Encyclopedia of Aging and Public Health - Springer

Encyclopedia of Aging and Public Health

Sana Loue Martha Sajatovic (Eds.)

Encyclopedia of Aging and Public Health Core Editors: Siran Koroukian, Linda S. Lloyd, Scott Ober, Laura Weiss Roberts, Lori B. Siegel

With 10 Figures and 19 Tables

Sana Loue, JD, PhD, MPH Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio Martha Sajatovic, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

ISBN-13: 978-0-387-33753-1 This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under 978-0-387-33754-8 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-0-387-35419-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007931335 All rights are reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaption, computer software, or similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com #

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Editors-in-Chief Sana Loue, JD, PhD, MPH Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Martha Sajatovic, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Core Editors Siran Koroukian, PhD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio Linda S. Lloyd, Dr. P.H. Alliance Healthcare Foundation San Diego, California Scott Ober, MD, MBA Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Laura Weiss Roberts, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin Lori B. Siegel, MD, FACP, FACR Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine North Shore Rheumatology Lake Forest, Illinois

Table of Contents

I. Foundation Topics Biology of Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Teresa Dolinar The History and Demography of Aging in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Gail E. Souare Linda S. Lloyd Cultural Diversity among Elders in the US: Meeting the Challenge of the Ethnogeriatric Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Gwen Yeo Legal Aspects of Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Janet L. Lowder Sandra J. Buzney Catherine M. French Sana Loue The Participation of Cognitively Impaired Elderly in Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Sana Loue

II. Topics in Aging and Public Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

List of Contributors

Rami Abbass, MD, MBA

Jennifer Niskala Apps, PhD

University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Children’s Health System Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Josephine Albritton, MD

Lisa M. Arfons, MD

Medical College of Georgia Augusta, Georgia


Mohammed Alishahie, MD

Karen Ashby, MD

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio Medical University Shiraz Iran

University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Christopher Allen, MD

Lakyntiew Aulakh, MD, DABN


Hopital Regional de Sudbury Regional Hospital Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

Monique A. Anawis, MD

Virginia E. Ayres, PhD

Chicago, Illinois

Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio

Ellen Z. Anderson, PT, MA, GCS University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Health Related Professions Newark, New Jersey

LaGenia Bailey, PharmD, BCPP, RYT-500

Teresa Trogdon Anderson, MD, MA, FAAP

Nathan J. Bailey, JD, MS

University of New Mexico Children’s Hospital Albuquerque, New Mexico

Marion, Illinois

Ashish Aneja, MD The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio

Jyoti Aneja, MD Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio

Lecia Apantaku, MD Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, Illinois

East West Healing Arts and Yoga Chicago, Illinois

Sudeshna Banerjee, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Vanessa M. Barnabei, MD, PhD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Kristin M. Beasley, JD United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois Benton, Illinois

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Gus Beck, MD

Linda D. Bradley, MD


Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio

Tracy M. Beck Kruger, JD

Diane W. Braza, MD

Southern Illinois University at Carbondale School of Law Carbondale, Illinois

Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Bertrand D. Berger, PhD Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Karen J. Berte, PhD Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Edward E. Best, DMD, FICD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Janet M. Blanchard, MD, MS Lake Hospital Systems Mentor, Ohio

Marjolijn Blom, PhD University of Utrecht The Netherlands

Linda Blust, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Bruce Brockstein, MD Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Evanston, Illinois

Dawn Brown Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Thomas E. Bucher Edith Burns, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Sandra J. Buzney, JD, LISW Hickman & Lowder, Co., L.P.A. Cleveland, Ohio

Amanda M. Buzo, JD Hickman & Lowder, Co., L.P.A. Cleveland, Ohio

Tambra K. Cain, JD Barrett, Twomey, Broom, Hughes, & Hoke, LLP Carbondale, Illinois

Kimberly R. Bogan, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Robert A. Bonomo, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

David M. Boruta II, MD Columbia-St. Mary’s Hospital Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

James Carlson, MS, PA-C Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, Illinois

David Carroll, PhD Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

James F. Carter, MD, FACOG Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina


Kristin A. Cassidy, MA

Sandra Cook

Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio


Michelle Champoir, MA

Gregory S. Cooper, MD



Donna T. Chen, MD, MPH

Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, Virginia

JannatFay Clark, MSSA Tri-County Mental Health and Counseling Services McArthur, Ohio

Gray B. Clarke, MD University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico

Michelle M. Cornette, PhD

Katherine Crow, MPA Alliance Healthcare Foundation San Diego, California

Carol J. Culley, MBA Hickman & Lowder, Co., L.P.A. Cleveland, Ohio

Jay Curtis, JD Paula J. Clayton, MD University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico American Foundation for Suicide Prevention New York

