Efficacy of some inorganic salts on some fungi that ...

Euphrates Journal of Agriculture Science-5 (4): 59-64 , (2013)

Hameed et al.

Efficacy of some inorganic salts on some fungi that isolated from different soils with salinity Fakhir E Hameed Coll. of Agric., Univ. of AL-Qasim

Mohammed J. AL_Shareefi Coll. of Agric., Univ. of AL-Qasim

Rajaa A. AL-Anbagi Coll. of Sciences Univ. of Babylon

Abstract : The study includes detect density of fungi in different soils with salinity ,also isolate some fungi and a study effect some salts such as: NaCl , NaCo3,NaSo4 and MgSo4 with concentrations 1000 ,5000 and 10000 ppm on these fungi in culture media .The result showed that colony forming unit (CFU) of fungi in different soils with salinity were correlated reversely with salinity level ,also there were different effect of salts depending on salt type and fungus ,then the salt NaCo3 was more effective on the fungi Alternaria citri and Alternaria alternata in concentrations 1000 ,5000 and 10000 ppm ,but this salt has a little effect on the fungi Aspergillus sp and Cladosporium sp .while the other salts has a slightly effect on the fungi .Therefore ,may using NaCo3 as antifungal against fungal pathogens and alternative substrate to fungicide after studying its side effects.

‫فعالية بعض األمالح غير العضوية على بعض الفطريات المعزولة من ترب مختلفة مستوى الملوحة‬ ‫رجاء عبد الرزاق العنبكي‬

‫محمد جابر الشريفي‬

‫فاخر ارحيم حميد‬

: ‫الخالصة‬ ‫الدراسة شملت تحديد كثافة الفطريات في الترب مختلفة التملح وكذلك عزل الفطريات ودراسة تأثير بعض األمالح‬ ‫ جالالزب بالالالمليلى عل ال تلالالك‬01111‫ و‬9111‫ و‬0111 ‫ بتراكيالالز‬MgSo4‫ و‬NaSo4 ‫ و‬NaCo3‫ و‬NaCl ‫مث ال‬ ‫ أظهرت النتائج أى عالدد متالتعمرات الفطريالات فالي التالرب مختلفالة المللبالة مرت طالة‬. ‫الفطريات في األوساط الزر عيه‬ ‫ارت اطا عكتيا مع متتل ى المللبة كذلك هناك تأثير مختلف لألمالح يعتمالد علال اللم الملالح و اللم الفطالر بيال كالاى‬ 0111 ‫ فالالي التراكيالالز‬Alternaria alternate‫ و‬Alternaria citri‫ أكثالالر تالالأثير عل ال الفطريالالات‬NaCo3 ‫الملالالح‬ Cladosporium ‫ و‬Aspergillus sp ‫ جزب بالمليلى و لكن هذا الملح اق تالأثير علال الفطريالات‬01111‫ و‬9111‫و‬ ‫ مضاد فطالر دالد الممردالات‬Naco3 ‫ لذلك يمكن استخدام‬. ‫بينما كا ت األمح األخرى اق تأثير عل الفطريات‬sp .‫الفطرية وماده بديله للم يدات الفطرية بعد دراسة اآلثار الجا ية لها‬ Introduction : Soil salinity is one of the important factors that affect agricultural production where more than six million hectares are affected (Anon., 1998). Besides affecting the plant growth, soil salinity also affects soil microorganisms and therefore it can enhance or 95 ISSN 2072-3875


Hameed et al.

