Electronic Supplementary Material, Table S1

Ref. Setting

Population N and sex

Age (yrs)

Protocol

Equation

SEE

%a

Reliability

r

Crossvalidation

Test

estimation Correlation Coefficient

Electronic Supplementary Material, Table S1. Submaximal exercise tests for ̇

ICC

Cycle 30 Range 4 stages (2 min each); 25, 75, 100, 125 W; 50 rpm; test terminates at ̇ 21-54 end of 4th stage or at 65-70% of age-predicted HRmax

ACSM

[63]

Home

ÅstandRyhming

[32]

Home Well-trained 86 Range F: PO = 75-100 W; M: PO = 100-150 W. If HR > 130 beat·min-1, Nomogram Sports healthy 20-30 stop test after 6 min. If HR < 130 beat·min-1 after some min increase ̇ [L·min-1] = ̇ · [((220 – age [yrs]) – 72) / (HR adults PO by 50 W until HR > 130 beat·min-1. Take the HR during the last [beat·min-1] –72)] minute. Aerobic capacity is calculated by plotting values of HR and ̇ (M & F) [L·min-1] = (PO [W] · 0.012) + 0.3 ̇ in a nomogram. from [64]

Modified ÅstrandRyhming

[66]

ÅstrandRyhming for adolescents

ÅstrandRyhming for children

[67]

[68]

Home

Home

Home

Healthy adults (M & F)

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 3.5 · (BW [kg]) + 12.24 · (PO [W])

[64]

–

9

0.74

[65]

[65]

–

–

No

–

Yes [65]

Hospital 113 Range M under 35 yrs: 2 min; 49 W; 50 rpm. If HR < 60% HRmax increase M: ̇ [L·min-1] = 0.348 · ( ̇ from Åstrand-Ryhming personnel 20-70 PO by 49 W every 2 min; if 60% HRmax < HR < 70% HRmax increase nomogram (not corrected for age) [L·min-1]) – 0.035 · (age [yrs]) + PO by 24.5 W every 2 min, if HR ≥ 70% HRmax continue for 2 min 3.011 (M & F) (or more if HR steady state is not achieved). M 35 yrs and over and F: 2 min; 24.5 W; 50 rpm. If HR < 70% HRmax increase PO by 24.5 W every 2 min, if HR ≥ 70% HRmax continue for 2 min (or more if HR steady state is not achieved).

0.359 [L·min-1]

11

0.86

–

–

F: ̇ [L·min-1] = 0.302 · ( ̇ from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram (not corrected for age) [L·min-1]) – 0.019 · (age [yrs]) + 1.593

0.302 [L·min-1]

14

0.97

–

–

M: ̇ [mL·min-1] = 762 + 14.78 · (BW [kg]) + 65.18 · (PO at HR of 170 beat·min-1 [kgm·min-1])

252 [mL·min-1]

7.5

0.86

–

–

F: ̇ [mL·min-1] = 463 + 11.71 · (BW [kg]) + 52.26 · (PO at HR of 170 beat·min-1 [kgm·min-1])

186 [mL·min-1]

9.8

0.71

–

–

–

–

0.52

–

–

–

–

0.82

–

–

10.6 0.94

–

–

Healthy 190 Range As described for Åstrand-Ryhming [32] adolescents 15-18 (M & F)

Healthy Children (M & F)

123 Range As described for Åstrand-Ryhming [32] 11-12

M: ̇ [L·min-1] = 1.444 + 0.502 · ( ̇ Ryhming nomogram [L·min-1]) F: ̇ [L·min-1] = 1.299 + 0.502 · ( ̇ Ryhming nomogram [L·min-1])

Fox

6.20 15.5 0.79 0.86 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

Home Well-trained 63 Mean 5 min; 90 W; 60 rpm Sports healthy 21 adults (F)

from Åstrand-

from Åstrand-

̇ [mL·min-1] = 4093 – 35 · (age [yrs]) + 9 · (BW [kg]) – 11 · (HR at 90 W [beat·min-1])

250 [mL·min-1]

Yes

No

No

Yes

̇

Fox

[69]

Home

Modified YMCA

[9]

̇ Home Sedentary to 80 Range 4 min; 25 W; 50 rpm, 4 min; if HR during last 15 s < 80 beat·min-1 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 46.103 – 0.353 · (BW [kg]) + 0.683 · Sports highly 18-49 PO = 125 W, if HR 80-90 beat·min-1 PO = 100 W, if HR 90-100 (W·min-1) – 5.995 · (sex = 1 for M and 2 for F) + 0.165 · (ΔHR trained beat·min-1 PO = 75 W, if HR > 100 beat·min-1 PO = 50 W; 50 rpm. recovery [beat·min-1]) + 2.816 · (HR recovery non-linear K) + healthy Continue until for 2 consecutive stages HR 110-150 beat·min-1, 15 0.0138· (Lo-PAR score) + 4.234 adults min rest, 2 min at PO = 0 W. Then incremental test: PO increase [W ΔHR recovery = highest – lowest HR over 5 min recovery (M & F) · min-1] = [YMCA estimated ̇ (L · min-1) ·1000 / 11 mL · min-1HR recovery non-linear K = time constant-1 · W-1] / 12 min + 5 W; until 80% HRmax. Exercise and 5 min HR Lo-PAR = activity questionnaire recovery data are collected. HRmax = [202 – 0.72 · (age)] · 0.80

Perceptually regulated

[70]

Home

RPE method

[72]

Home

RPE 13

[73]

Home Unfit healthy 11 Mean 2 min; 0 W; 60 rpm, then ramp 15 W·min -1; 60 rpm until RPE = 13 ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.749 · (HRmax [beat·min-1]) + 0.142 · adults 31 (PO [W] at RPE 13) - 122.37 (F)

Square wave

[74]

Home

Submaximal cycling ergometry

[75]

Home

Untrained healthy college students (M)

[L·min-1] = 6.300 - 19.26 · (HRsubmax [beat·min-1])

87 Range 5 min; 150 W; 60 rpm; record HR during 5th min 17-27


29 Range 2 min or 4 min intervals; 5 RPE levels: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17; incremental; ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = a + b · 20 (= RPEmax) 20-23 measure ̇ a and b are found by calculating a linear regression between ̇ and RPE (for the 5 levels obtained)

