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Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Electrochemical Etching to Develop Micro and Nanoporous Structures………………………4 1.2. Anodization of Aluminium………………………………………………………………………………5 1.3. Electrochemical Etching of Silicon……………………………………………………………………8 2. Structural Engineering of Porous Materials 2.1. Porous Architecture in Nanoporous Anodic Alumina……………………………………………12 2.1.1. Final Stepwise Anodization 2.1.2. Two-step Hard Anodization………………………………………………………………………….14 2.1.3. Pore Diameter Modulations………………………………………………………………………….15 2.1.4. Cone-like and Funnel-like Pores……………………………………………………………………18 2.1.5. Hierarchical Porous Structure………………………………………………………………………19 2.2. Porous Architecture in Porous Silicon………………………………………………………………21 2.2.1 Micro and Mesoporous Silicon 2.2.2. Macroporous Silicon………………………………………………………………………………….24 3. Functionalisation of Porous Materials 3.1. Surface Functionalisation for Molecule Immobilisation………………………………………….33 3.2. Surface Functionalisation for in vivo Applications……………………………………………….36 4. Biotechnological Applications of Porous Materials 4.1. Optical Biosensors……………………………………………………………………………………...38 4.1.1. Waveguiding and Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy 4.1.2. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy…………………………………………..40 4.1.3. Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy……………………………………………………….42 4.1.4. Photoluminescence Spectroscopy………………………………………………………………...43 4.2. Cell Detection and Culture……………………………………………………………………………..44 4.3. Drug Delivery from Porous Layers in Implants…………………………………………………….47 4.3.1. Drug Release from NAA in Implants……………………………………………………………….50 4.3.2. Drug Release from pSi Particles……………………………………………………………………52 4.4. Smart and Selective Separators………………………………………………………………………54 5. Future Challenges for Porous Materials………………………………………………………………59 References……………………………………………………………………………………………………..60

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