suppress the infection of plant by these microorganisms. It has been reported that Cercospora leaf spot of peanut was favored by soil salinity (Porter & Adamson, 1993). An interesting alternative to fungicide application involves the use of the antimicrobial properties of some organic and inorganic salts that are widely used in the food industry as preservatives and antimicrobial agents to control plant diseases (Russell and Gould 1991). These compounds have shown broadspectrum antimicrobial activity with low mammalian toxicity (Olivier et al. 1998), possess biocompatibility (Horst et al. 1992), and are generally recognized assafe (GRAS). Moreover, they are less sensitive to environmental conditions than other alternative control measures such as biological control agents, which may make them particularly useful for the efficient control of plant pathogens. Several salts were shown to reduce the development of plant diseases. this study aimed to detect effect salinity on population of fungi in different soils ,also effect some salts on this fungi in vitro. Materials and Methods : A study carry out in Laboratories of Agriculture college –Babylon University at 20112012. Detection of fungi population CFUs (colony forming unites ) were detected by dilution methods (Bourguignon,2008) . Also Electroconductivity (EC) in different soils was measured (ms/cm) Effect of salts NaCl , NaCo3,Na So4 and MgSo4 with concentrations 1000 ,5000 and 10000 ppm on mycelial growth Alternaria citri and Alternaria alternate , Aspergillus sp and Cladosporium sp which were grown in a Petri dish contained PDA un amended (control) or amended with tested salts at 24°C. PDA agar disks (5 mm diam) of actively growing mycelium of Alternaria citri and Alternaria alternate , Aspergillus sp and Cladosporium sp were used to inoculate the plates. For each plate, diameter of the colonies was determined after a 10-d incubation period. Colony diameter was measured as the average of the longest diameter and the shortest diameter. Inhibition of mycelial growth was calculated as follows:[(control radial growth - salt-amended radial growth) / control radial growth] x 100. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with three replicates. (Leonard and Blackford, 1949) . Results and Discussion : The result showed that colony form unit (CFU) of fungi were correlated reversely with salinity level in different soils (figure1,2) .

01 ISSN 2072-3875


Hameed et al.

14.75 CFU(Colony form units of fungi)

16 14 12 10 8

5.25 1‫متسلسلة‬

6 4

0.75

0.75

2 0 Hayalamam

Wordia 1

Wordia 2

Alhashmia

Type of soils

Soil location

Fig.1. Population of fungi in four soils. 25

15

EC of soils

ds.m-1

20

10

y = -1.3415x + 17.535 R2 = 0.6616

5

0 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

-5 CFU of Fungi

Fig.2.The relationship between EC(ds.m-1) of soils and population of fungi

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

EC (M)

4

PH

2 PH

0 Hayalamam

Wordia 1

EC (M) Wordia 2 Alhashmia

Type of soils Hayalamam

Wordia 1

Wordia 2

EC (M)

0.8

19.5

1

20

PH

7.9

7.78

7.35

Soil location 7.67

Fig.3. PH and EC of soils. 00 ISSN 2072-3875

Alhashmia


Hameed et al.

Also there were different effect of salts depending on salt type and fungus ,then the salt NaCo3 was more effective on the fungi Alternaria citri and Alternaria alternata in concentrations 1000 ,5000 and 10000 ppm ,but this salt little effect on the fungi Aspergillus sp and Cladosporium sp .while the other salts have a slightly effective on the fungi ( Table.1) Table 1. Percentages of inhibitions(%) of some salts and their concentrations on some fungi in vitro. Fungi

Salts Concentrations of salts(PPM) L.S.D(5%) 0 1000 5000 10000 Cladosporum sp Naco3 0.00 0.00 13.33 32.67 Nacl 0.00 18.47 22.67 14.33 Naso4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mgso4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Alternaria citri Naco3 0.00 70.00 100.00 100.00 Nacl 0.00 0.00 15.67 35.60 Naso4 0.00 0.00 2.67 24.00 7.153 Mgso4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A.alternata Naco3 0.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Nacl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Naso4 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.67 Mgso4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Aspergillus sp Naco3 0.00 8.00 46.00 72.00 Nacl 0.00 24.00 24.00 38.00 Naso4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mgso4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Salts Naco3 Nacl Naso4 Mgso4

Concentrations of salts 0 1000 5000 10000 0.00 44.50 64.83 76.17 0.00 10.62 15.58 21.98 3.576 0.00 0.00 0.67 9.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Fungi

Concentrations of salts 1000 5000 10000 Cladosporum sp 0.00 4.62 9.00 11.75 Alternaria citri 0.00 17.50 29.58 39.90 3.576 A.alternata 0.00 25.00 25.00 28.92 Aspergillus sp 0.00 8.00 17.50 27.50 salts fungi Naco3 Nacl Naso4 Mgso4 Cladosporum sp 11.50 13.87 0.00 0.00 0

06 ISSN 2072-3875


Alternaria citri A.alternata Aspergillus sp fungi

67.50 12.82 6.67 0.00 75.00 0.00 3.92 0.00 31.50 21.50 0.00 0.00

Hameed et al.