Healthy adults (M)

154 Range Graded exercise protocol; overall, chest, legs RPE until 15 20-64



30 Range 6 min; as described in Åstrand-Ryhming [32]; measure mean HR in 19-34 the last 2 min

̇ [mL·min-1] = 1.19 · (PO at RPE legs 15 [kgm·min-1]) – 15.84 · (age [yrs]) + 13.06 · (BW [kg]) + 1365

0.246 [L·min-1]

7.8

0.76

–

–

No

4.23 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

9.6

0.93

–

–

No

–

–

0.97

–

0.95 Yes [71]

261 [mL·min-1]

10.6 0.85

3.42 11.1 0.88 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

0.9

–

Yes

–

0.93

No

Yes

M: ̇ [L·min-1] = 0.131 + 0.01103 · (PO [W]) + 0.007786 · (BW [kg]) – 0.00617 · (age [yrs])

0.33 [L·min-1]

15.7 0.94

–

–

F: ̇ [L·min-1] = - 0.461 + 0.01043 · (PO [W]) + 0.007096 · (BW [kg]) + 0.01006 · (age [yrs])

0.170 [L·min-1]

8.1

0.96

–

–

at 50 rpm 20.9 0.79 8.2 -1 -1 [mL·kg ·min ]

–

–

at 80 rpm 18.7 0.81 7.4 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

65 Range 3 min; 80 W, 3 min; 160 W, 50 rpm or 80 rpm. Stop when HR > 85% ̇ 18-40 HRmax. Perform linear regression on PO [W] and HR [beats·min -1] recorded during the last 15 s of each stage; extrapolate POmax from HRmax

̇

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 3.5 + 12.24 · (POmax [W]) / (BW [kg])

–

Timed 5 km

[76]

Home


52 Mean 5 km; 0.5 kg/20 kg BW 27

United States Air Force

[17]

Home


207 Range Modification of the Åstrand-Ryhming cycle-ergometer test [32]. 3 min M: ̇ 5.7 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 236.703 – 0497 · (age [yrs]) - 0.566 · 18-54 with PO adjusted every min to elicit HR >121 beat·min-1. Final 6 min (height [cm]) – 1.904 · (BMI) + 8.268 · (final PO [W]) – 0.339 · [mL·kg-1·min-1] at PO determined during first 3 min. Constant cadence 50 rpm. Stop (final HR [beat·min-1]) test when HR = 85% HRmax

12

4.6 F: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 99.039 – 0.502 · (age [yrs]) – 0.474 · -1 -1 (BW [kg]) + 8.068 · (final PO [W]) – 0.216 · (final HR [beat·min- [mL·kg ·min ] 1 ])

14

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 316 - 97.8 · (log cycle time)

14

0.83 0.93

–

–

–

–

No

0.91 Yes [77]

–

No

0.71 [77]

̇ reserve method

[78]

Home

6 min cycling

[79]

Lab

6 min cycling for pregnant women

[80]

Clinical

Pregnant women

30 Range 6 min; 60 W; ̇ 22-37

Rockport walk

[81]

Home


350 Range 1 mile; speed that can be maintained for 15-20 min 40-79

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 92.08 – 0.10 · (BW [lb]) – 0.34 · (age [yrs]) + 9.72 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) – 1.01 · (walk time [min]) – 0.13 · (walk HR [beat·min-1]) + 0.86 · (activity level) walk HR = average from 2 min to last full min activity level = 7 point activity level scale[82]

Single-stage walk

[58]

Home


Adapted walk test for obese children

[83]

Clinical

University of Louisville walk

[84]

3 min walk

6 min walk


̇ 50 Range Inactive < 90 kg: 15 W·min-1 until HR = 45% HRR, continue for 2 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 7 + 10.8 · (POmax [W]) / (BW [kg]) 18-44 min. If HR in 3rd min ≥ 55% HRR continue for 3 min, if HR in 3rd POmax [W] = PO last min / %HRR min < 55% HRR increase PO by 15 W·min-1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Inactive ≥ 90 kg: 30 W·min-1 until HR = 45% HRR, continue for 2 min. If HR in 3rd min ≥ 55% HRR continue for 3 min, if HR in 3rd min < 55% HRR increase PO by 15 W·min-1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Active < 90 kg: 15 W·min-1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Active ≥ 90 kg: 30 W·min-1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Record average HR during the last min.

4 10.8 0.89 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

No

̇ [L·min-1] = 14.703 – 4.909 · (RER) – 0.008 · (PO [kpm·min-1]) – 0.004 · (DBP [mmHg]) + 0.018 · ( ̇ [L·min-1]) – 16.083 · (FeO2) RER = respiratory exchange ratio; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; ̇ = ventilation; FeO2 = fraction of oxygen in expired air; the variables are expressed as the average of the last 3 min

0.172 [L·min-1]

6.6

0.93

–

–

No

̇ % ̇

0.214 [L·min-1]

11.6

0.8

–

–

Yes

4.7 14.9 0.87 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

Yes

139 Range 4 min; 2 to 4.5 mph; 5% grade 20-59

̇ 4.8 11.4 0.93 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 15.1 + 21.8 · (speed [mph]) – 0.327 (HR [mL·kg-1·min-1] [beat·min-1]) – 0.263 (speed [mph] ∙ age [yrs]) + 0.00504 · (HR [beat·min-1] ∙ age [yrs]) + 5.98 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M)

–

–

Yes

Obese children (M & F)

130 Range See single-stage walk[58] 11-14

̇ [L·min-1] = 1772.81 + 318.64 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) + 18.34 · (BW [kg]) + 24.45 · (height [cm]) – 8.74 · (HR at 4 min [beat·min-1]) – 0.15 · (BW [kg] · HR difference [beat·min-1]) + 4.41 · (speed [mph] · HR difference [beat·min -1]) HR difference [beat·min-1] = HR at 4 min – resting HR

10.9 0.87

–

–

Yes

Home


37 Range Four 3 min stages; starting at 2.7 mph; 2.0% grade. Speed and grade ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = -53.84 – 0.674 · (%HRmax stage 3) + 18-43 during subsequent stages depend on HR during previous stages as in 18.89 · (speed stage 3 [mph]) + 2.358 · (grade stage 3) + 0.331 · figure 1 in Swank et al. 2001[84] (HRmax [beat·min-1])

