and Kaşbaşı soils, whereas, it increased in the Bağlar soil (Kara et al. 2004). The soil microbial biomass was adversely affected by herbicide applications (Singh and Ghoshal 2010). Another herbicide, butachlor, was found to retard respiration of microorganisms,
Ekoloji especially under laboratory conditions (Min et al. 2001). It is accepted that microbial activities and the fate of herbicides are related to the some soil features, like organic matter (Unver et al. 2012), clay content (Cobucci et al. 1998), and also regional climate (Dalias et al. 2001). It can be concluded that Imazamox not only affected the target plants such as weeds but also some microorganisms present in the NE and P soils. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The study was supported by the Research and Application Centers of Çukurova and Osmaniye Korkut Ata Universities, Turkey. The authors thank Prof. Dr. Cahit ERDEM, Çukurova University, for his kind contributions.
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