3.576

Cladosporum sp A.citri A.alternata Aspergillus sp 6.34 21.75 19.73 13.25 1.79 Salts Naco3

Nacl

Naso4

Mgso4 46.37

12.05

Concentrations of salts 0 0.00 13.78

2.65

0.00

1000 5000 20.27 27.02

1.79 10000 1.79

According to our results the salt NaCo3 was more effect on the fungi Alternaria citri and Alternaria alternate Therefore ,may using NaCo3 as antifungal against fungal pathogens and alternative substrate to fungicide . An interesting alternative to fungicide application involves the use of the antimicrobial properties of some organic and inorganic salts that are widely used in the food industry as preservatives and antimicrobial agents (Russell and Gould 1991) to control plant diseases. These compounds have shown broad spectrum antimicrobial activity with low mammaliantoxicity (Olivier et al. 1998), have biocompatibility (Horst et al. 1992), and are generally recognized assafe (GRAS). Moreover, they are less sensitive to environmental conditions than other alternative control measures such as biological control agents, which may make them particularly useful for the efficient control of plant pathogens. Several salts were shown to reduce the development of plant diseases. Bicarbonate salts, applied by spraying, provided good control of gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm) and Alternaria leaf blight (Alternaria cucumerina (Ellis & Everh.) J.A. Elliot) in greenhouse-grown muskmelon (Ziv and Zitter 1992). Horst et al. (1992) showed that powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.:Fr.) Lév. var. rosae Woronichin) and black spot of roses (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf) could be controlled by spraying an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate. Postharvest application of salts has also been shown to control different diseases of fruits and vegetables. Post-harvest application of ammonium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium propionate and potassium sorbate reduced black root rot on carrots caused by Chalara elegans Nag Raj & Kendrick (Punja and Gaye 1993. References: Anonymous. 1988. Agricultural Statistics Book of Pakistan 1997-98. Federal Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Food & Agriculture, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

06 ISSN 2072-3875


Hameed et al.

Bourguignon, E.2008. Ecology and diversity of indigenous Trichoderma species in vegetable cropping systems.Ph.D.Thesis. Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.pp.235. Hervieux, V., E.S. Yaganza, J. Arul, and R.J. Tweddell. 2002. Effect of organic and inorganic salts on the development of Helminthosporium solani, the causal agent of potato silver scurf. Plant Dis. 86 : 1014-1018. Horst, R.K., S.O. Kawamoto, and L.L. Porter. 1992. Effect of sodium bicarbonate and oils on the control of powdery mildew and black spot of roses. Plant Dis. 76 : 247251. Leonard, J. M. ; and Blackford, V. L. 1949. Fungus – Inhibitive proprieties of bromo acetamides. J. Bacteriol. 57:339-347. Porter, D.M. and J.F. Adamson. 1993. Effect of sodic water and irrigation on sodium levels and the development of early leaf spot in peanut. Pl. Dis., 77: 480-840. Punja, Z.K., and M.M. Gaye. 1993. Influence of postharvest handling practices and dip treatments on development of black root rot on fresh market carrots. Plant Dis. 77 : 989- 995. Russell, N.J., and G.W. Gould. 1991. Food preservatives. Blackie and Son Ltd., London, UK. 290 p. Olivier, C., D.E. Halseth, E.S.G. Mizubuti, and R. Loria. 1998. Postharvest application of organic and inorganic salts for suppression of silver scurf on potato tubers. Plant Dis. 82 : 213-217. Ziv, O., and T.A. Zitter. 1992. Effects of bicarbonates and film-forming polymers on cucurbit foliar diseases. Plant Dis. 76 : 513-517.

06 ISSN 2072-3875