4.56 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

9.3

0.94

–

–

Yes

[85]

Home

Healthy Children (M)

139 Range 3 min; 3.5 mph; 7.5% grade, 2 min rest, 3 min; 3.5 mph; 10% grade ̇ [L·min-1] = 0.835 · ( ̇ [L·min-1]) – 0.003 · (HR 6-14 [beat·min-1]) + 0.017 · (height [cm]) – 1.133 ̇ and HR measured during the 3rd minute

0.17 [L·min-1]

9.5

0.95

–

–

Yes

[46]

Home Clinical


20 Mean 6 min; as fast as possible 28

0.399 [L·min-1]

–

–

No

Healthy 13 Range 6 min; 600 kpm·min-1 middle-aged 43-61 subjects (M)

and HR during 4th and 5th min

[L·min-1] = ( ̇ [L·min-1] / % ̇ ) · 100 = 0.634 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 30.79

Treadmill ̇

̇ [L·min-1] = -1.732 + 0.049 · (BW [kg]) + 0.005 · (distance [m]) – 0.015 · (HR [beat·min-1])

0.271 [L·min-1]

0.93 Yes

10 min walk

[86]

Lab

Active and 60 Range 2 min; 4.2 mph; 0% grade, 1 min; 4.2 mph; 2% grade, then increase Active: ̇ [L·min-1] = 2.966 – 0.031 · (age [yrs]) + 0.026 · inactive 20-62 1%·min-1 to 20%. Expired gases are collected at min1-2 and at min 8- (fat free weight [kg]) – 0.013 · (HR end of 9 min [beat·min-1]) + healthy 9 25.4 · (FeCO2 min 8-9) + 0.330 · (VT min 1-2 [L·min-1]) – 8.77 · adults ([RER (min 1-2) – RER (min 8-9)]) (M) fat free weight [kg] = (BW [kg]) – [(5.783 + (0.153 · fat folds [mm]) · BW [kg] · 0.01]; fat folds [mm]= triceps [mm] + subscapular [mm] + suprailiac [mm] + abdominal [mm]; FeCO2 = fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air; VT = tidal volume

–

–

–

0.90 0.91 Yes

–

–

–

0.90 0.91

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 79.88891 – 0.23825 · (HR last min [beat·min-1]) + 0.39794 · ( ̇ last min [L·min-1]) – 1.23803 · (RER last min)

3.18 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

6.2

0.70

–

–

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 78.75029 – 0.23909 · (HR last min [beat·min-1]) + 0.40143 · (RER last min)

3.12 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

6.1

0.70

–

–

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 88.69245 – 0.22394 · (HR last min [beat·min-1])

3.13 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

6.1

0.69

–

–

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1]= 71.72451 – 0.14443 · (HR last min [beat·min-1]) + 0.78164 · ( ̇ last min [L·min-1]) – 20.33124 (RER last min)

3.57 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

6.7

0.48

–

–

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 50.16722 – 0.16220 · (HR last min [beat·min-1]) + 0.96567 · ( ̇ last min [L·min-1])

3.58 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

6.7

0.45

–

–

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1]= 71.81005 – 0.11873 · (HR last min [beat·min-1])

3.67 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

6.9

0.35

–

–

6.15 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

16

0.85 0.97

0.53 [L·min-1]

15

0.82

–

–

0.47 [L·min-1]

13

0.86

–

–

Inactive: ̇ [L·min-1] = 3.619 - 0.022 · (age [yrs]) – 0.033 · (fat free weight [kg]) – 2.587 · (RER min 8-9) + 0.253 · (VT min 89 [L·min-1]); fat free weight [kg] = (BW [kg]) – [5.783 + 0.153 · (fat folds [mm]) · BW [kg] · 0.01]; fat folds [mm] = triceps [mm] + subscapular [mm] + suprailiac [mm] + abdominal [mm] 10 min walk

[60]

Home

Healthy Children (M)

30 Range 10 min; 3.5 mph; 10% grade 12-13

30 Range 14-15

12 min walk

ÅstrandRyhming nomogram using ACSM equations walk-run

[47]

[88]

Clinical Coronary 42 Mean 12 min; RPE 13; 5% grade (initial 2 min at 3.6 km·h-1) heart disease 45 patients and Patients healthy 57 adults Healthy (M) 36 Home


̇

̇

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = -39.46 + 71.98 · (distance [km])

53 Range Walking 3 min; M: 3.5 mph and F: 3 mph; % grade requiring around Walking ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.1 · (speed [m·min-1]) + speed 19-40 50% ̇ , recovery (HR < 100 beat·min-1). Running at a speed [m·min-1] · grade · 1.8 + 3.5 Convert ̇ in L·min-1 using BW [kg] requiring around 70% ̇ until HR reaches steady state Look up ̇ Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram Running ̇ Convert ̇ Look up ̇

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.2 · (speed [m·min-1]) + 3.5 in L·min-1 using BW [kg] Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram

–

Yes

Yes [87]

No

Clinical Coronary 230 Range Walk-run at submaximal intensity, for details please refer to Bruce et ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] + [100 / (35.5 heart disease 45-69 al. 1973[2] + 3.5 · RPE] patients ̇ = 16.62 + 2.74 · (min of exercise) – 2.584 (sex = 1 for (M) M and 2 for F) – 0.043 (age [yrs]) – 0.0281 (BW [kg])

RPE-Bruce walk-run

[14] [2]

ACSM run

[89]

Home Moderately 21 Range Two 3 min (or more if steady state is not reached) stages; selfSports and well18-34 selected speed (ranging from 5 mph to 9 mph); no grade. Until HR ≥ trained 85% age-predicted HRmax healthy adults (M)

Gerkin run

[90]

Home

Gerkin run

[91]

Home


–

0.53

–

–

No

8.2

0.65

–

–

No

5.98 14.1 0.70 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

No

̇

5.2 11.3 0.57 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

Yes

̇

5.59 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

0.47

–

–

12.4 0.93

–

–

̇ 5 13.7 0.88 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 132.853 – 0.0769 · (BW [lb]) – 0.3877 · -1 -1 (age [yrs]) + 6.3150 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) – 3.2649 · (walk [mL·kg ·min ] time [min]) – 0.1565 · (HR last ¼ mile [beat·min-1])