Nicoleta Coconcea, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio Connections-Community Mental Health Center Beachwood, Ohio

Elizabeth Cogbill, MD Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Natalie Colabianchi, PhD


Marina Damis, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Benjamin D’Angelo, PhD Wisconsin Department of Corrections Waupun Correctional Institution Waupun, Wisconsin

Michael Darflinger Southern Illinois University at Carbondale School of Law Carbondale, Illinois

University of South Carolina Prevention Research Center Columbia, South Carolina

William Davis, JD

Jenice Contreras

Mitzi J. Dearborn, PhD

Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Center for Minority Public Health Cleveland, Ohio


Sangamon County State Attorney’s Office Springfield, Illinois

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Jody de la Pena Murphy

Raymond Firfer, MD, FACS

University of California San Diego San Diego, California

Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University Clinics North Chicago, Illinois

Ernesto Delgadillo Southern Illinois University at Carbondale School of Law Carbondale, Illinois

Leslie K. Dennis, PhD, MS

Douglas N. Flagg, MD Case Western Reserve University Hospitals Medical Practices South Euclid, Ohio

University of Iowa College of Public Health Iowa City, Iowa

Polina Fradkina, MD

Jessica Diggs, PhD

Shelley Francis, DrPH



Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Evanston, Illinois

Philipp L. Dines, MD, PhD St. Vincent Charity Hospital Cleveland, Ohio

Teresa Dolinar, MD Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

John Franco, MS Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio

Kathleen Franco, MD, MS Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio

Matthew Eccher, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Catherine M. French

Gary W. Edmunds

Dahlia Fuentes, MPH, MSW


Tionn Fambro Southern Illinois University at Carbondale School of Law Carbondale, Illinois

Elizabeth Fine, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Hickman and Lowder Co., LPA Cleveland, Ohio

University of California San Diego VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, California

Matthew A. Fuller, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP, FASHP Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Brecksville, Ohio Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio


Rashmi Gangamma, M.Phil

Joseph P. Hanna, MD

The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine MetroHealth Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Cynthia M.A. Geppert, MD, PhD, MPH, FAPM New Mexico VA Health Care System University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico

Fareed Ghafoor, MD Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, Illinois

Clare A. Gideon, PhD V.A. Pittsburgh Health Care System Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Tomas Gigena, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

John Gillmore, MD Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Sara Harkness, PhD, MPH University of Connecticut Center for the Study of Culture, Health, and Human Development Storrs, Connecticut

Thomas W. Heinrich, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Paula L. Hensley, MD University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico

Juan Hernandez, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Craig A. Horswill, PhD Gatorade Sports Science Institute Barrington, Illinois

Maria Lourdes Gonzales, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Amy S. House, MD

Deborah J. Gould, MD

Sara Ingram, JD


Heyl, Royster, Voelker, & Allen Edwardsville, Illinois

Robert S. Haber, MD

Lynn Janas, PhD

University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio

Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, Illinois

Stephen Haggerty, MD


Rien M.J.P.A. Janssens, PhD

Highland Park, Illinois

Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Gloria Halverson, MD

Zane Jennings, MSW, LISW

Froedtert Hospital Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Case Western Reserve University Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences Cleveland, Ohio

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Gerald J. Jogerst, MD

Daniel S. Kiernan, MD

University of Iowa School of Medicine Iowa City, Iowa

Buffalo Grove, Illinois

Brandy L. Johnson, JD Boggs, Boggs & Bates, L.L.C. St. Louis, Missouri

Christopher P. Johnson, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

David A. Johnson, DC North Shore Spinal and Sports Rehabilitation Lake Bluff, Illinois

Jeffrey T. Junig, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Helen C. Kales, MD University of Michigan VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, Michigan

Amy M. Kilbourne, PhD, MPH University of Michigan VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, Michigan

Judy E. Kim, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Jennifer Kimble, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Kathy A. King, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Susan R. Kirsh, MD Cleveland VA Medical Center University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Marshall B. Kapp, JD, MPH, FCLM

Timothy E. Klatt, MD


Froedtert Hospital Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Daniel B. Keaton, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Elizabeth Kee Southern Illinois University at Carbondale School of Law Carbondale, Illinois

Jason S. Keri, MD

Patrick Knott, PhD, PA-C College of Health Professions Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, Illinois

Siran M. Koroukian, PhD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Kathryn Krieg, MD

