Editor. Karen L. Roos, MD. The John and Nancy Nelson Professor of Neurology
and Professor of Neurological Surgery. Indiana University School of Medicine.
Emergency Neurology
Karen L. Roos Editor
Emergency Neurology
Editor Karen L. Roos, MD The John and Nancy Nelson Professor of Neurology and Professor of Neurological Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
ISBN 978-0-387-88584-1 e-ISBN 978-0-387-88585-8 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-88585-8 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012932091 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The evaluation and management of neurological emergencies are shared by neurologists, emergency medicine physicians, internists, hospitalists, and family practitioners. The way we care for these patients is defined by the work of those for whom we have tremendous respect. When I was a resident at the University of Virginia, I loved to spend rainy afternoons in the library reading the monographs and essays of famous neurologists, many of whom had described the syndrome that would bear their name. I have always been as fascinated by neurologists as by neurology. While interviewing for residency, I shared a pizza with Roger Bannister. Over a cup of coffee at the ANA, Stan Prusiner explained his discovery of the prion protein drawing it for me on a napkin. Through the educational courses at the American Academy of Neurology, and in my role of Editor-in-Chief of Seminars in Neurology, I have had the incredible opportunity of getting to know and becoming friends with the great neurologists of our time. When Springer asked me to edit a textbook on neurological emergencies, I thought about those afternoons in the library at the University of Virginia and how much it would mean to our colleagues and the next generation of neurologists to have a book that was written by neurologists that are Living Legends. Although this book is intended for neurologists, emergency medicine physicians, internists, family practitioners, and hospitalists, it is more than an ordinary textbook. It is a collection of the scholarly work of those who have spent their careers doing the work they love, advancing knowledge for the care of patients in their area of expertise. I am grateful that they would write for this textbook, greatly admire their work, and cherish their friendship. This book is dedicated to the authors, and with love to my dear husband, Robert M. Pascuzzi, MD., and to our beautiful daughters, Annie and Jan. Indianapolis, IN, USA
Karen L. Roos, MD
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Contents
1
Headache in the Emergency Department ................................. Carrie E. Robertson, David F. Black, and Jerry W. Swanson
1
2
Low Back Pain Emergencies ...................................................... Luis A. Serrano, Tim Maus, and J.D. Bartleson
33
3
Dizziness and Vertigo Presentations in the Emergency Department ................................................... Kevin A. Kerber and Robert W. Baloh
71
4
Syncope ........................................................................................ Mark D. Carlson
85
5
Acute Visual Loss ........................................................................ Cédric Lamirel, Nancy J. Newman, and Valérie Biousse
95
6
Diplopia, Third Nerve Palsies, and Sixth Nerve Palsies ................................................................................ Janet C. Rucker
113
7
Facial Nerve Palsy ....................................................................... James M. Gilchrist
133
8
Acute Stroke Evaluation and Management .............................. Ty Tiesong Shang, Dileep R. Yavagal, Jose G. Romano, and Ralph L. Sacco
143
9
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ......................................................... Pratik Vishnu Patel, Lucas Elijovich, and J. Claude Hemphill III
161
10
Seizures and Status Epilepticus ................................................. Sandipan Pati and Joseph I. Sirven
179
11
Central Nervous System Infections ........................................... Karen L. Roos
195
12
Weakness (Guillain–Barré Syndrome) ..................................... Mengjing Huan and A. Gordon Smith
211
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Contents
13
Spinal Cord Compression and Myelopathies ........................... William F. Schmalstieg and Brian G. Weinshenker
235
14
Movement Disorder Emergencies.............................................. Robert L. Rodnitzky
259
15
Encephalopathy ........................................................................... Steven L. Lewis
283
16
Acute Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular Disorders ...................................................................................... Cynthia L. Bodkin and Robert M. Pascuzzi
295
17
Coma and Brain Death ............................................................... Robert E. Hoesch and Romergryko G. Geocadin
327
18
Neurotoxicology Emergencies .................................................... Laura M. Tormoehlen
351
19
Substance Abuse, Somatization, and Personality Disorders ...................................................................................... Ronald Kanner
375
Index .....................................................................................................
385
Contributors
Robert W. Baloh, MD Departments of Neurology and Surgery (Head and Neck), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
[email protected] J.D. Bartleson, MD Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
[email protected] Valérie Biousse, MD Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
[email protected] David F. Black, MD Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
[email protected] Cynthia L. Bodkin, MD Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
[email protected] Mark D. Carlson, MD, MA Research and Clinical Affairs, St. Jude Medical, CRMD, Sylmar, California, USA Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
[email protected] Lucas Elijovich, MD Neurology and Neurosurgery, Semmes-Murphey Clinic, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
[email protected] Romergryko G. Geocadin, MD Neurology, Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology-Critical Care Medicine, Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
[email protected] James M. Gilchrist, MD Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
[email protected]
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J. Claude Hemphill III, MD, MAS Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Neurocritical Care Program, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
[email protected] Robert E. Hoesch, MD, Ph.D Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
[email protected] Mengjing Huan, MD Neuroscience Department, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
[email protected] Ronald Kanner, MD, FAAN, FACP Department of Neurology, Hofstra North Shore – LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
[email protected] Kevin A. Kerber, MD Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
[email protected] Cédric Lamirel, MD Service d’ophtalmologie, Fondation Opthalmologique Adolphe Rothschild, Paris, France
[email protected] Steven L. Lewis, MD Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
[email protected] Tim Maus, MD Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Nancy J. Newman, MD Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
[email protected] Robert M. Pascuzzi, MD Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
[email protected] Pratik Vishnu Patel, MD Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
[email protected] Sandipan Pati, MD Neurology Department, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
[email protected] Carrie E. Robertson, MD Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
[email protected]
Contributors
Contributors
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Robert L. Rodnitzky, MD Neurology Department, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
[email protected] Jose G. Romano, MD Cerebrovascular Division, Neurology Department, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
[email protected] Karen L. Roos, MD The John and Nancy Nelson Professor of Neurology and Professor of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
[email protected] Janet C. Rucker, MD Neurology and Ophthalmology, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
[email protected] Ralph L. Sacco, MD, MS Department of Neurology, Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, Miami, FL, USA Neurology, Epidemiology & Public Health, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
[email protected] William F. Schmalstieg, MD Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
[email protected] Luis A. Serrano, MD, MS Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
[email protected] Ty Tiesong Shang, MD, PhD Neurology Department, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
[email protected] Joseph I. Sirven, MD Neurology, Division of Epilepsy, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
[email protected] A. Gordon Smith, MD, FAAN Neurology Department, Peripheral Neuropathy Clinic, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
[email protected] Jerry W. Swanson, MD Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
[email protected] Laura M. Tormoehlen, MD Neurology and Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
[email protected]
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Brian G. Weinshenker, MD, FRCP(C) Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
[email protected] Dileep R. Yavagal, MD Interventional Neurology, Endovascular Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
[email protected]
Contributors