–

–

̇ [L·min-1] = 4.1586 + 0.0109 · (BW [lb]) – 0.0310 · (age [yrs]) + 0.6102 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) – 0.1151 · (walk time [min]) – 0.0075 · (walk HR [beat·min-1])

0.389 [L·min-1]

–

–

No

̇ [L·min-1] = 3.5959 + 0.0096 · (BW [lb]) – 0.6566 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) – 0.0996 · (walk time [min]) – 0.0080 · (walk HR [beat·min-1])

0.397 [L·min-1]

0.84

–

–

Yes

̇ 5.3 12.9 0.71 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 94.6440 – 0.0819 · (BW [lb]) – 0.3232 · -1 -1 (age [yrs]) + 8.4073 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) – 1.6157 · (walk [mL·kg ·min ] time [min]) – 0.1146 · (walk HR beat·min-1])

–

–

̇ 5.4 13.1 0.70 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 88.7688 – 0.0957 · (BW [lb]) + 8.8924 · -1 -1 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) – 1.4537 · (walk time [min]) – 0.1194 · [mL·kg ·min ] (walk HR [beat·min-1])

–

–

̇ 3.8 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 88.7688 – 0.0957 · (BW [lb]) + 8.8924 · -1 -1 (sex = 0 for F 1 and for M) – 1.4537 · (walk time [min]) – 0.1194 · [mL·kg ·min ] (walk HR [beat·min-1])

–

–

̇ 4.35 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = ̇ stage 2 [mL·kg-1·min-1] + b·{(220 – [mL·kg-1·min-1] age [yrs]) – HR stage 2 [beat·min-1]} ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.2 · (speed [m·min-1]) + 0.9 · grade · (speed [m·min-1]) + 3.5 b = ( ̇ stage 2 – ̇ stage 1) [mL·kg-1·min-1] / (HR stage 2 – HR stage 1) [beat·min-1]

60 Range 3 min; 2.5 mph, 1 min; 4.5 mph; then incremental 0.5 mph·min -1 and ̇ 1 19-58 2%·min-1 until HR ≥ 85% HRmax ])

Healthy 76 Mean See Gerkin run[90] firefighters 36 (M & F)

–

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 1.39 · ( ̇

at 85% HRmax [mL·kg-1·min-

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 56.981 + 1.242 · (time to 85% HRmax [min]) – 0.805 · (BMI) HRmax = 208 – 0.7 · (age [yrs]) [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 43.619 + 1.390 · (time to 85% HRmax [min]) – 0.107 · (BW [kg])

–

Walk Rockport

Rockport for college students

¼ mile Rockport

[53]

[92]

[93]

Home

Home

Home


Healthy college students (M & F)


390 Range 1 mile; steady self-selected brisk pace 30-69

196 Mean 1 mile; steady self-selected brisk pace 19

98 Range ¼ mile; steady self-selected brisk pace 18-29

̇ [L·min-1] = 6.9652 + 0.0091 · (BW [lb]) – 0.0257 · (age [yrs]) + 0.5955 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) – 0.2240 · (walk time [min]) – 0.0115 · (HR last ¼ mile [beat·min-1])

0.325 [L·min-1]

13.8 0.85

14

8.6

0.83

Yes

No

Shuttle

[45]

UKK 2 km walk

[54]

6 min walk

[44]

̇

–

–

0.88

–

–

M with BW: ̇ [L·min-1] = 12.06 – 0.451 · (time [min]) – 0.017 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 0.024 · (age [yrs]) + 0.022 · (BW [kg])

0.46 [L·min-1]

14

0.85

–

–

F with BW: ̇ [L·min-1] = 5.95 – 0.201 · (time [min]) – 0.008 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 0.012 · (age [yrs]) + 0.019 · (BW [kg])

0.19 [L·min-1]

8.6

0.82

–

–

M with BMI: ̇ [L·min-1] = 13.69 – 0.495 · (time [min and s]) – 0.017 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 0.026 · (age [yrs]) + 0.035 · (BMI)

0.51 [L·min-1]

15.4 0.82

–

–

F with BMI: ̇ ([L·min-1] = 6.31 – 0.202 · (time [min and s]) – 0.008 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 0.014 · (age [yrs]) + 0.044 · (BMI)

0.2 [L·min-1]

9.1

0.81

–

–

6.2 14.4 0.81 M with BW: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 189.6 – 5.32 · (time [min -1 -1 and s]) – 0.22 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 0.32 · (age [yrs]) – 0.24 · (BW [mL·kg ·min ] [kg])

–

–

3 F with BW: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 121.4 – 2.81 · (time [min -1 -1 and s]) – 0.12 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 0.16 · (age [yrs]) – 0.24 · (BW [mL·kg ·min ] [kg])

0.87

–

–

M with BMI: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 184.9 – 4.65 · (time [min and s]) – 0.22 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 0.26 · (age [yrs]) – 1.05 · (BMI)

5.1 11.8 0.87 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

F with BMI: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 116.2 – 2.98 · (time [min and s]) – 0.11 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 0.14 · (age [yrs]) – 0.39 · (BMI)

3.3 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

9.5

0.85

–

–

3.32 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

27

0.64

–

–

2.68 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

22

0.81

–

–

̇ 2.59 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.02 · (distance [m]) – 0.14 · (age [yrs]) -1 -1 – 0.07 · (BW [kg]) + 0.03 · (height [cm]) + 0.23 · (RPP ) + 0.10 · [mL·kg ·min ] (FEV1 [L]) – 1.19 · (FVC [L]) FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 s FVC = forced vital capacity

21

0.83

–

–

17

0.85

–

–

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 4.19 + 0.025 · (distance [m])

Clinical Patients with 19 Mean 10 m course; walking back and forth at steady pace; turning around chronic 61 on auditory signal; the speed of the auditory pacemaker (20-4.2 s) airflow increases every minute by 0.17 m∙s-1, continue until unable to limitations maintain the required speed without becoming unduly breathless. (M & F) Home


159 Range 2 km; as fast as possible 20-65

̇

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.03 · (distance [m])