University of California San Diego San Diego, California


Asra Kermani, MD

Armand Krikorian, MD

Diabetes and Endocrinology Clinical Consultants of Texas Dallas, Texas



David Larson, MD

Rachel Long, MD


Chicago, Illinois

Gunnar L. Larson, MD

Sana Loue, JD, PhD, MPH

Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Milwaukee, Wisconsin


Jon A. Lehrmann, MD

Janet L. Lowder, JD, CELA


Hickman & Lowder, Co., L.P.A. Cleveland, Ohio

Paul Lemen, MD

Jose´ S. Lozada Boron



Craig A. Lemley, MD

Michael R. Lund, MD


Michael Levine, MD Brigham and Women’s/Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency Boston, Massachusetts


Mark Lyubkin, MD University of Michigan Ann Arbor VA Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan

Christopher J. Levy, JD

Elizabeth A. Madigan, PhD, RN, FAAN

Simmons Cooper, LLC East Alton, Illinois

Case Western Reserve University Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing Cleveland, Ohio

Teresa J. Linares Scott, PhD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Linda S. Lloyd, DrPH Alliance Healthcare Foundation San Diego, California

Mary Lock, JD, MPA Jackson County Public Defender’s Office Murphysboro, Illinois

Bruce D. Long, MD Fairview Hospital Osteoporosis and Arthritis Center Lutheran Hospital Cleveland, Ohio

Marcello Maviglia, MD, MPH Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Mary B. McKee, JD Hickman & Lowder, Co., L.P.A. Cleveland, Ohio

Aditi Mehta, MD Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio

Nancy Me´ndez Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Center for Minority Public Health Cleveland, Ohio

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Mary G. Mercurio, MD

Julianne Newcomer, MD

University of Rochester School of Medicine Rochester, New York


Wendy Metzner Sublime Salon Woodmere, Ohio

William J. Meyer Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Ilche T. Nonevski, MD, MBA The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio

Nancy A. Nora, MD Highland Park Hospital Highland Park, Illinois

Mary Jane Nottoli, RN, MSN


Ursuline College Breen School of Nursing Pepper Pike, Ohio MetroHealth System Cleveland, Ohio

Lawrence Miller, MD

Scott K. Ober, MD, MBA


Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Paradi Mirmirani, MD

Joseph O’Grady, Jr, MD

Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio Kaiser Permanente Vallejo Medical Center Vallejo, California


Linda Mileti, MD

Pamela Monaghan Geernaert, PhD

Cynthia Olschewsky, OTR/L University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Santa Fe, New Mexico

Joanne Olson

Lisa M. Montoni, JD


Hickman & Lowder, Co., L.P.A. Cleveland, Ohio

Melisa Moore, MA Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio

Tim Morris, JD Southern Illinois University at Carbondale School of Law Carbondale, Illinois

Patrick K. Murray, MD, MS MetroHealth Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Janet L. Osborne, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Daniel J. O’Shea HIV, STD and Hepatitis Branch, Public Health Services County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency San Diego, California

Clifford D. Packer, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio


Susan Paparella-Pitzel, PT, DPT

Stephen G. Post, PhD

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Health Related Professions Newark, New Jersey


Sarah Parran , MSSA, LISW

Jane E. Prasse, MA, CCC-SLP

Senior Care Connections, LLC Brecksville, Ohio


Ted Parran Jr, MD, FACP

Beth E. Quill, MPH


Amar D. Patel, MD Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia

Sejan Patel, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Angela Pattatucci Arago´n Graduate School of Public Health University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, Puerto Rico

Kathleen Patterson, PhD Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Corinne Peek-Asa, PhD, MPH University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center Iowa City, Iowa

Mark E. Pfeifer, DPM Mercy Walworth Hospital and Medical Center Lake Geneva, Wisconsin

Teresa Piotrowicz Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Markus Porkert, MD Emory University School of Medicine Grady Memorial Hospital Atlanta, Georgia

University of Texas at Houston School of Public Health Houston, Texas

Derek Raghavan, MD, PhD, FACP, FRACP Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center Cleveland, Ohio

Bettina A. Rausa Alliance Healthcare Foundation San Diego, California

Josh Reiher Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Brian Reinhart Southern Illinois University at Carbondale School of Law Carbondale, Illinois

Kenneth E. Remy, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Cleveland, Ohio

Rajkumari Richmonds, PhD, RD, LD, LDE Northcoast Behavioral Healthcare System Ohio Department of Health Cleveland, Ohio

Laura Weiss Roberts, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Aaron L. Rogaczewski, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

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Rachel Rose, PhD

Julianne M. Serovich, PhD



Michael P. Ruiz, JD

Brian D. Shames, MD



Martha Sajatovic, MD

Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia


Rodney A. Samaan, MD, MPH University Hospitals Case Medical Center Rainbow Babies Children’s Hospital Cleveland, Ohio

John Sanitato, Jr, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Melissa Santos, PhD

