Dairy sector: Spain. Introduction. Materials and methods. Results and discussion. Conclusions. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. B elgiu m. B u lgaria. C zech R ep . D en mark.
Environmental profile of new milk consumption patterns: vending machines SETAC Europe 20th LCA Case Study Symposium LCA in Promoting Eco-Innovation and Sustainability Pedro Villanueva-Rey Yago Lorenzo-Toja Sara González-García Ángeles Pereira Xavier Vence Mª Teresa Moreira Gumersindo Feijoo
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Dairy sector: Spain • Spanish dairy sector Represents a 4% of EU-27 production Price paid to farmers is slightly lower than EU-15 and EU-27 60
40 30 20 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Rep. Denmark Germany Estonia Ireleand Greece Spain Spain France Croatia Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden U.K. EU-15 EU-27
€/100 L
50
2012
2013
Source: Eurostat
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Milk consumption ways: traditional (supermarket) • UHT milk (room temperature) • Tetra Pak • Plastic bottle • Pasteurized milk (chill storage) • Plastic bottle
Conclusions
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Milk consumption ways: innovative (vending) • As a result of low prices paid, increasing production costs, and dairy sector crisis. • Pasteurized milk through vending machines • Amount of milk selection (1 to 1.5L per service) • Packaging purchase (if it is needed) • Fair price • Strategic location • 24h online screening • Self-washing system before and after serving
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Objective and scope definition • Environmental profile of the pasteurized milk consumption in Galicia • Benchmarking of both systems Supermarket Vending machine • Functional Unit (FU): 1 L milk
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
System boundaries • Vending machine Transportation
Energy
Vending machine
Milk production
Transportation
Shopping bag
Consumption at home Energy
Water Cleaning agents
Packaging
Residues
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
System boundaries • Supermarket
Milk production
Transportation
Energy
Supermarket
Transportation
Shopping bag
Consumption at home Energy
Packaging
Residues
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Data acquisition • Surveys to consumers Consumption patterns: milk consumed, type of milk, etc. Packaging: type (i.e. glass or plastic), recycling, re-use, final disposal, transportation, chill storage (time and energy class refrigerator), etc. Paper and online surveys •
Supermarket and vending machine inventory data for LCA Consumer type Vending machine consumers Only vending Vending and tetra pak Vending and pasteurized (supermarket) Vending, pasteurized (supermarket) and tetra pak Supermarket consumers Tetra pak Tetra pak and pasteurized Pasteurized Total
Number of respondents 68 18 26% 38 56% 8 12% 4 6% 108 70 65% 26 24% 12 11% 176
Total 39% 10% 22% 5% 2% 61% 40% 15% 7%
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Scenarios: vending machine (average) Consumption Type
Packaging Shopping bag Chill storage Transportation Residues final disposal
Glass Plastic Raffia bag T-shirt plastic bag Refrigerator class A Refrigerator class A+ Refrigerator class A++ Car Walking
Other features 200 uses 2 uses 50 5 2.5 days 2.5 days 2.5 days 4km, 10 products
% respondents
Other features
According to Spanish indicators Vending machine (selling) Type
Cleaning agents
% respondents 67 33 60 40 15 56 29 26 74
Bleach Detergent
Water Electricity
Spanish mix year 2013
Wastewater Transportation
Refrigerated van
40 km
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Scenarios: supermarket (average)
Packaging Shopping bag Chill storage Transportation Residues final disposal
Chill storage Transportation
Consumption Type
Plastic Raffia bag T-shirt plastic bag Refrigerator class A Refrigerator class A+ Refrigerator class A++ Car Walking
% respondents 100 65 35 17 57 26 42 58
Other features 1 use 50 5 2.5 days 2.5 days 2.5 days 8km, 10 products
% respondents 50
Other features
According to Spanish indicators Supermarket (selling) Type Open air (air curtain) Glass door Refrigerated truck 16t
50 200 km
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Environmental profile: vending machine • Consumption (households) 100% RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION
80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40%
ADP
AP
Chill storage
EP
Packaging
GWP
ODP
Shopping bag
Abiotic depletion Acidification Eutrophication Global warming (100 years) Ozone layer depletion
ADP AP EP GWP ODP
HT
FWT
MT
Consumer transportation Human toxicity Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity Marine aquatic ecotoxicity Terrestrial ecotoxicity Photochemical oxidation
TE
POFP
Residues HT FWT MT TE POFP
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Environmental profile: vending machine • Selling (vending machine)
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
ADP
AP
Electricity
EP
GWP
Cleaning agents
Abiotic depletion Acidification Eutrophication Global warming (100 years) Ozone layer depletion
ODP
HT
Transportation ADP AP EP GWP ODP
FWT Water
MT
TE
Wastewater
Human toxicity Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity Marine aquatic ecotoxicity Terrestrial ecotoxicity Photochemical oxidation
HT FWT MT TE POFP
POFP
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Environmental profile: supermarket • Consumption (households)
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40%
ADP Chill storage
AP
EP Packaging
GWP
ODP
HT
Shopping bag
Abiotic depletion Acidification Eutrophication Global warming (100 years) Ozone layer depletion
ADP AP EP GWP ODP
FWT
MT
Consumer transportation
Human toxicity Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity Marine aquatic ecotoxicity Terrestrial ecotoxicity Photochemical oxidation
TE
POFP Residues HT FWT MT TE POFP
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Environmental profile • Selling (supermarket)
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
ADP
AP
EP
GWP Electricity
Abiotic depletion Acidification Eutrophication Global warming (100 years) Ozone layer depletion
ADP AP EP GWP ODP
ODP
HT
FWT
MT
TE
Transportation Human toxicity Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity Marine aquatic ecotoxicity Terrestrial ecotoxicity Photochemical oxidation
HT FWT MT TE POFP
POFP
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Environmental profile • Vending machine vs. supermarket 100%
Percentage
80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
ADP
AP
EP
GWP
ODP
HT
FWT
MT
TE
Consumption (vending)
Consumption (supermarket)
Vending machine
Supermarket
Abiotic depletion Acidification Eutrophication Global warming (100 years) Ozone layer depletion
ADP AP EP GWP ODP
Human toxicity Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity Marine aquatic ecotoxicity Terrestrial ecotoxicity Photochemical oxidation
HT FWT MT TE POFP
POFP
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Environmental profile • Scenario modelling (Global Warming Potential)
Vending machine
Best: A++, walking, glass Worst: A, car, plastic
Supermarket
Best: A++, walking, door Worst: A, car, open
kg CO2 eq/ 1 L milk
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
Average Consumption (vending) Vending machine
Best
Worst Consumption (supermarket) Supermarket
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Summarizing Milk from vending machine shows a lower impact Importance of consumer behavior for final impact (i.e. refrigerator energy class, transportation, packaging material and reuse) Supermarket chill storage has a high contribution for almost all impact categories Milk distribution is important for both scenarios Packaging reuse and consumer transportation are a key factor for decreasing consumption impact
Environmental profile of new milk consumption patterns: vending machines SETAC Europe 20th LCA Case Study Symposium LCA in Promoting Eco-Innovation and Sustainability Pedro Villanueva-Rey Yago Lorenzo-Toja Sara González-García Ángeles Pereira Xavier Vence Mª Teresa Moreira Gumersindo Feijoo
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Other studies • Fish sticks
Vázquez-Rowe I, Villanueva-Rey P, Moreira MT, Feijoo G (2013) The role of consumer purchase and post-purchase decision-making in sustainable seafood consumption. A Spanish case study using carbon footprint. Food Policy
1.4 kg CO2 eq/ 320 g fish sticks
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
Weighted Fishery
Best-performing scenario (C3) Processing
Distribution
Worst-performing scenario (B2)
Consumption