Clinical Advanced 45 Mean 6 min; as fast as possible heart failure 49 patients (M & F) ̇

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.02 · (distance [m]) – 0.191 · (age [yrs]) – 0.07 · (BW [kg]) + 0.09 · (height [cm]) + 0.26 · (RPP) + 2.45 RPP = rate-pressure product

̇

2.06 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.02 · (distance [m]) – 0.15 · (age [yrs]) -1 -1 – 0.05 · (BW [kg]) + 0.04 · (height [cm]) + 0.17 · (RPP ) + 0.03 · [mL·kg ·min ] -1 -2 (EF%) – 0.04 · (PAP [mmHg]) + 0.31· (CI [mL·min ·m ]) EF% = left ventricle ejection fraction PAP = pulmonary artery pressure CI = cardiac index

8.6

No

Yes

No

6 min walk

[94]

Home Clinical

Healthy elderly (M & F)

Range 6 min; as fast as possible 60-70

̇

177.6 [mL·min-1]

–

0.97

–

–

No

–

–

0.90

–

0.97

No

–

–

–

–

0.91

No

3.1 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

6.3

0.84

–

–

Yes

–

–

0.91

–

–

No

̇ 3.37 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 65.404 + 7.707 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for [mL·kg-1·min-1] M) – 0.159 · (BW [kg]) – 0.843 · (time [min])

7.3

0.86

–

–

Yes

̇ 2.87 [mL·kg-1·min-1]= 100.162 + 7.301 · (sex = 0 for F 1 and for -1 -1 M) – 0.164 · (BW [kg]) – 1.273 · (time [min]) – 0.156 · (exercise [mL·kg ·min ] HR [beat·min-1])

6.2

0.90

–

–

M: ̇

3.31 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

6.6

0.91

–

–

M: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 110.9 – 2.79 · (time [min]) – 0.25 · (BW [kg])

2.69 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

5.3

0.85

–

–

F: ̇

2.78 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

6.6

0.90

–

–

̇ 1.97 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 114.496 – 0.04689 · (time [s]) – 0.37817 [mL·kg-1·min-1] · (age [yrs]) – 0.15406 · (BW [kg])

4.0

0.95

–

–

̇ 1.55 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 96.269 – 0.0417 · (2 mile run time [s]) – -1 -1 2.30983 · (100 yd dash time [s]) + 0.37934 · (440 yd dash time [s]) [mL·kg ·min ]

2.7

0.94

–

–

[mL·min-1] = 2830.6 – 45.2 · (age [yrs]) + 4.70 · (BW [kg]) + 12.3 · (height [cm]) + 1.75 · (distance [m]) + 0.309 · ( ̇ [mL·min-1]) – 12.4 · (HR [beat·min-1])

Run Cooper

[95]

RPE multi stage test

[96]

Lab

1 mile track jog

[57]

Home


149 Range 1 mile; comfortable submaximal steady pace 18-29

1.5 mile run

[97]

Home

Healthy students (F)

21 Mean 1.5 mile 20

1.5 mile run

[98]

Home


101 Range 1.5 mile; RPE 13 18-26

2 mile run

2 mile run

[56]

[55]

̇

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = [(distance [mile]) – 0.3138] / 0.0278

Home Healthy US 115 Range 12 min Air Force 17-52 officers and airmen (M)

Home

Home

Home

Physically 11 Mean 2 min or 4 min intervals; 5 RPE levels: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17; incremental; ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = a + b · 20 (= RPEmax) active 28 measure ̇ a and b are found by calculating a linear regression between ̇ healthy and RPE (for the 5 levels obtained) adults (F)


61 Range 2 mile 20-37

Healthy 24 Range 2 mile middle-aged 30-48 subjects (M) Healthy students (M)

11 Range 2 mile run; 60 yd dash; 100 yd dash; 440 yd dash 18-22

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 100.5 + 8.344 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) – 0.1636 · (BW [kg]) – 1.438 · (time [min]) – 0.1928 · (final HR [beat·min-1]) ̇

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 98.3 – 4.182 · (time [min])

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 99.7 – 3.35 · (time [min])

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 72.9 – 1.77 · (time [min])

No

No

5 km run

[99]

Home

Physical 150 N.R. 5 km education students (M & F)

M: ̇

–

–

-0.85

–

–

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 75.7 – 1.19 · (time [min])

–

–

-0.80

–

–

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 98.3 – 4.182 · (time to cover 1.5 mile [min])

–

–

-0.91

–

–

0.28 [L·min-1]

6.8

–

–

–

No

F: ̇

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 104.0 – 2.32 · (time [min])

No

Step ÅstandRyhming

[32]

Home Well-trained 18 Range 5-6 min; step height 40 cm for M and 33 cm for F; 22.5 steps·min -1 Sports healthy 20-30 adults (M & F)

Canadian Aerobic Fitness

[52]

Home


̇ 59 Mean 3 min; step height 22.5 cm; 2 steps, up-up/down-down; 24.2 4.8 11.3 0.90 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 42.5 + 16.6 · ( ̇ final stage [L·min-1]) 37 steps·min-1 for M 20-29 yrs, 21.9 steps·min-1 for M 30-39 yrs, 19.1 – 0.12 · (BW [kg]) – 0.12 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 0.24 · (age [yrs]) [mL·kg-1·min-1] steps·min-1 for M 40-49 yrs, 16.3 steps·min-1 for M 50-59 yrs, 12.9 HR 5 to 15 s after the termination of exercise steps·min-1 for M 60-69 yrs; 19.1 steps·min-1 for F 20-29 yrs, 19.7 ̇ final stage from look up table[52] steps·min-1 for F 30-39 yrs, 17.4 steps·min-1 for F 40-49 yrs, 14.6 -1 -1 steps·min for F 50-59 yrs, 11.2 steps·min for F 60-69 yrs

–

–

Yes

Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness

[25]

Home


129 Range 3 min; step height 20.3 cm; 2 steps; cadence: see table in Weller et al. ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 32 + 16 · ( ̇ [L·min-1]) – 0.24 · (age 15-69 1993 [25]; if HR < 85% HRmax: 3 min; step height 40.6 cm; cadence 33 [yrs]) – 0.17 · (BW [kg]) steps·min-1 for M, 29.5 steps·min-1 for F; Test is stopped when HR ≥ HR: 5 to 15 s after the termination of exercise 85% HRmax ̇ from look-up table