Abdul M. Sheikh, MD

Sarah Shelton, PsyD Medical College of Georgia Augusta, Georgia

Sally Shepherd, MN NAMI San Diego San Diego, California

Lori B. Siegel, MD, FACP, FACR Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Shore Rheumatology Lake Forest, Illinois


Sheila Simon, JD

Christina M. Saunders Sturm, PhD



Rebecca Schlachet, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

David A. Schott, JD Southern Illinois University at Carbondale School of Law Carbondale, Illinois

Julie K. Schulman, MD New York-Presbyterian Hospital Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York

Jerelyn B. Schultz, PhD The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

Anne R. Simpson, MD, CMD University of New Mexico Health Science Center Albuquerque, New Mexico

Simran K. Singh, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Gregory Skladzien, MD Rosalind Franklin University of Science and Medicine North Chicago, Illinois

Douglas S. Smith, MD NorthCoast Behavioral HealthCare Ohio Department of Mental Health Cleveland, Ohio


Heather M. Smith, PhD

Adriana S. Tanner, MD


Metrohealth Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Sarah A. Smith, MA

Jason R. Taylor, MD



Gail E. Souare, MPH

AnaMaria Tejada, M.Ed., LPCC

Council for Senior Citizens Durham, North Carolina


Ryan Spellecy, PhD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

John A. Ternay, MD

Jacqueline Spiegel, MS, PA-C

Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia

Midwestern University Glendale, Arizona

Nimish J. Thakore, MD

Stephen K. Sponagle, MD

Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine MetroHealth Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio


Tira J. Stebbins, MA Bellefaire JCB Shaker Heights, Ohio

Gregory T. Stefano, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Gus Theodos, MD University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Paul Tiger, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

John M. Tomkowiak, MD, MOL

Lara M. Stepleman, PhD

Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, Illinois


Carol I. Tsao, MD, JD

Robert Stern, MD


Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

Clyde Sullivan, MD, MS University Hospitals Case Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Aruna Tummala, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Kuldeep Vaghela, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio

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Ingrid Vargas

Marc D. Winkelman, MD


MetroHealth Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Carmen M. Verhosek Hickman & Lowder, Co., L.P.A. Cleveland, Ohio

Anita Vijayakumar, MD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Michele D. Voeltz, MD Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia

Teddy D. Warner, PhD University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico

Mustafa K. Warsi, MD University of Michigan Ann Arbor VA Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan

Travis P. Webb, MD

Kathleen M. Wolner, MD Dayton VA Medical Center Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine Dayton, Ohio

Carol Wood, MD Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Doug Wood Southern Illinois University at Carbondale School of Law Carbondale, Illinois

Mark T. Wright, PhD Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Mary F. Wyman, PhD Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Milwaukee, Wisconsin


Mohamed H. Yassin, MD

Jo Weis, PhD

Maryland General Hospital Baltimore, Maryland


Nanette K. Wenger, MD Emory University School of Medicine Grady Memorial Hospital Atlanta, Georgia

Sara G. West, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Gwen Yeo, PhD Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford Geriatric Education Center Palo Alto, California

Stuart J. Youngner, MD Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio

Preface

Health issues in the context of aging are becoming an increasing concern to individuals, health care providers, and health care systems. This is, to a large extent, a result of the increasing prominence of persons aged 50 and older who comprise the global population. Not only has the number of older persons in the world tripled over the past 50 years, but it is expected to more than triple again over the next 50 years. In fact, the older population is growing at a faster rate than the total population in almost all regions of the world! As an example of this growth, consider the following. In 1950, only three countries in the world—China, India, and the United States—had more than 10 million people aged 60 years and older. In 2000, the number of countries with more than 10 million individuals aged 60 or older increased to 12. It is anticipated that by the year 2050, 33 countries will have more than 10 million people who are 60 years of age or older; of these, 5 countries will likely have more than 50 million people who are 60 years old or older. This Encyclopedia focuses on issues of concern to individuals aged 50 years and older. Full-length chapters provide an in-depth examination of foundational issues including the biology of aging, the demographic characteristics of the U.S. aging population, legal issues critical to older persons, the participation of cognitively impaired older persons in research studies, and the development of competencies in order to meet the varying health needs of a diverse older population. These full-length chapters are followed by an alphabetical listing of encyclopedia entries on health issues that are relevant to adults aged 50 years and older, which together address diverse aspects of life as a mature adult: theories of aging, illness, health care, diagnostic procedures, legal issues, recreational opportunities, relationships, sexuality, and personal hygiene. Each entry has been authored by one or more experts in the relevant field. Together, these chapters and entries provide a multi-faceted perspective of the aging experience. Sana Loue Martha Sajatovic