–

–

Yes

Nomogram

Fit people: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 32.5 + 16.3 · ( ̇ – 0.2 · (age [yrs]) – 0.21 · (BW [kg]) ̇ from look-up table Chester

Margaria

Modified YMCA

[101]

[33]

[104]

Home

Home Sports

Home


68 Range 2 min; step height 30 cm; 15 steps·min-1, then incremental: 2 min 18-52 stages; 5 steps·min-1 increases until HR ≥ 80% HRmax or RPE ≥ 15, max 10 min, record HR and RPE at the end of each stage

[L·min-1])

60 Range 3 min; adjustable step height; 24 steps·min-1 18-55 M: step height [cm] = 0.189 (height [cm]) F: step height [cm] = 0.192 (height [cm])

3.86 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

̇ 3.9 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] value corresponding [mL·kg-1·min-1] to the projection of the point where the best fit of exercise HR at each finished level intersects the HRmax line

Fit healthy 47 Range Fit adults: step height 40 cm; stage 1: 15 steps·min-1, stage 2: 25 Nomogram adults 9-80 steps·min-1; until HR steady-state is reached if ̇ is available: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = {HRmax [beat·min-1] · Children, and unfit and older adults: step height 30 cm; stage 1: 15 ( ̇ stage 2 [mL·kg-1·min-1] – ( ̇ stage 1 [mL·kg-1·min-1]) + HR (M & F) steps·min-1, stage 2: 27 steps·min-1; until HR steady-state is reached stage 2 [beat·min-1] · [ ̇ stage 1[mL·kg-1·min-1] – (HR stage 1 [beat·min-1] / HR stage 2 [beat·min-1]) · ̇ stage 2 [mL·kg-1·min1 ] ]} / (HR stage 2 [beat·min-1] – HR stage 1 [beat·min-1] ) Healthy adults (M & F)

5.2 12.6 0.88 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

[100]

–

0.91

–

–

7.7

0.92

–

–

Yes [102]

7.0

0.91

–

–

[103]

Yes [103]

All: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = -0.9675 · (15 s post exercise HR [beat count]) + 77.643

8.76 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

0.58

–

–

All: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = -0.2805 · (1 min post exercise HR [beat count]) + 76.710

8.53 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

0.61

–

–

M: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = -0.7764 · (15 s post exercise HR [beat count]) + 67.344

7.6 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

14

0.54

–

–

No

M: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = -0.2021 · (1 min post exercise HR [beat count]) + 64.209

–

–

0.63

–

–

F: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = -0.3143 · (1 min post exercise HR [beat count]) + 84.841

7.5 17.6 0.60 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

F: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 65.81 – 0.1847 · (HR recovery -1 [beat·min ]) HR recovery is taken 5 s after end of exercise for 15 s, and is multiplied by 4

2.9 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

8.0

M: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 111.32 – 0.4198 · (HR recovery -1 [beat·min ])

–

–

–

–

–

6.9 12.7 0.64 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

7.2 F: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = -1.1114 · (15 s post exercise HR [beat [mL·kg-1·min-1] count]) + 87.130

Queens College

[34]

Home Healthy 41 Mean 3 min; step height 41 cm; 22 steps·min-1 Sports students and 21 trained adults (F)

Queens College

[105]

Home Sports

Self-Paced

[49]

Clinical

3 min; step height 41 cm; 24 steps·min-1

Healthy elderly (M & F)

240

65+ 20 times; step height 20 cm; 2 steps; self-paced. Measure HR at end M: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 116.4 - 5.10 · (O2 pulse [mL·beat-1]) of exercise and record stepping frequency – 2.81 · (step time [s]) – 0.12 · (age [yrs]) – 0.24 · (BMI) – 0.14 · (stepping HR [beat·min-1]) O2 pulse [mL·beat-1] = (stepping frequency [min-1] · step height [cm] · 2.314) + 0.3 · (stepping frequency [min -1]) / stepping HR [beat·min-1] F: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1]= 129.6 – 3.82 · (O2 pulse [mL·beat-1]) – 5.32 · (step time [s]) – 0.22 · (age [yrs]) – 0.24 · (BMI) – 0.12 · (stepping HR [beat·min-1]) O2 pulse [mL·beat-1] = (stepping frequency [min-1] · step height [cm] · 2.314) + 0.3 · (stepping frequency [min -1]) / stepping HR [beat·min-1]

Siconolfi

[106]

Home Clinical


48 Range 3 min; step height 25.4 cm; 17 steps·min-1, 3 min; 26 steps·min-1, and M: ̇ [L·min-1] = 0.348 · ( ̇ [L·min-1]) – 0.035 · (age [yrs]) 19-70 3 min; 34 steps·min-1, during the last 30 s of the 3rd minute of each + 3.011 stage record HR, continue until HR average is ≥ 65% Stage 1: ̇ = 16.287 · (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 2: ̇ = 24.910 · (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 3: ̇ = 33.533 · (BW [kg]) / 1000 F: ̇ 1.593 Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3:

Single stage height adjusted

[107]

Single stage height adjusted for children

[108]

Home

Home

-1

Healthy adults (F)

17 Range 3 min; adjustable step height; 26 steps·min 19-33 step height [cm] = 0.189 · (height [cm])

Healthy children (M & F)

286 Range 3 min; adjustable step height; 22 steps·min-1 6-18 step height [cm] = step height [cm] = 0.189 · (height [cm])

̇

̇

̇

[L·min-1] = 0.302 · ( ̇

[L·min-1]) – 0.19 · (age [yrs]) +

17

–

No

–

No

0.83 0.97

–

Yes

–

0.90 0.98

–

0.43 [L·min-1]

16

0.79

–

–

0.17 [L·min-1]

11

0.72

–

–

6.6

0.80

–

–

No

5.67 9.8- 0.80 [mL·kg-1·min-1] 14.5

–

–

No

0.75 0.92

–

–

No

= 16.287 · (BW [kg]) / 1000 = 24.910 · (BW [kg]) / 1000 = 33.533 · (BW [kg]) / 1000

̇ 2.87 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 71.97 – 0.776 · (HR recovery [beat·min[mL·kg-1·min-1] ]) HR recovery is taken 5 s after end of exercise for 15 s, and is multiplied by 4 1

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 105.3959 – 1.643756 · (HR recovery [beat·min-1]) HR recovery is taken 5 s after end of exercise for 15 s, and is multiplied by 4

Stair-Climb

[109]

Home


103 Range climbing 11 flights of stairs (27 m); step height 15 cm; brisk even 22-77 pace

M: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 133－0.273 · (age [yrs])－0.672 · (BMI)－0.236· (climbing time [s])－0.232 · (HRend [beat·min-1])

5.4 12.5 0.58 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

F: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 66.69－0.135 · (age [yrs])－0.249 · (BMI)－0.128 · (climbing time [s])－0.021 · (HRend [beat·min-1])

3.8 10.4 0.48 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1]= ([b ·HRmax [beat·min-1] – HR stage 2 [beat·min-1]] + WL stage 2 [METs]) · 3.5 b = (WL stage 2 [METs] – WL stage 1 [METs]) / (HR stage 2 [beat·min-1] – HR stage 1 [beat·min-1]) HRmax [beat·min-1] = 210 – 0.5 · (age [yrs])

5.72 14.4 0.42 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

No

–

–

No

No

0.95

0.95 [110]

Stair-Master

[111]

Home

Two Steps 5 min

[112]

Home Healthy steel 45 Range 2 times 5 min; step height 40 cm; first stage 15 steps·min -1, second workers 23-41 stage 25 steps·min-1; full recovery in between stages (M)

̇ [L·min-1] = -0.378 · b + 4.67 b = (HR count from 30 s to 1 min + HR count from 1 min and 30 s to 2 min + HR count from 2 min and 30 s to 3 min) / (BW [kg])

[113]

Home

̇ 4.55 11.5 0.76 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.5162 · (pull-ups [number]) + 0.0972 · -1 -1 (sit-ups [number]) + 0.1545 · (standing broad jump distance [ft]) + [mL·kg ·min ] 3.2141 · (50 yd dash time [s]) – 2.7700 · (shuttle run time [s]) – 0.4655 · (medicine ball put distance [ft]) – 0.2132 · (600 yd time [s]) + 78.37

–

–

̇ 4.72 12.0 0.72 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.6485 · (pull-ups [number]) + 2.6067 · [mL·kg-1·min-1] (50 yd dash time [s]) – 3.1734 · (shuttle run time [s]) – 0.1266 · (600 yd time [s]) + 69.16

–

–

Healthy adults (F)

20 Range 3 min or until HR steady state; Stair-Master load: 4 METs. If HR 20-25 during 3rd min < 80 beat·min-1, increase load to 7.3 METs; if HR 80100 beat·min-1, increase load to 6.5 METs; if HR > 100 beat·min-1, increase load to 5.8 METs. This procedure is continued to attain 2 steady state HRs (HR stage 1 and HR stage 2) between approximately 115 and 150 beat·min-1 at two different workloads (WL stage 1 and WL stage 2). Test is stopped when HR > 85% of HRmax

–

6.6

–

Yes

[110]

Others AAHPER Youth Fitness Test Battery

Arm Crack

[114]

Clinical

Healthy university staff (M)


87 Range Pull-ups, sit-ups, standing broad jump, 50 yd dash, shuttle run, 23 -58 medicine ball put, 600 yd walk-run

30 Range 6 min; starting at 25 W; 55-65 rpm; during the first 3 min M: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1]= 1000 · {174.2 · (PO [W]) + 4020} / 17-52 incremental PO 5 W steps until HR is 60-85% HRmax. After the first 3{103.5 · (HR [beat·min-1] )– 6298} min, PO is kept constant. If steady state is not reached, extend test up HR: mean exercise HR between the 5th and 6th min to a maximum of 10 min PO: mean PO F: ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 1000 · {163.8 · (PO [W]) + 3780}/ {104.4 · (HR [beat·min-1]) – 7514}

One-arm cranking

Aerobic dance

[50]

[115]

Clinical

Home


Healthy adults (F)

18 Range 3 min stages; 0, 18 and 36 W; 60 rpm; 2 min rest between stages 22-47

–

–

–

–

0.76

–

–

–

–

–

M: ̇

[L·min-1] = 0.01145 · (HRmax [beat·min-1]) – 0.31697

0.1 [L·min-1]

–

0.68

–

–

F: ̇

[L·min-1] = 0.011949 · (HRmax [beat·min-1]) – 0.56754

0.1 [L·min-1]

–

0.81

–

–

5.5 14.0 0.84 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

100 Range 4 min; modified jumping jacks, tow skipping sequences, jogging in ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 131.41 – 0.371· (HR [beat·min-1]) – 18-40 place while pumping the arms, alternate knee raises combined with 0.913 · (BMI) – 0.3 · (age [yrs]) arm circling and scissors; each movement was performed for 30 s at HR count starts 4 s after the end of exercise and lasts 15 s a cadence of 132 beat·min-1

No

No

Yes

Allextremity

[116]

Home

Healthy adults (F)

33 Range 2 stages; 6 min; PO to reach HR ≥ 70% HRmax steady state during the ̇ [L·min-1] = -0.01 · (age [yrs]) – 0.0029 · (HR stage 1 32-57 5th and 6th min; self-selected cadence 50-90 rpm, 3 min; increase the [beat·min-1]) – 0.0099 · (HR stage 2 [beat·min-1]) – 0.0029 · (PO load by 25 W; until HR steady state stage 1 [W]) + 0.0151 · (PO stage 2 [W]) + 3.010

0.22 [L·min-1]

10.8 0.85

–

–

No

ÅstrandRyhming and Cooper tests

[117]

Home

Healthy college students (M)

40 Range Åstrand-Ryhming cycling test and 12 min run Cooper test; one week ̇ [L·min-1] = 1.466 + 0.005 · (age [months]) – 0.118 · 18-23 apart (height [inch]) + 0.014 · (BW [lb]) + 0.007 · (resting DBP [mmHg]) + 0.099 · (standing leg length [inch]) + 0.232 · (Cooper test [laps]) + 0.345 · ( ̇ [L·min-1]) ̇ from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram

0.188 [L·min-1]

5.5

0.81

–

–

No

̇ 2.43 5.01 0.69 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 72.205 + 0.075 · (age [months]) – 1.976 [mL·kg-1·min-1] · (height [inch]) + 0.082 · (resting DBP [mmHg]) + 1.529 · (standing leg length [inch]) + 0.205 · ( ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1]) + 3.816 · (Cooper test [laps]) ̇ from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram

–

–

–

–

Yes

Elliptical cross-trainer

[118]

Home


54 Range Determine target cadence strating at resistance level 3; incline level ̇ 3.9 11.2 0.86 [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 73.676 + 7.383 · (sex = 0 for F 1 and for 20-41 6; 100 strides per min; increase 10 strides min-1 until 55% HRmax is M) – 0.317 · (BW [kg]) + 0.003957 · (age [yrs] · cadence [rpm]) – [mL·kg-1·min-1] reached. Stage 2: 5 min; resistance level 9; incline level 6 0.006452 · (age [yrs] · HR stage 2 [beat·min-1])

Field Test

[119]

Home

Healthy college students (M)

44 Range Cooper test (12 min run) and 600 yd run at two different occasions 17-30

Foot-ground contact time and HR

[61]

Home

Fit and average healthy adults (M & F)

36 Range Accelerometer from which foot-ground contact time is derived, HR ̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 19.4 + [32.45 · (1·TC-1 [s]· HR 18 -37 also monitored [beats·min-1])] – 5.5· (sex = 1 for M and 2 for F) TC [s] = foot-ground contact time

Gerkin stairmill

[91]

Home

Heart rate and activity counts

RuffierDicksonb

[62]

[35]

Home

Home Sports

Healthy 76 Mean 2 min; level 4; 46 steps·min-1, 1 min; level 5; 53 steps·min-1, firefighters 36 1 min; level 7; 65 steps·min-1, then increase 1 level; 7.2 steps·min-1 every min until HR ≥ 85% HRmax (M & F)


Healthy rugby players (M)

26 Range HR monitors and accelerometers are worn simultaneously during 18-50 seven consecutive days under free-living conditions

22 Range 30 squats in 45 s; cadence 40 squats·min-1 18-31

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 0.018 · (Cooper test distance [yd]) – 0.077 · (600 yd run time [s]) + 9.925

̇

–

–

0.91

–

–

No

4.7 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

8.3

–

–

–

Yes

Yes

[mL·kg-1·min-1] = 57.774 + 1.757 · (time to 85% HRmax [min]) – 0.904 · (BMI) HRmax = 208 – 0.7 · age [yrs]

4.86 11.3 0.69 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 45.283 + 1.944 · (time to 85% HRmax [min]) – 0.149 · (BW [kg])

5.24 10.7 0.63 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

–

–

–

–

̇ [mL·min-1] = 1834 + 50.61 · (BW [kg]) – 27.16 · (age [yrs]) – 3844 · (HR·AC-1) AC = activity counts

363 [mL·min-1]

12.2 0.87

̇ [mL·min-1] = 2714 – 31.48 · (age [yrs]) + 592 · (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) + 25.46 · (BW [kg]) – 4401 (HR·AC-1)

409 [mL·min-1]

13.7 0.84

–

–

8.9

–

–

̇ [mL·kg-1·min-1] = 81.647 – 0.321 · (BW [kg]) + 0.541 · (age [yrs]) – (0.169 · end exercise HR [beat·min-1])

4.35 [mL·kg-1·min-1]

Yes [120]

0.75

No

Strength and anthropomet ric data in children

Wheelchair

[121]

[51]

Home

Healthy children (M & F)

45 Range Skinfolds: triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, knee; dynamometry on 9-13 dominant hand grip, arm extension, arm flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion and leg extension

Boys: ̇ [L·min-1] = -0.0099 · (LBM [kg]) + 0.003 · (age [months]) + 0.125 · (knee skinfold [mm]) + 0.0099 · (Sum6S [kg]) – 0.34 LBM = lean body mass boys [kg] = BW [kg] – BW [kg] · {[0.45 / (1.1447 – 0.0612 · Log10 Sum3folds [mm])] · 100} Sum6S [kg] = hand grip, arm extension, arm flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion and leg extension Sum3folds [mm] = triceps, subscapular, suprailiac skinfolds

0.179 [L·min-1]

9.7

–

–

–

Girls: ̇ [L·min-1] = 0.0384 · (LBM [kg]) + 0.0035 · (age [months]) + 0.043 · (knee skinfold [mm]) + 0.002 · (Sum6S [kg]) – 0.63 LBM = lean body mass girls [kg] = BW [kg] – BW [kg] · {[0.45 / (1.1309 – 0.0587 · Log10 Sum3folds [mm])] · 100} Sum6S [kg] = hand grip, arm extension, arm flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion and leg extension Sum3folds [mm] = triceps, subscapular, suprailiac skinfolds

0.125 [L·min-1]

7.9

–

–

–

0.19 [L·min-1]

11.6 0.83

–

–

Clinical Paraplegic 46 Mean Initial workload of 0 W; 2400 rpm, with an increment of 6 W every 2 ̇ [L·min-1] = -0.58 + 0.60 · (estimated ̇ adults 33 min. Terminate exercise at 85% HRmax 0.018 · (BW [kg]) (M) estimated ̇ [L·min-1] = [(0.79 + 0.02 PO

[L·min-1]) +

peak [W]) / (8.75 + 0.83 · %MAXHR)] · 100 MAXHR [beats·min-1] = (HRsubmax – HRrest) / (HRmax – HRrest)

a Determined as, % SEE = (SEE·100) · actual mean

̇

-1

b Regression model developed by the authors of the current review HRmax = 220 – age [yrs], unless otherwise specified N = sample size, SEE = Standard Error of Estimate, ICC = Intra-Class Correlation, M = Males; F = Females, BW = Body Weight; ACSM = American College of Sports Medicine; YMCA = Young Men's Christian Association; RPE = Rating of Perceived Exertion; HRR = Heart Rate Reserve; UKK = Urho Kaleva Kekkonen; AAPHER = American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation

No

No